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Wawrzyńczak A, Chudzińska J, Feliczak-Guzik A. Metal and Metal Oxides Nanoparticles as Nanofillers for Biodegradable Polymers. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300823. [PMID: 38353297 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Polymeric materials, despite their many undeniable advantages, nowadays are a major environmental challenge. Thus, in recent years biodegradable polymer matrices have been widely used in various sectors, including the medicinal, chemical, and packaging industry. Their widespread use is due to the properties of biodegradable polymer matrices, among which are their adjustable physicochemical and mechanical properties, as well as lower environmental impact. The properties of biodegradable polymers can be modified with various types of nanofillers, among which clays, organic and inorganic nanoparticles, and carbon nanostructures are most commonly used. The performance of the final product depends on the size and uniformity of the used nanofillers, as well as on their distribution and dispersion in the polymer matrix. This literature review aims to highlight new research results on advances and improvements in the synthesis, physicochemical properties and applications of biodegradable polymer matrices modified with metal nanoparticles and metal oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Wawrzyńczak
- Department of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań University 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jagoda Chudzińska
- Department of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań University 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Feliczak-Guzik
- Department of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań University 8, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
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Karimkhani H, Shojaolsadati P, Yiğitbaşı T, Kolbası B, Emekli N. The effect of calpain inhibitor-I on copper oxide nanoparticle-induced damage and cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in a rat model. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116539. [PMID: 38615610 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of the calpain inhibitor N-Acetyl-Leu-Leu-norleucinal (ALLN) on neuroapoptotic cell damage caused by Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (CuO-NP) and exacerbation of damage through brain ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in a rat model. Male Wistar Albino rats (n=80) were divided into eight groups: Control, I/R, CuO-NP, CuO-NP+I/R, I/R+ALLN, CuO-NP+ALLN, CuO-NP+I/R+ALLN, and DMSO. Biochemical markers (MBP, S100B, NEFL, NSE, BCL-2, Cyt-C, Calpain, TNF-α, Caspase-3, MDA, and CAT) were measured in serum and brain tissue samples. Histological examinations (H&E staining), DNA fragmentation analysis (TUNEL) were performed, along with Caspase-3 assessment. The ALLN-treated groups exhibited significant improvements in biochemical markers and a remarkable reduction in apoptosis compared to the damaged groups (CuO-NP and I/R). H&E and Caspase-3 staining revealed damage-related morphological changes and reduced apoptosis in the ALLN-treated group. However, no differences were observed among the groups with TUNEL staining. The findings suggest that ALLN, as a calpain inhibitor, has potential implications for anti-apoptotic treatment, specifically in mitigating neuroapoptotic cell damage caused by CuO-NP and I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Karimkhani
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Istanbul Okan University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Stem Cell, School of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey.
| | - Paria Shojaolsadati
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Türkan Yiğitbaşı
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bircan Kolbası
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Neslin Emekli
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Barbato A, Apicella A, Malvano F, Scarfato P, Incarnato L. High-Barrier, Biodegradable Films with Polyvinyl Alcohol/Polylactic Acid + Wax Double Coatings: Influence of Relative Humidity on Transport Properties and Suitability for Modified Atmosphere Packaging Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4002. [PMID: 37836051 PMCID: PMC10575146 DOI: 10.3390/polym15194002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) exhibits outstanding gas-barrier properties, which favor its use as a biodegradable, high-barrier coating on food-packaging films, possibly in combination with modified atmospheres. Nonetheless, its high sensitivity to water can result in a severe loss of barrier properties, significantly limiting its applications with fresh foods and in high-humidity conditions. In this work, the water vapor (PWV) and oxygen permeability (PO2) of high-barrier biodegradable films with PVOH/PLA + wax double coatings were extensively characterized in a wide range of relative humidity (from 30 to 90%), aimed at understanding the extent of the interaction of water with the wax and the polymer matrices and the impact of this on the permeation process. What is more, a mathematical model was applied to the PWV data set in order to assess its potential to predict the permeability of the multilayer films by varying storage/working relative humidity (RH) conditions. The carbon dioxide permeability (PCO2) of the films was further evaluated, and the corresponding permselectivity values were calculated. The study was finally augmented through modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) tests, which were carried out on double-coated films loaded with 0 and 5% wax, and UV-Vis analyses. The results pointed out the efficacy of the PLA + wax coating layer in hampering the permeation of water molecules, thus reducing PVOH swelling, as well as the UV-shielding ability of the multilayer structures. Moreover, the MAP tests underlined the suitability of the double-coated films for being used as a sustainable alternative for the preservation of foods under modified atmospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annalisa Apicella
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (A.B.); (F.M.); (P.S.); (L.I.)
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Trodtfeld F, Tölke T, Wiegand C. Developing a Prolamin-Based Gel for Food Packaging: In-Vitro Assessment of Cytocompatibility. Gels 2023; 9:740. [PMID: 37754421 PMCID: PMC10531018 DOI: 10.3390/gels9090740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing environmental concerns drive efforts to reduce packaging waste by adopting biodegradable polymers, coatings, and films. However, biodegradable materials used in packaging face challenges related to barrier properties, mechanical strength, and processing compatibility. A composite gel was developed using biodegradable compounds (prolamin, d-mannose, citric acid), as a coating to increase the oxygen barrier of food packaging materials. To improve gel stability and mechanical properties, the gels were physically cross-linked with particles synthesized from tetraethyl orthosilicate and tetramethyl orthosilicate precursors. Additionally, biocompatibility assessments were performed on human keratinocytes and fibroblasts, demonstrating the safety of the gels for consumer contact. The gel properties were characterized, including molecular structure, morphology, and topography. Biocompatibility of the gels was assessed using bioluminescent ATP assay to detect cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase assay to determine cell cytotoxicity, and a leukocyte stimulation test to detect inflammatory potential. A composite gel with strong oxygen barrier properties in low-humidity environments was prepared. Increasing the silane precursor to 50 wt% during gel preparation slowed degradation in water. The addition of citric acid decreased gel solubility. However, higher precursor amounts increased surface roughness, making the gel more brittle yet mechanically resistant. The increase of precursor in the gel also increased gel viscosity. Importantly, the gels showed no cytotoxicity on human keratinocytes or fibroblasts and had no inflammatory effects on leukocytes. This composite gel holds promise for oxygen barrier food packaging and is safe for consumer contact. Further research should focus on optimizing the stability of the oxygen barrier in humid environments and investigate the potential sensitizing effects of biodegradable materials on consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Trodtfeld
- Department of Dermatology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany
- INNOVENT e.V., Prüssingstraße 27 B, D-07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Tina Tölke
- INNOVENT e.V., Prüssingstraße 27 B, D-07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Cornelia Wiegand
- Department of Dermatology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany
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Adeyemi JO, Fawole OA. Metal-Based Nanoparticles in Food Packaging and Coating Technologies: A Review. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1092. [PMID: 37509128 PMCID: PMC10377377 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Food security has continued to be a topic of interest in our world due to the increasing demand for food. Many technologies have been adopted to enhance food supply and narrow the demand gap. Thus, the attempt to use nanotechnology to improve food security and increase supply has emerged due to the severe shortcomings of conventional technologies, which have made them insufficient to cater to the continuous demand for food products. Hence, nanoparticles have been identified to play a major role in areas involving food production, protection, and shelf-life extensions. Specifically, metal-based nanoparticles have been singled out to play an important role in manufacturing materials with outstanding properties, which can help increase the shelf-life of different food materials. The physicochemical and biological properties of metal-based nanoparticles, such as the large surface area and antimicrobial properties, have made them suitable and adequately useful, not just as a regular packaging material but as a functional material upon incorporation into biopolymer matrices. These, amongst many other reasons, have led to their wide synthesis and applications, even though their methods of preparation and risk evaluation remain a topic of concern. This review, therefore, briefly explores the available synthetic methods, physicochemical properties, roles, and biological properties of metal-based nanoparticles for food packaging. Furthermore, the associated limitations, alongside quality and safety considerations, of these materials were summarily explored. Although this area of research continues to garner attention, this review showed that metal-based nanoparticles possess great potential to be a leading material for food packaging if the problem of migration and toxicity can be effectively modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry O Adeyemi
- Postharvest and Agroprocessing Research Centre, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
| | - Olaniyi A Fawole
- Postharvest and Agroprocessing Research Centre, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
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Guo Y, Chen X, Gong P, Deng Z, Qi Z, Wang R, Long H, Wang J, Yao W, Yang W, Chen F. Recent advances in quality preservation of postharvest golden needle mushroom (Flammulina velutiper). JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023. [PMID: 37014278 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The golden needle mushroom (Flammulina velutiper) is one of the most productive mushrooms in the world. However, F. velutiper experiences continuous quality degradation in terms of changes in color and textural characteristics, loss of moisture, nutrition and flavor, and increased microbial populations due to its high respiratory activity during the postharvest phase. Postharvest preservation techniques, including physical, chemical and biological methods, play a vital role in maintaining postharvest quality and extending the shelf life of mushrooms. Therefore, in this study, the decay process of F. velutiper and the factors affecting its quality were comprehensively reviewed. Additionally, the preservation methods (e.g., low-temperature storage, packaging, plasma treatment, antimicrobial cleaning and 1-methylcyclopropene treatment) for F. velutiper used for the last 5 years were compared to provide an outlook on future research directions. Overall, this review aims to provide a reference for developing novel, green and safe preservation techniques for F. velutiper. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Guo
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuefeng Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Pin Gong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenfang Deng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhuoya Qi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Ruotong Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Hui Long
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiating Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenbo Yao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenjuan Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Fuxin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
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Zhang W, Roy S, Rhim JW. Copper-based nanoparticles for biopolymer-based functional films in food packaging applications. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:1933-1952. [PMID: 36880578 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the latest developments in the design, fabrication, and application of various Cu-based nanofillers to prepare biopolymer-based functional packaging films, focusing on the effects of inorganic nanoparticles on the optical, mechanical, gas barrier properties, moisture sensitivity, and functional properties of the films. In addition, the potential application of Cu-based nanoparticle-added biopolymer films for fresh food preservation and the effect of nanoparticle migration on food safety were discussed. The incorporation of Cu-based nanoparticles improved the film properties with enhanced functional performance. Cu-based nanoparticles such as copper oxide, copper sulfide, copper ions, and copper alloys affect biopolymer-based films differently. The properties of composite films containing Cu-based nanoparticles depend on the concentration of the filler, the state of dispersion, and the interaction of the nanoparticles with the biopolymer matrix in the film. The composite film filled with Cu-based nanoparticles effectively extended the shelf life by maintaining the quality of various fresh foods and securing safety. However, studies on the migration characteristics and safety of copper-based nanoparticle food packaging films are currently being conducted on plastic-based films such as polyethylene, and research on bio-based films is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, People's Republic of China
| | - Swarup Roy
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University, Bajhol, Solan, India
| | - Jong-Whan Rhim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, South Korea
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Guo Y, Chen X, Gong P, Wang R, Qi Z, Deng Z, Han A, Long H, Wang J, Yao W, Yang W, Wang J, Li N. Advances in Postharvest Storage and Preservation Strategies for Pleurotus eryngii. Foods 2023; 12:foods12051046. [PMID: 36900561 PMCID: PMC10000407 DOI: 10.3390/foods12051046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) is a delicious edible mushroom that is highly prized for its unique flavor and excellent medicinal properties. Its enzymes, phenolic compounds and reactive oxygen species are the keys to its browning and aging and result in its loss of nutrition and flavor. However, there is a lack of reviews on the preservation of Pl. eryngii to summarize and compare different storage and preservation methods. This paper reviews postharvest preservation techniques, including physical and chemical methods, to better understand the mechanisms of browning and the storage effects of different preservation methods, extend the storage life of mushrooms and present future perspectives on technical aspects in the storage and preservation of Pl. eryngii. This will provide important research directions for the processing and product development of this mushroom.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pin Gong
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13772196479
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Zhang W, Sani MA, Zhang Z, McClements DJ, Jafari SM. High performance biopolymeric packaging films containing zinc oxide nanoparticles for fresh food preservation: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123188. [PMID: 36627033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable food packaging films (FPFs) assembled from sustainable biopolymeric materials are of increasing interest to the food industry due to pollution and health risks resulting from the use of conventional plastic packaging. However, the functional performance of these FPFs is often poorer than that of plastic films, which limits their commercial application. This problem may be partly overcome by incorporating nano-additives like zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNPs) into the films. The incorporation of ZNPs into FPFs can improve their functional performance. The properties of these films depends on the concentration, dispersion state, and interactions of ZNPs with the biopolymeric matrix in the films. ZNPs-loaded films and coatings are highly effective at preserving a variety of fresh foods. Studies of ZNPs migration through FPFs have shown that the zinc is mainly transported in an ionic form and the amount entering foods is below safety standards. This article reviews recent developments in the design, fabrication, and application of ZNPs-loaded FPFs based on biopolymers, focusing on the impacts of ZNPs on the optical, barrier, mechanical, water sensitivity, and antimicrobial properties of the films. The potential applications of ZNPs-loaded FPFs for fresh food preservation is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Mahmood Alizadeh Sani
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zhengke Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | | | - Seid Mahdi Jafari
- Department of Food Materials and Process Design Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran; Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
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Liu F, Duan G, Yang H. Recent advances in exploiting carrageenans as a versatile functional material for promising biomedical applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 235:123787. [PMID: 36858089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Carrageenans are a group of biopolymers widely found in red seaweeds. Commercial carrageenans have been traditionally used as emulsifiers, stabilizers, and thickening and gelling agents in food products. Carrageenans are regarded as bioactive polysaccharides with disease-modifying and microbiota-modulating activities. Novel biomedical applications of carrageenans as biocompatible functional materials for fabricating hydrogels and nanostructures, including carbon dots, nanoparticles, and nanofibers, have been increasingly exploited. In this review, we describe the unique structural characteristics of carrageenans and their functional relevance. We summarize salient physicochemical features, including thixotropic and shear-thinning properties, of carrageenans. Recent results from clinical trials in which carrageenans were applied as both antiviral and antitumor agents and functional materials are discussed. We also highlight the most recent advances in the development of carrageenan-based targeted drug delivery systems with various pharmaceutical formulations. Promising applications of carrageenans as a bioink material for 3D printing in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are systematically evaluated. We envisage some key hurdles and challenges in the commercialization of carrageenans as a versatile material for clinical practice. This comprehensive review of the intimate relationships among the structural features, unique rheological properties, and biofunctionality of carrageenans will provide novel insights into their biomedicine application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
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Antioxidant ability and increased mechanical stability of hydrogel nanocomposites based on N-isopropylacrylamide crosslinked with Laponite and modified with polydopamine. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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12
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Alsheheri S, Alamshany Z, Abdelaal MY. Preparation and physicochemical studies on polymeric nanocomposites containing copper oxide nanoparticles. Des Monomers Polym 2023; 26:68-76. [PMID: 36950476 PMCID: PMC10026763 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2023.2190222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The current work aims to modify carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) to obtain new nanocomposites of CMC, PVP, and CuO NPs (CMC/PVP/CuO NPs) with distinguished properties. The interaction between the components of the nanocomposites was suggested and supported by using Gaussian 09W 07 Software and the average particle size was manually determined from TEM images using ImageJ software developed at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The preparation methods were optimized, and the obtained nanocomposites were characterized with suitable techniques to explore their characteristics and to help expect or predict the suitable fields of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soad Alsheheri
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- CONTACT Soad Alsheheri Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zahra Alamshany
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdy Y. Abdelaal
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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