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Sun Y, Lian Y, Mei X, Xia J, Feng L, Gao J, Xu H, Zhang X, Yang H, Hao X, Feng Y. Cinobufagin inhibits M2‑like tumor‑associated macrophage polarization to attenuate the invasion and migration of lung cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2024; 65:102. [PMID: 39301639 PMCID: PMC11419410 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2024.5690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages have crucial roles in immune responses and tumor progression, exhibiting diverse phenotypes based on environmental cues. In the present study, the impact of cinobufagin (CB) on macrophage polarization and the consequences on tumor‑associated behaviors were investigated. Morphological transformations of THP‑1 cells into M0, M1 and M2 macrophages were observed, including distinct changes in the size, shape and adherence properties of these cells. CB treatment inhibited the viability of A549 and LLC cells in a concentration‑dependent manner, with an IC50 of 28.8 and 30.12 ng/ml, respectively. CB at concentrations of <30 ng/ml had no impact on the viability of M0 macrophages and lung epithelial (BEAS‑2B) cells. CB influenced the expression of macrophage surface markers, reducing CD206 positivity in M2 macrophages without affecting CD86 expression in M1 macrophages. CB also altered certain expression profiles at the mRNA level, notably downregulating macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) expression in M2 macrophages and upregulating tumor necrosis factor‑α and interleukin‑1β in both M0 and M1 macrophages. Furthermore, ELISA analyses revealed that CB increased the levels of pro‑inflammatory cytokines in M1 macrophages and reduced the levels of anti‑inflammatory factors in M2 macrophages. CB treatment also attenuated the migration and invasion capacities of A549 and LLC cells stimulated by M2 macrophage‑conditioned medium. Additionally, CB modulated peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and MARCO expression in M2 macrophages and epithelial‑mesenchymal transition in A549 cells, which was partially reversed by rosiglitazone, a PPARγ agonist. Finally, CB and cisplatin treatments hindered tumor growth in vivo, with distinct impacts on animal body weight and macrophage marker expression in tumor tissues. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that CB exerted complex regulatory effects on macrophage polarization and tumor progression, suggesting its potential as a modulator of the tumor microenvironment and a therapeutic for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, P.R. China
| | - Yunfeng Lian
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, P.R. China
| | - Xue Mei
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, P.R. China
| | - Jinchan Xia
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, P.R. China
| | - Long Feng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, P.R. China
| | - Jianfeng Gao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, P.R. China
| | - Huaming Xu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Epidemic Febrile Disease, Traditional Chinese Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, P.R. China
| | - Huitong Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, P.R. China
| | - Xu Hao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, P.R. China
| | - Yilin Feng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Medical College, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, P.R. China
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Kim JY, Kang W, Yang S, Park SH, Ha SY, Paik YH. NADPH oxidase 4 deficiency promotes hepatocellular carcinoma arising from hepatic fibrosis by inducing M2-macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. Sci Rep 2024; 14:22358. [PMID: 39333166 PMCID: PMC11437090 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72721-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) often arises in the cirrhotic livers, highlighting the intricate link between hepatic fibrosis and carcinogenesis. Reactive oxygen species produced by NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) contribute to liver injury leading to hepatic fibrosis. Paradoxically, NOX4 is known to inhibit HCC progression. This study aims to elucidate the role of NOX4 in hepatocarcinogenesis in the background of hepatic fibrosis. We established the mouse model of HCC arising from the fibrotic liver by administering diethylnitrosamine and carbon tetrachloride to wild-type (WT) or NOX4-/- mice. Hepatic fibrogenesis, tumorigenesis, and macrophage polarization were assessed by immunohistochemistry, PCR, and flow cytometry using in vivo and in vitro models. In NOX4-/- mice, hepatic fibrosis was attenuated, while the number of tumors and the proliferation of HCC cells were increased compared to WT mice. Notably, a significant increase in M2-polarized macrophages was observed in NOX4-/- mice through immunohistochemistry and PCR analysis. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that NOX4-silenced HCC cells promote macrophage polarization toward M2. In addition to attenuating hepatic fibrogenesis, NOX4 deficiency triggers macrophage polarization towards the M2 phenotype in the fibrotic liver, thereby promoting hepatocellular carcinogenesis. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanism of NOX4-mediated tumor suppression in HCC arising from fibrotic livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06355, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonseok Kang
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06355, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Sera Yang
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Hyun Park
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06355, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yun Ha
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Han Paik
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06355, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, 06351, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Liu H, Huang M, Xin D, Wang H, Yu H, Pu W. Natural products with anti-tumorigenesis potential targeting macrophage. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 131:155794. [PMID: 38875811 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is a risk factor for tumorigenesis. Macrophage, a subset of immune cells with high plasticity, plays a multifaceted role in this process. Natural products, which are bioactive compounds derived from traditional herbs or foods, have exhibited diverse effects on macrophages and tumorigenesis making them a valuable resource of drug discovery or optimization in tumor prevention. PURPOSE Provide a comprehensive overview of the various roles of macrophages in tumorigenesis, as well as the effects of natural products on tumorigenesis by modulating macrophage function. METHODS A thorough literature search spanning the past two decades was carried out using PubMed, Web of Science, Elsevier, and CNKI following the PRISMA guidelines. The search terms employed included "macrophage and tumorigenesis", "natural products, macrophages and tumorigenesis", "traditional Chinese medicine and tumorigenesis", "natural products and macrophage polarization", "macrophage and tumor related microenvironment", "macrophage and tumor signal pathway", "toxicity of natural products" and combinations thereof. Furthermore, certain articles are identified through the tracking of citations from other publications or by accessing the websites of relevant journals. Studies that meet the following criteria are excluded: (1) Articles not written in English or Chinese; (2) Full texts were not available; (3) Duplicate articles and irrelevant studies. The data collected was organized and summarized based on molecular mechanisms or compound structure. RESULTS This review elucidates the multifaceted effect of macrophages on tumorigenesis, encompassing process such as inflammation, angiogenesis, and tumor cell invasion by regulating metabolism, non-coding RNA, signal transduction and intercellular crosstalk. Natural products, including vitexin, ovatodiolide, ligustilide, and emodin, as well as herbal remedies, have demonstrated efficacy in modulating macrophage function, thereby attenuating tumorigenesis. These interventions mainly focus on mitigating the initial inflammatory response or modifying the inflammatory environment within the precancerous niche. CONCLUSIONS These mechanistic insights of macrophages in tumorigenesis offer valuable ideas for researchers. The identified natural products facilitate the selection of promising candidates for future cancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Manru Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Dandan Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Medical Technology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China.
| | - Haiyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China.
| | - Weiling Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China.
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4
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Yan L, Wang J, Cai X, Liou Y, Shen H, Hao J, Huang C, Luo G, He W. Macrophage plasticity: signaling pathways, tissue repair, and regeneration. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e658. [PMID: 39092292 PMCID: PMC11292402 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are versatile immune cells with remarkable plasticity, enabling them to adapt to diverse tissue microenvironments and perform various functions. Traditionally categorized into classically activated (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) phenotypes, recent advances have revealed a spectrum of macrophage activation states that extend beyond this dichotomy. The complex interplay of signaling pathways, transcriptional regulators, and epigenetic modifications orchestrates macrophage polarization, allowing them to respond to various stimuli dynamically. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the signaling cascades governing macrophage plasticity, focusing on the roles of Toll-like receptors, signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins, nuclear receptors, and microRNAs. We also discuss the emerging concepts of macrophage metabolic reprogramming and trained immunity, contributing to their functional adaptability. Macrophage plasticity plays a pivotal role in tissue repair and regeneration, with macrophages coordinating inflammation, angiogenesis, and matrix remodeling to restore tissue homeostasis. By harnessing the potential of macrophage plasticity, novel therapeutic strategies targeting macrophage polarization could be developed for various diseases, including chronic wounds, fibrotic disorders, and inflammatory conditions. Ultimately, a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning macrophage plasticity will pave the way for innovative regenerative medicine and tissue engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Yan
- Institute of Burn ResearchState Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoningthe First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University (the Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Wound Damage Repair and RegenerationChongqingChina
| | - Jue Wang
- Institute of Burn ResearchState Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoningthe First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University (the Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Wound Damage Repair and RegenerationChongqingChina
| | - Xin Cai
- Institute of Burn ResearchState Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoningthe First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University (the Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Wound Damage Repair and RegenerationChongqingChina
| | - Yih‐Cherng Liou
- Department of Biological SciencesFaculty of ScienceNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- National University of Singapore (NUS) Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Han‐Ming Shen
- Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauMacauChina
| | - Jianlei Hao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and TreatmentZhuhai Institute of Translational MedicineZhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University)Jinan UniversityZhuhaiGuangdongChina
- The Biomedical Translational Research InstituteFaculty of Medical ScienceJinan UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China Hospitaland West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic MedicineSichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Gaoxing Luo
- Institute of Burn ResearchState Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoningthe First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University (the Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Wound Damage Repair and RegenerationChongqingChina
| | - Weifeng He
- Institute of Burn ResearchState Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoningthe First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University (the Third Military Medical University)ChongqingChina
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Wound Damage Repair and RegenerationChongqingChina
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5
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Hadad S, Khalaji A, Sarmadian AJ, Sarmadian PJ, Janagard EM, Baradaran B. Tumor-associated macrophages derived exosomes; from pathogenesis to therapeutic opportunities. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 136:112406. [PMID: 38850795 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) exert profound influences on cancer progression, orchestrating a dynamic interplay within the tumor microenvironment. Recent attention has focused on the role of TAM-derived exosomes, small extracellular vesicles containing bioactive molecules, in mediating this intricate communication. This review comprehensively synthesizes current knowledge, emphasizing the diverse functions of TAM-derived exosomes across various cancer types. The review delves into the impact of TAM-derived exosomes on fundamental cancer hallmarks, elucidating their involvement in promoting cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis evasion. By dissecting the molecular cargo encapsulated within these exosomes, including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and proteins, the review uncovers key regulatory mechanisms governing these effects. Noteworthy miRNAs, such as miR-155, miR-196a-5p, and miR-221-3p, are highlighted for their pivotal roles in mediating TAM-derived exosomal communication and influencing downstream targets. Moreover, the review explores the impact of TAM-derived exosomes on the immune microenvironment, particularly their ability to modulate immune cell function and foster immune evasion. The discussion encompasses the regulation of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and subsequent impairment of CD8 + T cell activity, unraveling the immunosuppressive effects of TAM-derived exosomes. With an eye toward clinical implications, the review underscores the potential of TAM-derived exosomes as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. Their involvement in cancer progression, metastasis, and therapy resistance positions TAM-derived exosomes as key players in reshaping treatment strategies. Finally, the review outlines future directions, proposing avenues for targeted therapies aimed at disrupting TAM-derived exosomal functions and redefining the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hadad
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amirreza Khalaji
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Hushmandi K, Saadat SH, Raei M, Aref AR, Reiter RJ, Nabavi N, Taheriazam A, Hashemi M. The science of exosomes: Understanding their formation, capture, and role in cellular communication. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 259:155388. [PMID: 38850846 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) serve as a crucial method for transferring information among cells, which is vital in multicellular organisms. Among these vesicles, exosomes are notable for their small size, ranging from 20 to 150 nm, and their role in cell-to-cell communication. They carry lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids between cells. The creation of exosomes begins with the inward budding of the cell membrane, which then encapsulates various macromolecules as cargo. Once filled, exosomes are released into the extracellular space and taken up by target cells via endocytosis and similar processes. The composition of exosomal cargo varies, encompassing diverse macromolecules with specific functions. Because of their significant roles, exosomes have been isolated from various cell types, including cancer cells, endothelial cells, macrophages, and mesenchymal cells, with the aim of harnessing them for therapeutic applications. Exosomes influence cellular metabolism, and regulate lipid, glucose, and glutamine pathways. Their role in pathogenesis is determined by their cargo, which can manipulate processes such as apoptosis, proliferation, inflammation, migration, and other molecular pathways in recipient cells. Non-coding RNA transcripts, a common type of cargo, play a pivotal role in regulating disease progression. Exosomes are implicated in numerous biological and pathological processes, including inflammation, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, wound healing, and ischemic-reperfusion injury. As a result, they hold significant potential in the treatment of both cancerous and non-cancerous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiavash Hushmandi
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Clinical Sciences Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Hassan Saadat
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Clinical Sciences Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Raei
- Health Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Department of Translational Sciences, Xsphera Biosciences Inc. Boston, MA, USA; Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, V6H3Z6, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence Sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Wang M, Jin F, Tong X. From bench to bedside: The promising value of exosomes in precision medicine for CNS tumors. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32376. [PMID: 38961907 PMCID: PMC11219334 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are naturally present extracellular vesicles (EVs) released into the surrounding body fluids upon the fusion of polycystic and plasma membranes. They facilitate intercellular communication by transporting DNA, mRNA, microRNA, long non-coding RNA, circular RNA, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. They contribute to the onset and progression of Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors. In addition, they can be used as biomarkers of tumor proliferation, migration, and blood vessel formation, thereby affecting the Tumor Microenvironment (TME). This paper reviews the recent advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of exosomes in various CNS tumors, the promise and challenges of exosomes as natural carriers of CNS tumors, and the therapeutic prospects of exosomes in CNS tumors. Furthermore, we hope this research can contribute to the development of more targeted and effective treatments for central nervous system tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Wang
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Qingdao Central Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (Qingdao Central Hospital).266042, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoguang Tong
- Clinical College of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Neurorehabilitation, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
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Han T, Liu X, Zhou J. Progression/Recurrence of Meningioma: An Imaging Review Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging. World Neurosurg 2024; 186:98-107. [PMID: 38499241 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Meningiomas are the most common primary central nervous system tumors. The preferred treatment is maximum safe resection, and the heterogeneity of meningiomas results in a variable prognosis. Progression/recurrence (P/R) can occur at any grade of meningioma and is a common adverse outcome after surgical treatment and a major cause of postoperative rehospitalization, secondary surgery, and mortality. Early prediction of P/R plays an important role in postoperative management, further adjuvant therapy, and follow-up of patients. Therefore, it is essential to thoroughly analyze the heterogeneity of meningiomas and predict postoperative P/R with the aid of noninvasive preoperative imaging. In recent years, the development of advanced magnetic resonance imaging technology and machine learning has provided new insights into noninvasive preoperative prediction of meningioma P/R, which helps to achieve accurate prediction of meningioma P/R. This narrative review summarizes the current research on conventional magnetic resonance imaging, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and machine learning in predicting meningioma P/R. We further explore the significance of tumor microenvironment in meningioma P/R, linking imaging features with tumor microenvironment to comprehensively reveal tumor heterogeneity and provide new ideas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Han
- Department of Radiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospita, Lanzhou, China; Second Clinical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China; Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Medical Imaging Artificial Intelligence, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xianwang Liu
- Department of Radiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospita, Lanzhou, China; Second Clinical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China; Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Medical Imaging Artificial Intelligence, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junlin Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospita, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China; Gansu International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Medical Imaging Artificial Intelligence, Lanzhou, China.
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Chen J, Lin J, Wang W, Huang H, Pan Z, Ye G, Dong S, Lin Y, Lin C, Huang Q. EV-COMM: A database of interspecies and intercellular interactions mediated by extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2024; 13:e12442. [PMID: 38644519 PMCID: PMC11033292 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Intra- and inter-organismal interactions play a crucial role in the maintenance and function of individuals, as well as communities. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been identified as effective mediators for the communication both within and between species. They can carry and transport molecular cargoes to transmit biological messages. Several databases (ExoBCD, ExoCarta, EVpedia, EV-TRACK, Vesiclepedia) complied the cargoes information including DNA, RNA, protein, lipid and metabolite associated with EVs. Databases that refer to the complete records on both donor and recipient information are warranted to facilitate the understanding of the interaction across cells and species. In this study, we developed a database that compiled the records equipped with a structured process of EV-mediated interaction. The sources of donor and recipient were classified by cell type, tissues/organs and species, thus providing an extended knowledge of cell-cell, species-species interaction. The isolation and identification methods were presented for assessing the quality of EVs. Information on functional cargoes was included, where microRNA was linked to a prediction server to broaden its potential effects. Physiological and pathological context was marked to show the environment where EVs functioned. At present, a total of 1481 data records in our database, including 971 cell-cell interactions belonging to more than 40 different tissues/organs, and 510 cross-species records. The database provides a web interface to browse, search, visualize and download the interaction records. Users can search for interactions by selecting the context of interest or specific cells/species types, as well as functional cargoes. To the best of our knowledge, the database is the first comprehensive database focusing on interactions between donor and recipient cells or species mediated by EVs, serving as a convenient tool to explore and validate interactions. The Database, shorten as EV-COMM (EV mediated communication) is freely available at http://sdc.iue.ac.cn/evs/list/ and will be continuously updated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Chen
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Indoor Air and Health, Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXiamenChina
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public HealthXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Jing‐Jing Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green DevelopmentHebei UniversityBaodingPR China
| | - Weiyi Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green DevelopmentHebei UniversityBaodingPR China
| | - Haining Huang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Indoor Air and Health, Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXiamenChina
| | - Zhizhen Pan
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Indoor Air and Health, Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXiamenChina
| | - Guozhu Ye
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Indoor Air and Health, Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXiamenChina
| | - Sijun Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green DevelopmentHebei UniversityBaodingPR China
| | - Yi Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public HealthXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Congtian Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservational Biology, Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Qiansheng Huang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Indoor Air and Health, Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXiamenChina
- National Basic Science Data CenterBeijingChina
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10
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Sharma S, Rana R, Prakash P, Ganguly NK. Drug target therapy and emerging clinical relevance of exosomes in meningeal tumors. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:127-170. [PMID: 37016182 PMCID: PMC10072821 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04715-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Meningioma is the most common central nervous system (CNS) tumor. In recent decades, several efforts have been made to eradicate this disease. Surgery and radiotherapy remain the standard treatment options for these tumors. Drug therapy comes to play its role when both surgery and radiotherapy fail to treat the tumor. This mostly happens when the tumors are close to vital brain structures and are nonbenign. Although a wide variety of chemotherapeutic drugs and molecular targeted drugs such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, alkylating agents, endocrine drugs, interferon, and targeted molecular pathway inhibitors have been studied, the roles of numerous drugs remain unexplored. Recent interest is growing toward studying and engineering exosomes for the treatment of different types of cancer including meningioma. The latest studies have shown the involvement of exosomes in the theragnostic of various cancers such as the lung and pancreas in the form of biomarkers, drug delivery vehicles, and vaccines. Proper attention to this new emerging technology can be a boon in finding the consistent treatment of meningioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Sharma
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060 India
| | - Rashmi Rana
- Department of Research, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, 110060 India
| | - Prem Prakash
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062 India
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11
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van de Weijer LL, Ercolano E, Zhang T, Shah M, Banton MC, Na J, Adams CL, Hilton D, Kurian KM, Hanemann CO. A novel patient-derived meningioma spheroid model as a tool to study and treat epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in meningiomas. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:198. [PMID: 38102708 PMCID: PMC10725030 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01677-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Meningiomas are the most common intracranial brain tumours. These tumours are heterogeneous and encompass a wide spectrum of clinical aggressivity. Treatment options are limited to surgery and radiotherapy and have a risk of post-operative morbidities and radiation neurotoxicity, reflecting the need for new therapies. Three-dimensional (3D) patient-derived cell culture models have been shown to closely recapitulate in vivo tumour biology, including microenvironmental interactions and have emerged as a robust tool for drug development. Here, we established a novel easy-to-use 3D patient-derived meningioma spheroid model using a scaffold-free approach. Patient-derived meningioma spheroids were characterised and compared to patient tissues and traditional monolayer cultures by histology, genomics, and transcriptomics studies. Patient-derived meningioma spheroids closely recapitulated morphological and molecular features of matched patient tissues, including patient histology, genomic alterations, and components of the immune microenvironment, such as a CD68 + and CD163 + positive macrophage cell population. Comprehensive transcriptomic profiling revealed an increase in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in meningioma spheroids compared to traditional monolayer cultures, confirming this model as a tool to elucidate EMT in meningioma. Therefore, as proof of concept study, we developed a treatment strategy to target EMT in meningioma. We found that combination therapy using the MER tyrosine kinase (MERTK) inhibitor UNC2025 and the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor Trichostatin A (TSA) effectively decreased meningioma spheroid viability and proliferation. Furthermore, we demonstrated this combination therapy significantly increased the expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and had a repressive effect on WHO grade 2-derived spheroid invasion, which is suggestive of a partial reversal of EMT in meningioma spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurien L van de Weijer
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, Derriford Research Facility, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL6 8BU, Devon, UK
| | - Emanuela Ercolano
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, Derriford Research Facility, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL6 8BU, Devon, UK
| | - Ting Zhang
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, Derriford Research Facility, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL6 8BU, Devon, UK
| | - Maryam Shah
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, Derriford Research Facility, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL6 8BU, Devon, UK
| | - Matthew C Banton
- Faculty of Health: School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, Devon, UK
| | - Juri Na
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, Derriford Research Facility, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL6 8BU, Devon, UK
| | - Claire L Adams
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, Derriford Research Facility, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL6 8BU, Devon, UK
| | - David Hilton
- Department of Cellular and Anatomical Pathology, University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust, Derriford, Plymouth, PL6 8DH, Devon, UK
| | - Kathreena M Kurian
- University of Bristol Medical School & North Bristol Trust, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, BS1 0NB, UK
| | - C Oliver Hanemann
- Faculty of Health: Medicine, Dentistry and Human Sciences, Derriford Research Facility, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL6 8BU, Devon, UK.
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Blum N, Mirian C, Maier AD, Mathiesen TI, Vilhardt F, Haslund-Vinding JL. Translocator protein (TSPO) expression in neoplastic cells and tumor-associated macrophages in meningiomas. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2023; 82:1020-1032. [PMID: 37952221 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlad093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Meningiomas are the most common primary intracranial tumors and show extensive infiltration of macrophages. The mitochondrial membrane protein translocator protein (TSPO) has been used as an in vivo marker of microglia and macrophage activation to visualize neuroinflammation. However, it is unknown which cell types express TSPO in meningiomas. Immunohistochemistry of 38 WHO grade 1-3 meningiomas was subjected to segmentation and deep learning classification of TSPO expression to either Iba1-positive tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) or all other (mainly neoplastic) cells. A possible association between clinical data and TSPO expression intensities was also investigated. TAMs accounted for 15.9%-26% of all cells in the meningioma tissue. Mean fluorescence intensity of TSPO was significantly higher in TAMs (p < 0.0001), but the mass of neoplastic cells in the tumors exceeded that of TAMs. Thus, the summed fluorescence intensity of TSPO in meningioma cells was 64.1% higher than in TAMs (p = 0.0003). We observed no correlation between TSPO expression intensity and WHO grade. These results indicate that both macrophage-lineage and neoplastic cells in meningiomas express TSPO and that the SPECT-TSPO signal in meningiomas mainly reflects the latter; TSPO is expressed equally in parenchymal activated and resting macrophage/microglia lineage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Blum
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Andrea Daniela Maier
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Frederik Vilhardt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Hosseini R, Hosseinzadeh N, Asef-Kabiri L, Akbari A, Ghezelbash B, Sarvnaz H, Akbari ME. Small extracellular vesicle TGF-β in cancer progression and immune evasion. Cancer Gene Ther 2023; 30:1309-1322. [PMID: 37344681 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-023-00638-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a well-known cytokine that controls various processes in normal physiology and disease context. Strong preclinical and clinical literature supports the crucial roles of the TGF-β in several aspects of cancer biology. Recently emerging evidence reveals that the release of TGF-β from tumor/immune/stromal cells in small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) plays an important part in tumor development and immune evasion. Hence, this review aims to address the packaging, release, and signaling pathways of TGF-β carried in sEVs (sEV-TGF-β) in cancer, and to explore its underpinning roles in tumor development, growth, progression, metastasis, etc. We also highlight key progresses in deciphering the roles of sEV-TGF-β in subverting anti-tumor immune responses. The paper ends with a focus on the clinical significance of TGF-β carried in sEVs and draws attention to its diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Hosseini
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nashmin Hosseinzadeh
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Asef-Kabiri
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Akbari
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrooz Ghezelbash
- Laboratory Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamzeh Sarvnaz
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Kwantwi LB. Exosome-mediated crosstalk between tumor cells and innate immune cells: implications for cancer progression and therapeutic strategies. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023:10.1007/s00432-023-04833-9. [PMID: 37154928 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-04833-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The increasing number of cancer-associated deaths despite the substantial improvement in diagnosis and treatment has sparked discussions on the need for novel biomarkers and therapeutic strategies for cancer. Exosomes have become crucial players in tumor development and progression, largely due to the diverse nature of their cargo content released to recipient cells. Importantly, exosome-mediated crosstalk between tumor and stromal cells is essential in reprogramming the tumor microenvironment to facilitate tumor progression. As a result, exosomes have gradually become a marker for the early diagnosis of many diseases and an important tool in drug delivery systems. However, the precise mechanisms by which exosomes participate in tumor progression remain elusive, multifaceted, and a double-edged sword, thus requiring further clarification. The available evidence suggests that exosomes can facilitate communication between innate immune cells and tumor cells to either support or inhibit tumor progression. Herein, this review focused on exosome-mediated intercellular communication between tumor cells and macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, monocytes, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. Specifically, how such intercellular communication affects tumor progression has been described. It has also been discussed that, depending on their cargo, exosomes can suppress or promote tumor cell progression. In addition, the potential application of exosomes and strategies to target exosomes in cancer treatment has been comprehensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Boafo Kwantwi
- Department of Medical Imaging Sciences, Klintaps College of Health and Allied Sciences, Accra, DTD. TDC, 30A Klagon, Com. 19, Tema, Ghana.
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15
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Shen L, Li Y, Hu G, Song X, Wang X, Li X, Xu X. Astragaloside IV suppresses the migration and EMT progression of cervical cancer cells by inhibiting macrophage M2 polarization through TGFβ/Smad2/3 signaling. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:133. [PMID: 37081108 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01017-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is a gynecological malignant tumor worldwide. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) has been found to exert antitumor effects on CC. In addition, M2-polarized macrophages, known as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), play an important role in promoting cancer cell growth and angiogenesis. Thus, we explored the association between the antitumor effect of AS-IV and macrophage polarization in CC. Flow cytometry, ELISA, and RT‒qPCR assays were applied to detect the levels of CD163, IL-10, TGFβ, and CD206 in M2 macrophages with or without AS-IV treatment. In addition, conditioned medium (CM) was collected from these M2 macrophages, and CC cells were then cultured in various CMs. Wound healing and transwell assays were used to assess the migratory ability of CC cells. In this study, we found that AS-IV significantly inhibited M2 polarization of macrophages, as shown by decreased CD163, IL-10, TGFβ, and CD206 expression. In addition, compared with CM from M2 macrophages, CM from AS-IV-treated M2 macrophages notably inhibited angiogenesis, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in CC cells. Furthermore, compared with CM from M2 macrophages, CM from AS-IV-treated M2 macrophages markedly reduced p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 protein expression in CC cells, and these changes were reversed by TGF-β treatment. Collectively, suppression of M2-like polarization of macrophages by AS-IV could prevent the migration and EMT of CC cells by inactivating TGF-β/Smad2/3 signaling. These findings might provide some theoretical support for exploring novel treatments for CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Jinping District, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuancheng Li
- Department of Gynecology, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guiying Hu
- Department of Gynecology, Guangdong Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinli Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Jinping District, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoqi Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Jinping District, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No. 57 Changping Road, Jinping District, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China.
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EMR1/ADGRE1 Expression in Cancer Cells Upregulated by Tumor-Associated Macrophages Is Related to Poor Prognosis in Colorectal Cancer. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123121. [PMID: 36551877 PMCID: PMC9775542 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
EMR1, a member of the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor family (ADGRE1), is a macrophage marker that is abnormally expressed in cancer cells. However, its clinical significance in colorectal cancer (CRC) is not well-known. In this investigation, EMR1 expression in tumor cells (EMR1-TC) was found in 91 (22.8%) of the 399 CRC samples tested by immunohistochemical staining and showed a significant relationship with lymph node metastasis. Furthermore, EMR1-TC was significantly associated with CD68+ CD163+ tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and CRC with a high combined EMR1-TC+CD68+CD163+ score showed worse recurrence-free survival prognosis. In an in vitro co-culture assay of colon cancer cells with myeloid cells, we found that EMR1 expression significantly upregulated in cancer cells was induced by macrophages. In addition, there was increased expression of M2 markers (CD163 and interleukin-6 & 10) in myeloid portion, while that of M1 markers (CD86 and iNOS) remained unchanged. Accordingly, upon treatment with M2 macrophage polarization inhibitors (O-ATP, trametinib, bardoxolone methyl), EMR1 expression reduced significantly, along with M2 markers (CD163 and interleukin-6 & 10). In conclusion, EMR1-TC was a high-risk factor for lymph node metastasis and correlated with poor recurrence free survival, particularly in patients with TAM-rich CRC. Furthermore, EMR1 expression in colon cancer cells may be related to M2 macrophage polarization and vice versa.
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EV-out or EV-in: Tackling cell-to-cell communication within the tumor microenvironment to enhance anti-tumor efficacy using extracellular vesicle-based therapeutic strategies. OPENNANO 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2022.100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Hepatitis Viruses Control Host Immune Responses by Modifying the Exosomal Biogenesis Pathway and Cargo. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810862. [PMID: 36142773 PMCID: PMC9505460 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of smart immune evasion mechanisms is crucial for the establishment of acute and chronic viral hepatitis. Hepatitis is a major health problem worldwide arising from different causes, such as pathogens, metabolic disorders, and xenotoxins, with the five hepatitis viruses A, B, C, D, and E (HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HEV) representing the majority of the cases. Most of the hepatitis viruses are considered enveloped. Recently, it was reported that the non-enveloped HAV and HEV are, in reality, quasi-enveloped viruses exploiting exosomal-like biogenesis mechanisms for budding. Regardless, all hepatitis viruses use exosomes to egress, regulate, and eventually escape from the host immune system, revealing another key function of exosomes apart from their recognised role in intercellular communication. This review will discuss how the hepatitis viruses exploit exosome biogenesis and transport capacity to establish successful infection and spread. Then, we will outline the contribution of exosomes in viral persistence and liver disease progression.
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