1
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Mardilovich K, Naylor G, Julian L, Phinichkusolchit N, Keeshan K, Blyth K, Olson MF. Caspase-resistant ROCK1 expression prolongs survival of Eµ-Myc B cell lymphoma mice. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050631. [PMID: 38616733 PMCID: PMC11139034 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is characterized by membrane blebbing and apoptotic body formation. Caspase cleavage of ROCK1 generates an active fragment that promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction and membrane blebbing during apoptosis. Expression of caspase-resistant non-cleavable ROCK1 (Rock1 NC) prolonged survival of mice that rapidly develop B cell lymphomas due to Eµ-Myc transgene expression. Eµ-Myc; Rock1 NC mice had significantly fewer bone marrow cells relative to those in Eµ-Myc mice expressing wild-type ROCK1 (Rock1 WT), which was associated with altered cell cycle profiles. Circulating macrophage numbers were lower in Eµ-Myc; Rock1 NC mice, but there were higher levels of bone marrow macrophages, consistent with spontaneous cell death in Eµ-Myc; Rock1 NC mouse bone marrows being more inflammatory. Rock1 WT recipient mice transplanted with pre-neoplastic Eµ-Myc; Rock1 NC bone marrow cells survived longer than mice transplanted with Eµ-Myc; Rock1 WT cells, indicating that the survival benefit was intrinsic to the Eµ-Myc; Rock1 NC bone marrow cells. The results suggest that the apoptotic death of Eµ-Myc; Rock1 NC cells generates a proliferation-suppressive microenvironment in bone marrows that reduces cell numbers and prolongs B cell lymphoma mouse survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Mardilovich
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Gregory Naylor
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G16 1QH, UK
| | - Linda Julian
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G16 1QH, UK
| | - Narisa Phinichkusolchit
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G16 1QH, UK
| | - Karen Keeshan
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Paul O'Gorman Leukemia Research Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G16 1QH, UK
| | - Karen Blyth
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G16 1QH, UK
| | - Michael F. Olson
- Toronto Metropolitan University, Department of Chemistry and Biology, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
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2
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Ferrad M, Ghazzaui N, Issaoui H, Drouineau E, Oblet C, Marchiol T, Cook-Moreau J, Denizot Y. Homozygous iMycCα transgenic mice as a model of plasma B-cell lymphomas. Leuk Lymphoma 2022; 63:2114-2125. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2022.2064989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Ferrad
- UMR CNRS 7276, INSERM U1262, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Nour Ghazzaui
- UMR CNRS 7276, INSERM U1262, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Hussein Issaoui
- UMR CNRS 7276, INSERM U1262, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Emilie Drouineau
- I2BC, IBITEC-S, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris‐Sud, Université Paris‐Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christelle Oblet
- UMR CNRS 7276, INSERM U1262, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Tiffany Marchiol
- UMR CNRS 7276, INSERM U1262, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Jeanne Cook-Moreau
- UMR CNRS 7276, INSERM U1262, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Yves Denizot
- UMR CNRS 7276, INSERM U1262, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
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3
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Ahmadi SE, Rahimi S, Zarandi B, Chegeni R, Safa M. MYC: a multipurpose oncogene with prognostic and therapeutic implications in blood malignancies. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:121. [PMID: 34372899 PMCID: PMC8351444 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MYC oncogene is a transcription factor with a wide array of functions affecting cellular activities such as cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA damage response, and hematopoiesis. Due to the multi-functionality of MYC, its expression is regulated at multiple levels. Deregulation of this oncogene can give rise to a variety of cancers. In this review, MYC regulation and the mechanisms by which MYC adjusts cellular functions and its implication in hematologic malignancies are summarized. Further, we also discuss potential inhibitors of MYC that could be beneficial for treating hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Esmaeil Ahmadi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Rahimi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Zarandi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rouzbeh Chegeni
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, College of Health and Human Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA.
| | - Majid Safa
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Mossadegh-Keller N, Brisou G, Beyou A, Nadel B, Roulland S. Human B Lymphomas Reveal Their Secrets Through Genetic Mouse Models. Front Immunol 2021; 12:683597. [PMID: 34335584 PMCID: PMC8323519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.683597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphomas are cancers deriving from lymphocytes, arising preferentially in secondary lymphoid organs, and represent the 6th cancer worldwide and the most frequent blood cancer. The majority of B cell Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-NHL) develop from germinal center (GC) experienced mature B cells. GCs are transient structures that form in lymphoid organs in response to antigen exposure of naive B cells, and where B cell receptor (BCR) affinity maturation occurs to promote B cell differentiation into memory B and plasma cells producing high-affinity antibodies. Genomic instability associated with the somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class-switch recombination (CSR) processes during GC transit enhance susceptibility to malignant transformation. Most B cell differentiation steps in the GC are at the origin of frequent B cell malignant entities, namely Follicular Lymphoma (FL) and GCB diffuse large B cell lymphomas (GCB-DLBCL). Over the past decade, large sequencing efforts have provided a great boost in the identification of candidate oncogenes and tumor suppressors involved in FL and DLBCL oncogenesis. Mouse models have been instrumental to accurately mimic in vivo lymphoma-specific mutations and interrogate their normal function in the GC context and their oncogenic function leading to lymphoma onset. The limited access of biopsies during the initiating steps of the disease, the cellular and (epi)genetic heterogeneity of individual tumors across and within patients linked to perturbed dynamics of GC ecosystems make the development of genetically engineered mouse models crucial to decipher lymphomagenesis and disease progression and eventually to test the effects of novel targeted therapies. In this review, we provide an overview of some of the important genetically engineered mouse models that have been developed to recapitulate lymphoma-associated (epi)genetic alterations of two frequent GC-derived lymphoma entities: FL and GCB-DLCBL and describe how those mouse models have improved our knowledge of the molecular processes supporting GC B cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Brisou
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France.,Department of Hematology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Alicia Beyou
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Bertrand Nadel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
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5
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Malaney P, Velasco-Estevez M, Aguilar-Garrido P, Aitken MJL, Chan LE, Zhang X, Post SM, Gallardo M. The Eµ-hnRNP K Murine Model of Lymphoma: Novel Insights into the Role of hnRNP K in B-Cell Malignancies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:634584. [PMID: 33912162 PMCID: PMC8072109 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.634584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
B-cell lymphomas are one of the most biologically and molecularly heterogeneous group of malignancies. The inherent complexity of this cancer subtype necessitates the development of appropriate animal model systems to characterize the disease with the ultimate objective of identifying effective therapies. In this article, we discuss a new driver of B-cell lymphomas - hnRNP K (heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K)-an RNA-binding protein. We introduce the Eµ-Hnrnpk mouse model, a murine model characterized by hnRNP K overexpression in B cells, which develops B-cell lymphomas with high penetrance. Molecular analysis of the disease developed in this model reveals an upregulation of the c-Myc oncogene via post-transcriptional and translational mechanisms underscoring the impact of non-genomic MYC activation in B-cell lymphomas. Finally, the transplantability of the disease developed in Eµ-Hnrnpk mice makes it a valuable pre-clinical platform for the assessment of novel therapeutics.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein K/genetics
- Heterogeneous-Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein K/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/genetics
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Phenotype
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Malaney
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | | | - Marisa J. L. Aitken
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lauren E. Chan
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xiaorui Zhang
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sean M. Post
- Department of Leukemia, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Miguel Gallardo
- H12O–CNIO Haematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit, CNIO, Madrid, Spain
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6
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Pasqualucci L, Klein U. Mouse Models in the Study of Mature B-Cell Malignancies. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:cshperspect.a034827. [PMID: 32398289 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a034827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, genomic analyses of several B-cell lymphoma entities have identified a large number of genes that are recurrently mutated, suggesting that their aberrant function promotes lymphomagenesis. For many of those genes, the specific role in normal B-cell development is unknown; moreover, whether and how their deregulated activity contributes to lymphoma initiation and/or maintenance is often difficult to determine. Genetically engineered mouse models that faithfully mimic lymphoma-associated genetic alterations represent valuable tools for elucidating the pathogenic roles of candidate oncogenes and tumor suppressors in vivo, as well as for the preclinical testing of novel therapeutic principles in an intact microenvironment. Here we summarize what has been learned about the mechanisms of oncogenic transformation from accurately modeling the most common and well-characterized genetic alterations identified in mature B-cell malignancies. This information is expected to guide the design of improved molecular diagnostics and mechanism-based therapeutic approaches for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pasqualucci
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Genetics, and the Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Ulf Klein
- Division of Haematology & Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
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7
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Ferrad M, Ghazzaui N, Issaoui H, Cook-Moreau J, Denizot Y. Mouse Models of c-myc Deregulation Driven by IgH Locus Enhancers as Models of B-Cell Lymphomagenesis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1564. [PMID: 32793219 PMCID: PMC7390917 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations linking various oncogenes to transcriptional enhancers of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus are often implicated as the cause of B-cell malignancies. Two major IgH transcriptional enhancers have been reported so far. The Eμ enhancer located upstream of the Cμ gene controls early events in B-cell maturation such as VDJ recombination. The 3' regulatory region (3'RR) located downstream from the Cα gene controls late events in B-cell maturation such as IgH transcription, somatic hypermutation, and class switch recombination. Convincing demonstrations of the essential contributions of both Eμ and 3'RR in B-cell lymphomagenesis have been provided by transgenic and knock-in animal models which bring the oncogene c-myc under Eμ/3'RR transcriptional control. This short review summarizes the different mouse models so far available and their interests/limitations for progress in our understanding of human c-myc-induced B-cell lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Ferrad
- Inserm U1262, UMR CNRS 7276, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Nour Ghazzaui
- Inserm U1262, UMR CNRS 7276, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Hussein Issaoui
- Inserm U1262, UMR CNRS 7276, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Jeanne Cook-Moreau
- Inserm U1262, UMR CNRS 7276, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Yves Denizot
- Inserm U1262, UMR CNRS 7276, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
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8
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Ghazzaui N, Issaoui H, Ferrad M, Carrion C, Cook-Moreau J, Denizot Y, Boyer F. Eμ and 3'RR transcriptional enhancers of the IgH locus cooperate to promote c-myc-induced mature B-cell lymphomas. Blood Adv 2020; 4:28-39. [PMID: 31899800 PMCID: PMC6960469 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous B-cell lymphomas feature translocations linking oncogenes to different locations in the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus. During Burkitt lymphoma (BL), IgH breakpoints for c-myc translocation stand either close to JH segments or within switch regions. Transcription, accessibility, and remodeling of the IgH locus are under the control of the 2 potent cis-acting enhancer elements: Eμ and the 3' regulatory region (3'RR). To ensure their respective contributions to oncogene deregulation in the context of the endogenous IgH locus, we studied transgenic mice harboring a knock-in of c-myc in various positions of the IgH locus (3' to JH segments, 5' to Cμ with Eμ deletion and Cα). The observed spectrum of tumors, kinetics of emergence, and transcriptome analysis provide strong evidence that both Eμ and 3'RR deregulate c-myc and cooperate together to promote B-cell lymphomagenesis. Transgenics mimicking endemic BL (with c-myc placed 3' to JH segments) exhibited the highest rate of B-cell lymphoma emergence, the highest Ki67 index of proliferation, and the highest transcriptomic similarities to human BL. The 3'RR enhancer alone deregulated c-myc and initiated the development of BL-like lymphomas, suggesting that its targeting would be of therapeutic interest to reduce c-myc oncogenicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Ghazzaui
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1262, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Hussein Issaoui
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1262, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Mélissa Ferrad
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1262, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Claire Carrion
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1262, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Jeanne Cook-Moreau
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1262, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Yves Denizot
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1262, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - François Boyer
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7276, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1262, Equipe Labellisée Ligue 2018, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
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9
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Bisso A, Sabò A, Amati B. MYC in Germinal Center-derived lymphomas: Mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Immunol Rev 2019; 288:178-197. [PMID: 30874346 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The rearrangement of immunoglobulin loci during the germinal center reaction is associated with an increased risk of chromosomal translocations that activate oncogenes such as MYC, BCL2 or BCL6, thus contributing to the development of B-cell lymphomas. MYC and BCL2 activation are initiating events in Burkitt's (BL) and Follicular Lymphoma (FL), respectively, but can occur at later stages in other subtypes such as Diffuse Large-B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL). MYC can also be activated during the progression of FL to the transformed stage. Thus, either DLBCL or FL can give rise to aggressive double-hit lymphomas (DHL) with concurrent activation of MYC and BCL2. Research over the last three decades has improved our understanding of the functions of these oncogenes and the basis for their cooperative action in lymphomagenesis. MYC, in particular, is a transcription factor that contributes to cell activation, growth and proliferation, while concomitantly sensitizing cells to apoptosis, the latter being blocked by BCL2. Here, we review our current knowledge about the role of MYC in germinal center B-cells and lymphomas, discuss MYC-induced dependencies that can sensitize cancer cells to select pharmacological inhibitors, and illustrate their therapeutic potential in aggressive lymphomas-and in particular in DHL, in combination with BCL2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bisso
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Sabò
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Bruno Amati
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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10
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A novel enhancer RNA, Hmrhl, positively regulates its host gene, phkb, in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Noncoding RNA Res 2019; 4:96-108. [PMID: 31891018 PMCID: PMC6926186 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Noncoding RNAs are increasingly being accredited with key roles in gene regulation during development and disease. Here we report the discovery and characterization of a novel long noncoding RNA, Hmrhl, which shares synteny and partial sequence similarity with the mouse lncRNA, Mrhl. The human homolog, Hmrhl, transcribed from intron 14 of phkb gene, is 5.5 kb in size, expressed in all tissues examined and is associated with chromatin. Analysis of Hmrhl locus using ENCODE database revealed that it exhibits hallmarks of enhancers like the open chromatin configuration, binding of transcription factors, enhancer specific histone signature etc. in the K562 Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) cells. We compared the expression of Hmrhl in the normal lymphoblast cell line, GM12878, with that of K562 cells and lymphoma samples and show that it is highly upregulated in leukemia as well as several cases of lymphoma. Further, we validated the enhancer properties of Hmrhl locus in K562 cells with the help of ChIP-qPCR and Luciferase assay. Moreover, siRNA mediated down-regulation of Hmrhl in K562 cells leads to a concomitant down regulation of its parent gene, phkb, showing that Hmrhl functions as an enhancer RNA and positively regulates its host gene, phkb, in chronic myelogenous leukemia. This study is significant in view of the fact that a better understanding of mechanism of gene regulation under normal conditions and its perturbation in cancer could in turn help in its therapeutic intervention through molecular medicine/RNA based drug discovery.
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11
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The IgH 3' regulatory region and c-myc-induced B-cell lymphomagenesis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:7059-7067. [PMID: 27729620 PMCID: PMC5351691 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulation and mutations of c-myc have been reported in multiple mature B-cell malignancies such as Burkitt lymphoma, myeloma and plasma cell lymphoma. After translocation into the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus, c-myc is constitutively expressed under the control of active IgH cis-regulatory enhancers. Those located in the IgH 3 regulatory region (3RR) are master control elements of transcription. Over the past decade numerous convincing demonstrations of 3RRs contribution to mature c-myc-induced lymphomagenesis have been made using transgenic models with various types of IgH-c-myc translocations and transgenes. This review highlights how IgH 3RR physiological functions play a critical role in c-myc deregulation during lymphomagenesis.
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12
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Efficient role of IgH 3' regulatory region deficient B-cells in the development of oil granulomas. Oncotarget 2018; 7:38741-38749. [PMID: 27231852 PMCID: PMC5122425 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional B-cells are essential for the formation of oil granulomas. The IgH 3′ regulatory region (3′RR) activates important check-points during B-cell maturation. We investigated if 3′RR-deficient B-cells remain efficient to develop oil granulomas in response to pristine. B-cells expressing an IgH 3′RR-deficient allele were similarly recruited to wild type allele expressing B-cells in the granuloma. No differences were observed between 3′RR-deficient mice and control mice for granuloma numbers, cellular composition and ability to express mRNA transcripts for several pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Altogether these results suggest a normal role for 3′RR-deficient B-cells in the development of an acute B-cell-mediated inflammatory response.
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13
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Saintamand A, Ghazzaui N, Issaoui H, Denizot Y. [The IgH 3'RR: Doctor Jekyll and Mister Hyde of B-cell maturation and lymphomagenesis]. Med Sci (Paris) 2017; 33:963-970. [PMID: 29200394 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20173311013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The four transcriptional enhancers located in the 3' regulatory region (3'RR) of the IgH locus control the late phases of B-cell maturation, namely IgH locus transcription, somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination. Doctor Jekyll by nature, the 3'RR acts as Mister Hyde in case of oncogenic translocation at the IgH locus taking under its transcriptional control the translocated oncogene. The aim of this review is to show this duality on the basis of the latest scientific advances in the structure and function of the 3'RR and to hIghlight the targeting of the 3'RR as a potential therapeutic approach in mature B-cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Saintamand
- UMR CNRS 7276, Université de Limoges, rue Pr Descottes, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Nour Ghazzaui
- UMR CNRS 7276, Université de Limoges, rue Pr Descottes, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Hussein Issaoui
- UMR CNRS 7276, Université de Limoges, rue Pr Descottes, 87025 Limoges, France
| | - Yves Denizot
- UMR CNRS 7276, Université de Limoges, rue Pr Descottes, 87025 Limoges, France
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14
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Abstract
In this review, Hu and Shilatifard summarize recent advances in our understanding of the role of chromatin modifiers in normal hematopoiesis and their contributions in hematopoietic transformation. Hematological malignancies comprise a diverse set of lymphoid and myeloid neoplasms in which normal hematopoiesis has gone awry and together account for ∼10% of all new cancer cases diagnosed in the United States in 2016. Recent intensive genomic sequencing of hematopoietic malignancies has identified recurrent mutations in genes that encode regulators of chromatin structure and function, highlighting the central role that aberrant epigenetic regulation plays in the pathogenesis of these neoplasms. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms for how alterations in epigenetic modifiers, specifically histone and DNA methylases and demethylases, drive hematopoietic cancer could provide new avenues for developing novel targeted epigenetic therapies for treating hematological malignancies. Just as past studies of blood cancers led to pioneering discoveries relevant to other cancers, determining the contribution of epigenetic modifiers in hematologic cancers could also have a broader impact on our understanding of the pathogenesis of solid tumors in which these factors are mutated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deqing Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics
| | - Ali Shilatifard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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15
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Wolf I, Bouquet C, Melchers F. cDNA-library testing identifies transforming genes cooperating with c-myc in mouse pre-B cells. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2555-2565. [PMID: 27538750 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While c-myc often contributes to the generation of B cell transformation, its transgenic overexpression alone does not lead to full transformation of B-lineage cells. Synergistically acting second genes must cooperate. Here, we constructed doxycycline-inducible cDNA-libraries from pre-B cell mRNA. These libraries were retrovirally transduced as single copies into single cells and overexpressed in fetal-liver-derived c-myc-overexpressing pre-B cell lines. We scored transformation by survival and/or expansion of differentiating B-lineage cells in vitro and in vivo. Only one double c-myc/cDNA-library-expressing cell line was found in less than 5 × 106 library-transduced pre-B cells surviving and expressing a cDNA-library-derived transcript in vitro. This transcript was identified as a shortened form of the Exosc1 gene, encoding the RNA exosome complex component CSL4. Transplantations of double c-myc/Exosc1 short-form- or c-myc/Exosc1 full-length-transgenic cells into Rag1-/- mice resulted in survival, differentiation to CD19+ CD93- sIgM+ CD5low/- CD11b+ mature B1 cells and, surprisingly, also vigorous expansion in vivo. Strikingly, after transplantations of c-myc/cDNA-library pre-BI cells the frequencies of double-transgenic pre-B cells and their differentiated progeny, expanding in vivo to heterogeneous phenotypes, was at least tenfold higher than in vitro. In a first analysis Ptprcap, Cacybp, Ndufs7, Rpl18a, and Rpl35a were identified. This suggests a strong influence of the host on B-cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Wolf
- Max Planck Fellow Research Group, "Lymphocyte Development", Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Corinne Bouquet
- Max Planck Fellow Research Group, "Lymphocyte Development", Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fritz Melchers
- Max Planck Fellow Research Group, "Lymphocyte Development", Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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16
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Saintamand A, Garot A, Saad F, Moulinas R, Denizot Y. Pre-germinal center origin for mature mouse B cell lymphomas: a major discrepancy with human mature lymphomas. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:3656-8. [PMID: 26654599 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1093708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Armand Garot
- a Université de Limoges; CRIBL; UMR CNRS 7276 ; Limoges , France
| | - Faten Saad
- a Université de Limoges; CRIBL; UMR CNRS 7276 ; Limoges , France
| | - Rémi Moulinas
- b GENOLIM plateform; Université de Limoges ; Limoges, France
| | - Yves Denizot
- a Université de Limoges; CRIBL; UMR CNRS 7276 ; Limoges , France
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17
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Hamouda MA, Jacquel A, Robert G, Puissant A, Richez V, Cassel R, Fenouille N, Roulland S, Gilleron J, Griessinger E, Dubois A, Bailly-Maitre B, Goncalves D, Mallavialle A, Colosetti P, Marchetti S, Amiot M, Gomez-Bougie P, Rochet N, Deckert M, Avet-Loiseau H, Hofman P, Karsenti JM, Jeandel PY, Blin-Wakkach C, Nadel B, Cluzeau T, Anderson KC, Fuzibet JG, Auberger P, Luciano F. BCL-B (BCL2L10) is overexpressed in patients suffering from multiple myeloma (MM) and drives an MM-like disease in transgenic mice. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1705-22. [PMID: 27455953 PMCID: PMC4995074 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20150983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Luciano et al. generate transgenic mice expressing the Bcl-B gene under the control of the VH promoter and Eµ enhancer and show that these mice recapitulate the characteristic features of human MM. Multiple myeloma (MM) evolves from a premalignant condition known as monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). However, the factors underlying the malignant transformation of plasmocytes in MM are not fully characterized. We report here that Eµ-directed expression of the antiapoptotic Bcl-B protein in mice drives an MM phenotype that reproduces accurately the human disease. Indeed, with age, Eµ-bcl-b transgenic mice develop the characteristic features of human MM, including bone malignant plasma cell infiltration, a monoclonal immunoglobulin peak, immunoglobulin deposit in renal tubules, and highly characteristic bone lytic lesions. In addition, the tumors are serially transplantable in irradiated wild-type mice, underlying the tumoral origin of the disease. Eµ-bcl-b plasmocytes show increased expression of a panel of genes known to be dysregulated in human MM pathogenesis. Treatment of Eµ-bcl-b mice with drugs currently used to treat patients such as melphalan and VELCADE efficiently kills malignant plasmocytes in vivo. Finally, we find that Bcl-B is overexpressed in plasmocytes from MM patients but neither in MGUS patients nor in healthy individuals, suggesting that Bcl-B may drive MM. These findings suggest that Bcl-B could be an important factor in MM disease and pinpoint Eµ-bcl-b mice as a pertinent model to validate new therapies in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed-Amine Hamouda
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Jacquel
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Robert
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Puissant
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Valentine Richez
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06003 Nice, France
| | - Romeo Cassel
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Nina Fenouille
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Sandrine Roulland
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM U1104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7280, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Jerome Gilleron
- Team 7, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Emmanuel Griessinger
- Team 4, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Alix Dubois
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Beatrice Bailly-Maitre
- Team 8, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Diogo Goncalves
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Aude Mallavialle
- Team 11, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Pascal Colosetti
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Marchetti
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Nathalie Rochet
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France UMR 7277, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Marcel Deckert
- Team 11, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Herve Avet-Loiseau
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, UMR 1037, INSERM-Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier (UPS)-CNRS, 31037 Toulouse, France
| | - Paul Hofman
- Service d'Anatomopathologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06003 Nice, France
| | - Jean-Michel Karsenti
- Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06003 Nice, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Jeandel
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06003 Nice, France
| | - Claudine Blin-Wakkach
- Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France CNRS UMR 7370, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Bertrand Nadel
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille University, INSERM U1104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7280, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Cluzeau
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06003 Nice, France
| | - Kenneth C Anderson
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jean-Gabriel Fuzibet
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, 06003 Nice, France
| | - Patrick Auberger
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Frederic Luciano
- Team 2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), 06204 Nice, France Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06000 Nice, France Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013 Paris, France
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18
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Rabellino A, Melegari M, Tompkins VS, Chen W, Van Ness BG, Teruya-Feldstein J, Conacci-Sorrell M, Janz S, Scaglioni PP. PIAS1 Promotes Lymphomagenesis through MYC Upregulation. Cell Rep 2016; 15:2266-2278. [PMID: 27239040 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The MYC proto-oncogene is a transcription factor implicated in a broad range of cancers. MYC is regulated by several post-translational modifications including SUMOylation, but the functional impact of this post-translational modification is still unclear. Here, we report that the SUMO E3 ligase PIAS1 SUMOylates MYC. We demonstrate that PIAS1 promotes, in a SUMOylation-dependent manner, MYC phosphorylation at serine 62 and dephosphorylation at threonine 58. These events reduce the MYC turnover, leading to increased transcriptional activity. Furthermore, we find that MYC is SUMOylated in primary B cell lymphomas and that PIAS1 is required for the viability of MYC-dependent B cell lymphoma cells as well as several cancer cell lines of epithelial origin. Finally, Pias1-null mice display endothelial defects reminiscent of Myc-null mice. Taken together, these results indicate that PIAS1 is a positive regulator of MYC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rabellino
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Margherita Melegari
- Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Van S Tompkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Weina Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Brian G Van Ness
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Julie Teruya-Feldstein
- Department of Pathology, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Maralice Conacci-Sorrell
- Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Siegfried Janz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Pier Paolo Scaglioni
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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19
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Edwards SKE, Han Y, Liu Y, Kreider BZ, Liu Y, Grewal S, Desai A, Baron J, Moore CR, Luo C, Xie P. Signaling mechanisms of bortezomib in TRAF3-deficient mouse B lymphoma and human multiple myeloma cells. Leuk Res 2015; 41:85-95. [PMID: 26740054 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Bortezomib, a clinical drug for multiple myeloma (MM) and mantle cell lymphoma, exhibits complex mechanisms of action, which vary depending on the cancer type and the critical genetic alterations of each cancer. Here we investigated the signaling mechanisms of bortezomib in mouse B lymphoma and human MM cells deficient in a new tumor suppressor gene, TRAF3. We found that bortezomib consistently induced up-regulation of the cell cycle inhibitor p21(WAF1) and the pro-apoptotic protein Noxa as well as cleavage of the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1. Interestingly, bortezomib induced the activation of NF-κB1 and the accumulation of the oncoprotein c-Myc, but inhibited the activation of NF-κB2. Furthermore, we demonstrated that oridonin (an inhibitor of NF-κB1 and NF-κB2) or AD 198 (a drug targeting c-Myc) drastically potentiated the anti-cancer effects of bortezomib in TRAF3-deficient malignant B cells. Taken together, our findings increase the understanding of the mechanisms of action of bortezomib, which would aid the design of novel bortezomib-based combination therapies. Our results also provide a rationale for clinical evaluation of the combinations of bortezomib and oridonin (or other inhibitors of NF-κB1/2) or AD 198 (or other drugs targeting c-Myc) in the treatment of lymphoma and MM, especially in patients containing TRAF3 deletions or relevant mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanique K E Edwards
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States; Graduate Program in Molecular Biosciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Yeming Han
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Yingying Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Benjamin Z Kreider
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Sukhdeep Grewal
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Anand Desai
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Jacqueline Baron
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Carissa R Moore
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Chang Luo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States; Member, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, United States.
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20
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Sin SH, Kim Y, Eason A, Dittmer DP. KSHV Latency Locus Cooperates with Myc to Drive Lymphoma in Mice. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005135. [PMID: 26327622 PMCID: PMC4556645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) has been linked to Kaposi sarcoma and B-cell malignancies. Mechanisms of KSHV-induced oncogenesis remain elusive, however, in part due to lack of reliable in vivo models. Recently, we showed that transgenic mice expressing the KSHV latent genes, including all viral microRNAs, developed splenic B cell hyperplasia with 100% penetrance, but only a fraction converted to B cell lymphomas, suggesting that cooperative oncogenic events were missing. Myc was chosen as a possible candidate, because Myc is deregulated in many B cell lymphomas. We crossed KSHV latency locus transgenic (latency) mice to Cα Myc transgenic (Myc) mice. By itself these Myc transgenic mice develop lymphomas only rarely. In the double transgenic mice (Myc/latency) we observed plasmacytosis, severe extramedullary hematopoiesis in spleen and liver, and increased proliferation of splenocytes. Myc/latency mice developed frank lymphoma at a higher rate than single transgenic latency or Myc mice. These data indicate that the KSHV latency locus cooperates with the deregulated Myc pathways to further lymphoma progression. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is associated with Kaposi sarcoma as well as the B-cell malignancies primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and multicentric Castleman’s disease (MCD). Only a few KSHV genes, including all micro RNAs, are expressed in latent infection of B cells. We already showed that KSHV latency locus transgenic mice consistently develop B cell hyperplasia. To find out possible host contributions to lymphomagenesis we evaluated the Myc oncogene. Compound KSHV latency locus and Myc mice developed plasmacytosis exemplified by increased frequency of plasma cells in the spleen, a high accelerated lymphoma development, and severe extramedullary hematopoiesis. These data show that the KSHV latency locus can cooperate with Myc activation in viral lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hoon Sin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Global Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yongbaek Kim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Anthony Eason
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Global Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dirk P. Dittmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Program in Global Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Center for AIDS Research, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Han SS, Tompkins VS, Son DJ, Han S, Yun H, Kamberos NL, Dehoedt CL, Gu C, Holman C, Tricot G, Zhan F, Janz S. CDKN1A and FANCD2 are potential oncotargets in Burkitt lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Exp Hematol Oncol 2015; 4:9. [PMID: 25838973 PMCID: PMC4383050 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-015-0005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Comparative genetic and biological studies on malignant tumor counterparts in human beings and laboratory mice may be powerful gene discovery tools for blood cancers, including neoplasms of mature B-lymphocytes and plasma cells such as Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and multiple myeloma (MM). Methods We used EMSA to detect constitutive NF-κB/STAT3 activity in BL- and MM-like neoplasms that spontaneously developed in single-transgenic IL6 (interleukin-6) or MYC (c-Myc) mice, or in double-transgenic IL6MYC mice. qPCR measurements and analysis of clinical BL and MM datasets were employed to validate candidate NF-κB/STAT3 target genes. Results qPCR demonstrated that IL6- and/or MYC-dependent neoplasms in mice invariably contain elevated mRNA levels of the NF-κB target genes, Cdkn1a and Fancd2. Clinical studies on human CDKN1A, which encodes the cell cycle inhibitor and tumor suppressor p21, revealed that high p21 message predicts poor therapy response and survival in BL patients. Similarly, up-regulation of FANCD2, which encodes a key member of the Fanconi anemia and breast cancer pathway of DNA repair, was associated with poor outcome of patients with MM, particularly those with high-risk disease. Conclusions Our findings suggest that CDKN1A and FANCD2 are potential oncotargets in BL and MM, respectively. Additionally, the IL-6- and/or MYC-driven mouse models of human BL and MM used in this study may lend themselves to the biological validation of CDKN1A and FANCD2 as molecular targets for new approaches to cancer therapy and prevention. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40164-015-0005-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Su Han
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Van S Tompkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Dong-Ju Son
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701 South Korea
| | - Sangwoo Han
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Hwakyung Yun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hanseo University, Choognam, South Korea
| | - Natalie L Kamberos
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Casey L Dehoedt
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Chunyan Gu
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Carol Holman
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Guido Tricot
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Fenghuang Zhan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Siegfried Janz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA USA
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22
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Abstract
B cell neoplasms comprise >50% of blood cancers. However, many types of B cell malignancies remain incurable. Identification and validation of novel genetic risk factors and oncogenic signaling pathways are imperative for the development of new therapeutic strategies. We and others recently identified TRAF3, a cytoplasmic adaptor protein, as a novel tumor suppressor in B lymphocytes. We found that TRAF3 inactivation results in prolonged survival of mature B cells, which eventually leads to spontaneous development of B lymphomas in mice. Corroborating our findings, TRAF3 deletions and inactivating mutations frequently occur in human B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, splenic marginal zone lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, multiple myeloma, Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia, and Hodgkin lymphoma. In this context, we have been investigating TRAF3 signaling mechanisms in B cells, and are developing new therapeutic strategies to target TRAF3 downstream signaling pathways in B cell neoplasms. Here we discuss our new translational data that demonstrate the therapeutic potential of targeting TRAF3 downstream signaling pathways in B lymphoma and multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa R Moore
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, New Jersey, USA
| | - Shanique Ke Edwards
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, New Jersey, USA ; Graduate Program in Molecular Biosciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, New Jersey, USA ; Member, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, USA
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23
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Abstract
Enhancers are selectively utilized to orchestrate gene expression programs that first govern pluripotency and then proceed to highly specialized programs required for the process of cellular differentiation. Whereas gene-proximal promoters are typically active across numerous cell types, distal enhancer activation is cell-type-specific and central to cell fate determination, thereby accounting for cell identity. Recent studies have highlighted the diversity of enhancer usage, cataloguing millions of such elements in the human genome. The disruption of enhancer activity, through genetic or epigenetic alterations, can impact cell-type-specific functions, resulting in a wide range of pathologies. In cancer, these alterations can promote a 'cell identity crisis', in which enhancers associated with oncogenes and multipotentiality are activated, while those promoting cell fate commitment are inactivated. Overall, these alterations favor an undifferentiated cellular phenotype. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding the role of enhancers in normal cell function, and discuss how genetic and epigenetic changes in enhancer elements potentiate oncogenesis. In addition, we discuss how understanding the mechanisms regulating enhancer activity can inform therapeutic opportunities in cancer cells and highlight key challenges that remain in understanding enhancer biology as it relates to oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken J Kron
- The Princess Margaret Cancer Centre - University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1 L7 Canada ; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1 L7 Canada
| | - Swneke D Bailey
- The Princess Margaret Cancer Centre - University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1 L7 Canada ; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1 L7 Canada
| | - Mathieu Lupien
- The Princess Margaret Cancer Centre - University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1 L7 Canada ; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1 L7 Canada ; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON M5G 0A3 Canada
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Targeting the oncogene B lymphoma deregulator IgH 3' regulatory region does not impede the in vivo inflammatory response in mice. Oncoscience 2014; 1:591-8. [PMID: 25594069 PMCID: PMC4278336 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The IgH 3′ regulatory region (3′RR), encompassing the four transcriptional enhancers hs3a-hs1,2-hs3b-hs4, is a potent lymphoma oncogene deregulator but its role in B cell-mediated inflammatory responses is unknown. We investigated the 3′RR involvement in the in vivo pristane-induced inflammatory response in BALB/c mice. The lack of the 3′RR in BALB/c mice had no wide effect on the incidence, the kinetic of development and the cellular composition of peritoneal ascites. Ascite pro-inflammatory cytokines levels (IL-6, IL-21, IL-12/23, TNF-α) were unchanged while anti-inflammatory cytokines levels (IL-10, interferon-γ) were slightly increased in 3′RR-deficient BALB/c mice as compared to wt BALB/c mice. In conclusion, the 3′RR is dispensable for the efficient recruitment of immune cells and the normal development of an inflammatory response in the in vivo pristane-induced inflammatory model. The 3′RR might be considered as a potential suitable target for anti-lymphoma pharmacological therapy without potent adverse effect on normal immune and inflammatory responses.
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Rosean TR, Tompkins VS, Tricot G, Holman CJ, Olivier AK, Zhan F, Janz S. Preclinical validation of interleukin 6 as a therapeutic target in multiple myeloma. Immunol Res 2014; 59:188-202. [PMID: 24845460 PMCID: PMC4209159 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Studies on the biologic and molecular genetic underpinnings of multiple myeloma (MM) have identified the pleiotropic, pro-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6), as a factor crucial to the growth, proliferation and survival of myeloma cells. IL-6 is also a potent stimulator of osteoclastogenesis and a sculptor of the tumor microenvironment in the bone marrow of patients with myeloma. This knowledge has engendered considerable interest in targeting IL-6 for therapeutic purposes, using a variety of antibody- and small-molecule-based therapies. However, despite the early recognition of the importance of IL-6 for myeloma and the steady progress in our knowledge of IL-6 in normal and malignant development of plasma cells, additional efforts will be required to translate the promise of IL-6 as a target for new myeloma therapies into significant clinical benefits for patients with myeloma. This review summarizes published research on the role of IL-6 in myeloma development and describes ongoing efforts by the University of Iowa Myeloma Multidisciplinary Oncology Group to develop new approaches to the design and testing of IL-6-targeted therapies and preventions of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Rosean
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Jacoby E, Chien CD, Fry TJ. Murine models of acute leukemia: important tools in current pediatric leukemia research. Front Oncol 2014; 4:95. [PMID: 24847444 PMCID: PMC4019869 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukemia remains the most common diagnosis in pediatric oncology and, despite dramatic progress in upfront therapy, is also the most common cause of cancer-related death in children. Much of the initial improvement in outcomes for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was due to identification of cytotoxic agents that are active against leukemia followed by the recognition that combination of these cytotoxic agents and prolonged therapy are essential for cure. Recent data demonstrating lack of progress in patients for whom standard chemotherapy fails suggests that the ability to improve outcome for these children will not be dramatically impacted through more intensive or newer cytotoxic agents. Thus, much of the recent research focus has been in the area of improving our understanding of the genetics and the biology of leukemia. Although in vitro studies remain critical, given the complexity of a living system and the increasing recognition of the contribution of leukemia extrinsic factors such as the bone marrow microenvironment, in vivo models have provided important insights. The murine systems that are used can be broadly categorized into syngeneic models in which a murine leukemia can be studied in immunologically intact hosts and xenograft models where human leukemias are studied in highly immunocompromised murine hosts. Both of these systems have limitations such that neither can be used exclusively to study all aspects of leukemia biology and therapeutics for humans. This review will describe the various ALL model systems that have been developed as well as discuss the advantages and disadvantages inherent to these systems that make each particularly suitable for specific types of studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elad Jacoby
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Christopher D Chien
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Terry J Fry
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
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Ontiveros EP, Halwani A, Stunz LL, Kamberos N, Olivier AK, Janz S, Bishop GA. A new model of LMP1-MYC interaction in B cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 55:2917-23. [PMID: 24605938 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.900762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with aggressive B cell lymphomas (BCLs). Latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) of EBV is an oncogenic protein required for EBV B cell transformation. However, LMP1 is a weak oncogene in mice. Mice expressing Myc inserted 5' of the Eμ enhancer (iMyc(Eμ)), mimicking the t(8;14) translocation of endemic Burkitt lymphoma, develop delayed onset BCLs. To investigate potential cooperation between LMP1 and oncogenic MYC, we produced mice expressing the LMP1 signaling domain via a hybrid CD40-LMP1 transgene (mCD40-LMP1), and the dysregulated MYC protein of aggressive EBV+ BCLs. mCD40-LMP1/iMyc(Eμ) mice trended toward earlier BCL onset. BCLs from mCD40-LMP1/iMyc(Eμ) mice expressed LMP1 and were transplantable into immunocompetent recipients. iMyc(Eμ) and mCD40-LMP1/iMyc(Eμ) mice developed BCLs with similar immunophenotypes. LMP1 signaling was intact in BCLs as shown by inducible interleukin-6. Additionally, LMP1 signaling to tumor cells induced the two isoforms of Pim1, a constitutively active prosurvival kinase implicated in lymphomagenesis.
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Rogers A, Graves M, Toscano M, Davis L. A unique cutaneous presentation of Burkitt lymphoma. Am J Dermatopathol 2014; 36:997-1001. [PMID: 24562050 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Few reports of cutaneous Burkitt lymphoma exist in the literature. Here, the authors describe the case of a human immunodeficiency virus-positive individual with the rare diagnosis of cutaneous Burkitt lymphoma. Three weeks before the development of his cutaneous lesions, the patient experienced bilateral lower extremity paralysis, and an epidural mass was found. Bone marrow biopsy findings and serum protein electrophoresis seemed consistent with multiple myeloma. The visible appearance of the skin lesions raised concern for cutaneous involvement by myeloma; however, the skin biopsy showed morphological and immunohistochemical features of Burkitt lymphoma. In this case report, the authors discuss the histopathologic findings of the cutaneous lesions in consideration with the bone marrow biopsy findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Rogers
- *Section of Dermatology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA; and †Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA
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Absence of manganese superoxide dismutase delays p53-induced tumor formation. Redox Biol 2014; 2:220-3. [PMID: 24494196 PMCID: PMC3909777 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is a mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme that is down-regulated in a majority of cancers. Due to this observation, as well as MnSOD's potent antioxidant enzymatic activity, MnSOD has been suggested as a tumor suppressor for over 30 years. However, testing this postulate has proven difficult due to the early post-natal lethality of the MnSOD constitutive knock-out mouse. We have previously used a conditional tissue-specific MnSOD knock-out mouse to study the effects of MnSOD loss on the development of various cell types, but long-term cancer development studies have not been performed. We hypothesized the complete loss of MnSOD would significantly increase the rate of tumor formation in a tissue-specific manner. Results Utilizing a hematopoietic stem cell specific Cre-recombinase mouse model, we created pan-hematopoietic cell MnSOD knock-out mice. Additionally, we combined this MnSOD knock-out with two well established models of lymphoma development: B-lymphocyte specific Myc over-expression and conditional pan-hematopoietic cell p53 knock-out. Mice were allowed to age unchallenged until illness or death had occurred. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, the loss of MnSOD alone was insufficient in causing an increase in tumor formation, but did cause significant life-shortening skin pathology in a strain-dependent manner. Moreover, the loss of MnSOD in conjunction with either Myc overexpression or p53 knock-out did not accelerate tumor formation, and in fact delayed lymphomagenesis in the p53 knock-out model. Conclusions Our findings strongly suggest that MnSOD does not act as a classical tumor suppressor in hematological tissues. Additionally, the complete loss of MnSOD may actually protect from tumor development by the creation of an unfavorable redox environment for tumor progression. In summary, these results in combination with our previous work suggest that MnSOD needs to be tightly regulated for proper cellular homeostasis, and altering the activity in either direction may lead to cellular dysfunction, oncogenesis, or death. The free radical theory of cancer postulates that loss of MnSOD promotes cancer. We created mouse models of malignancy with and without conditional loss of MnSOD. We show that MnSOD loss delays the onset of p53-dependent tumor development. Our data suggest that inhibition of MnSOD in tumor cells may slow tumor progression.
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Spender LC, Inman GJ. Developments in Burkitt's lymphoma: novel cooperations in oncogenic MYC signaling. Cancer Manag Res 2014; 6:27-38. [PMID: 24426788 PMCID: PMC3890408 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s37745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) is an aggressive disorder associated with extremely high rates of cell proliferation tempered by high levels of apoptosis. Despite the high levels of cell death, the net effect is one of rapid tumor growth. The tumor arises within the germinal centers of secondary lymphoid tissues and is identifiable by translocation of the c-MYC gene into the immunoglobulin gene loci, resulting in deregulation of the proto-oncogene. Many of the major players involved in determining the development of BL have been characterized in human BL cell lines or in mouse models of MYC-driven lymphomagenesis. Both systems have been useful so far in characterizing the role of tumor suppressor genes (for example, p53), prosurvival signaling pathways, and members of the B-cell lymphoma-2 family of apoptosis regulators in determining the fate of c-MYC overexpressing B-cells, and ultimately in regulating lymphoma development. Signaling through phosphoinositide (PI)3-kinase stands out as being critical for BL cell survival. Recurrent mutations in ID3 or TCF3 (E2A) that promote signaling through PI3-kinase have recently been identified in human BL samples, and new therapeutic strategies based on coordinately targeting both the prosurvival factor, B-cell lymphoma-XL, and the PI3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway to synergistically induced BL apoptosis have been proposed. Now, engineering both constitutive c-MYC expression and PI3-kinase activity, specifically in murine B-cells undergoing the germinal center reaction, has revealed that there is synergistic cooperation between c-MYC and PI3-kinase during BL development. The resulting tumors phenocopy the human malignancy, and acquire tertiary mutations also present in human tumors. This model may, therefore, prove useful in further studies to identify functionally relevant mutational events necessary for BL pathogenesis. This review discusses these cooperating interactions, the possible influence of BL tumor-associated viruses, and highlights potential new opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay C Spender
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
| | - Gareth J Inman
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
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Chopra M, Kraus S, Schwinn S, Ritz M, Mattenheimer K, Mottok A, Rosenwald A, Einsele H, Beilhack A. Non-invasive bioluminescence imaging to monitor the immunological control of a plasmablastic lymphoma-like B cell neoplasia after hematopoietic cell transplantation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81320. [PMID: 24349055 PMCID: PMC3865349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To promote cancer research and to develop innovative therapies, refined pre-clinical mouse tumor models that mimic the actual disease in humans are of dire need. A number of neoplasms along the B cell lineage are commonly initiated by a translocation recombining c-myc with the immunoglobulin heavy-chain gene locus. The translocation is modeled in the C.129S1-Ighatm1(Myc)Janz/J mouse which has been previously engineered to express c-myc under the control of the endogenous IgH promoter. This transgenic mouse exhibits B cell hyperplasia and develops diverse B cell tumors. We have isolated tumor cells from the spleen of a C.129S1-Ighatm1(Myc)Janz/J mouse that spontaneously developed a plasmablastic lymphoma-like disease. These cells were cultured, transduced to express eGFP and firefly luciferase, and gave rise to a highly aggressive, transplantable B cell lymphoma cell line, termed IM380. This model bears several advantages over other models as it is genetically induced and mimics the translocation that is detectable in a number of human B cell lymphomas. The growth of the tumor cells, their dissemination, and response to treatment within immunocompetent hosts can be imaged non-invasively in vivo due to their expression of firefly luciferase. IM380 cells are radioresistant in vivo and mice with established tumors can be allogeneically transplanted to analyze graft-versus-tumor effects of transplanted T cells. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation of tumor-bearing mice results in prolonged survival. These traits make the IM380 model very valuable for the study of B cell lymphoma pathophysiology and for the development of innovative cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Chopra
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Interdisciplinary Clinical Research, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Kraus
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Interdisciplinary Clinical Research, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schwinn
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Interdisciplinary Clinical Research, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Ritz
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Interdisciplinary Clinical Research, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Mattenheimer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Interdisciplinary Clinical Research, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anja Mottok
- Institute of Pathology, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Hermann Einsele
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Beilhack
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Interdisciplinary Clinical Research, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Duncan K, Rosean TR, Tompkins VS, Olivier A, Sompallae R, Zhan F, Tricot G, Acevedo MR, Ponto LLB, Walsh SA, Tygrett LT, Berger AJ, Waldschmidt T, Morse HC, Sunderland JJ, Janz S. (18)F-FDG-PET/CT imaging in an IL-6- and MYC-driven mouse model of human multiple myeloma affords objective evaluation of plasma cell tumor progression and therapeutic response to the proteasome inhibitor ixazomib. Blood Cancer J 2013; 3:e165. [PMID: 24292417 PMCID: PMC3880444 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2013.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
(18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) and computed tomography (CT) are useful imaging modalities for evaluating tumor progression and treatment responses in genetically engineered mouse models of solid human cancers, but the potential of integrated FDG-PET/CT for assessing tumor development and new interventions in transgenic mouse models of human blood cancers such as multiple myeloma (MM) has not been demonstrated. Here we use BALB/c mice that contain the newly developed iMyc(ΔEμ) gene insertion and the widely expressed H2-L(d)-IL6 transgene to demonstrate that FDG-PET/CT affords an excellent research tool for assessing interleukin-6- and MYC-driven plasma cell tumor (PCT) development in a serial, reproducible and stage- and lesion-specific manner. We also show that FDG-PET/CT permits determination of objective drug responses in PCT-bearing mice treated with the investigational proteasome inhibitor ixazomib (MLN2238), the biologically active form of ixazomib citrate (MLN9708), that is currently in phase 3 clinical trials in MM. Overall survival of 5 of 6 ixazomib-treated mice doubled compared with mice left untreated. One outlier mouse presented with primary refractory disease. Our findings demonstrate the utility of FDG-PET/CT for preclinical MM research and suggest that this method will play an important role in the design and testing of new approaches to treat myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Duncan
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Roy J and Lucille A Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Edwards SKE, Moore CR, Liu Y, Grewal S, Covey LR, Xie P. N-benzyladriamycin-14-valerate (AD 198) exhibits potent anti-tumor activity on TRAF3-deficient mouse B lymphoma and human multiple myeloma. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:481. [PMID: 24131623 PMCID: PMC3853153 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background TRAF3, a new tumor suppressor identified in human non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and multiple myeloma (MM), induces PKCδ nuclear translocation in B cells. The present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of two PKCδ activators, N-Benzyladriamycin-14-valerate (AD 198) and ingenol-3-angelate (PEP005), on NHL and MM. Methods In vitro anti-tumor activities of AD 198 and PEP005 were determined using TRAF3-/- mouse B lymphoma and human patient-derived MM cell lines as model systems. In vivo therapeutic effects of AD 198 were assessed using NOD SCID mice transplanted with TRAF3-/- mouse B lymphoma cells. Biochemical studies were performed to investigate signaling mechanisms induced by AD 198 or PEP005, including subcellular translocation of PKCδ. Results We found that AD 198 exhibited potent in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor activity on TRAF3-/- tumor B cells, while PEP005 displayed contradictory anti- or pro-tumor activities on different cell lines. Detailed mechanistic investigation revealed that AD 198 did not affect PKCδ nuclear translocation, but strikingly suppressed c-Myc expression and inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK, p38 and JNK in TRAF3-/- tumor B cells. In contrast, PEP005 activated multiple signaling pathways in these cells, including PKCδ, PKCα, PKCϵ, NF-κB1, ERK, JNK, and Akt. Additionally, AD198 also potently inhibited the proliferation/survival and suppressed c-Myc expression in TRAF3-sufficient mouse and human B lymphoma cell lines. Furthermore, we found that reconstitution of c-Myc expression conferred partial resistance to the anti-proliferative/apoptosis-inducing effects of AD198 in human MM cells. Conclusions AD 198 and PEP005 have differential effects on malignant B cells through distinct biochemical mechanisms. Our findings uncovered a novel, PKCδ-independent mechanism of the anti-tumor effects of AD 198, and suggest that AD 198 has therapeutic potential for the treatment of NHL and MM involving TRAF3 inactivation or c-Myc up-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ping Xie
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, 604 Allison Road, Nelson Labs Room B336, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Identification of candidate B-lymphoma genes by cross-species gene expression profiling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76889. [PMID: 24130802 PMCID: PMC3793908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparative genome-wide expression profiling of malignant tumor counterparts across the human-mouse species barrier has a successful track record as a gene discovery tool in liver, breast, lung, prostate and other cancers, but has been largely neglected in studies on neoplasms of mature B-lymphocytes such as diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and Burkitt lymphoma (BL). We used global gene expression profiles of DLBCL-like tumors that arose spontaneously in Myc-transgenic C57BL/6 mice as a phylogenetically conserved filter for analyzing the human DLBCL transcriptome. The human and mouse lymphomas were found to have 60 concordantly deregulated genes in common, including 8 genes that Cox hazard regression analysis associated with overall survival in a published landmark dataset of DLBCL. Genetic network analysis of the 60 genes followed by biological validation studies indicate FOXM1 as a candidate DLBCL and BL gene, supporting a number of studies contending that FOXM1 is a therapeutic target in mature B cell tumors. Our findings demonstrate the value of the “mouse filter” for genomic studies of human B-lineage neoplasms for which a vast knowledge base already exists.
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Qi CF, Zhang R, Sun J, Li Z, Shin DM, Wang H, Kovalchuk AL, Sakai T, Xiong H, Kon N, Gu W, Morse HC. Homeostatic defects in B cells deficient in the E3 ubiquitin ligase ARF-BP1 are restored by enhanced expression of MYC. Leuk Res 2013; 37:1680-9. [PMID: 24199708 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The E3 ligase ARF-BP1 governs the balance of life and death decisions by directing the degradation of p53 and enhancing the transcriptional activity of MYC. We find B cells selectively deficient in ARF-BP1 have many defects in developing and mature B cells associated with increased expression of p53 and reduced expression of Myc. Overexpression of Myc results in suppression of p53 and complete reversal of defects induced by ARF-BP1 deficiency. These findings indicate that the dynamic balance between MYC and p53 required for normal B cell maturation and function is finely tuned and critically dependent on the activities of ARF-BP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Feng Qi
- Virology and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States.
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Han SS, Tompkins VS, Son DJ, Kamberos NL, Stunz LL, Halwani A, Bishop GA, Janz S. Piperlongumine inhibits LMP1/MYC-dependent mouse B-lymphoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 436:660-5. [PMID: 23764397 PMCID: PMC3749779 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Piperlongumine (PL), isolated from the fruit of Long pepper, Piper longum, is a cancer-inhibiting compound that selectively kills tumor cells while sparing their normal counterparts. Here we evaluated the efficacy with which PL suppresses malignant B cells derived from a newly developed, double-transgenic mouse model of human endemic Burkitt lymphoma (BL), designated mCD40-LMP1/iMyc(Eμ). PL inhibited tumor cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner and induced apoptosis of neoplastic but not normal B cells. Treatment with PL resulted in downregulation of EBV-encoded LMP1, cellular Myc, constitutive NF-κB activity, and a host of LMP1-Myc-NF-κB-regulated target genes including Aurka, Bcat1, Bub1b, Ccnb1, Chek1, Fancd2, Tfrc and Xrcc6. Of note, p21(Cip1)-encoding Cdkn1a was suppressed independent of changes in Trp53 mRNA levels and p53 DNA-binding activity. Considering the central role of the LMP1-NF-κB-Myc axis in B-lineage neoplasia, these findings further our understanding of the mechanisms by which PL inhibits B-lymphoma and provide a preclinical rationale for the inclusion of PL in new interventions in blood cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Su Han
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Van S. Tompkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Dong-Ju Son
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Natalie L. Kamberos
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Laura L. Stunz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa City VAMC, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Ahmad Halwani
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Gail A. Bishop
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa City VAMC, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Siegfried Janz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Hu J, Van Valckenborgh E, Menu E, De Bruyne E, Vanderkerken K. Understanding the hypoxic niche of multiple myeloma: therapeutic implications and contributions of mouse models. Dis Model Mech 2013; 5:763-71. [PMID: 23115205 PMCID: PMC3484859 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.008961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematological malignancy and is characterized by the clonal expansion of plasma cells in the bone marrow. Recently, hypoxia has received increased interest in the context of MM, in both basic and translational research. In this review, we describe the discovery of the hypoxic niche in MM and how it can be targeted therapeutically. We also discuss mouse models that closely mimic human MM, highlighting those that allow preclinical research into new therapies that exploit the hypoxic niche in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Hu
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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38
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Sander S, Rajewsky K. Burkitt lymphomagenesis linked to MYC plus PI3K in germinal center B cells. Oncotarget 2013; 3:1066-7. [PMID: 23164662 PMCID: PMC3717963 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Riedel SS, Mottok A, Brede C, Bäuerlein CA, Jordán Garrote AL, Ritz M, Mattenheimer K, Rosenwald A, Einsele H, Bogen B, Beilhack A. Non-invasive imaging provides spatiotemporal information on disease progression and response to therapy in a murine model of multiple myeloma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52398. [PMID: 23300660 PMCID: PMC3530556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B-cell malignancy, where malignant plasma cells clonally expand in the bone marrow of older people, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Typical clinical symptoms include increased serum calcium levels, renal insufficiency, anemia, and bone lesions. With standard therapies, MM remains incurable; therefore, the development of new drugs or immune cell-based therapies is desirable. To advance the goal of finding a more effective treatment for MM, we aimed to develop a reliable preclinical MM mouse model applying sensitive and reproducible methods for monitoring of tumor growth and metastasis in response to therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS A mouse model was created by intravenously injecting bone marrow-homing mouse myeloma cells (MOPC-315.BM) that expressed luciferase into BALB/c wild type mice. The luciferase in the myeloma cells allowed in vivo tracking before and after melphalan treatment with bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Homing of MOPC-315.BM luciferase+ myeloma cells to specific tissues was examined by flow cytometry. Idiotype-specific myeloma protein serum levels were measured by ELISA. In vivo measurements were validated with histopathology. RESULTS Strong bone marrow tropism and subsequent dissemination of MOPC-315.BM luciferase(+) cells in vivo closely mimicked the human disease. In vivo BLI and later histopathological analysis revealed that 12 days of melphalan treatment slowed tumor progression and reduced MM dissemination compared to untreated controls. MOPC-315.BM luciferase(+) cells expressed CXCR4 and high levels of CD44 and α4β1 in vitro which could explain the strong bone marrow tropism. The results showed that MOPC-315.BM cells dynamically regulated homing receptor expression and depended on interactions with surrounding cells. CONCLUSIONS This study described a novel MM mouse model that facilitated convenient, reliable, and sensitive tracking of myeloma cells with whole body BLI in living animals. This model is highly suitable for monitoring the effects of different treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone S. Riedel
- Department of Medicine II, Würzburg University Clinics, Würzburg, Germany
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, GK Immunomodulation, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anja Mottok
- Institute of Pathology, Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Brede
- Department of Medicine II, Würzburg University Clinics, Würzburg, Germany
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, GK Immunomodulation, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carina A. Bäuerlein
- Department of Medicine II, Würzburg University Clinics, Würzburg, Germany
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, GK Immunomodulation, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ana-Laura Jordán Garrote
- Department of Medicine II, Würzburg University Clinics, Würzburg, Germany
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, GK Immunomodulation, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Miriam Ritz
- Department of Medicine II, Würzburg University Clinics, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Hermann Einsele
- Department of Medicine II, Würzburg University Clinics, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo and Rikshospitalet Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail: (AB); (BB)
| | - Andreas Beilhack
- Department of Medicine II, Würzburg University Clinics, Würzburg, Germany
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, GK Immunomodulation, Würzburg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), Würzburg University, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (AB); (BB)
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Sander S, Calado DP, Srinivasan L, Köchert K, Zhang B, Rosolowski M, Rodig SJ, Holzmann K, Stilgenbauer S, Siebert R, Bullinger L, Rajewsky K. Synergy between PI3K signaling and MYC in Burkitt lymphomagenesis. Cancer Cell 2012; 22:167-79. [PMID: 22897848 PMCID: PMC3432451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Revised: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In Burkitt lymphoma (BL), a germinal center B-cell-derived tumor, the pro-apoptotic properties of c-MYC must be counterbalanced. Predicting that survival signals would be delivered by phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), a major survival determinant in mature B cells, we indeed found that combining constitutive c-MYC expression and PI3K activity in germinal center B cells of the mouse led to BL-like tumors, which fully phenocopy human BL with regard to histology, surface and other markers, and gene expression profile. The tumors also accumulate tertiary mutational events, some of which are recurrent in the human disease. These results and our finding of recurrent PI3K pathway activation in human BL indicate that deregulated c-MYC and PI3K activity cooperate in BL pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Sander
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital, and Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch 13092, Germany
| | - Dinis P. Calado
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital, and Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch 13092, Germany
| | - Lakshmi Srinivasan
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital, and Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karl Köchert
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch 13092, Germany
| | - Baochun Zhang
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital, and Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maciej Rosolowski
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig 04107, Germany
| | - Scott J. Rodig
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Stephan Stilgenbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Reiner Siebert
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel/Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Lars Bullinger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Klaus Rajewsky
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital, and Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch 13092, Germany
- Correspondence:
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41
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Ward JM, Rehg JE, Morse HC. Differentiation of rodent immune and hematopoietic system reactive lesions from neoplasias. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 40:425-34. [PMID: 22215512 PMCID: PMC3443630 DOI: 10.1177/0192623311431467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The immune and hematopoietic systems play an important role in the normal homeostasis of blood and blood cells and for immune responses to endogenous and exogenous processes and insults. In order to interpret histopathologic changes in the immune and hematopoietic systems, it is important to understand the normal anatomy and histology of the thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and other tissues. The thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes can be categorized by anatomical compartments, each of which contributes to specific immune functions. Lesions may be diagnosed by interpretive or descriptive (semiquantitative) methods. The interpretation of these tissues by lesion in anatomical compartments should allow for better understanding of these reactions and more definitive pathologic findings. Proliferative lesions may be difficult to differentiate from lymphomas and leukemias. The use of immunohistochemistry, compartmental pathology, and methods for the evaluation of clonality will make interpretation easier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold M Ward
- Global VetPathology and Laboratory of Immunopathology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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42
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Global gene expression profiling in mouse plasma cell tumor precursor and bystander cells reveals potential intervention targets for plasma cell neoplasia. Blood 2011; 119:1018-28. [PMID: 22147894 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-06-363887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression usually proceeds through several sequential stages, any of which could be targets for interrupting the progression process if one understood these steps at the molecular level. We extracted nascent plasma cell tumor (PCT) cells from within inflammatory oil granulomas (OG) isolated from IP pristane-injected BALB/c.iMyc(Eμ) mice at 5 different time points during tumor progression. We used laser capture microdissection to collect incipient PCT cells and analyzed their global gene expression on Affymetrix Mouse Genome 430A microarrays. Two independent studies were performed with different sets of mice. Analysis of the expression data used ANOVA and Bayesian estimation of temporal regulation. Genetic pathway analysis was performed using MetaCore (GeneGo) and IPA (Ingenuity). The gene expression profiles of PCT samples and those of undissected OG samples from adjacent sections showed that different genes and pathways were mobilized in the tumor cells during tumor progression, compared with their stroma. Our analysis implicated several genetic pathways in PCT progression, including biphasic (up- and then down-regulation) of the Spp1/osteopontin-dependent network and up-regulation of mRNA translation/protein synthesis. The latter led to a biologic validation study that showed that the AMPK-activating diabetes drug, metformin, was a potent specific PCT inhibitor in vitro.
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43
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Abstract
Hematopoiesis is a process capable of generating millions of cells every second, as distributed in many cell types. The process is regulated by a number of transcription factors that regulate the differentiation along the distinct lineages and dictate the genetic program that defines each mature phenotype. Myc was first discovered as the oncogene of avian leukemogenic retroviruses; it was later found translocated in human lymphoma. From then on, evidence accumulated showing that c-Myc is one of the transcription factors playing a major role in hematopoiesis. The study of genetically modified mice with overexpression or deletion of Myc has shown that c-Myc is required for the correct balance between self-renewal and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Enforced Myc expression in mice leads to reduced HSC pools owing to loss of self-renewal activity at the expense of increased proliferation of progenitor cells and differentiation. c-Myc deficiency consistently results in the accumulation of HSCs. Other models with conditional Myc deletion have demonstrated that different lineages of hematopoietic cells differ in their requirement for c-Myc to regulate their proliferation and differentiation. When transgenic mice overexpress c-Myc or N-Myc in mature cells from the lymphoid or myeloid lineages, the result is lymphoma or leukemia. In agreement, enforced expression of c-Myc blocks the differentiation in several leukemia-derived cell lines capable of differentiating in culture. Not surprising, MYC deregulation is recurrently found in many types of human lymphoma and leukemia. Whereas MYC is deregulated by translocation in Burkitt lymphoma and, less frequently, other types of lymphoma, MYC is frequently overexpressed in acute lymphoblastic and myeloid leukemia, through mechanisms unrelated to chromosomal translocation, and is often associated with disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dolores Delgado
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina and Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC, Santander, Spain
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44
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Fiancette R, Rouaud P, Vincent-Fabert C, Laffleur B, Magnone V, Cogné M, Denizot Y. A p53 defect sensitizes various stages of B cell development to lymphomagenesis in mice carrying an IgH 3' regulatory region-driven c-myc transgene. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:5772-82. [PMID: 22039300 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although c-myc is classically described as the driving oncogene in Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), deregulation and mutations of c-myc have been reported in multiple solid tumors and in other mature B cell malignancies such as mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), myeloma, and plasma cell lymphoma (PCL). After translocation into the IgH locus, c-myc is constitutively expressed under the control of active IgH enhancers. Those located in the IgH 3' regulatory region (3'RR) are master control elements of class switch recombination and of the transcriptional burst associated with plasma cell differentiation. c-myc-3'RR mice are prone to lymphomas with rather homogeneous, most often BL-like, phenotypes with incomplete penetrance (75% tumor incidence) and long latencies (10-12 mo). To reproduce c-myc-induced mature B cell lymphomagenesis in the context of an additional defect often observed in human lymphomas, we intercrossed c-myc-3'RR with p53(+/-) mice. Double transgenic c-myc-3'RR/p53(+/-) mice developed lymphoma with short latency (2-4 mo) and full penetrance (100% tumor incidence). The spectrum of B lymphomas occurring in c-myc-3'RR/p53(+/-) mice was widened, including nonactivated (CD43(-)) BL, activated (CD43(+)) BL, MCL-like lymphoma, and PCL, thus showing that 3'RR-mediated deregulation of c-myc can promote various types of B lymphoproliferation in cells that first acquired a p53 defect. c-myc/p53(+/-) mice closely reproduce many features of BL, MCL, and PCL and provide a novel and efficient model to dissect the molecular events leading to c-myc-induced lymphomagenesis and an important tool to test potential therapeutic agents on malignant B cells featuring various maturation stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Fiancette
- Faculté de Médecine, Unité Mixte de Recherche 6101, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 87025 Limoges, France
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45
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Abstract
The association of cancer with preceding parasitic infections has been observed for over 200 years. Some such cancers arise from infection of tissue stem cells by viruses with insertion of viral oncogenes into the host DNA (mouse polyoma virus, mouse mammary tumor virus). In other cases the virus does not insert its DNA into the host cells, but rather commandeers the metabolism of the infected cells, so that the cells continue to proliferate and do not differentiate (human papilloma virus and cervical cancer). Cytoplasmic Epstein Barr virus infection is associated with a specific gene translocation (Ig/c-myc) that activates proliferation of affected cells (Burkitt lymphoma). In chronic osteomyelitis an inflammatory reaction to the infection appears to act through production of inflammatory cytokines and oxygen radical formation to induce epithelial cancers. Infection with Helicobacter pylori leads to epigenetic changes in methylation and infection by a parasite. Clonorchis sinensis also acts as a promoter of cancer of the bile ducts of the liver (cholaniocarcinoma). The common thread among these diverse pathways is that the infections act to alter tissue stem cell signaling with continued proliferation of tumor transit amplifying cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sell
- Wadsworth Center and Ordway Research Institute, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12201, USA.
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46
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Case AJ, McGill JL, Tygrett LT, Shirasawa T, Spitz DR, Waldschmidt TJ, Legge KL, Domann FE. Elevated mitochondrial superoxide disrupts normal T cell development, impairing adaptive immune responses to an influenza challenge. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:448-58. [PMID: 21130157 PMCID: PMC3026081 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical in a broad spectrum of cellular processes including signaling, tumor progression, and innate immunity. The essential nature of ROS signaling in the immune systems of Drosophila and zebrafish has been demonstrated; however, the role of ROS, if any, in mammalian adaptive immune system development and function remains unknown. This work provides the first clear demonstration that thymus-specific elevation of mitochondrial superoxide (O(2)(•-)) disrupts normal T cell development and impairs the function of the mammalian adaptive immune system. To assess the effect of elevated mitochondrial superoxide in the developing thymus, we used a T-cell-specific knockout of manganese superoxide dismutase (i.e., SOD2) and have thus established a murine model to examine the role of mitochondrial superoxide in T cell development. Conditional loss of SOD2 led to increased superoxide, apoptosis, and developmental defects in the T cell population, resulting in immunodeficiency and susceptibility to the influenza A virus H1N1. This phenotype was rescued with mitochondrially targeted superoxide-scavenging drugs. These findings demonstrate that loss of regulated levels of mitochondrial superoxide lead to aberrant T cell development and function, and further suggest that manipulations of mitochondrial superoxide levels may significantly alter clinical outcomes resulting from viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Case
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Jodi L. McGill
- Department of Pathology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Lorraine T. Tygrett
- Department of Pathology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Takuji Shirasawa
- Juntendo University, Department of Aging Control Medicine, Hongo 3-3-10-201, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Douglas R. Spitz
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Thomas J. Waldschmidt
- Department of Pathology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Kevin L. Legge
- Department of Pathology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Frederick E. Domann
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
- Corresponding Author: Frederick E. Domann, PhD, B180 Medical Laboratories, Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, Phone: 319-335-8019, Fax: 319-335-8039,
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47
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Abstract
The apoptosis program of physiological cell death elicits a range of non-phlogistic homeostatic mechanisms-"recognition, response and removal"-that regulate the microenvironments of normal and diseased tissues via multiple modalities operating over short and long distances. The molecular mechanisms mediate intercellular signaling through direct contact with neighboring cells, release of soluble factors and production of membrane-delimited fragments (apoptotic bodies, blebs and microparticles) that allow for interaction with host cells over long distances. These processes effect the selective recruitment of mononuclear phagocytes and the specific activation of both phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells. While much evidence is available concerning the mechanisms underlying the recognition and responses of phagocytes that culminate in the engulfment and removal of apoptotic cell bodies, relatively little is yet known about the non-phagocytic cellular responses to the apoptosis program. These responses regulate inflammatory and immune cell activation as well as cell fate decisions of proliferation, differentiation and death. Here, we review current knowledge of these processes, considering especially how apoptotic cells condition the microenvironments of normal and malignant tissues. We also discuss how apoptotic cells that persist in the absence of phagocytic clearance exert inhibitory effects over their viable neighbors, paying particular attention to the specific case of cell cultures and highlighting how new cell-corpse-clearance devices-Dead-Cert Nanoparticles-can significantly improve the efficacy of cell cultures through effective removal of non-viable cells in the absence of phagocytes in vitro.
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Ahmad A, Groshong JS, Matta H, Schamus S, Punj V, Robinson LJ, Gill PS, Chaudhary PM. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded viral FLICE inhibitory protein (vFLIP) K13 cooperates with Myc to promote lymphoma in mice. Cancer Biol Ther 2010; 10:1033-40. [PMID: 20818173 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.10.10.13291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is an aggressive form of lymphoma that is associated with infection by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). One of the KSHV genes expressed in PEL cells is K13, a potent activator of the NF-κB pathway. K13 transgenic mice develop lymphomas, but after a long period of latency. A possible candidate that could cooperate with K13 in the development of PEL is c-Myc, whose expression is frequently dysregulated in PEL cells. To study the cooperative interaction between K13 and c-Myc in the pathogenesis of PEL, we crossed the K13 transgenic mice to iMyc(Eμ) transgenic mice that overexpress Myc. We report that lymphomas in the K13/iMyc(Eμ) double transgenic mice developed with shorter latency and were histologically distinct from those observed in the iMyc(Eμ) mice. Lymphomas in the K13/iMyc(Eμ) mice also lacked the expression of B- and T-cell markers, thus resembling the immunophenotype of PEL. The accelerated development of lymphoma in the K13/iMyc(Eμ) mice was associated with increased expression of K13, elevated NF-κB activity and decrease in apoptosis. Taken collectively, our results demonstrate a cooperative interaction between the NF-κB and Myc pathways in lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwaar Ahmad
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, PA, USA
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49
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Widespread overexpression of epitope-tagged Mdm4 does not accelerate tumor formation in vivo. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:5394-405. [PMID: 20855528 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00330-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mdm2 and Mdm4 are critical negative regulators of p53. A large body of evidence indicates that elevated expression of either Mdm2 or Mdm4 may favor tumor formation by inhibiting p53 tumor suppression function. To explore this possibility in vivo, we generated conditional Mdm2 and Mdm4 transgenic mice. We show that although both transgenes are designed to be expressed ubiquitously and at comparable levels, only the Mdm4 transgenic protein is produced at high levels in vivo. In contrast, exogenous Mdm2 is constitutively degraded in a proteasome-dependent manner, indicating that cells are equipped with efficient mechanisms that prevent Mdm2 accumulation in vivo. Mice that are homozygous for the Mdm4 transgene die during embryogenesis owing to severe vascular maturation defects. Importantly, this lethality is not rescued on a p53-null background, indicating that high levels of Mdm4 impact on a pathway(s) other than p53 that controls vascular and embryonic development. Mice expressing a single copy of the Mdm4 transgene are viable and, surprisingly, are not prone to spontaneous, radiation-induced or Eμ-myc-induced tumor formation. The findings have clear implications for cancer etiology as well as for cancer therapy.
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50
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Hao X, Fredrickson TN, Chattopadhyay SK, Han W, Qi CF, Wang Z, Ward JM, Hartley JW, Morse HC. The histopathologic and molecular basis for the diagnosis of histiocytic sarcoma and histiocyte-associated lymphoma of mice. Vet Pathol 2010; 47:434-45. [PMID: 20472805 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810363705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) and histiocyte-associated lymphoma (HAL) of mice are difficult to distinguish histologically. Studies of multiple cases initially diagnosed as HS or HAL allowed us to define HS as round, fusiform, or mixed cell types that were F4/80+, Mac-2+, and PAX5-; that lacked markers for other sarcomas; and that had immune receptor genes in germline configuration. Two other subsets had clonal populations of lymphocytes. The first, HAL, featured malignant lymphocytes admixed with large populations of normal-appearing histiocytes. The second appeared to be composites of lymphoma and HS. Several cases suggestive of B myeloid-lineage plasticity were also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Hao
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
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