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Amerifar M, Arabnozari H, Shokrzadeh M, Habibi E. Evaluation of antioxidant properties and cytotoxicity of brown algae (nizamuddinia zanardinii) in uterine (hela) and pancreatic cancer cell lines (paca-2). Hum Exp Toxicol 2024; 43:9603271241227228. [PMID: 38238028 DOI: 10.1177/09603271241227228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreatic cancer and cervical cancer are among the most common cancers. Brown algae have anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-fungal, antioxidant, and immune-boosting properties. This study investigated the antioxidant properties and the effect of brown algae extract on pancreatic and uterine cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, Cervical (Hela) and pancreas (Paca-2) cancer cell lines were examined. The algae materials were extracted by sequential maceration method and amount of fucoxanthin content in the sample was determined by using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) system. The cytotoxic effect of different concentrations of brown algae was measured by the MTT assay. All statistical calculations for comparing IC50 were analyzed using Graph Pad Prism software. RESULTS the algal sample contained an average of 102.52 ± 0.12 μg of fucoxanthin per 100 g. IC50 for 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide free radical scavenging activity for methanolic extract was 2.02 and 11.98 ± 0.13 respectively. Brown algae in all fractions inhibited cell growth and survival. In Hela cell lines, the methanolic extract was the most effective inhibitor, while in Paca cell lines, hexane and methanolic extracts were particularly potent. The methanolic extract was more toxic than other fractions on Hela and Paca cell lines. CONCLUSION This study highlights brown algae extracts strong anticancer effects on uterine and pancreatic cancer cells, suggesting its potential as a natural anticancer drug. Different fractions of the extract showed superior apoptotic and cytotoxic effects, with higher concentrations leading to increased apoptotic effects and reduced survival rates of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Amerifar
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hesamoddin Arabnozari
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shokrzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Emran Habibi
- Medicinal Plants Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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2
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Sharma S, Varsha KK, Ray U, Siddiqua H, Jose AE, Muninarasimaiah S, Raghavan SC, Choudhary B. Acute toxicity analysis of an inhibitor of BCL2, Disarib, in rats. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9982. [PMID: 33976278 PMCID: PMC8113538 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89387-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis or programmed cell death is a highly regulated process, which eliminates unwanted and damaged cells. Inhibition of apoptosis is a hallmark of cancer cells. BCL2 family proteins are known to play a vital role in the regulation of apoptosis. Overexpression of BCL2, an antiapoptotic protein, provides the advantage of prolonged survival to cancer cells. Over the years, several BCL2 inhibitors have been investigated extensively for their anticancer potential. However, most of them were abolished before clinical use due to their side effects. Previously, we had identified and characterized a novel BCL2 inhibitor, Disarib, with the potential to eliminate tumor cells in a BCL2 specific manner leading to reduction in tumor burden in multiple mouse models. Notably, a head-to-head comparison of Disarib to ABT199, the only FDA approved BCL2 inhibitor revealed that Disarib is as potent as ABT199. Recent studies using mice revealed that Disarib did not invoke significant side effects in mice. In the present study, we have investigated the acute toxicity of Disarib in Wistar rats. The bioavailability studies following exposure of Disarib in Wistar rats revealed its maximum availability in serum at 24 h following oral administration. Acute toxicity analysis revealed that even a dose as high as 2000 mg/kg of Disarib did not cause significant toxicity in rats. There was no significant variation in blood parameters or kidney and liver functions following administration of Disarib. Histological analysis of different tissues from Disarib treated groups revealed standard architecture with no observable cellular damage. Importantly, exposure to Diasrib did not result in genotoxicity as determined by micronucleus assay. Further, solubility assays revealed that besides DMSO, Disarib is also soluble in alcohol. While the high acidic condition can increase the solubility of Disarib, even a lower percentage of alcohol with acidic conditions can improve its solubility. Thus, the toxicological profile in the current study revealed no significant side effects when Disarib was administered orally to rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Sharma
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Electronics City, Bangalore, 560100, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | | | - Ujjayinee Ray
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Humaira Siddiqua
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | | | | | - Sathees C Raghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
| | - Bibha Choudhary
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Electronics City, Bangalore, 560100, India.
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Anusha, Dalal H, Subramanian S, V P S, Gowda DA, H K, Damodar S, Vyas N. Exovesicular-Shh confers Imatinib resistance by upregulating Bcl2 expression in chronic myeloid leukemia with variant chromosomes. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:259. [PMID: 33707419 PMCID: PMC7952724 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03542-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients with complex chromosomal translocations as well as non-compliant CML patients often demonstrate short-lived responses and poor outcomes on the current therapeutic regimes using Imatinib and its variants. It has been derived so far that leukemic stem cells (LSCs) are responsible for Imatinib resistance and CML progression. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling has been implicated in proliferation of this Imatinib-resistant CD34(+) LSCs. Our work here identifies the molecular mechanism of Shh-mediated mutation-independent Imatinib resistance that is most relevant for treating CML-variants and non-compliant patients. Our results elucidate that while Shh can impart stemness, it also upregulates expression of anti-apoptotic protein—Bcl2. It is the upregulation of Bcl2 that is involved in conferring Imatinib resistance to the CD34(+) LSCs. Sub-toxic doses of Bcl2 inhibitor or Shh inhibitor (<<IC50), when used as adjuvants along with Imatinib, can re-sensitize Shh signaling cells to Imatinib. Our work here highlights the need to molecularly stratify CML patients and implement combinatorial therapy to overcome the current limitations and improve outcomes in CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, 576104, India.,St. John's Research Institute, St. John's Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Hamza Dalal
- Mazumdar Shaw Medical Center, Narayana Health City, Bangalore, 560099, India
| | - Sitalakshmi Subramanian
- St. John's Medical College and Hosptial, St. John's Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Snijesh V P
- St. John's Research Institute, St. John's Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Divya A Gowda
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, UAS-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Krishnamurthy H
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, UAS-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Sharat Damodar
- Mazumdar Shaw Medical Center, Narayana Health City, Bangalore, 560099, India.
| | - Neha Vyas
- St. John's Research Institute, St. John's Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, 560034, India.
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4
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TRIM27 Functions as a Novel Oncogene in Non-Triple-Negative Breast Cancer by Blocking Cellular Senescence through p21 Ubiquitination. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 22:910-923. [PMID: 33251042 PMCID: PMC7666371 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, we aimed to explore the correlation between TRIM27 and breast cancer prognosis, as well as the functions of TRIM27 in breast cancer and their underlying mechanisms. Bioinformatics analyses were used to examine the correlation between TRIM27 and breast cancer prognosis. Moreover, TRIM27 knockdown and overexpression in breast cancer cells were performed to investigate its functions in breast cancer. Tamoxifen (TAM) was applied to evaluate the influence of TRIM27 on chemoresistance of breast cancer cells, while co-immunoprecipitation (coIP) was performed to identify the E3 ubiquitin ligase capability of TRIM27. High expression of TRIM27 was found in non-triple-negative breast cancer (non-TNBC) tumor tissues and was positively correlated with the mortality of non-TNBC patients. Moreover, TRIM27 could suppress non-TNBC cell apoptosis and senescence, promote cell viability and tumor growth, counteract the anti-cancer effects of TAM, and mediate ubiquitination of p21. In addition, EP300 could enhance the expression of TRIM27 and its transcription promoter H3K27ac. TRIM27, through ubiquitination of p21, might serve as a prognostic biomarker for non-TNBC prognosis. TRIM27 functions as a novel oncogene in non-TNBC cellular processes, especially suppressing cell senescence and interfering with non-TNBC chemoresistance.
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Negi A, Murphy PV. Development of Mcl-1 inhibitors for cancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 210:113038. [PMID: 33333396 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein (Mcl-1) is an anti-apoptotic protein of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family, which regulates cellular apoptosis. Mcl-1 expression plays a key role in survival of cancer cells and therefore serves as a promising target in cancer therapy. Besides, its importance as a cancer target, various peptides and small-molecule inhibitors have been successfully designed and synthesized, yet no Mcl-1 inhibitor is approved for clinical use. However, recent development on the understanding of Mcl-1's role in key cellular processes in cancer and an upsurge of reports highlighting its association in various anticancer drug resistance supports the view that Mcl-1 is a key target in various cancers, especially hematological cancers. This review compiles structures of a variety of inhibitors of Mcl-1 reported to date. These include inhibitors based on a diverse range of heterocycles (e.g. indole, imidazole, thiophene, nicotinic acid, piperazine, triazine, thiazole, isoindoline), oligomers (terphenyl, quaterpyridine), polyphenol, phenalene, anthranilic acid, anthraquinone, macrocycles, natural products, and metal-based complexes. In addition, an effort has been made to summarize the structure activity relationships, based on a variety of assays, of some important classes of Mcl-1 inhibitors, giving affinities and selectivities for Mcl-1 compared to other Bcl-2 family members. A focus has been placed on categorizing the inhibitors based on their core frameworks (scaffolds) to appeal to the chemical biologist or medicinal chemist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Negi
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Paul V Murphy
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland.
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Macasoi I, Mioc A, Mioc M, Racoviceanu R, Soica I, Chevereșan A, Dehelean C, Dumitrașcu V. Targeting Mitochondria through the Use of Mitocans as Emerging Anticancer Agents. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5730-5757. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190712150638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are key players with a multi-functional role in many vital cellular processes,
such as energy metabolism, redox regulation, calcium homeostasis, Reactive Oxygen Species
(ROS) as well as in cell signaling, survival and apoptosis. These functions are mainly regulated
through important enzyme signaling cascades, which if altered may influence the outcome of cell
viability and apoptosis. Therefore some of the key enzymes that are vital for these signaling pathways
are emerging as important targets for new anticancer agent development. Mitocans are compounds
aimed at targeting mitochondria in cancer cells by altering mitochondrial functions thus
causing cell growth inhibition or apoptosis. This review summarizes the till present known classes
of mitocans, their mechanism of action and potential therapeutic use in different forms of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Macasoi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Alexandra Mioc
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Marius Mioc
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Roxana Racoviceanu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Irina Soica
- Earlscliffe Sixth Form, Earlscliffe, 29 Shorncliffe Road, Folkestone, CT20 2NB, United Kingdom
| | - Adelina Chevereșan
- Faculty of Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cristina Dehelean
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Victor Dumitrașcu
- Faculty of Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, Timisoara, Romania
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Progesterone receptor antagonist provides palliative effects for uterine leiomyoma through a Bcl-2/Beclin1-dependent mechanism. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190094. [PMID: 31262976 PMCID: PMC6646233 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine leiomyoma is the most common benign smooth muscle tumor of uterus in women of reproductive age, with a high lifetime incidence. Nowadays, the exploration on the pharmacotherapies, such as progesterone receptor antagonist (PRA) requires more attention. Hence, the current study aimed to examine whether mifepristone, a PRA, influences the autophagy and apoptosis of uterine leiomyoma cells. Primary uterine leiomyoma cells were collected from 36 patients diagnosed with uterine leiomyoma to establish PR-M-positive (PR-M[+]) cells. The lentiviral vector overexpressing or silencing PR-M was subsequently delivered into one part of PR-M(+) cells in order to evaluate the role of PR-M in PR-M(+) cells. The results obtained revealed that cell viability was increased, while cell autophagy and apoptosis were diminished in the PR-M(+) cells treated with overexpressed PR-M, whereby the Bcl-2 level was elevated and the level of Beclin1 was reduced. An opposite trends were identified following treatment with knockdown of PR-M. Mifepristone at different concentrations (low, moderate, or high) was then applied to treat another part of the PR-M(+) cells. Mifepristone was identified to promote cell autophagy and apoptosis, decrease Bcl-2 level and increase Beclin1 level, accompanied by weakened interaction between Bcl-2 and Beclin1. Moreover, these effects of mifepristone on PR-M(+) cells were enhanced with increasing of the concentration. Taken together, the present study present evidence indicates the ability of PRA to regulate the Bcl-2/Beclin1 axis, ultimately promoting the autophagy and apoptosis of uterine leiomyoma cells, highlighting that PRA serves as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of uterine leiomyoma.
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8
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Kanakaveti V, Anoosha P, Sakthivel R, Rayala S, Gromiha M. Influence of Amino Acid Mutations and Small Molecules on Targeted Inhibition of Proteins Involved in Cancer. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:457-466. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190304143354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background:Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) are of crucial importance in regulating the biological processes of cells both in normal and diseased conditions. Significant progress has been made in targeting PPIs using small molecules and achieved promising results. However, PPI drug discovery should be further accelerated with better understanding of chemical space along with various functional aspects.Objective:In this review, we focus on the advancements in computational research for targeted inhibition of protein-protein interactions involved in cancer.Methods:Here, we mainly focused on two aspects: (i) understanding the key roles of amino acid mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as well as mutation-specific inhibitors and (ii) design of small molecule inhibitors for Bcl-2 to disrupt PPIs.Results:The paradigm of PPI inhibition to date reflect the certainty that inclination towards novel and versatile strategies enormously dictate the success of PPI inhibition. As the chemical space highly differs from the normal drug like compounds the lead optimization process has to be given the utmost priority to ensure the clinical success. Here, we provided a broader perspective on effect of mutations in oncogene EGFR connected to Bcl-2 PPIs and focused on the potential challenges.Conclusion:Understanding and bridging mutations and altered PPIs will provide insights into the alarming signals leading to massive malfunctioning of a biological system in various diseases. Finding rational elucidations from a pharmaceutical stand point will presumably broaden the horizons in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Kanakaveti
- Protein Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P. Anoosha
- Protein Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R. Sakthivel
- Protein Bioinformatics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S.K. Rayala
- Molecular Oncology Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai - 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M.M. Gromiha
- Advanced Computational Drug Discovery Unit (ACDD), Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Anbo H, Sato M, Okoshi A, Fukuchi S. Functional Segments on Intrinsically Disordered Regions in Disease-Related Proteins. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9030088. [PMID: 30841624 PMCID: PMC6468909 DOI: 10.3390/biom9030088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the unique characteristics of intrinsically disordered proteins (IPDs) is the existence of functional segments in intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs). A typical function of these segments is binding to partner molecules, such as proteins and DNAs. These segments play important roles in signaling pathways and transcriptional regulation. We conducted bioinformatics analysis to search these functional segments based on IDR predictions and database annotations. We found more than a thousand potential functional IDR segments in disease-related proteins. Large fractions of proteins related to cancers, congenital disorders, digestive system diseases, and reproductive system diseases have these functional IDRs. Some proteins in nervous system diseases have long functional segments in IDRs. The detailed analysis of some of these regions showed that the functional segments are located on experimentally verified IDRs. The proteins with functional IDR segments generally tend to come and go between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Proteins involved in multiple diseases tend to have more protein-protein interactors, suggesting that hub proteins in the protein-protein interaction networks can have multiple impacts on human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Anbo
- Department of Life Science and Informatics, Faculty of Engineering, Maebashi Institute of Technology, 460-1, Kamisadori, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0816, Japan.
| | - Masaya Sato
- Department of Life Science and Informatics, Faculty of Engineering, Maebashi Institute of Technology, 460-1, Kamisadori, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0816, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Okoshi
- Department of Life Science and Informatics, Faculty of Engineering, Maebashi Institute of Technology, 460-1, Kamisadori, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0816, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Fukuchi
- Department of Life Science and Informatics, Faculty of Engineering, Maebashi Institute of Technology, 460-1, Kamisadori, Maebashi, Gunma 371-0816, Japan.
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Oxidative stress-modulating drugs have preferential anticancer effects - involving the regulation of apoptosis, DNA damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, metabolism, and migration. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 58:109-117. [PMID: 30149066 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
To achieve preferential effects against cancer cells but less damage to normal cells is one of the main challenges of cancer research. In this review, we explore the roles and relationships of oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis, DNA damage, ER stress, autophagy, metabolism, and migration of ROS-modulating anticancer drugs. Understanding preferential anticancer effects in more detail will improve chemotherapeutic approaches that are based on ROS-modulating drugs in cancer treatments.
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Chang HW, Li RN, Wang HR, Liu JR, Tang JY, Huang HW, Chan YH, Yen CY. Withaferin A Induces Oxidative Stress-Mediated Apoptosis and DNA Damage in Oral Cancer Cells. Front Physiol 2017; 8:634. [PMID: 28936177 PMCID: PMC5594071 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Withaferin A (WFA) is one of the most active steroidal lactones with reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulating effects against several types of cancer. ROS regulation involves selective killing. However, the anticancer and selective killing effects of WFA against oral cancer cells remain unclear. We evaluated whether the killing ability of WFA is selective, and we explored its mechanism against oral cancer cells. An MTS tetrazolium cell proliferation assay confirmed that WFA selectively killed two oral cancer cells (Ca9-22 and CAL 27) rather than normal oral cells (HGF-1). WFA also induced apoptosis of Ca9-22 cells, which was measured by flow cytometry for subG1 percentage, annexin V expression, and pan-caspase activity, as well as western blotting for caspases 1, 8, and 9 activations. Flow cytometry analysis shows that WFA-treated Ca9-22 oral cancer cells induced G2/M cell cycle arrest, ROS production, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, and phosphorylated histone H2A.X (γH2AX)-based DNA damage. Moreover, pretreating Ca9-22 cells with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) rescued WFA-induced selective killing, apoptosis, G2/M arrest, oxidative stress, and DNA damage. We conclude that WFA induced oxidative stress-mediated selective killing of oral cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsueh-Wei Chang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiung, Taiwan.,Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital; Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Natural Products and Drug Development, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-Sen UniversityKaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Nian Li
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ru Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Science, National Sun Yat-Sen UniversityKaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ru Liu
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Yang Tang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung HospitalKaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hurng-Wern Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Science, National Sun Yat-Sen UniversityKaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Chan
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yu Yen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Chi-Mei Medical CenterTainan, Taiwan.,School of Dentistry, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
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12
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Wu X, Shaikh AB, Yu Y, Li Y, Ni S, Lu A, Zhang G. Potential Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications of Oligonucleotide Aptamers in Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091851. [PMID: 28841163 PMCID: PMC5618500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer related deaths in women. Currently, with the development of early detection, increased social awareness and kinds of treatment options, survival rate has improved in nearly every type of breast cancer patients. However, about one third patients still have increased chances of recurrence within five years and the five-year relative survival rate in patients with metastasis is less than 30%. Breast cancer contains multiple subtypes. Each subtype could cause distinct clinical outcomes and systemic interventions. Thereby, new targeted therapies are of particular importance to solve this major clinical problem. Aptamers, often termed “chemical antibodies”, are functionally similar to antibodies and have demonstrated their superiority of recognizing target with high selectivity, affinity and stability. With these intrinsic properties, aptamers have been widely studied in cancer biology and some are in clinical trials. In this review, we will firstly discuss about the global impacts and mechanisms of breast cancer, then briefly highlight applications of aptamers that have been developed for breast cancer and finally summarize various challenges in clinical translation of aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atik Badshah Shaikh
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Yongshu Li
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Shuaijian Ni
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Aiping Lu
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Ge Zhang
- Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University (HKBU), Hong Kong 999077, China.
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Ziedan NI, Hamdy R, Cavaliere A, Kourti M, Prencipe F, Brancale A, Jones AT, Westwell AD. Virtual screening, SAR, and discovery of 5-(indole-3-yl)-2-[(2-nitrophenyl)amino] [1,3,4]-oxadiazole as a novel Bcl-2 inhibitor. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 90:147-155. [PMID: 28067996 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A new series of oxadiazoles were designed to act as inhibitors of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein. Virtual screening led to the discovery of new hits that interact with Bcl-2 at the BH3 binding pocket. Further study of the structure-activity relationship of the most active compound of the first series, compound 1, led to the discovery of a novel oxadiazole analogue, compound 16j, that was a more potent small-molecule inhibitor of Bcl-2. 16j had good in vitro inhibitory activity with submicromolar IC50 values in a metastatic human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) and a human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa). The antitumour effect of 16j is concomitant with its ability to bind to Bcl-2 protein as shown by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IC50 = 4.27 μm). Compound 16j has a great potential to develop into highly active anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha I Ziedan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rania Hamdy
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Malamati Kourti
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,Cardiff China Medical Research Collaborative, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Filippo Prencipe
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrea Brancale
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Arwyn T Jones
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Andrew D Westwell
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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14
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A novel inhibitor of BCL2, Disarib abrogates tumor growth while sparing platelets, by activating intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 122:10-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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15
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Iyer D, Vartak SV, Mishra A, Goldsmith G, Kumar S, Srivastava M, Hegde M, Gopalakrishnan V, Glenn M, Velusamy M, Choudhary B, Kalakonda N, Karki SS, Surolia A, Raghavan SC. Identification of a novel BCL2-specific inhibitor that binds predominantly to the BH1 domain. FEBS J 2016; 283:3408-37. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Divyaanka Iyer
- Department of Biochemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore India
| | - Supriya V. Vartak
- Department of Biochemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore India
| | - Archita Mishra
- Molecular Biophysics Unit; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore India
| | - Gunaseelan Goldsmith
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Electronics City; Bangalore India
| | - Sujeet Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; KLE University's College of Pharmacy; Bangalore India
| | - Mrinal Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore India
| | - Mahesh Hegde
- Department of Biochemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore India
| | - Vidya Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore India
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Electronics City; Bangalore India
| | - Mark Glenn
- Haematology; Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine University of Liverpool; UK
| | - Mahesh Velusamy
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Electronics City; Bangalore India
| | - Bibha Choudhary
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Electronics City; Bangalore India
| | - Nagesh Kalakonda
- Haematology; Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine University of Liverpool; UK
| | - Subhas S. Karki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; KLE University's College of Pharmacy; Bangalore India
| | - Avadhesha Surolia
- Molecular Biophysics Unit; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore India
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16
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Tomita T. Apoptosis in pancreatic β-islet cells in Type 2 diabetes. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2016; 16:162-79. [PMID: 27209071 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2016.919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis plays important roles in the pathophysiology of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The etiology of T2DM is multifactorial, including obesity-associated insulin resistance, defective insulin secretion, and loss of β-cell mass through β-cell apoptosis. β-cell apoptosis is mediated through a milliard of caspase family cascade machinery in T2DM. The glucose-induced insulin secretion is the principle pathophysiology of diabetes and insufficient insulin secretion results in chronic hyperglycemia, diabetes. Recently, hyperglycemia-induced β-cell apoptosis has been extensively studied on the balance of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins (Bad, Bid, Bik, and Bax) and anti-apoptotic Bcl family (Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL) toward apoptosis in vitro isolated islets and insulinoma cell culture. Apoptosis can only occur when the concentration of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 exceeds that of anti-apoptotic proteins at the mitochondrial membrane of the intrinsic pathway. A bulk of recent research on hyperglycemia-induced apoptosis on β-cells unveiled complex details on glucose toxicity on β-cells in molecular levels coupled with cell membrane potential by adenosine triphosphate generation through K+ channel closure, opening Ca2+ channel and plasma membrane depolarization. Furthermore, animal models using knockout mice will shed light on the basic understanding of the pathophysiology of diabetes as a glucose metabolic disease complex, on the balance of anti-apoptotic Bcl family and pro-apoptotic genes. The cumulative knowledge will provide a better understanding of glucose metabolism at a molecular level and will lead to eventual prevention and therapeutic application for T2DM with improving medications.
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17
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Beekman AM, Howell LA. Small-Molecule and Peptide Inhibitors of the Pro-Survival Protein Mcl-1. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:802-13. [PMID: 26696548 PMCID: PMC4991272 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The ability of protein-protein interactions to regulate cellular processes in both beneficial and detrimental ways has made them obvious drug targets. The Bcl-2 family of proteins undergo a series of protein-protein interactions which regulate the intrinsic cell-death pathway. The pro-survival members of the Bcl-2 family, including Bcl-2, Bcl-xL , and Mcl-1, are commonly overexpressed in a number of human cancers. Effective modulators of members of the Bcl-2 family have been developed and are undergoing clinical trials, but the efficient modulation of Mcl-1 is still not represented in the clinic. In addition, Mcl-1 is a major cause of resistance to radio- and chemotherapies, including inhibitors that target other Bcl-2 family members. Subsequently, the inhibition of Mcl-1 has become of significant interest to the scientific community. This review covers the progress made to date in modulating the activity of Mcl-1, by both stapled peptides and small molecules. The development of peptides as drug candidates, and the advancement of experimental and computational techniques used to discover small molecules are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Beekman
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Lesley A Howell
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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18
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Scott DE, Bayly AR, Abell C, Skidmore J. Small molecules, big targets: drug discovery faces the protein–protein interaction challenge. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016; 15:533-50. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2016.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 625] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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19
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Pandey MK, Prasad S, Tyagi AK, Deb L, Huang J, Karelia DN, Amin SG, Aggarwal BB. Targeting Cell Survival Proteins for Cancer Cell Death. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2016; 9:11. [PMID: 26927133 PMCID: PMC4812375 DOI: 10.3390/ph9010011; 10.3390/biomedicines5020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Escaping from cell death is one of the adaptations that enable cancer cells to stave off anticancer therapies. The key players in avoiding apoptosis are collectively known as survival proteins. Survival proteins comprise the Bcl-2, inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP), and heat shock protein (HSP) families. The aberrant expression of these proteins is associated with a range of biological activities that promote cancer cell survival, proliferation, and resistance to therapy. Several therapeutic strategies that target survival proteins are based on mimicking BH3 domains or the IAP-binding motif or competing with ATP for the Hsp90 ATP-binding pocket. Alternative strategies, including use of nutraceuticals, transcriptional repression, and antisense oligonucleotides, provide options to target survival proteins. This review focuses on the role of survival proteins in chemoresistance and current therapeutic strategies in preclinical or clinical trials that target survival protein signaling pathways. Recent approaches to target survival proteins-including nutraceuticals, small-molecule inhibitors, peptides, and Bcl-2-specific mimetic are explored. Therapeutic inventions targeting survival proteins are promising strategies to inhibit cancer cell survival and chemoresistance. However, complete eradication of resistance is a distant dream. For a successful clinical outcome, pretreatment with novel survival protein inhibitors alone or in combination with conventional therapies holds great promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Sahdeo Prasad
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Cytokine Research Laboratory, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Amit Kumar Tyagi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Cytokine Research Laboratory, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Lokesh Deb
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Cytokine Research Laboratory, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Jiamin Huang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Cytokine Research Laboratory, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Deepkamal N Karelia
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Shantu G Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| | - Bharat B Aggarwal
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Cytokine Research Laboratory, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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20
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Targeting Cell Survival Proteins for Cancer Cell Death. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2016; 9:ph9010011. [PMID: 26927133 PMCID: PMC4812375 DOI: 10.3390/ph9010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Escaping from cell death is one of the adaptations that enable cancer cells to stave off anticancer therapies. The key players in avoiding apoptosis are collectively known as survival proteins. Survival proteins comprise the Bcl-2, inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP), and heat shock protein (HSP) families. The aberrant expression of these proteins is associated with a range of biological activities that promote cancer cell survival, proliferation, and resistance to therapy. Several therapeutic strategies that target survival proteins are based on mimicking BH3 domains or the IAP-binding motif or competing with ATP for the Hsp90 ATP-binding pocket. Alternative strategies, including use of nutraceuticals, transcriptional repression, and antisense oligonucleotides, provide options to target survival proteins. This review focuses on the role of survival proteins in chemoresistance and current therapeutic strategies in preclinical or clinical trials that target survival protein signaling pathways. Recent approaches to target survival proteins-including nutraceuticals, small-molecule inhibitors, peptides, and Bcl-2-specific mimetic are explored. Therapeutic inventions targeting survival proteins are promising strategies to inhibit cancer cell survival and chemoresistance. However, complete eradication of resistance is a distant dream. For a successful clinical outcome, pretreatment with novel survival protein inhibitors alone or in combination with conventional therapies holds great promise.
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21
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BHRF1 exerts an antiapoptotic effect and cell cycle arrest via Bcl-2 in murine hybridomas. J Biotechnol 2015; 209:58-67. [PMID: 26057602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.06.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis has been widely studied in order to find methods to increase the life-span and production performance in large-scale animal cell cultures. The use of anti-apoptotic genes has emerged as an efficient method to reduce apoptosis in a variety of biotechnological relevant cell lines, including CHO and hybridomas, alternatively to small molecule inhibitors. It is already known that expression of BHRF1, an Epstein-Barr virus-encoded early protein homologous to the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, protects hybridoma cells from apoptosis in batch and continuous operation modes resulting in a delay in the cell death process under glutamine starvation conditions. In the present study, the mechanism of action of BHRF1 was investigated in a murine hybridoma cell line. BHRF1 protein was found in the mitochondrial cell fraction both under normal growing conditions and apoptosis-inducing conditions. Remarkably, the expression of the anti-apoptotic gene bcl2 in BHRF1-expressing cells was up-regulated 25-fold compared to mock-transfected controls under apoptosis triggering conditions and its expression correlated with survival of transgenic cultures and cell cycle arrest in G1. Bcl-2 activity was revealed to be crucial for the BHRF1-mediated effect since the addition of specific inhibitors of Bcl-2 (namely HA14-1 and YC-137) resulted in a loss of function of BHRF1-expressing cells under glutamine starvation conditions. Moreover, the interaction of BHRF1 with the pro-apoptotic BH3-only Bim conferred mitochondrial stability to BHRF1 expressing cells under apoptosis-triggering conditions.
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22
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Enrichment of druggable conformations from apo protein structures using cosolvent-accelerated molecular dynamics. BIOLOGY 2015; 4:344-66. [PMID: 25906084 PMCID: PMC4498304 DOI: 10.3390/biology4020344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe the development of an improved workflow for utilizing experimental and simulated protein conformations in the structure-based design of inhibitors for anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. Traditional structure-based approaches on similar targets are often constrained by the sparsity of available structures and difficulties in finding lead compounds that dock against flat, flexible protein-protein interaction surfaces. By employing computational docking of known small molecule inhibitors, we have demonstrated that structural ensembles derived from either accelerated MD (aMD) or MD in the presence of an organic cosolvent generally give better scores than those assessed from analogous conventional MD. Furthermore, conformations obtained from combined cosolvent aMD simulations started with the apo-Bcl-xL structure yielded better average and minimum docking scores for known binders than an ensemble of 72 experimental apo- and ligand-bound Bcl-xL structures. A detailed analysis of the simulated conformations indicates that the aMD effectively enhanced conformational sampling of the flexible helices flanking the main Bcl-xL binding groove, permitting the cosolvent acting as small ligands to penetrate more deeply into the binding pocket and shape ligand-bound conformations not evident in conventional simulations. We believe this approach could be useful for identifying inhibitors against other protein-protein interaction systems involving highly flexible binding sites, particularly for targets with less accumulated structural data.
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23
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Zheng CH, Zhang M, Chen H, Wang CQ, Zhang MM, Jiang JH, Tian W, Lv JG, Li TJ, Zhu J, Zhou YJ. Luteolin from Flos Chrysanthemi and its derivatives: New small molecule Bcl-2 protein inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4672-4677. [PMID: 25193233 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Over-expression of the Bcl-2 anti-apoptotic proteins is closely related to tumorigenesis and associated with drug resistance. Here we report that luteolin, a main substance found in Flos Chrysanthemi, directly binds to and shows inhibitory activity against the Bcl-2 protein. We studied the binding mode of luteolin and its derivatives with target proteins, their structure-activity relationship, and their effect on the human leukemia cell line HL-60. The results suggest that luteolin and its derivatives with a benzyl group introduced to the B ring, are new small molecule Bcl-2 protein inhibitors, and their anti-tumor activity is likely related to their effect on the Bcl-2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can-Hui Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chong-Qing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Min-Min Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jun-Hang Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jia-Guo Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tie-Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Ju Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - You-Jun Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, China.
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24
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Nero TL, Morton CJ, Holien JK, Wielens J, Parker MW. Oncogenic protein interfaces: small molecules, big challenges. Nat Rev Cancer 2014; 14:248-62. [PMID: 24622521 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Historically, targeting protein-protein interactions with small molecules was not thought possible because the corresponding interfaces were considered mostly flat and featureless and therefore 'undruggable'. Instead, such interactions were targeted with larger molecules, such as peptides and antibodies. However, the past decade has seen encouraging breakthroughs through the refinement of existing techniques and the development of new ones, together with the identification and exploitation of unexpected aspects of protein-protein interaction surfaces. In this Review, we describe some of the latest techniques to discover modulators of protein-protein interactions and how current drug discovery approaches have been adapted to successfully target these interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Nero
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Rational Drug Discovery Centre and Biota Structural Biology Laboratory, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Craig J Morton
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Rational Drug Discovery Centre and Biota Structural Biology Laboratory, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Jessica K Holien
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Rational Drug Discovery Centre and Biota Structural Biology Laboratory, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Jerome Wielens
- 1] Australian Cancer Research Foundation Rational Drug Discovery Centre and Biota Structural Biology Laboratory, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia. [2] Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Michael W Parker
- 1] Australian Cancer Research Foundation Rational Drug Discovery Centre and Biota Structural Biology Laboratory, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia. [2] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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25
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Aeluri M, Chamakuri S, Dasari B, Guduru SKR, Jimmidi R, Jogula S, Arya P. Small Molecule Modulators of Protein–Protein Interactions: Selected Case Studies. Chem Rev 2014; 114:4640-94. [DOI: 10.1021/cr4004049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Aeluri
- Dr. Reddy’s Institute
of Life Sciences (DRILS), University of Hyderabad Campus Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Srinivas Chamakuri
- Dr. Reddy’s Institute
of Life Sciences (DRILS), University of Hyderabad Campus Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Bhanudas Dasari
- Dr. Reddy’s Institute
of Life Sciences (DRILS), University of Hyderabad Campus Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Shiva Krishna Reddy Guduru
- Dr. Reddy’s Institute
of Life Sciences (DRILS), University of Hyderabad Campus Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Ravikumar Jimmidi
- Dr. Reddy’s Institute
of Life Sciences (DRILS), University of Hyderabad Campus Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Srinivas Jogula
- Dr. Reddy’s Institute
of Life Sciences (DRILS), University of Hyderabad Campus Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
| | - Prabhat Arya
- Dr. Reddy’s Institute
of Life Sciences (DRILS), University of Hyderabad Campus Gachibowli, Hyderabad 500046, India
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26
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Jung Y, Abdel-Fatah TM, Chan SY, Nolan CC, Green AR, Ellis IO, Li L, Huang B, Lu J, Xu B, Chen L, Ma RZ, Zhang M, Wang J, Wu Z, Zhu T, Perry JK, Lobie PE, Liu DX. SHON Is a Novel Estrogen-Regulated Oncogene in Mammary Carcinoma That Predicts Patient Response to Endocrine Therapy. Cancer Res 2013; 73:6951-62. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Inferring polymorphism-induced regulatory gene networks active in human lymphocyte cell lines by weighted linear mixed model analysis of multiple RNA-Seq datasets. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78868. [PMID: 24205334 PMCID: PMC3813575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) contribute to the between-individual expression variation of many genes. A regulatory (trait-associated) SNP is usually located near or within a (host) gene, possibly influencing the gene’s transcription or/and post-transcriptional modification. But its targets may also include genes that are physically farther away from it. A heuristic explanation of such multiple-target interferences is that the host gene transfers the SNP genotypic effects to the distant gene(s) by a transcriptional or signaling cascade. These connections between the host genes (regulators) and the distant genes (targets) make the genetic analysis of gene expression traits a promising approach for identifying unknown regulatory relationships. In this study, through a mixed model analysis of multi-source digital expression profiling for 140 human lymphocyte cell lines (LCLs) and the genotypes distributed by the international HapMap project, we identified 45 thousands of potential SNP-induced regulatory relationships among genes (the significance level for the underlying associations between expression traits and SNP genotypes was set at FDR < 0.01). We grouped the identified relationships into four classes (paradigms) according to the two different mechanisms by which the regulatory SNPs affect their cis- and trans- regulated genes, modifying mRNA level or altering transcript splicing patterns. We further organized the relationships in each class into a set of network modules with the cis- regulated genes as hubs. We found that the target genes in a network module were often characterized by significant functional similarity, and the distributions of the target genes in three out of the four networks roughly resemble a power-law, a typical pattern of gene networks obtained from mutation experiments. By two case studies, we also demonstrated that significant biological insights can be inferred from the identified network modules.
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28
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Abstract
HER2 is a trans-membrane receptor tyrosine kinase that activates multiple growth-promoting signaling pathways including PI3K-AKT and Ras-MAPK. Dysregulation of HER2 is a frequent occurrence in breast cancer that is associated with poor patient outcomes. A primary function of HER2 is suppressing apoptosis to enhance cell survival giving rise to uncontrolled proliferation and tumor growth. There has been much investigation into the mechanisms by which apoptosis is suppressed by HER2 in hopes of finding clinical targets for HER2-positive breast cancers as these cancers often become resistant to therapies that directly target HER2. Several apoptotic mechanisms have been shown to be deregulated in HER2-overexpressing cells with examples in both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. HER2-mediated activation of PI3K-AKT signaling is required for many of the mechanisms HER2 uses to suppress apoptosis. HER2 overexpression is correlated with increases in anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins including Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Mcl-1. HER2 also suppresses p53-mediated apoptosis by upregulation of MDM2 by activation of AKT. In addition, survivin expression is often increased with HER2 overexpression leading to inhibition of caspase activation. There is also recent evidence to suggest HER2 can directly influence apoptosis by translocation to the mitochondria to inhibit cytochrome c release. HER2 can also suppress cellular reaction to death ligands, especially TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Elucidation of the mechanisms of apoptotic suppression by HER2 suggest that clinical treatment will likely need to target multiple components of these pathways as there is redundancy in HER2-mediated cell survival. Several therapies have attempted to target Bcl-2 proteins that have promising pre-clinical results. Next-generation HER2 targeting therapies include irreversible pan-ERBB inhibitors and antibody-drug conjugates, such as T-DM1 that has very promising clinical results thus far. Further investigation should include elucidating mechanisms of resistance to HER2-targeted therapies and targeting of multiple components of HER2-mediated cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Carpenter
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Hui-Wen Lo
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA; Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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29
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Nishi R, Yamauchi T, Negoro E, Takemura H, Ueda T. Combination of guanine arabinoside and Bcl-2 inhibitor YC137 overcomes the cytarabine resistance in HL-60 leukemia cell line. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:502-7. [PMID: 23320492 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytarabine (ara-C) is the key agent for treating acute myeloid leukemia. After being transported into leukemic cells, ara-C is phosphorylated, by several enzymes including deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), to ara-C triphosphate (ara-CTP), an active metabolite, and then incorporated into DNA, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis. Therefore, the cytotoxicity of ara-C depends on the production of ara-CTP and the induction of apoptosis. Here, we established a new ara-C-resistant acute myeloid leukemia cell line (HL-60/ara-C60) with dual resistance characteristics of the anti-antimetabolic character of decreased ara-CTP production and an increase in the antiapoptotic factors Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. We further attempted to overcome resistance by augmenting ara-CTP production and stimulating apoptosis. A relatively new nucleoside analog, 9-β-d-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G), and the small molecule Bcl-2 antagonist YC137 were used for this purpose. HL-60/ara-C60 was 60-fold more ara-C-resistant than the parental HL-60 cells. HL-60/ara-C60 cells exhibited low dCK protein expression, which resulted in decreased ara-CTP production. HL-60/ara-C60 cells were also refractory to ara-C-induced apoptosis due to overexpression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. Combination treatment of ara-C with ara-G augmented the dCK protein level, thereby increasing ara-CTP production and subsequent cytotoxicity. Moreover, the combination of ara-C with YC137 produced a greater amount of apoptosis than ara-C alone. Importantly, the three-drug combination of ara-C, ara-G and YC137 provided greater cytotoxicity than ara-C+ara-G or ara-C+YC137. These findings suggest possible combination strategies for overcoming ara-C resistance by augmenting ara-CTP production and reversing refractoriness against the induction of apoptosis in ara-C resistant leukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Nishi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui, Japan
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Luciani DS, White SA, Widenmaier SB, Saran VV, Taghizadeh F, Hu X, Allard MF, Johnson JD. Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL suppress glucose signaling in pancreatic β-cells. Diabetes 2013; 62:170-82. [PMID: 22933114 PMCID: PMC3526034 DOI: 10.2337/db11-1464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family proteins are established regulators of cell survival, but their involvement in the normal function of primary cells has only recently begun to receive attention. In this study, we demonstrate that chemical and genetic loss-of-function of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L) significantly augments glucose-dependent metabolic and Ca(2+) signals in primary pancreatic β-cells. Antagonism of Bcl-2/Bcl-x(L) by two distinct small-molecule compounds rapidly hyperpolarized β-cell mitochondria, increased cytosolic Ca(2+), and stimulated insulin release via the ATP-dependent pathway in β-cell under substimulatory glucose conditions. Experiments with single and double Bax-Bak knockout β-cells established that this occurred independently of these proapoptotic binding partners. Pancreatic β-cells from Bcl-2(-/-) mice responded to glucose with significantly increased NAD(P)H levels and cytosolic Ca(2+) signals, as well as significantly augmented insulin secretion. Inducible deletion of Bcl-x(L) in adult mouse β-cells also increased glucose-stimulated NAD(P)H and Ca(2+) responses and resulted in an improvement of in vivo glucose tolerance in the conditional Bcl-x(L) knockout animals. Our work suggests that prosurvival Bcl proteins normally dampen the β-cell response to glucose and thus reveals these core apoptosis proteins as integrators of cell death and physiology in pancreatic β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan S. Luciani
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Child & Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Corresponding authors: James D. Johnson, , and Dan S. Luciani,
| | - Sarah A. White
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Child & Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Scott B. Widenmaier
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Varun V. Saran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada the
- University of British Columbia James Hogg Research Centre, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Farnaz Taghizadeh
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Xiaoke Hu
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael F. Allard
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada the
- University of British Columbia James Hogg Research Centre, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James D. Johnson
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Corresponding authors: James D. Johnson, , and Dan S. Luciani,
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YOO SEUNGHEE, YOON YOUNGGEOL, LEE JEESUK, SONG YEONSUK, OH JOONSEOK, PARK BONGSOO, KWON TAEGKYU, PARK CHEOL, CHOI YUNGHYUN, YOO YOUNGHYUN. Etoposide induces a mixed type of programmed cell death and overcomes the resistance conferred by Bcl-2 in Hep3B hepatoma cells. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:1443-54. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Real PJ, Ligero G, Ayllon V, Ramos-Mejia V, Bueno C, Gutierrez-Aranda I, Navarro-Montero O, Lako M, Menendez P. SCL/TAL1 regulates hematopoietic specification from human embryonic stem cells. Mol Ther 2012; 20:1443-53. [PMID: 22491213 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2012.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Determining the molecular regulators/pathways responsible for the specification of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into hematopoietic precursors has far-reaching implications for potential cell therapies and disease modeling. Mouse models lacking SCL/TAL1 (stem cell leukemia/T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia 1) do not survive beyond early embryogenesis because of complete absence of hematopoiesis, indicating that SCL is a master early hematopoietic regulator. SCL is commonly found rearranged in human leukemias. However, there is barely information on the role of SCL on human embryonic hematopoietic development. Differentiation and sorting assays show that endogenous SCL expression parallels hematopoietic specification of hESCs and that SCL is specifically expressed in hematoendothelial progenitors (CD45(-)CD31(+)CD34(+)) and, to a lesser extent, on CD45(+) hematopoietic cells. Enforced expression of SCL in hESCs accelerates the emergence of hematoendothelial progenitors and robustly promotes subsequent differentiation into primitive (CD34(+)CD45(+)) and total (CD45(+)) blood cells with higher clonogenic potential. Short-hairpin RNA-based silencing of endogenous SCL abrogates hematopoietic specification of hESCs, confirming the early hematopoiesis-promoting effect of SCL. Unfortunately, SCL expression on its own is not sufficient to confer in vivo engraftment to hESC-derived hematopoietic cells, suggesting that additional yet undefined master regulators are required to orchestrate the stepwise hematopoietic developmental process leading to the generation of definitive in vivo functional hematopoiesis from hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Real
- Pfizer-Universidad de Granada-Junta de Andalucia Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENyO), Granada, Spain.
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Thiel KW, Hernandez LI, Dassie JP, Thiel WH, Liu X, Stockdale KR, Rothman AM, Hernandez FJ, McNamara JO, Giangrande PH. Delivery of chemo-sensitizing siRNAs to HER2+-breast cancer cells using RNA aptamers. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:6319-37. [PMID: 22467215 PMCID: PMC3401474 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression in breast cancer is associated with an aggressive phenotype and poor prognosis, making it an appealing therapeutic target. Trastuzumab, an HER2 antibody-based inhibitor, is currently the leading targeted treatment for HER2(+)-breast cancers. Unfortunately, many patients inevitably develop resistance to the therapy, highlighting the need for alternative targeted therapeutic options. In this study, we used a novel, cell-based selection approach for isolating 'cell-type specific', 'cell-internalizing RNA ligands (aptamers)' capable of delivering therapeutic small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to HER2-expressing breast cancer cells. RNA aptamers with the greatest specificity and internalization potential were covalently linked to siRNAs targeting the anti-apoptotic gene, Bcl-2. We demonstrate that, when applied to cells, the HER2 aptamer-Bcl-2 siRNA conjugates selectively internalize into HER2(+)-cells and silence Bcl-2 gene expression. Importantly, Bcl-2 silencing sensitizes these cells to chemotherapy (cisplatin) suggesting a potential new therapeutic approach for treating breast cancers with HER2(+)-status. In summary, we describe a novel cell-based selection methodology that enables the identification of cell-internalizing RNA aptamers for targeting therapeutic siRNAs to HER2-expressing breast cancer cells. The future refinement of this technology may promote the widespread use of RNA-based reagents for targeted therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina W Thiel
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Song M, Zang W, Zhang B, Cao J, Yang G. GCS overexpression is associated with multidrug resistance of human HCT-8 colon cancer cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2012; 31:23. [PMID: 22424291 PMCID: PMC3325898 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-31-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Multidrug resistance is one of the main impediments to the successful treatment of colon cancer. Glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) which is related to multidrug resistance (MDR) can reduce the level of ceramide and can help cells escape from the ceramide-induced cell apoptosis. However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Methods The cell proliferation and cell toxicity were measured with Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). The mRNA levels of GCS and MDR1 were detected by semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR amplification, the protein levels of GCS, caspase-3 and P-gp proteins were indicated by Western blotting. The apoptosis rates of cells were measured with flow cytometry. Results The relative mRNA levels of GCS in HCT-8, HCT-8/VCR, HCT-8/VCR- sh-mock and HCT-8/VCR-sh-GCS were 71.4 ± 1.1%, 95.1 ± 1.2%, 98.2 ± 1.5%, and 66.6 ± 2.1% respectively. The mRNA levels of MDR1 were respectively 61.3 ± 1.1%, 90.5 ± 1.4%, 97.6 ± 2.2% and 56.1 ± 1.2%. The IC50 of Cisplatin complexes were respectively 69.070 ± 0.253 μg/ml, 312.050 ± 1.46 μg/ml, 328.741 ± 5.648 μg/ml, 150.792 ± 0.967 μg/ml in HCT-8, HCT-8/VCR, HCT-8/VCR-sh-mock and HCT-8/VCR-sh-GCS. The protein levels of caspase-3 were 34.2 ± o.6%, 93.0 ± 0.7%, 109.09 ± 0.7%, 42.7 ± 1.3% respectively. The apoptosis rates of cells were 8.77 ± 0.14%, 12.75 ± 0.54%, 15.39 ± 0.41% and 8.49 ± 0.23% respectively. Conclusion In conclusion, our research indicated that suppression of GCS restores the sensitivity of multidrug resistance colon cancer cells to drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Song
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, P.R. China
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Zheng CH, Yang H, Zhang M, Lu SH, Shi D, Wang J, Chen XH, Ren XH, Liu J, Lv JG, Zhu J, Zhou YJ. Design, synthesis, and activity evaluation of broad-spectrum small-molecule inhibitors of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins: characteristics of broad-spectrum protein binding and its effects on anti-tumor activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 22:39-44. [PMID: 22172701 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.11.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
On the basis of the comparison of the structure of the Bim BH3: Bcl-x(L) complex and that of the ABT-737: Bcl-x(L) complex, a series of class A compounds were designed. These compounds had the basic skeleton of ABT-737 and the h2 residues of Bim BH3. These residues had shown themselves to be relevant to Bim BH3's broad-spectrum binding properties in saturation mutagenesis assays. Unlike ABT-737, which is a selective inhibitor of anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 protein family, the class A compounds showed broad-spectrum binding activity to target proteins similar to those of Bim BH3 peptide. Then class B compounds were synthesized by modifying the structure of the most effective class A compound, A-4. Most of these class B compounds showed better binding affinity to the target proteins than the class A compounds had. They also showed themselves more effective than ABT-737 at inhibiting growth in multiple tumor cell lines known to express Bcl-x(L), Bcl-2, and Mcl-1 proteins at high levels. Compounds B-11 and B-12 had the strongest anti-tumor activity of any compounds we produced. This study suggests that it is feasible to design small-molecule inhibitors based on the structure of Bim BH3, which shows broad-spectrum binding to Bcl-x(L), Bcl-2, and Mcl-1 proteins. Our results also suggest that the broad-spectrum properties of small-molecule inhibitors binding to target proteins play a critical role in inhibiting the growth of many tumor cells. Finally, our study provides a series of lead compounds that merit further research into anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can-Hui Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Ni B, Ma Q, Li B, Zhao L, Liu Y, Zhu Y, Chen Q. Phenylarsine Oxide Induces Apoptosis in Bax- and Bak-Deficient Cells through Upregulation of Bim. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 18:140-51. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-3450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Low SY, Tan BS, Choo HL, Tiong KH, Khoo ASB, Leong CO. Suppression of BCL-2 synergizes cisplatin sensitivity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 2011; 314:166-75. [PMID: 22033244 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of cisplatin for treating nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is limited by the dose-related toxicities and the development of resistance to cisplatin. Recent studies have shown that B cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) is overexpressed and confers chemoresistance in NPC. Thus, targeted therapy against BCL-2 may enhance the antitumour effects of chemotherapy by sensitizing the tumor cells to undergo apoptosis. This study evaluated the combined effects of BCL-2 inhibition and cisplatin in NPC cells. Our results demonstrate that inhibition of BCL-2 by small-hairpin RNA (shRNA) or the BCL-2 inhibitor YC137, synergizes cisplatin sensitivity in NPC cells that overexpress BCL-2. We also show that YC137 enhance cisplatin-induced apoptosis in HK1 and CNE1 cells through suppression of BCL-2 protein expression, induction of mitochondrial depolarization and activation of caspase 9 and caspase 3/7. These findings suggest that the combination of BCL-2 inhibition and cisplatin represents a promising strategy for treating NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Yang Low
- School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Uraoka M, Ikeda K, Kurimoto-Nakano R, Nakagawa Y, Koide M, Akakabe Y, Kitamura Y, Ueyama T, Matoba S, Yamada H, Okigaki M, Matsubara H. Loss of bcl-2 during the senescence exacerbates the impaired angiogenic functions in endothelial cells by deteriorating the mitochondrial redox state. Hypertension 2011; 58:254-63. [PMID: 21730299 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.176701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is an important risk factor for ischemic cardiovascular diseases, although its underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Here, we report a crucial role of Bcl-2 in the impaired angiogenic functions in senescent endothelial cells (ECs) by modulating the mitochondrial redox state. Cellular senescence impaired angiogenic functions in ECs without attenuating the mitogen-activated protein kinase or Akt signaling, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 or Tie-2 expressions. We identified that Bcl-2 expression was markedly reduced in 3 independent models for senescent ECs, and pharmacological inhibition, as well as small interfering RNA-mediated gene silencing of Bcl-2, significantly impaired the angiogenic functions in young ECs. Bcl-2 has an antioxidative role by locating the glutathione at mitochondria, and we found that mitochondrial oxidative stress was significantly augmented in senescent ECs, in association with reduced mitochondria-associated glutathione. Transfection of Bcl-2 in senescent ECs significantly reduced the mitochondrial oxidative stress, restored the mitochondrial membrane potential, and improved the angiogenic capacity. Furthermore, gene transfer of Bcl-2 using adenovirus significantly improved the in vivo angiogenesis in the Matrigel plugs implanted into aged mice, whereas the Bcl-2 inhibitor reduced the angiogenesis in the Matrigel plugs implanted into young mice. Together, Bcl-2 plays a crucial role in the regulation of the mitochondrial redox state in ECs, and, thus, loss of Bcl-2 during the senescence exacerbates the impaired angiogenesis by augmenting the mitochondrial oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Uraoka
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University School of Medicine, 465 Kajii, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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Tang JZ, Kong XJ, Kang J, Fielder GC, Steiner M, Perry JK, Wu ZS, Yin Z, Zhu T, Liu DX, Lobie PE. Artemin-stimulated progression of human non-small cell lung carcinoma is mediated by BCL2. Mol Cancer Ther 2010; 9:1697-708. [PMID: 20530713 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-1077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We herein show that Artemin (ARTN), one of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family of ligands, promotes progression of human non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). Oncomine data indicate that expression of components of the ARTN signaling pathway (ARTN, GFRA3, and RET) is increased in neoplastic compared with normal lung tissues; increased expression of ARTN in NSCLC also predicted metastasis to lymph nodes and a higher grade in certain NSCLC subtypes. Forced expression of ARTN stimulated survival, anchorage-independent, and three-dimensional Matrigel growth of NSCLC cell lines. ARTN increased BCL2 expression by transcriptional upregulation, and inhibition of BCL2 abrogated the oncogenic properties of ARTN in NSCLC cells. Forced expression of ARTN also enhanced migration and invasion of NSCLC cells. Forced expression of ARTN in H1299 cells additionally resulted in larger xenograft tumors, which were highly proliferative, invasive, and metastatic. Concordantly, either small interfering RNA-mediated depletion or functional inhibition of endogenous ARTN with antibodies reduced oncogenicity and invasiveness of NSCLC cells. ARTN therefore mediates progression of NSCLC and may be a potential therapeutic target for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Zhong Tang
- Liggins Institute, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Mukherjee P, Desai P, Zhou YD, Avery M. Targeting the BH3 Domain Mediated Protein−Protein Interaction of Bcl-xL through Virtual Screening. J Chem Inf Model 2010; 50:906-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ci1000373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Mukherjee
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677
| | - Prashant Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677
| | - Yu-Dong Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677
| | - Mitchell Avery
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677
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Singh RR, Kim JE, Davuluri Y, Drakos E, Cho-Vega JH, Amin HM, Vega F. Hedgehog signaling pathway is activated in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and contributes to tumor cell survival and proliferation. Leukemia 2010; 24:1025-36. [PMID: 20200556 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2010.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog (HH) signaling is important in the pathogenesis of several malignancies. Recently, we described that HH signaling proteins are commonly expressed in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL); however, the functional role of HH pathway in DLBCL has not been explored. Here, we assessed the possibility that HH pathway activation contributes to the survival of DLBCL. We found that HH signaling inhibition induces predominantly cell-cycle arrest in DLBCL cells of germinal center (GC) B-cell type, and apoptosis in DLBCL cells of activated B-cell (ABC) type. Apoptosis after HH signaling inhibition in DLBCL cells of ABC type was associated with downregulation of BCL2; however HH inhibition was not associated with BCL2 downregulation in DLBCL of GC type. Functional inhibition of BCL2 significantly increased apoptosis induced by HH inhibition in DLBCL cells of both types. We also showed that DLBCL cells synthesize, secrete and respond to endogenous HH ligands, providing support for the existence of an autocrine HH signaling loop. Our findings provide novel evidence that dysregulation of HH pathway is involved in the biology of DLBCL and have significant therapeutic implications as they identify HH signaling as a potential therapeutic target in DLBCL, in particular for those lymphomas expressing the HH receptor smoothened.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Singh
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Crawford AC, Riggins RB, Shajahan AN, Zwart A, Clarke R. Co-inhibition of BCL-W and BCL2 restores antiestrogen sensitivity through BECN1 and promotes an autophagy-associated necrosis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8604. [PMID: 20062536 PMCID: PMC2797635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BCL2 family members affect cell fate decisions in breast cancer but the role of BCL-W (BCL2L2) is unknown. We now show the integrated roles of the antiapoptotic BCL-W and BCL2 in affecting responsiveness to the antiestrogen ICI 182,780 (ICI; Fulvestrant Faslodex), using both molecular (siRNA; shRNA) and pharmacologic (YC137) approaches in three breast cancer variants; MCF-7/LCC1 (ICI sensitive), MCF-7/LCC9 (ICI resistant), and LY2 (ICI resistant). YC137 inhibits BCL-W and BCL2 and restores ICI sensitivity in resistant cells. Co-inhibition of BCL-W and BCL2 is both necessary and sufficient to restore sensitivity to ICI, and explains mechanistically the action of YC137. These data implicate functional cooperation and/or redundancy in signaling between BCL-W and BCL2, and suggest that broad BCL2 family member inhibitors will have greater therapeutic value than targeting only individual proteins. Whereas ICI sensitive MCF-7/LCC1 cells undergo increased apoptosis in response to ICI following BCL-W±BCL2 co-inhibition, the consequent resensitization of resistant MCF-7/LCC9 and LY2 cells reflects increases in autophagy (LC3 cleavage; p62/SQSTM1 expression) and necrosis but not apoptosis or cell cycle arrest. Thus, de novo sensitive cells and resensitized resistant cells die through different mechanisms. Following BCL-W+BCL2 co-inhibition, suppression of functional autophagy by 3-methyladenine or BECN1 shRNA reduces ICI-induced necrosis but restores the ability of resistant cells to die through apoptosis. These data demonstrate the plasticity of cell fate mechanisms in breast cancer cells in the context of antiestrogen responsiveness. Restoration of ICI sensitivity in resistant cells appears to occur through an increase in autophagy-associated necrosis. BCL-W, BCL2, and BECN1 integrate important functions in determining antiestrogen responsiveness, and the presence of functional autophagy may influence the balance between apoptosis and necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatasha C. Crawford
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Rebecca B. Riggins
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Ayesha N. Shajahan
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Alan Zwart
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Robert Clarke
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
- * E-mail: .
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Higueruelo AP, Schreyer A, Bickerton GRJ, Pitt WR, Groom CR, Blundell TL. Atomic interactions and profile of small molecules disrupting protein-protein interfaces: the TIMBAL database. Chem Biol Drug Des 2009; 74:457-67. [PMID: 19811506 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2009.00889.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence of the possibility of modulating protein-protein interactions with small molecules is opening the door to new approaches and concepts in drug discovery. In this paper, we describe the creation of TIMBAL, a hand-curated database holding an up to date collection of small molecules inhibiting multi-protein complexes. This database has been analysed and profiled in terms of molecular properties. Protein-protein modulators tend to be large lipophilic molecules with few hydrogen bond features. An analysis of TIMBAL's intersection with other structural databases, including CREDO (protein-small molecule from the PDB) and PICCOLO (protein-protein from the PDB) reveals that TIMBAL molecules tend to form mainly hydrophobic interactions with only a few hydrogen bonding contacts. With respect to potency, TIMBAL molecules are slightly less efficient than an average medicinal chemistry hit or lead. The database provides a resource that will allow further insights into the types of molecules favoured by protein interfaces and provide a background to continuing work in this area. Access at http://www-cryst.bioc.cam.ac.uk/timbal.
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Simonin K, Brotin E, Dufort S, Dutoit S, Goux D, N'diaye M, Denoyelle C, Gauduchon P, Poulain L. Mcl-1 is an important determinant of the apoptotic response to the BH3-mimetic molecule HA14-1 in cisplatin-resistant ovarian carcinoma cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:3162-70. [PMID: 19887550 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemoresistance of ovarian carcinoma has been associated previously to the absence of Bcl-x(L) expression downregulation in response to cisplatin. Among BH3-mimetic molecules constituting promising anticancer agents able to inhibit the activity of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins, we evaluated the effect of one of them, HA14-1, on various ovarian carcinoma cell lines. In response to HA14-1, the cisplatin-resistant IGROV1-R10 cell line underwent massive cell death, whereas other cell lines presented a partial response (IGROV1, SKOV3, and A2780) or did not respond to this molecule (OAW42 and OAW42-R). However, the expression of HA14-1 targets (Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L)) did not correlate to these different responses. In contrast, cell death was associated with the disappearance of Mcl-1 after exposure to HA14-1. We showed that, in the HA14-1 nonresponsive cell lines (SKOV3 and OAW42), small interfering RNA-mediated Mcl-1 downregulation allowed HA14-1-induced massive apoptosis in the absence of chemotherapy. Furthermore, cisplatin-induced Mcl-1 downregulation was also able to sensitize highly chemoresistant SKOV3 cells to HA14-1. Taken together, these results show that Bcl-x(L) and Mcl-1 are able to cooperate to protect ovarian carcinoma cells against oncogenic stress or chemotherapy-induced apoptosis and suggest that the development of multitargeted strategies directed against these two antiapoptotic proteins may constitute a major challenge for the therapeutic care of chemoresistant ovarian carcinomas. BH3-mimetic compounds represent promising tools for this purpose either on their own (direct or indirect pan-inhibitors) or in combination with new drugs aiming to inactivate Mcl-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Simonin
- Groupe Régional d'Etudes sur le Cancer, Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer François Baclesse, Caen, France
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Wang M, Atayar C, Rosati S, Bosga-Bouwer A, Kluin P, Visser L. JNK is constitutively active in mantle cell lymphoma: cell cycle deregulation and polyploidy by JNK inhibitor SP600125. J Pathol 2009; 218:95-103. [PMID: 19206150 DOI: 10.1002/path.2521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is characterized by genetic instability and a poor prognosis. Many blastoid variants are (hypo)tetraploid and have an even worse prognosis. We investigated the role of signalling by mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in MCL. As compared to normal tonsil B cells, MCL cells showed higher activation of the JNK MAPK in both an MAPK array and a sandwich ELISA assay. Immunohistochemistry showed overexpression of phospho (p)-JNK (Thr183/Tyr185) in 30 of 37 MCL cases. Inhibition of p-JNK with SP600125 resulted in growth arrest in all four MCL cell lines (Jeko-1, HBL-2, UPN-1, Granta-519), which could be partly reversed by the addition of CD40L and IL-4. Furthermore, SP600125 led to G2/M phase arrest on day 1 and a striking increase in endoreduplication on day 2 and day 3, which was confirmed by karyotype analysis. G2/M arrest was associated with down-regulation of EGR1 and p21 protein expression. SP600125-induced polyploidy could be blocked by the BCL-2 inhibitor YC137. These data suggest that constitutive JNK activity is necessary to promote proliferation and maintain diploidy in MCL. JNK inhibition leads to cell cycle deregulation and endoreduplication, mimicking the tetraploid state seen in a subset of MCL cases. Thus, our data also provide an experimental model to study polyploid MCL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Riggins RB, Lan JPJ, Zhu Y, Klimach U, Zwart A, Cavalli LR, Haddad BR, Chen L, Gong T, Xuan J, Ethier SP, Clarke R. ERRgamma mediates tamoxifen resistance in novel models of invasive lobular breast cancer. Cancer Res 2008; 68:8908-17. [PMID: 18974135 PMCID: PMC2701641 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One-third of all estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast tumors treated with endocrine therapy fail to respond, and the remainder is likely to relapse in the future. Almost all data on endocrine resistance has been obtained in models of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). However, invasive lobular carcinomas (ILC) comprise up to 15% of newly diagnosed invasive breast cancers each year and, whereas the incidence of IDC has remained relatively constant during the last 20 years, the prevalence of ILC continues to increase among postmenopausal women. We report a new model of Tamoxifen (TAM)-resistant invasive lobular breast carcinoma cells that provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of endocrine resistance. SUM44 cells express ER and are sensitive to the growth inhibitory effects of antiestrogens. Selection for resistance to 4-hydroxytamoxifen led to the development of the SUM44/LCCTam cell line, which exhibits decreased expression of ERalpha and increased expression of the estrogen-related receptor gamma (ERRgamma). Knockdown of ERRgamma in SUM44/LCCTam cells by siRNA restores TAM sensitivity, and overexpression of ERRgamma blocks the growth-inhibitory effects of TAM in SUM44 and MDA-MB-134 VI lobular breast cancer cells. ERRgamma-driven transcription is also increased in SUM44/LCCTam, and inhibition of activator protein 1 (AP1) can restore or enhance TAM sensitivity. These data support a role for ERRgamma/AP1 signaling in the development of TAM resistance and suggest that expression of ERRgamma may be a marker of poor TAM response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca B Riggins
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia 20057, USA.
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Uversky VN, Oldfield CJ, Dunker AK. Intrinsically disordered proteins in human diseases: introducing the D2 concept. Annu Rev Biophys 2008; 37:215-46. [PMID: 18573080 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biophys.37.032807.125924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1040] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) lack stable tertiary and/or secondary structures under physiological conditions in vitro. They are highly abundant in nature and their functional repertoire complements the functions of ordered proteins. IDPs are involved in regulation, signaling, and control, where binding to multiple partners and high-specificity/low-affinity interactions play a crucial role. Functions of IDPs are tuned via alternative splicing and posttranslational modifications. Intrinsic disorder is a unique structural feature that enables IDPs to participate in both one-to-many and many-to-one signaling. Numerous IDPs are associated with human diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, amyloidoses, neurodegenerative diseases, and diabetes. Overall, intriguing interconnections among intrinsic disorder, cell signaling, and human diseases suggest that protein conformational diseases may result not only from protein misfolding, but also from misidentification, missignaling, and unnatural or nonnative folding. IDPs, such as alpha-synuclein, tau protein, p53, and BRCA1, are attractive targets for drugs modulating protein-protein interactions. From these and other examples, novel strategies for drug discovery based on IDPs have been developed. To summarize work in this area, we are introducing the D2 (disorder in disorders) concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Uversky
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
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Wan KF, Chan SL, Sukumaran SK, Lee MC, Yu VC. Chelerythrine induces apoptosis through a Bax/Bak-independent mitochondrial mechanism. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:8423-33. [PMID: 18230621 PMCID: PMC2417179 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m707687200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Revised: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) with Bax or Bak deleted displayed no defect in apoptosis signaling, MEFs with Bax and Bak double knock-out (DKO) showed dramatic resistance to diverse apoptotic stimuli, suggesting that Bax and Bak are redundant but essential regulators for apoptosis signaling. Chelerythrine has recently been identified as a Bcl-xL inhibitor that is capable of triggering apoptosis via direct action on mitochondria. Here we report that in contrast to classic apoptotic stimuli, chelerythrine is fully competent in inducing apoptosis in the DKO MEFs. Wild-type and DKO MEFs are equally sensitive to chelerythrine-induced morphological and biochemical changes associated with apoptosis phenotype. Interestingly, chelerythrine-mediated release of cytochrome c is rapid and precedes Bax translocation and integration. Although the BH3 peptide of Bim is totally inactive in releasing cytochrome c from isolated mitochondria of DKO MEFs, chelerythrine maintains its potency and efficacy in inducing direct release of cytochrome c from these mitochondria. Furthermore, chelerythrine-mediated mitochondrial swelling and loss in mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)) are inhibited by cyclosporine A, suggesting that mitochondrial permeability transition pore is involved in chelerythrine-induced apoptosis. Although certain apoptotic stimuli have been shown to elicit cytotoxic effect in the DKO MEFs through alternate death mechanisms, chelerythrine does not appear to engage necrotic or autophagic death mechanism to trigger cell death in the DKO MEFs. These results, thus, argue for the existence of an alternative Bax/Bak-independent apoptotic mechanism that involves cyclosporine A-sensitive mitochondrial membrane permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Fei Wan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, ASTAR (Agency for Science, Technology, and Research), 61 Biopolis Dr. (Proteos), Singapore
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Abstract
Apoptosis serves to remove excess or damaged cells and its dysregulation may lead to a number of pathological disorders including cancer. Studies during the last 20 years have unravelled much of the molecular mechanisms that control apoptosis. Whether a cell dies in response to diverse apoptotic stimuli, including DNA-damaging agents, is determined largely by interactions between proteins of the Bcl-2 family. A death signal is transmitted through the BH3-only proteins to Bax and Bak which in turn permeabilise the outer mitochondrial membrane allowing the release of apoptogenic factors, which triggers activation of cell-deathpromoting caspases. These proteolytic enzymes are tightly controlled by members of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family. Activation of the caspase cascade via cell death receptors also represents a key apoptotic pathway in both normal and tumour cells. Basic knowledge of these apoptosis regulators provides the basis for novel therapeutic strategies aimed at promoting tumour cell death or enhancing susceptibility to apoptotic inducers. This review focuses on these strategies.
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Nagel S, Meyer C, Quentmeier H, Kaufmann M, Drexler HG, MacLeod RAF. MEF2C is activated by multiple mechanisms in a subset of T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines. Leukemia 2007; 22:600-7. [PMID: 18079734 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2405067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) the cardiac homeobox gene NKX2-5 (at 5q35) is variously deregulated by regulatory elements coordinating with BCL11B (at 14q32.2), or the T-cell receptor gene TRD (at 14q11.2), respectively. NKX2-5 is normally expressed in developing spleen and heart, regulating fundamental processes, including differentiation and survival. In this study we investigated whether NKX2-5 expression in T-ALL cell lines reactivates these embryonal pathways contributing to leukemogenesis. Among 18 known targets analyzed, we identified three genes regulated by NKX2-5 in T-ALL cells, including myocyte enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C). Knockdown and overexpression assays confirmed MEF2C activation by NKX2-5 at both the RNA and protein levels. Direct interactions between NKX2-5 and GATA3 as indicated by co-immunoprecipitation data may contribute to MEF2C regulation. In T-ALL cell lines LOUCY and RPMI-8402 MEF2C expression was correlated with a 5q14 deletion, encompassing noncoding proximal gene regions. Fusion constructs with green fluorescent protein permitted subcellular detection of MEF2C protein in nuclear speckles interpretable as repression complexes. MEF2C consistently inhibits expression of NR4A1/NUR77, which regulates apoptosis via BCL2 transformation. Taken together, our data identify distinct mechanisms underlying ectopic MEF2C expression in T-ALL, either as a downstream target of NKX2-5, or via chromosomal aberrations deleting proximal gene regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nagel
- Human and Animal Cell Cultures, DSMZ, Braunschweig, Germany.
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