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Zhang Y, Fu H, Zhao Q. Current status and perspectives of clinical trials for tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte therapy. Clin Transl Oncol 2024:10.1007/s12094-024-03608-z. [PMID: 39078471 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-024-03608-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Immunotherapies, mainly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), have revolutionized cancer treatment strategies over the past decade, but their limitations have limited clinical applications. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy is a type of adoptive cell therapy (ACT), which collects infiltrating lymphocytes at the tumor site and expands them in vitro to obtain TIL final products cloned by various T-cell receptors, subsequently reinfused TIL into the patient, which is effective for the treatment of solid tumors. The approval of Lifileucel for commercialization marks the success of TIL therapy. This review summarizes the current status of clinical trials of TIL treatment. In addition, it is suggested that the current research trend of TIL should focus on improving the survival time of TIL in vivo, reducing drug toxicity, and searching for prognostic markers. Finally, it is expected that TIL therapy can be applied to a more wide range of clinical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunting Zhang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongye Fu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Shuren University Shulan International Medical College, Hangzhou, 310022, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Martinez-Castillo M, M. Elsayed A, López-Berestein G, Amero P, Rodríguez-Aguayo C. An Overview of the Immune Modulatory Properties of Long Non-Coding RNAs and Their Potential Use as Therapeutic Targets in Cancer. Noncoding RNA 2023; 9:70. [PMID: 37987366 PMCID: PMC10660772 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna9060070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play pivotal roles in regulating immune responses, immune cell differentiation, activation, and inflammatory processes. In cancer, they are gaining prominence as potential therapeutic targets due to their ability to regulate immune checkpoint molecules and immune-related factors, suggesting avenues for bolstering anti-tumor immune responses. Here, we explore the mechanistic insights into lncRNA-mediated immune modulation, highlighting their impact on immunity. Additionally, we discuss their potential to enhance cancer immunotherapy, augmenting the effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive T cell therapies. LncRNAs as therapeutic targets hold the promise of revolutionizing cancer treatments, inspiring further research in this field with substantial clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moises Martinez-Castillo
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; (M.M.-C.); (G.L.-B.); (P.A.)
- Liver, Pancreas and Motility Laboratory, Unit of Research in Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 06726, Mexico
| | - Abdelrahman M. Elsayed
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11754, Egypt;
- Havener Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gabriel López-Berestein
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; (M.M.-C.); (G.L.-B.); (P.A.)
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Paola Amero
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; (M.M.-C.); (G.L.-B.); (P.A.)
| | - Cristian Rodríguez-Aguayo
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA; (M.M.-C.); (G.L.-B.); (P.A.)
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNA, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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3
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Frankiw L, Singh A, Peters C, Comin-Anduix B, Berent-Maoz B, Macabali M, Shammaie K, Quiros C, Kaplan-Lefko P, Baselga Carretero I, Ribas A, Nowicki TS. Immunotherapy resistance driven by loss of NY-ESO-1 expression in response to transgenic adoptive cellular therapy with PD-1 blockade. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e006930. [PMID: 37156551 PMCID: PMC10173990 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-006930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumor antigen NY-ESO-1 has been shown to be an effective target for transgenic adoptive cell therapy (ACT) for the treatment of sarcoma and melanoma. However, despite frequent early clinical responses, many patients ultimately develop progressive disease. Understanding the mechanisms underlying treatment resistance is crucial to improve future ACT protocols. Here, we describe a novel mechanism of treatment resistance in sarcoma involving loss of expression of NY-ESO-1 in response to transgenic ACT with dendritic cell (DC) vaccination and programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) blockade. METHODS A HLA-A*02:01-positive patient with an NY-ESO-1-positive undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma was treated with autologous NY-ESO-1-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic lymphocytes, NY-ESO-1 peptide-pulsed DC vaccination, and nivolumab-mediated PD-1 blockade. RESULTS Peripheral blood reconstitution with NY-ESO-1-specific T cells peaked within 2 weeks of ACT, indicating rapid in vivo expansion. There was initial tumor regression, and immunophenotyping of the peripheral transgenic T cells showed a predominantly effector memory phenotype over time. Tracking of transgenic T cells to the tumor sites was demonstrated in on-treatment biopsy via both TCR sequencing-based and RNA sequencing-based immune reconstitution, and nivolumab binding to PD-1 on transgenic T cells was confirmed at the tumor site. At the time of disease progression, the promoter region of NY-ESO-1 was found to be extensively methylated, and tumor NY-ESO-1 expression was completely lost as measured by RNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS ACT of NY-ESO-1 transgenic T cells given with DC vaccination and anti-PD-1 therapy resulted in transient antitumor activity. NY-ESO-1 expression was lost in the post-treatment sample in the setting of extensive methylation of the NY-ESO-1 promoter region. BIOLOGICAL/CLINICAL INSIGHT Antigen loss represents a novel mechanism of immune escape in sarcoma and a new point of improvement in cellular therapy approaches. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02775292.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Frankiw
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Arun Singh
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cole Peters
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Begoña Comin-Anduix
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Beata Berent-Maoz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mignonette Macabali
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kiana Shammaie
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Crystal Quiros
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Paula Kaplan-Lefko
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ignacio Baselga Carretero
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Theodore Scott Nowicki
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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4
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Zhuo C, Ruan Q, Zhao X, Shen Y, Lin R. CXCL1 promotes colon cancer progression through activation of NF-κB/P300 signaling pathway. Biol Direct 2022; 17:34. [PMID: 36434686 PMCID: PMC9701058 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-022-00348-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The upregulated expression of CXCL1 has been validated in colorectal cancer patients. As a potential biotherapeutic target for colorectal cancer, the mechanism by which CXCL1 affects the development of colorectal cancer is not clear. METHODS Expression data of CXCL1 in colorectal cancer were obtained from the GEO database and verified using the GEPIA database and the TIMER 2.0 database. Knockout and overexpression of CXCL1 in colorectal cancer cells by CRISPR/Cas and "Sleeping Beauty" transposon-mediated gene editing techniques. Cell biological function was demonstrated by CCK-8, transwell chamber and Colony formation assay. RT-qPCR and Western Blot assays measured RNA and protein expression. Protein localization and expression were measured by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Bioinformatics analysis showed significant overexpression of CXCL1 in the colorectal cancer tissues compared to normal human tissues, and identified CXCL1 as a potential therapeutic target for colorectal cancer. We demonstrate that CXCL1 promotes the proliferation and migration of colon cancer cells and has a facilitative effect on tumor angiogenesis. Furthermore, CXCL1 elevation promoted the migration of M2-tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) while disrupting the aggregation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells at tumor sites. Mechanistic studies suggested that CXCL1 activates the NF-κB pathway. In the in vivo colon cancer transplantation tumor model, treatment with the P300 inhibitor C646 significantly inhibited the growth of CXCL1-overexpressing colon cancer. CONCLUSION CXCL1 promotes colon cancer development through activation of NF-κB/P300, and that CXCL1-based therapy is a potential novel strategy to prevent colon cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhua Zhuo
- grid.415110.00000 0004 0605 1140Department of Gastrointestinal Surgical Oncology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014 People’s Republic of China ,grid.411604.60000 0001 0130 6528Fuzhou University, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou, 350108 People’s Republic of China ,Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Biotherapy, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Ruan
- grid.411604.60000 0001 0130 6528Fuzhou University, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou, 350108 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangqian Zhao
- grid.411503.20000 0000 9271 2478Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, College of Life Science, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fuzhou, 350117 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yangkun Shen
- grid.411503.20000 0000 9271 2478Fujian Normal University Qishan Campus, College of Life Science, Biomedical Research Center of South China, Fuzhou, 350117 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruirong Lin
- grid.415110.00000 0004 0605 1140Department of Gastrointestinal Surgical Oncology, Clinical Oncology School of Fujian Medical University, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014 People’s Republic of China ,grid.411604.60000 0001 0130 6528Fuzhou University, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou, 350108 People’s Republic of China ,Fujian Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Medicine and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Biotherapy, Fuzhou, Fujian 350014 People’s Republic of China
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Thongchot S, Jirapongwattana N, Luangwattananun P, Chiraphapphaiboon W, Chuangchot N, Sa-nguanraksa D, O-Charoenrat P, Thuwajit P, Yenchitsomanus PT, Thuwajit C. Adoptive Transfer of Anti-Nucleolin T Cells Combined with PD-L1 Inhibition against Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:727-739. [PMID: 35313339 PMCID: PMC9377762 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-based T-cell activation is an alternative immunotherapy in breast cancer. The anti-programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) can enhance T-cell function. Nucleolin (NCL) is overexpressed in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). The regulation of PD-L1 expression through autophagy and the anti-PD-L1 peptide to help sensitize T cells for NCL-positive TNBC cell killing has not been evaluated. Results showed the worst clinical outcome in patients with high NCL and PD-L1. Self-differentiated myeloid-derived antigen-presenting cells reactive against tumors presenting NCL or SmartDCs-NCL producing GM-CSF and IL-4, could activate NCL-specific T cells. SmartDCs-NCL plus recombinant human ribosomal protein substrate 3 (RPS3) successfully induced maturation and activation of DCs characterized by the reduction of CD14 and the induction of CD11c, CD40, CD80, CD83, CD86, and HLA-DR. Interestingly, SmartDCs-NCL plus RPS3 in combination with anti-PD-L1 peptide revealed significant killing activity of the effector NCL-specific T cells against NCLHigh/PD-L1High MDA-MB-231 and NCLHigh/PD-L1High HCC70 TNBC cells at the effector: a target ratio of 5:1 in 2-D and 10:1 in the 3-D culture system; and increments of IFNγ by the ELISpot assay. No killing effect was revealed in MCF-10A normal mammary cells. Mechanistically, NCL-specific T-cell-mediated TNBC cell killing was through both apoptotic and autophagic pathways. Induction of autophagy by curcumin, an autophagic stimulator, inhibited the expression of PD-L1 and enhanced cytolytic activity of NCL-specific T cells. These findings provide the potential clinical approaches targeting NCLHigh/PD-L1High TNBC cells with NCL-specific T cells in combination with a PD-L1 inhibitor or autophagic stimulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyanee Thongchot
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Research Department, Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Cancer Immunotherapy (SiCORE-CIT), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Niphat Jirapongwattana
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piriya Luangwattananun
- Research Department, Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Cancer Immunotherapy (SiCORE-CIT), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wannasiri Chiraphapphaiboon
- Research Department, Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Cancer Immunotherapy (SiCORE-CIT), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, International Graduate Program in Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nisa Chuangchot
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Research Department, Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Cancer Immunotherapy (SiCORE-CIT), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Doonyapat Sa-nguanraksa
- Department of Clinical Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Peti Thuwajit
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pa-thai Yenchitsomanus
- Research Department, Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Cancer Immunotherapy (SiCORE-CIT), Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanitra Thuwajit
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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6
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Kandalaft LE, Harari A. Vaccines as Priming Tools for T Cell Therapy for Epithelial Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13225819. [PMID: 34830973 PMCID: PMC8616276 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13225819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Despite all of the impressive progress that has been made in the field of cancer therapy, cancer continues to devastate the lives of many. Recent efforts have focused on taking advantage of the patients’ immune system, modifying and employing it to attack cancer cells more efficiently. Therapeutic cancer vaccines are part of the armamentarium used for that purpose. In this review, we discuss the role of the immune system in the fight against cancer, the various strategies that are aimed at engaging the immune system, and how therapeutic cancer vaccines can be used as a self-standing strategy or as a means to leverage other immunotherapies to deliver more efficient results. We elaborate on the obstacles that are present, why immune therapies do not work equally well on all patients, and how vaccines can potentially play a role in improving cancer outcomes. Abstract Impressive progress has recently been made in the field of cancer immunotherapy with the adoptive transfer of T cells, a successful personalized strategy, and checkpoint inhibitors (CPI) having extended the survival of numerous patients. However, not all patients have been able to benefit from these innovations. A key determinant of the responsiveness to cancer immunotherapies is the presence of T cells within the tumors. These tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are crucial in controlling tumor growth and their activity is being potentiated by immunotherapies. Although some epithelial cancers are associated with spontaneous T-cell and B-cell responses, which makes them good candidates for immunotherapies, it remains to create strategies that would promote lymphocyte infiltration and enable sustained immune responses in immune-resistant tumors. Therapeutic cancer vaccines hold the potential of being able to render “cold”, poorly infiltrated tumors into “hot” tumors that would be receptive to cellular immunotherapies. In this review, we elaborate on the obstacles that need to be overcome and the strategies that are being explored to that end, including various types of antigen repertoires and different vaccine platforms and combinations with other available treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana E. Kandalaft
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (L.E.K.); (A.H.)
| | - Alexandre Harari
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (L.E.K.); (A.H.)
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Fukuda K, Okamura K, Riding RL, Fan X, Afshari K, Haddadi NS, McCauley SM, Guney MH, Luban J, Funakoshi T, Yaguchi T, Kawakami Y, Khvorova A, Fitzgerald KA, Harris JE. AIM2 regulates anti-tumor immunity and is a viable therapeutic target for melanoma. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212521. [PMID: 34325468 PMCID: PMC8329870 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The STING and absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) pathways are activated by the presence of cytosolic DNA, and STING agonists enhance immunotherapeutic responses. Here, we show that dendritic cell (DC) expression of AIM2 within human melanoma correlates with poor prognosis and, in contrast to STING, AIM2 exerts an immunosuppressive effect within the melanoma microenvironment. Vaccination with AIM2-deficient DCs improves the efficacy of both adoptive T cell therapy and anti–PD-1 immunotherapy for “cold tumors,” which exhibit poor therapeutic responses. This effect did not depend on prolonged survival of vaccinated DCs, but on tumor-derived DNA that activates STING-dependent type I IFN secretion and subsequent production of CXCL10 to recruit CD8+ T cells. Additionally, loss of AIM2-dependent IL-1β and IL-18 processing enhanced the treatment response further by limiting the recruitment of regulatory T cells. Finally, AIM2 siRNA-treated mouse DCs in vivo and human DCs in vitro enhanced similar anti-tumor immune responses. Thus, targeting AIM2 in tumor-infiltrating DCs is a promising new treatment strategy for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Fukuda
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA.,Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Okamura
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Rebecca L Riding
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Xueli Fan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Khashayar Afshari
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Nazgol-Sadat Haddadi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Sean M McCauley
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Mehmet H Guney
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Jeremy Luban
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Takeru Funakoshi
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonori Yaguchi
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kawakami
- Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anastasia Khvorova
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Katherine A Fitzgerald
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - John E Harris
- Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
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8
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Verdi J, Ketabchi N, Noorbakhsh N, Saleh M, Ebrahimi-Barough S, Seyhoun I, Kavianpour M. Development and Clinical Application of Tumor-derived Exosomes in Patients with Cancer. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 17:91-102. [PMID: 34161212 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x16666210622123942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A tumor is an abnormal growth of cells within a tissue that can lead to death due to late diagnosis, poor prognosis, drug resistance, and finally enhanced metastasis formation. Exosomes are nanovesicles that have been derived from all the different cell types. These vesicles can transfer various molecules, including the distinct form of nucleic acids (mRNA, miRNA, and circRNA) and proteins. Tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) have exceptionally important roles through multiple molecular and cellular pathways like progression, tumorigenesis, drug resistance, and as well as metastasis. TEXs are detectable in all body fluids, such as serum and urine, a convenient and non-invasive way to access these nano-sized vesicles. TEXs lead to the symptom expression of genetic aberrations in the tumor cell population, making them an accurate and sensitive biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of tumors. On the other hand, TEXs contain major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) and play important dual roles in regulating tumor immune responses; they can mediate both immune activation and suppression through tumor-associated immunity. Despite numerous scientific studies, there are still many technical barriers to distinguish TEXs from non-tumor-derived exosomes. Removing exosomes lead to a wide difference in outcomes inside a patient's body. Hence, controversial pieces of evidence have demonstrated the vital role of TEXs as hopeful biomarkers for the early detection of cancers, evaluation of therapeutic effects, and monitoring of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Verdi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Ketabchi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Negar Noorbakhsh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahshid Saleh
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Ebrahimi-Barough
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iman Seyhoun
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maria Kavianpour
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Saberian C, Amaria RN, Najjar AM, Radvanyi LG, Haymaker CL, Forget MA, Bassett RL, Faria SC, Glitza IC, Alvarez E, Parshottam S, Prieto V, Lizée G, Wong MK, McQuade JL, Diab A, Yee C, Tawbi HA, Patel S, Shpall EJ, Davies MA, Hwu P, Bernatchez C. Randomized phase II trial of lymphodepletion plus adoptive cell transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, with or without dendritic cell vaccination, in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-002449. [PMID: 34021033 PMCID: PMC8144048 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adoptive transfer of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) has demonstrated robust efficacy in metastatic melanoma patients. Tumor antigen-loaded dendritic cells (DCs) are believed to optimally activate antigen-specific T lymphocytes. We hypothesized that the combined transfer of TIL, containing a melanoma antigen recognized by T cells 1 (MART-1) specific population, with MART-1-pulsed DC will result in enhanced proliferation and prolonged survival of transferred MART-1 specific T cells in vivo ultimately leading to improved clinical responses. DESIGN We tested the combination of TIL and DC in a phase II clinical trial of patients with advanced stage IV melanoma. HLA-A0201 patients whose early TIL cultures demonstrated reactivity to MART-1 peptide were randomly assigned to receive TIL alone or TIL +DC pulsed with MART-1 peptide. The primary endpoint was to evaluate the persistence of MART-1 TIL in the two arms. Secondary endpoints were to evaluate clinical response and survival. RESULTS Ten patients were given TIL alone while eight patients received TIL+DC vaccine. Infused MART-1 reactive CD8+ TIL were tracked in the blood over time by flow cytometry and results show good persistence in both arms, with no difference in the persistence of MART-1 between the two arms. The objective response rate was 30% (3/10) in the TIL arm and 50% (4/8) in the TIL+DC arm. All treatments were well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS The combination of TIL +DC showed no difference in the persistence of MART-1 TIL compared with TIL therapy alone. Although more patients showed a clinical response to TIL+DC therapy, this study was not powered to resolve differences between groups. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT00338377.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Saberian
- Melanoma Medical Onoclogy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rodabe N Amaria
- Melanoma Medical Onoclogy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Amer M Najjar
- Department of Pediatrics - Research, Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Laszlo G Radvanyi
- Melanoma Medical Onoclogy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cara L Haymaker
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marie-Andrée Forget
- Melanoma Medical Onoclogy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Roland L Bassett
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Silvana C Faria
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Isabella C Glitza
- Melanoma Medical Onoclogy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Enrique Alvarez
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sapna Parshottam
- Department of Biologics Development, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Victor Prieto
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gregory Lizée
- Melanoma Medical Onoclogy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael K Wong
- Melanoma Medical Onoclogy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer L McQuade
- Melanoma Medical Onoclogy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Adi Diab
- Melanoma Medical Onoclogy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cassian Yee
- Melanoma Medical Onoclogy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hussein A Tawbi
- Melanoma Medical Onoclogy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sapna Patel
- Melanoma Medical Onoclogy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Shpall
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael A Davies
- Melanoma Medical Onoclogy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Patrick Hwu
- Melanoma Medical Onoclogy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chantale Bernatchez
- Melanoma Medical Onoclogy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA .,Department of Biologics Development, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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10
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Zhang XW, Huck K, Jähne K, Cichon F, Sonner JK, Ufer F, Bauer S, Woo MS, Green E, Lu K, Kilian M, Friese MA, Platten M, Sahm K. Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein/activity-regulated gene 3.1 (Arc/Arg3.1) enhances dendritic cell vaccination in experimental melanoma. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1920739. [PMID: 34026332 PMCID: PMC8128181 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1920739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) vaccination has proven to be an effective and safe adjuvant for cancer immunotherapies. As the presence of DCs within the tumor microenvironment promotes adaptive antitumor immunity, enhancement of DC migration toward the tumor microenvironment following DC vaccination might represent one possible approach to increase its therapeutic efficacy. While recent findings suggest the activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein/activity-regulated gene 3.1 (Arc/Arg3.1) as critical regulator of DC migration in the context of autoimmune diseases, we aimed to investigate the impact of Arc/Arg3.1 expression for DC-based cancer vaccines. To this end, DC migration capacity as well as the induction of T cell-mediated antitumor immunity was assessed in an experimental B16 melanoma model with Arc/Arg3.1−/- and Arc/Arg3.1-expressing BMDCs applied as a subcutaneous vaccine. While antigen presentation on DCs was critical for unleashing effective T cell mediated antitumor immune responses, Arc/Arg3.1 expression enhanced DC migration toward the tumor and secondary lymphoid organs. Moreover, Arc/Arg3.1-expressing BMDCs shape the tumor immune microenvironment by facilitating tumor recruitment of antigen-specific effector T cells. Thus, Arc/Arg3.1 may represent a novel therapeutic target in DCs in order to increase the therapeutic efficacy of DC vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Wen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Mannheim Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Huck
- Department of Neurology, Mannheim Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristine Jähne
- Department of Neurology, Mannheim Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frederik Cichon
- Department of Neurology, Mannheim Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana K Sonner
- Department of Neurology, Mannheim Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Friederike Ufer
- Institute of Neuroimmunology Und Multiple Sclerosis, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simone Bauer
- Institute of Neuroimmunology Und Multiple Sclerosis, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Seungsu Woo
- Institute of Neuroimmunology Und Multiple Sclerosis, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ed Green
- Department of Neurology, Mannheim Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kevin Lu
- Department of Neurology, Mannheim Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Kilian
- Department of Neurology, Mannheim Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuel A Friese
- Institute of Neuroimmunology Und Multiple Sclerosis, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Platten
- Department of Neurology, Mannheim Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Sahm
- Department of Neurology, Mannheim Medical Center, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.,DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Hübbe ML, Jæhger DE, Andresen TL, Andersen MH. Leveraging Endogenous Dendritic Cells to Enhance the Therapeutic Efficacy of Adoptive T-Cell Therapy and Checkpoint Blockade. Front Immunol 2020; 11:578349. [PMID: 33101304 PMCID: PMC7546347 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.578349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT), based on treatment with autologous tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL)-derived or genetically modified chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, has become a potentially curative therapy for subgroups of patients with melanoma and hematological malignancies. To further improve response rates, and to broaden the applicability of ACT to more types of solid malignancies, it is necessary to explore and define strategies that can be used as adjuvant treatments to ACT. Stimulation of endogenous dendritic cells (DCs) alongside ACT can be used to promote epitope spreading and thereby decrease the risk of tumor escape due to target antigen downregulation, which is a common cause of disease relapse in initially responsive ACT treated patients. Addition of checkpoint blockade to ACT and DC stimulation might further enhance response rates by counteracting an eventual inactivation of infused and endogenously primed tumor-reactive T cells. This review will outline and discuss therapeutic strategies that can be utilized to engage endogenous DCs alongside ACT and checkpoint blockade, to strengthen the anti-tumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Linder Hübbe
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ditte Elisabeth Jæhger
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Lars Andresen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mads Hald Andersen
- National Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT-DK), Department of Oncology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Huang M, Deng J, Gao L, Zhou J. Innovative strategies to advance CAR T cell therapy for solid tumors. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:1979-1992. [PMID: 32774996 PMCID: PMC7407347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Current cancer treatment strategies have been advanced by chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cell therapy, a rapidly emerging cellular immunotherapy. The numerous revolutionary achievements of CAR T cells against hematological malignancies initiated an upsurge in research on translating this therapy into a treatment for solid tumors. Unfortunately, no equivalent success has yet been achieved in treating solid tumors. The main challenges posed by solid tumors have gradually been recognized and include a lack of unique antigen targets, antigen heterogeneity, limited infiltration into the tumor, and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Surmounting the limitations of solid tumors remains critical in popularizing CAR T cell applications. Various approaches to augmenting the efficiency of CAR T cells through directly optimizing CAR constructs or through innovative combination strategies such as vaccines, biomaterials, and oncolytic virus have arisen. In addition to describing the main obstacles that restrict the promotion of CAR T cells, this paper focuses on reviewing new ongoing strategies to circumvent these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Huang
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Jinniu Deng
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Lili Gao
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
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13
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Wang T, Gnanaprakasam JNR, Chen X, Kang S, Xu X, Sun H, Liu L, Rodgers H, Miller E, Cassel TA, Sun Q, Vicente-Muñoz S, Warmoes MO, Lin P, Piedra-Quintero ZL, Guerau-de-Arellano M, Cassady KA, Zheng SG, Yang J, Lane AN, Song X, Fan TWM, Wang R. Inosine is an alternative carbon source for CD8 +-T-cell function under glucose restriction. Nat Metab 2020; 2:635-647. [PMID: 32694789 PMCID: PMC7371628 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-020-0219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
T cells undergo metabolic rewiring to meet their bioenergetic, biosynthetic and redox demands following antigen stimulation. To fulfil these needs, effector T cells must adapt to fluctuations in environmental nutrient levels at sites of infection and inflammation. Here, we show that effector T cells can utilize inosine, as an alternative substrate, to support cell growth and function in the absence of glucose in vitro. T cells metabolize inosine into hypoxanthine and phosphorylated ribose by purine nucleoside phosphorylase. We demonstrate that the ribose subunit of inosine can enter into central metabolic pathways to provide ATP and biosynthetic precursors, and that cancer cells display diverse capacities to utilize inosine as a carbon source. Moreover, the supplementation with inosine enhances the anti-tumour efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade and adoptive T-cell transfer in solid tumours that are defective in metabolizing inosine, reflecting the capability of inosine to relieve tumour-imposed metabolic restrictions on T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J N Rashida Gnanaprakasam
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Xuyong Chen
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Siwen Kang
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Xuequn Xu
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hua Sun
- The Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lingling Liu
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hayley Rodgers
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ethan Miller
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Teresa A Cassel
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Qiushi Sun
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sara Vicente-Muñoz
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Marc O Warmoes
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Penghui Lin
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Zayda Lizbeth Piedra-Quintero
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mireia Guerau-de-Arellano
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kevin A Cassady
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine at Ohio State University of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Surgery, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Andrew N Lane
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Xiaotong Song
- The Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Icell Kealex Therapeutics, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Teresa W-M Fan
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Ruoning Wang
- Center for Childhood Cancer & Blood Diseases, Hematology/Oncology & BMT, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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14
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Bianchi V, Harari A, Coukos G. Neoantigen-Specific Adoptive Cell Therapies for Cancer: Making T-Cell Products More Personal. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1215. [PMID: 32695101 PMCID: PMC7333784 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation-derived neoantigens are taking central stage as a determinant in eliciting effective antitumor immune responses following adoptive T-cell therapies. These mutations are patient-specific, and their targeting calls for highly personalized pipelines. The promising clinical outcomes of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy have spurred interest in generating T-cell infusion products that have been selectively enriched in neoantigen (or autologous tumor) reactivity. The implementation of an isolation step, prior to T-cell in vitro expansion and reinfusion, may provide a way to improve the overall response rates achieved to date by adoptive T-cell therapies in metastatic cancer patients. Here we provide an overview of the main technologies [i.e., peptide major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) multimers, cytokine capture, and activation markers] to enrich infiltrating or circulating T-cells in predefined neoantigen specificities (or tumor reactivity). The unique technical and regulatory challenges faced by such highly specialized and patient-specific manufacturing T-cell platforms are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bianchi
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Harari
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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Wan J, Wu Y, Ji X, Huang L, Cai W, Su Z, Wang S, Xu H. IL-9 and IL-9-producing cells in tumor immunity. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:50. [PMID: 32228589 PMCID: PMC7104514 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00538-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Interleukin (IL)-9 belongs to the IL-2Rγc chain family and is a multifunctional cytokine that can regulate the function of many kinds of cells. It was originally identified as a growth factor of T cells and mast cells. In previous studies, IL-9 was mainly involved in the development of allergic diseases, autoimmune diseases and parasite infections. Recently, IL-9, as a double-edged sword in the development of cancers, has attracted extensive attention. Since T-helper 9 (Th9) cell-derived IL-9 was verified to play a powerful antitumor role in solid tumors, an increasing number of researchers have started to pay attention to the role of IL-9-skewed CD8+ T (Tc9) cells, mast cells and Vδ2 T cell-derived IL-9 in tumor immunity. Here, we review recent studies on IL-9 and several kinds of IL-9-producing cells in tumor immunity to provide useful insight into tumorigenesis and treatment. Video Abstract
Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wan
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Yinqiu Wu
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Xiaoyun Ji
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Lan Huang
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.,China International Genomics Research Center (IGRC), Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
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16
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Wang Y, Zhang H, Jiao B, Nie J, Li X, Wang W, Wang H. The Roles of Alternative Splicing in Tumor-immune Cell Interactions. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 20:729-740. [PMID: 32560607 PMCID: PMC8388066 DOI: 10.2174/1568009620666200619123725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing (AS) plays a significant role in the hallmarks of cancer and can provide neoantigens for immunotherapy. Here, we summarize recent advances in immune system associated tumor specific-antigens (TSAs) produced by AS. We further discuss the regulating mechanisms involved in AS-mediated innate and adaptive immune responses and the anti-tumoral and protumoral roles in different types of cancer. For example, ULBP1_RI, MLL5Δ21spe, NKp44-1Δ5, MHC-IΔ7, CD200SΔ1, 2, PVR α/β/γ/δ and IL-33 variants 1/2/3 act as regulators in solid tumors and IPAK4-L and, FOXP1ΔN100 exhibit functions in hematological cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Honglei Zhang
- Address correspondence to these authors at Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 32 Jiaochang E. Road, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Tel: +86-871-68191706; E-mail: ; and Department of Breast Cancer, Third Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, 519 Kunzhou Road, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Tel: +86-13608815577; E-mail:
| | - Baowei Jiao
- Address correspondence to these authors at Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 32 Jiaochang E. Road, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Tel: +86-871-68191706; E-mail: ; and Department of Breast Cancer, Third Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, 519 Kunzhou Road, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Tel: +86-13608815577; E-mail:
| | - Jianyun Nie
- Address correspondence to these authors at Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 32 Jiaochang E. Road, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Tel: +86-871-68191706; E-mail: ; and Department of Breast Cancer, Third Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, 519 Kunzhou Road, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Tel: +86-13608815577; E-mail:
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17
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Genetically Modified T-Cell Therapy for Osteosarcoma: Into the Roaring 2020s. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1257:109-131. [PMID: 32483735 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-43032-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T-cell immunotherapy may offer an approach to improve outcomes for patients with osteosarcoma who fail current therapies. In addition, it has the potential to reduce treatment-related complications for all patients. Generating tumor-specific T cells with conventional antigen-presenting cells ex vivo is time-consuming and often results in T-cell products with a low frequency of tumor-specific T cells. Furthermore, the generated T cells remain sensitive to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Genetic modification of T cells is one strategy to overcome these limitations. For example, T cells can be genetically modified to render them antigen specific, resistant to inhibitory factors, or increase their ability to home to tumor sites. Most genetic modification strategies have only been evaluated in preclinical models; however, early clinical phase trials are in progress. In this chapter, we will review the current status of gene-modified T-cell therapy with special focus on osteosarcoma, highlighting potential antigenic targets, preclinical and clinical studies, and strategies to improve current T-cell therapy approaches.
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18
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Nowicki TS, Berent-Maoz B, Cheung-Lau G, Huang RR, Wang X, Tsoi J, Kaplan-Lefko P, Cabrera P, Tran J, Pang J, Macabali M, Garcilazo IP, Carretero IB, Kalbasi A, Cochran AJ, Grasso CS, Hu-Lieskovan S, Chmielowski B, Comin-Anduix B, Singh A, Ribas A. A Pilot Trial of the Combination of Transgenic NY-ESO-1-reactive Adoptive Cellular Therapy with Dendritic Cell Vaccination with or without Ipilimumab. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:2096-2108. [PMID: 30573690 PMCID: PMC6445780 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-3496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transgenic adoptive cell therapy (ACT) targeting the tumor antigen NY-ESO-1 can be effective for the treatment of sarcoma and melanoma. Preclinical models have shown that this therapy can be improved with the addition of dendritic cell (DC) vaccination and immune checkpoint blockade. We studied the safety, feasibility, and antitumor efficacy of transgenic ACT with DC vaccination, with and without CTLA-4 blockade with ipilimumab. PATIENTS AND METHODS Freshly prepared autologous NY-ESO-1-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic lymphocytes were adoptively transferred together with NY-ESO-1 peptide-pulsed DC vaccination in HLA-A2.1-positive subjects alone (ESO, NCT02070406) or with ipilimumab (INY, NCT01697527) in patients with advanced sarcoma or melanoma. RESULTS Six patients were enrolled in the ESO cohort, and four were enrolled in the INY cohort. Four out of six patients treated per ESO (66%), and two out of four patients treated per INY (50%) displayed evidence of tumor regression. Peripheral blood reconstitution with NY-ESO-1-specific T cells peaked within 2 weeks of ACT, indicating rapid in vivo expansion. Tracking of transgenic T cells to the tumor sites was demonstrated in on-treatment biopsies via TCR sequencing. Multiparametric mass cytometry of transgenic cells demonstrated shifting of transgenic cells from memory phenotypes to more terminally differentiated effector phenotypes over time. CONCLUSIONS ACT of fresh NY-ESO-1 transgenic T cells prepared via a short ex vivo protocol and given with DC vaccination, with or without ipilimumab, is feasible and results in transient antitumor activity, with no apparent clinical benefit of the addition of ipilimumab. Improvements are needed to maintain tumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore S Nowicki
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Beata Berent-Maoz
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gardenia Cheung-Lau
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Rong Rong Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jennifer Tsoi
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Paula Kaplan-Lefko
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Paula Cabrera
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Justin Tran
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jia Pang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mignonette Macabali
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ivan Perez Garcilazo
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ignacio Baselga Carretero
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anusha Kalbasi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Surgical-Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alistair J Cochran
- Department of Pathology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Catherine S Grasso
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Siwen Hu-Lieskovan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Bartosz Chmielowski
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Begoña Comin-Anduix
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Surgical-Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Arun Singh
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Surgical-Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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19
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Antitumor activity of CAR-T cells targeting the intracellular oncoprotein WT1 can be enhanced by vaccination. Blood 2018; 132:1134-1145. [PMID: 30045840 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-08-802926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy for treatment of hematologic malignancies supports further development of treatments for both liquid and solid tumors. However, expansion of CAR-T cell therapy is limited by the availability of surface antigens specific for the tumor while sparing normal cells. There is a rich diversity of tumor antigens from intracellularly expressed proteins that current and conventional CAR-T cells are unable to target. Furthermore, adoptively transferred T cells often suffer from exhaustion and insufficient expansion, in part, because of the immunosuppressive mechanisms operating in tumor-bearing hosts. Therefore, it is necessary to develop means to further activate and expand those CAR-T cells in vivo. The Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) is an intracellular oncogenic transcription factor that is an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy because of its overexpression in a wide range of leukemias and solid tumors, and a low level of expression in normal adult tissues. In the present study, we developed CAR-T cells consisting of a single chain variable fragment (scFv) specific to the WT1235-243/HLA-A*2402 complex. The therapeutic efficacy of our CAR-T cells was demonstrated in a xenograft model, which was further enhanced by vaccination with dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with the corresponding antigen. This enhanced efficacy was mediated, at least partly, by the expansion and activation of CAR-T cells. CAR-T cells shown in the present study not only demonstrate the potential to expand the range of targets available to CAR-T cells, but also provide a proof of concept that efficacy of CAR-T cells targeting peptide/major histocompatibility complex can be boosted by vaccination.
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20
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Jung NC, Lee JH, Chung KH, Kwak YS, Lim DS. Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy for Solid Tumors. Transl Oncol 2018; 11:686-690. [PMID: 29627706 PMCID: PMC6154348 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As a treatment for solid tumors, dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy has not been as effective as expected. Here, we review the reasons underlying the limitations of DC-based immunotherapy for solid tumors and ask what can be done to improve immune cell-based cancer therapies. Several reports show that, rather than a lack of immune induction, the limited efficacy of DC-based immunotherapy in cases of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) likely results from inhibition of immune responses by tumor-secreted TGF-β and an increase in the number of regulatory T (Treg) cells in and around the solid tumor. Indeed, unlike DC therapy for solid tumors, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses induced by DC therapy inhibit tumor recurrence after surgery; CTL responses also limit tumor metastasis induced by additional tumor-challenge in RCC tumor-bearing mice. Here, we discuss the mechanisms underlying the poor efficacy of DC-based therapy for solid tumors and stress the need for new and improved DC immunotherapies and/or combination therapies with killer cells to treat resistant solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Chul Jung
- Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea; Pharos Vaccine Inc., Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13215, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Ho Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea; Pharos Vaccine Inc., Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13215, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hoe Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Sub Kwak
- Department of Physical Education, Dong-Eui University, College of Arts and Sports Science, Busan 47340, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Seog Lim
- Department of Biotechnology, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Hotblack A, Holler A, Piapi A, Ward S, Stauss HJ, Bennett CL. Tumor-Resident Dendritic Cells and Macrophages Modulate the Accumulation of TCR-Engineered T Cells in Melanoma. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1471-1481. [PMID: 29628306 PMCID: PMC5986719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ongoing clinical trials explore T cell receptor (TCR) gene therapy as a treatment option for cancer, but responses in solid tumors are hampered by the immunosuppressive microenvironment. The production of TCR gene-engineered T cells requires full T cell activation in vitro, and it is currently unknown whether in vivo interactions with conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) regulate the accumulation and function of engineered T cells in tumors. Using the B16 melanoma model and the inducible depletion of CD11c+ cells in CD11c.diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) mice, we analyzed the interaction between tumor-resident cDCs and engineered T cells expressing the melanoma-specific TRP-2 TCR. We found that depletion of CD11c+ cells triggered the recruitment of cross-presenting cDC1 into the tumor and enhanced the accumulation of TCR-engineered T cells. We show that the recruited tumor cDCs present melanoma tumor antigen, leading to enhanced activation of TCR-engineered T cells. In addition, detailed analysis of the tumor myeloid compartment revealed that the depletion of a population of DT-sensitive macrophages can contribute to the accumulation of tumor-infiltrating T cells. Together, these data suggest that the relative frequency of tumor-resident cDCs and macrophages may impact the therapeutic efficacy of TCR gene therapy in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Hotblack
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Angelika Holler
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Alice Piapi
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Sophie Ward
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK; Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Studies, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Hans J Stauss
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK.
| | - Clare L Bennett
- Institute for Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK; Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Studies, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK.
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22
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Hijikata Y, Okazaki T, Tanaka Y, Murahashi M, Yamada Y, Yamada K, Takahashi A, Inoue H, Kishimoto J, Nakanishi Y, Oda Y, Nakamura Y, Tani K. A phase I clinical trial of RNF43 peptide-related immune cell therapy combined with low-dose cyclophosphamide in patients with advanced solid tumors. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0187878. [PMID: 29293510 PMCID: PMC5749706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the safety and the tolerability of combined cellular immunotherapy with low-dose cyclophosphamide (CPA) in patients with advanced solid tumors. This study targeted a novel tumor-associated antigen, ring finger protein 43 (RNF43). Eligible patients were resistant to standard therapy, HLA-A*24:02- or A*02:01-positive and exhibiting high RNF43 expression in their tumor cells. They were administered 300 mg/m2 CPA followed by autologous lymphocytes, preliminarily cultured with autologous RNF43 peptide-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs), RNF43 peptide-pulsed DCs and systemic low dose interleukin-2. The primary endpoint was safety whereas the secondary endpoint was immunological and clinical response to treatment. Ten patients, in total, were enrolled in this trial. Primarily, no adverse events greater than Grade 3 were observed. Six out of 10 patients showed stable disease (SD) on day 49, while 4 other patients showed progressive disease. In addition, one patient with SD exhibited a partial response after the second trial. The frequency of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in patients with SD significantly decreased after CPA administration. The ratio of interferon-γ-producing, tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells increased with time in patients with SD. We successfully showed that the combination of immune cell therapy and CPA was safe, might induce tumor-specific immune responses and clinical efficacy, and was accompanied by a decreased ratio of Tregs in patients with RNF43-positive advanced solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuki Hijikata
- Department of Advanced Cell and Molecular Therapy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Okazaki
- ARO Advanced Medical Center, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Tanaka
- ARO Advanced Medical Center, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mutsunori Murahashi
- Department of Advanced Cell and Molecular Therapy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yamada
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pathological Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yamada
- Department of Advanced Cell and Molecular Therapy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Department of Advanced Cell and Molecular Therapy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inoue
- Department of Advanced Cell and Molecular Therapy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junji Kishimoto
- ARO Advanced Medical Center, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoichi Nakanishi
- Research Institute of Diseases of Chest, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Pathological Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Human genome center, Institute of medical science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenzaburo Tani
- Department of Advanced Cell and Molecular Therapy, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
- Project Division of ALA Advanced Medical Research, Advanced Medical Science of Internal Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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23
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Manches O, Muniz LR, Bhardwaj N. Dendritic Cell Biology. Hematology 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35762-3.00023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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24
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Calì B, Molon B, Viola A. Tuning cancer fate: the unremitting role of host immunity. Open Biol 2017; 7:rsob.170006. [PMID: 28404796 PMCID: PMC5413907 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Host immunity plays a central and complex role in dictating tumour progression. Solid tumours are commonly infiltrated by a large number of immune cells that dynamically interact with the surrounding microenvironment. At first, innate and adaptive immune cells successfully cooperate to eradicate microcolonies of transformed cells. Concomitantly, surviving tumour clones start to proliferate and harness immune responses by specifically hijacking anti-tumour effector mechanisms and fostering the accumulation of immunosuppressive immune cell subsets at the tumour site. This pliable interplay between immune and malignant cells is a relentless process that has been concisely organized in three different phases: elimination, equilibrium and escape. In this review, we aim to depict the distinct immune cell subsets and immune-mediated responses characterizing the tumour landscape throughout the three interconnected phases. Importantly, the identification of key immune players and molecules involved in the dynamic crosstalk between tumour and immune system has been crucial for the introduction of reliable prognostic factors and effective therapeutic protocols against cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Calì
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy .,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - B Molon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - A Viola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
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25
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Redeker A, Arens R. Improving Adoptive T Cell Therapy: The Particular Role of T Cell Costimulation, Cytokines, and Post-Transfer Vaccination. Front Immunol 2016; 7:345. [PMID: 27656185 PMCID: PMC5011476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) is a form of immunotherapy whereby antigen-specific T cells are isolated or engineered, expanded ex vivo, and transferred back to patients. Clinical benefit after ACT has been obtained in treatment of infection, various hematological malignancies, and some solid tumors; however, due to poor functionality and persistence of the transferred T cells, the efficacy of ACT in the treatment of most solid tumors is often marginal. Hence, much effort is undertaken to improve T cell function and persistence in ACT and significant progress is being made. Herein, we will review strategies to improve ACT success rates in the treatment of cancer and infection. We will deliberate on the most favorable phenotype for the tumor-specific T cells that are infused into patients and on how to obtain T cells bearing this phenotype by applying novel ex vivo culture methods. Moreover, we will discuss T cell function and persistence after transfer into patients and how these factors can be manipulated by means of providing costimulatory signals, cytokines, blocking antibodies to inhibitory molecules, and vaccination. Incorporation of these T cell stimulation strategies and combinations of the different treatment modalities are likely to improve clinical response rates further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Redeker
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
| | - Ramon Arens
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center , Leiden , Netherlands
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26
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Salem ML, Attia ZI, Galal SM. Acute inflammation induces immunomodulatory effects on myeloid cells associated with anti-tumor responses in a tumor mouse model. J Adv Res 2016; 7:243-53. [PMID: 26966565 PMCID: PMC4767798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the self nature of cancer, anti-tumor immune response is weak. As such, acute inflammation induced by microbial products can induce signals that result in initiation of an inflammatory cascade that helps activation of immune cells. We aimed to compare the nature and magnitude of acute inflammation induced by toll-like receptor ligands (TLRLs) on the tumor growth and the associated inflammatory immune responses. To induce acute inflammation in tumor-bearing host, CD1 mice were inoculated with intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) (5 × 10(5) cells/mouse), and then treated with i.p. injection on day 1, day 7 or days 1 + 7 with: (1) polyinosinic:polycytidylic (poly(I:C)) (TLR3L); (2) Poly-ICLC (clinical grade of TLR3L); (3) Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) (coding for TLR9L); (4) Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) (coding for TLR9L); and (5) Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant (IFA). Treatment with poly(I:C), Poly-ICLC, BCG, CFA, or IFA induced anti-tumor activities as measured by 79.1%, 75.94%, 73.94%, 71.88% and 47.75% decreases, respectively in the total number of tumor cells collected 7 days after tumor challenge. Among the tested TLRLs, both poly(I:C) (TLR3L) and BCG (contain TLR9L) showed the highest anti-tumor effects as reflected by the decrease in the number of EAc cells. These effects were associated with a 2-fold increase in the numbers of inflammatory cells expressing the myeloid markers CD11b(+)Ly6G(+), CD11b(+)Ly6G(-), and CD11b(+)Ly6G(-). We concluded that Provision of the proper inflammatory signal with optimally defined magnitude and duration during tumor growth can induce inflammatory immune cells with potent anti-tumor responses without vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed L. Salem
- Immunology and Biotechnology Unit, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +20 1274272624.
| | - Zeinab I. Attia
- Physiology Unit, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Sohaila M. Galal
- Physiology Unit, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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27
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Abstract
The past several years can be considered a renaissance era in the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Following a 30-year stretch in which oncologists barely put a dent in a very grim overall survival (OS) rate for these patients, things have rapidly changed course with the recent approval of three new melanoma drugs by the FDA. Both oncogene-targeted therapy and immune checkpoint blockade approaches have shown remarkable efficacy in a subset of melanoma patients and have clearly been game-changers in terms of clinical impact. However, most patients still succumb to their disease, and thus, there remains an urgent need to improve upon current therapies. Fortunately, innovations in molecular medicine have led to many silent gains that have greatly increased our understanding of the nature of cancer biology as well as the complex interactions between tumors and the immune system. They have also allowed for the first time a detailed understanding of an individual patient's cancer at the genomic and proteomic level. This information is now starting to be employed at all stages of cancer treatment, including diagnosis, choice of drug therapy, treatment monitoring, and analysis of resistance mechanisms upon recurrence. This new era of personalized medicine will foreseeably lead to paradigm shifts in immunotherapeutic treatment approaches such as individualized cancer vaccines and adoptive transfer of genetically modified T cells. Advances in xenograft technology will also allow for the testing of drug combinations using in vivo models, a truly necessary development as the number of new drugs needing to be tested is predicted to skyrocket in the coming years. This chapter will provide an overview of recent technological developments in cancer research, and how they are expected to impact future diagnosis, monitoring, and development of novel treatments for metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Patrick Hwu
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Gregory Lizée
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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28
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Gupta S, Termini JM, Rivas Y, Otero M, Raffa FN, Bhat V, Farooq A, Stone GW. A multi-trimeric fusion of CD40L and gp100 tumor antigen activates dendritic cells and enhances survival in a B16-F10 melanoma DNA vaccine model. Vaccine 2015; 33:4798-806. [PMID: 26241951 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination with tumor-associated antigens can induce cancer-specific CD8+ T cells. A recent improvement has been the targeting of antigen to dendritic cells (DC) using antibodies that bind DC surface molecules. This study explored the use of multi-trimers of CD40L to target the gp100 melanoma tumor antigen to DC. The spontaneously-multimerizing gene Surfactant Protein D (SPD) was used to fuse gp100 tumor antigen and CD40L, creating the recombinant protein SPD-gp100-CD40L. This "third generation" DC-targeting vaccine was designed to both target antigen to DC and optimally activate dendritic cells by aggregating CD40 trimers on the DC membrane surface. SPD-gp100-CD40L expressed as a 110kDa protein. Analytical light scattering analysis gave elution data corresponding to 4-trimer and multi-trimer SPD-gp100-CD40L oligomers. The protein was biologically active on dendritic cells and induced CD40-mediated NF-κB signaling. DNA vaccination with SPD-gp100-CD40L plasmid, together with plasmids encoding IL-12p70 and GM-CSF, significantly enhanced survival and inhibited tumor growth in a B16-F10 melanoma model. Expression of gp100 and SPD-CD40L as separate molecules did not enhance survival, highlighting the requirement to encode gp100 within SPD-CD40L for optimal vaccine activity. These data support a model where DNA vaccination with SPD-gp100-CD40L targets gp100 to DC in situ, induces activation of these DC, and generates a protective anti-tumor response when given in combination with IL-12p70 and GM-CSF plasmids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Gupta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miami Center for AIDS Research, and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - James M Termini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miami Center for AIDS Research, and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yaelis Rivas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miami Center for AIDS Research, and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Miguel Otero
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Francesca N Raffa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miami Center for AIDS Research, and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vikas Bhat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Amjad Farooq
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Geoffrey W Stone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miami Center for AIDS Research, and the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
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29
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Obeid J, Hu Y, Slingluff CL. Vaccines, Adjuvants, and Dendritic Cell Activators--Current Status and Future Challenges. Semin Oncol 2015; 42:549-61. [PMID: 26320060 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines offer a low-toxicity approach to induce anticancer immune responses. They have shown promise for clinical benefit with one cancer vaccine approved in the United States for advanced prostate cancer. As other immune therapies are now clearly effective for treatment of advanced cancers of many histologies, there is renewed enthusiasm for optimizing cancer vaccines for use to prevent recurrence in early-stage cancers and/or to combine with other immune therapies for therapy of advanced cancers. Future advancements in vaccine therapy will involve the identification and selection of effective antigen formulations, optimization of adjuvants, dendritic cell (DC) activation, and combination therapies. In this summary we present the current practice, the broad collection of challenges, and the promising future directions of vaccine therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Obeid
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Yinin Hu
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
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30
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Datta J, Berk E, Cintolo JA, Xu S, Roses RE, Czerniecki BJ. Rationale for a Multimodality Strategy to Enhance the Efficacy of Dendritic Cell-Based Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2015; 6:271. [PMID: 26082780 PMCID: PMC4451636 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC), master antigen-presenting cells that orchestrate interactions between the adaptive and innate immune arms, are increasingly utilized in cancer immunotherapy. Despite remarkable progress in our understanding of DC immunobiology, as well as several encouraging clinical applications – such as DC-based sipuleucel-T for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer – clinically effective DC-based immunotherapy as monotherapy for a majority of tumors remains a distant goal. The complex interplay between diverse molecular and immune processes that govern resistance to DC-based vaccination compels a multimodality approach, encompassing a growing arsenal of antitumor agents which target these distinct processes and synergistically enhance DC function. These include antibody-based targeted molecular therapies, immune checkpoint inhibitors, therapies that inhibit immunosuppressive cellular elements, conventional cytotoxic modalities, and immune potentiating adjuvants. It is likely that in the emerging era of “precision” cancer therapeutics, tangible clinical benefits will only be realized with a multifaceted – and personalized – approach combining DC-based vaccination with adjunctive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jashodeep Datta
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Erik Berk
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Jessica A Cintolo
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Shuwen Xu
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Robert E Roses
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Brian J Czerniecki
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA ; Rena Rowen Breast Center, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, PA , USA
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31
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Wang Z, Hall MD, Rewers-Felkins KA, Quinlin IS, Wright SE. Dendritic cells enhance the activity of human MUC1-stimulated mononuclear cells against breast cancer. Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e23335. [PMID: 23526065 PMCID: PMC3601184 DOI: 10.4161/onci.23335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are among the most potent antigen-presenting cells (APCs), stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to generate antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). The objectives of this study were to determine if interleukin (IL)-4 is beneficial or detrimental for the generation of human DCs in vitro and to understand whether DCs generated in vitro in the presence or absence of IL-4 stimulate the killing of adenocarcinoma cells by CTLs in vivo. Mucin 1 (MUC1), a glycoprotein found on the surface of adenocarcinoma cells was used to load DCs. MUC1-loaded DCs generated in the absence of IL-4 were superior to their counterparts produced with IL-4 in stimulating PBMCs to kill human breast cancer MCF-7 cells in vitro. A corollary in vivo protection experiment was performed by injecting immunodeficient NOD-SCID mice with MCF-7 cells s.c. and MUC1-loaded CTLs, PBMCs, or DCs generated in the absence of IL-4, i.p. Mice that received CTLs and MUC1-loaded DCs on days 0, 2, 4, 9, 14 and 19 were completely protected against the development of MCF-7-derived tumors, while other schedules conferred lower protection. Therefore, tumor antigen-loaded DCs enhance the efficacy of adoptive CTL transfer, and should thus be considered for combinatorial immunotherapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyao Wang
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Biomedical Sciences; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy; Amarillo, TX USA ; Department of Life, Earth and Environmental Sciences; West Texas A & M University; Canyon, TX USA
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Identification of the genomic insertion site of Pmel-1 TCR α and β transgenes by next-generation sequencing. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96650. [PMID: 24827921 PMCID: PMC4020793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pmel-1 T cell receptor transgenic mouse has been extensively employed as an ideal model system to study the mechanisms of tumor immunology, CD8+ T cell differentiation, autoimmunity and adoptive immunotherapy. The ‘zygosity’ of the transgene affects the transgene expression levels and may compromise optimal breeding scheme design. However, the integration sites for the pmel-1 mouse have remained uncharacterized. This is also true for many other commonly used transgenic mice created before the modern era of rapid and inexpensive next-generation sequencing. Here, we show that whole genome sequencing can be used to determine the exact pmel-1 genomic integration site, even with relatively ‘shallow’ (8X) coverage. The results were used to develop a validated polymerase chain reaction-based genotyping assay. For the first time, we provide a quick and convenient polymerase chain reaction method to determine the dosage of pmel-1 transgene for this freely and publically available mouse resource. We also demonstrate that next-generation sequencing provides a feasible approach for mapping foreign DNA integration sites, even when information of the original vector sequences is only partially known.
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Chodon T, Comin-Anduix B, Chmielowski B, Koya RC, Wu Z, Auerbach M, Ng C, Avramis E, Seja E, Villanueva A, McCannel TA, Ishiyama A, Czernin J, Radu CG, Wang X, Gjertson DW, Cochran AJ, Cornetta K, Wong DJL, Kaplan-Lefko P, Hamid O, Samlowski W, Cohen PA, Daniels GA, Mukherji B, Yang L, Zack JA, Kohn DB, Heath JR, Glaspy JA, Witte ON, Baltimore D, Economou JS, Ribas A. Adoptive transfer of MART-1 T-cell receptor transgenic lymphocytes and dendritic cell vaccination in patients with metastatic melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:2457-65. [PMID: 24634374 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-3017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been demonstrated that large numbers of tumor-specific T cells for adoptive cell transfer (ACT) can be manufactured by retroviral genetic engineering of autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes and expanding them over several weeks. In mouse models, this therapy is optimized when administered with dendritic cell (DC) vaccination. We developed a short 1-week manufacture protocol to determine the feasibility, safety, and antitumor efficacy of this double cell therapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN A clinical trial (NCT00910650) adoptively transferring MART-1 T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic lymphocytes together with MART-1 peptide-pulsed DC vaccination in HLA-A2.1 patients with metastatic melanoma. Autologous TCR transgenic cells were manufactured in 6 to 7 days using retroviral vector gene transfer, and reinfused with (n = 10) or without (n = 3) prior cryopreservation. RESULTS A total of 14 patients with metastatic melanoma were enrolled and 9 of 13 treated patients (69%) showed evidence of tumor regression. Peripheral blood reconstitution with MART-1-specific T cells peaked within 2 weeks of ACT, indicating rapid in vivo expansion. Administration of freshly manufactured TCR transgenic T cells resulted in a higher persistence of MART-1-specific T cells in the blood as compared with cryopreserved. Evidence that DC vaccination could cause further in vivo expansion was only observed with ACT using noncryopreserved T cells. CONCLUSION Double cell therapy with ACT of TCR-engineered T cells with a very short ex vivo manipulation and DC vaccines is feasible and results in antitumor activity, but improvements are needed to maintain tumor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thinle Chodon
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Medicine, Surgery, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center; Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute; Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA); The Angeles Clinic Research Institute, Los Angeles; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego (UCSD) Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla; Divisions of Chemistry and Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, and the Indiana University Viral Production Facility (IU VPF), Indianapolis, Indiana; Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada; Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Scottsdale, Arizona; Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut; and Center for Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
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Tumor-specific IL-9-producing CD8+ Tc9 cells are superior effector than type-I cytotoxic Tc1 cells for adoptive immunotherapy of cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:2265-70. [PMID: 24469818 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1317431111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Because cytokine-priming signals direct CD8(+) T cells to acquire unique profiles that affect their ability to mediate specific immune responses, here we generated IL-9-skewed CD8(+) T (Tc9) cells by priming with Th9-polarized condition. Compared with type-I CD8(+) cytotoxic T (Tc1) cells, Tc9 secreted different cytokines and were less cytolytic in vitro but surprisingly elicited greater antitumor responses against advanced tumors in OT-I/B16-OVA and Pmel-1/B16 melanoma models. After adoptive transfer, Tc9 cells persisted longer and differentiated into IFN-γ- and granzyme-B (GrzB)-producing cytolytic Tc1-like effector cells. Phenotypic analysis revealed that adoptively transferred Tc9 cells secreted IL-2 and were KLRG-1(low) and IL-7Rα(high), suggesting that they acquired a signature of "younger" phenotype or became long-term lived cells with capacity of self-renewal. Our results also revealed that Tc9-mediated therapeutic effect critically depended on IL-9 production in vivo. These findings have clinical implications for the improvement of CD8(+) T-cell-based adoptive immunotherapy of cancers.
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DeRenzo C, Gottschalk S. Genetically modified T-cell therapy for osteosarcoma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 804:323-40. [PMID: 24924183 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-04843-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
T-cell immunotherapy may offer an approach to improve outcomes for patients with osteosarcoma, who fail current therapies. In addition, it has the potential to reduce treatment-related complications for all patients. Generating tumor-specific T cells with conventional antigen presenting cells ex vivo is time consuming and often results in T-cell products with a low frequency of tumor-specific T cells. In addition, the generated T cells remain sensitive to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Genetic modification of T cells is one strategy to overcome these limitations. For example, T cells can be genetically modified to render them antigen specific, resistant to inhibitory factors, or increase their ability to home to tumor sites. Most genetic modification strategies have only been evaluated in preclinical models, however early phase clinical trials are in progress. In this chapter we review the current status of gene-modified T-cell therapy with special focus on osteosarcoma, highlighting potential antigenic targets, preclinical and clinical studies, and strategies to improve current T-cell therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher DeRenzo
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Houston Methodist, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, 1102 Bates Street, Suite 1770, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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Chen X, Liu Z, Huang Y, Li R, Zhang H, Dong S, Ge C, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Wang Y, Xue Y, Li Z, Song X. Superior anti-tumor protection and therapeutic efficacy of vaccination with dendritic cell/tumor cell fusion hybrids for murine Lewis lung carcinoma. Autoimmunity 2013; 47:46-56. [PMID: 24191684 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2013.850080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of protocols for the ex vivo generation of dendritic cells (DCs) has led to intensive research into their potential use in immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer. In this study, we examined the efficacy of dendritic cell-tumor cell fusion hybrid vaccines in eliciting an immune response against Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells, as compared to other types of tumor vaccines. In addition, we also tested whether the efficacy of the vaccines was affected by the route of administration. Four different tumor vaccines were compared: (1) HC (hybrid cell), consisting of DC/LLC hybrids; (2) DC+LLC (DCs pulsed with apoptotic LLCs); (3) DC without antigen loading/pulsing; (4) LLC (apoptotic/irradiated tumor cells). We also compared four different routes of administration for each vaccine: (1) Preimmunization; (2) Vaccination therapy; (3) Adoptive immunotherapy; (4) Vaccination therapy combined with adoptive immunotherapy. Anti-tumor immunity was assessed in vivo and the CTL (cytotoxic T lymphocyte) response as well as the expression of key cytokines, IFN-γ and IL-10 were further evaluated using in vitro assays. RESULTS Our data demonstrate that vaccination with HC hybrids provides more effective anti-tumor protective immunity and significantly greater therapeutic immunity than vaccination with DC+LLC, DC or LLC. Most remarkably, vaccination therapy with HC hybrids was more successful than combination (vaccination + adoptive) therapy for the induction of anti-tumor responses. Splenocytes harvested from mice immunized with HC hybrids demonstrated the greatest cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity and their production of IFN-γ was high, while their production of IL-10 was very low. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that vaccination therapy with DC-tumor cell fusion hybrids provides more effective protection against lung cancer.
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Chia WK, Teo M, Wang WW, Lee B, Ang SF, Tai WM, Chee CL, Ng J, Kan R, Lim WT, Tan SH, Ong WS, Cheung YB, Tan EH, Connolly JE, Gottschalk S, Toh HC. Adoptive T-cell transfer and chemotherapy in the first-line treatment of metastatic and/or locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Mol Ther 2013; 22:132-9. [PMID: 24297049 PMCID: PMC3978790 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The outcomes for patients with metastatic or locally recurrent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remain poor. Adoptive immunotherapy with EBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (EBV-CTLs) has proven clinical efficacy, but it has never been evaluated in the first-line treatment setting in combination with chemotherapy. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a chemotherapy in combination with adoptive EBV-CTL transfer, we conducted a phase 2 clinical trial consisting of four cycles of gemcitabine and carboplatin (GC) followed by up to six doses of EBV-CTL. Thirty-eight patients were enrolled, and 35 received GC and EBV-CTL. GC-CTL therapy resulted in a response rate of 71.4% with 3 complete responses and 22 partial responses. With a median follow up of 29.9 months, the 2-year and 3-year overall survival (OS) rate was 62.9 and 37.1%, respectively. Five patients did not require further chemotherapy for more than 34 months since initiation of CTL. Infusion of CTL products containing T cells specific for LMP2 positively correlated with OS (hazard ratio: 0.35; 95% confidence interval: 0.14-0.84; P = 0.014). Our study achieved one of the best survival outcomes in patients with advanced NPC, setting the stage for a future randomized study of chemotherapy with and without EBV-CTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whay-Kuang Chia
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - Marissa Teo
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - Who-Whong Wang
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - Bernett Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Soo-Fan Ang
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - Wai-Meng Tai
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - Chit-Lai Chee
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - Joanna Ng
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - Rebecca Kan
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - Wan-Teck Lim
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - Sze-Huey Tan
- Division of Clinical Trials and Epidemiological Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - Whee-Sze Ong
- Division of Clinical Trials and Epidemiological Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | | | - Eng-Huat Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - John E Connolly
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, The Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Han-Chong Toh
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
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Liu C, Peng W, Xu C, Lou Y, Zhang M, Wargo JA, Chen JQ, Li HS, Watowich SS, Yang Y, Tompers Frederick D, Cooper ZA, Mbofung RM, Whittington M, Flaherty KT, Woodman SE, Davies MA, Radvanyi LG, Overwijk WW, Lizée G, Hwu P. BRAF inhibition increases tumor infiltration by T cells and enhances the antitumor activity of adoptive immunotherapy in mice. Clin Cancer Res 2013. [PMID: 23204132 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-1626.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Treatment of melanoma patients with selective BRAF inhibitors results in objective clinical responses in the majority of patients with BRAF-mutant tumors. However, resistance to these inhibitors develops within a few months. In this study, we test the hypothesis that BRAF inhibition in combination with adoptive T-cell transfer (ACT) will be more effective at inducing long-term clinical regressions of BRAF-mutant tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN BRAF-mutated human melanoma tumor cell lines transduced to express gp100 and H-2D(b) to allow recognition by gp100-specific pmel-1 T cells were used as xenograft models to assess melanocyte differentiation antigen-independent enhancement of immune responses by BRAF inhibitor PLX4720. Luciferase-expressing pmel-1 T cells were generated to monitor T-cell migration in vivo. The expression of VEGF was determined by ELISA, protein array, and immunohistochemistry. Importantly, VEGF expression after BRAF inhibition was tested in a set of patient samples. RESULTS We found that administration of PLX4720 significantly increased tumor infiltration of adoptively transferred T cells in vivo and enhanced the antitumor activity of ACT. This increased T-cell infiltration was primarily mediated by the ability of PLX4720 to inhibit melanoma tumor cell production of VEGF by reducing the binding of c-myc to the VEGF promoter. Furthermore, analysis of human melanoma patient tumor biopsies before and during BRAF inhibitor treatment showed downregulation of VEGF consistent with the preclinical murine model. CONCLUSION These findings provide a strong rationale to evaluate the potential clinical application of combining BRAF inhibition with T-cell-based immunotherapy for the treatment of patients with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwen Liu
- Departments of Melanoma Medical Oncology and Immunology, Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Liu C, Peng W, Xu C, Lou Y, Zhang M, Wargo JA, Chen JQ, Li HS, Watowich SS, Yang Y, Tompers Frederick D, Cooper ZA, Mbofung RM, Whittington M, Flaherty KT, Woodman SE, Davies MA, Radvanyi LG, Overwijk WW, Lizée G, Hwu P. BRAF inhibition increases tumor infiltration by T cells and enhances the antitumor activity of adoptive immunotherapy in mice. Clin Cancer Res 2012. [PMID: 23204132 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-1626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Treatment of melanoma patients with selective BRAF inhibitors results in objective clinical responses in the majority of patients with BRAF-mutant tumors. However, resistance to these inhibitors develops within a few months. In this study, we test the hypothesis that BRAF inhibition in combination with adoptive T-cell transfer (ACT) will be more effective at inducing long-term clinical regressions of BRAF-mutant tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN BRAF-mutated human melanoma tumor cell lines transduced to express gp100 and H-2D(b) to allow recognition by gp100-specific pmel-1 T cells were used as xenograft models to assess melanocyte differentiation antigen-independent enhancement of immune responses by BRAF inhibitor PLX4720. Luciferase-expressing pmel-1 T cells were generated to monitor T-cell migration in vivo. The expression of VEGF was determined by ELISA, protein array, and immunohistochemistry. Importantly, VEGF expression after BRAF inhibition was tested in a set of patient samples. RESULTS We found that administration of PLX4720 significantly increased tumor infiltration of adoptively transferred T cells in vivo and enhanced the antitumor activity of ACT. This increased T-cell infiltration was primarily mediated by the ability of PLX4720 to inhibit melanoma tumor cell production of VEGF by reducing the binding of c-myc to the VEGF promoter. Furthermore, analysis of human melanoma patient tumor biopsies before and during BRAF inhibitor treatment showed downregulation of VEGF consistent with the preclinical murine model. CONCLUSION These findings provide a strong rationale to evaluate the potential clinical application of combining BRAF inhibition with T-cell-based immunotherapy for the treatment of patients with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwen Liu
- Departments of Melanoma Medical Oncology and Immunology, Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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40
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Agonistic antibody to CD40 boosts the antitumor activity of adoptively transferred T cells in vivo. J Immunother 2012; 35:276-82. [PMID: 22421945 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e31824e7f43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD40, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, is broadly expressed on antigen-presenting cells and other cells, including fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Binding of CD40 and its natural ligand CD40L (CD154) triggers cytokine secretion, and increased expression of costimulatory molecules is required for T-cell activation and proliferation. However, to our knowledge, the use of agonistic antibodies to CD40 to boost adoptively transferred T cells in vivo has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to determine whether anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody (mAb) in combination with interleukin (IL)-2 could improve the efficacy of in vitro-activated T cells to enhance antitumor activity. Mice bearing B16 melanoma tumors expressing the gp100 tumor antigen were treated with cultured, activated T cells transgenic for a T-cell receptor specifically recognizing gp100, with or without anti-CD40 mAb. In this model, the combination of anti-CD40 mAb with IL-2 led to expansion of adoptively transferred T cells and induced a more robust antitumor response. Furthermore, the expression of CD40 on bone marrow-derived cells and the presence of CD80/CD86 in the host were required for the expansion of adoptively transferred T cells. The use of neutralizing mAb to IL-12 provided direct evidence that enhanced IL-12 secretion induced by anti-CD40 mAb was crucial for the expansion of adoptively transferred T cells. Collectively, these findings provide a rationale to evaluate the potential application of anti-CD40 mAb in adoptive T-cell therapy for cancer.
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Rudulier CD, Kroeger DR, Bretscher PA. The activation, by antigen, of naïve TCR transgenic CD4 T cells cultured at physiological, rather than artificially high, frequencies more accurately reflects the in vivo activation of normal numbers of naïve CD4(+) T cells. Cell Immunol 2012; 274:115-20. [PMID: 22370222 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The majority of in vitro studies investigating the activation of naïve TCR transgenic T cells routinely employ an artificially high frequency of such cells. To assess whether employing high frequencies of TCR transgenic cells in vitro accurately reflects the in vivo activation of a normal number of T cells, we cultured between 300 and 3×10(6) Rag2(-/-) DO11.10 T cells per well under otherwise identical conditions. We find that those T cells cultured at low frequencies proliferate more and are more potently activated, as assessed by the expression of CD44 and CD62L, each giving rise to a much larger number of cytokine producing cells, comparable to the number generated in vivo when a normal number of CD4(+) T cells are activated. The effect of T cell frequency on the level of their activation was not due to differences in MHCII or CD80/86 expression by B cells, the major APC population present, nor to increased death of B cells in high frequency cultures. Taken together, our observations illustrate the necessity of culturing naïve TCR transgenic CD4(+) T cells at a physiological frequency if one is to more accurately recapitulate the in vivo activation of naïve CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Rudulier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, A305-107, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5E5.
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Rodríguez-Cruz TG, Liu S, Khalili JS, Whittington M, Zhang M, Overwijk W, Lizée G. Natural splice variant of MHC class I cytoplasmic tail enhances dendritic cell-induced CD8+ T-cell responses and boosts anti-tumor immunity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22939. [PMID: 21860662 PMCID: PMC3157908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-mediated presentation of MHC class I (MHC-I)/peptide complexes is a crucial first step in the priming of CTL responses, and the cytoplasmic tail of MHC-I plays an important role in modulating this process. Several species express a splice variant of the MHC-I tail that deletes exon 7-encoding amino acids (Δ7), including a conserved serine phosphorylation site. Previously, it has been shown that Δ7 MHC-I molecules demonstrate extended DC surface half-lives, and that mice expressing Δ7-Kb generate significantly augmented CTL responses to viral challenge. Herein, we show that Δ7-Db-expressing DCs stimulated significantly more proliferation and much higher cytokine secretion by melanoma antigen-specific (Pmel-1) T cells. Moreover, in combination with adoptive Pmel-1 T-cell transfer, Δ7-Db DCs were superior to WT-Db DCs at stimulating anti-tumor responses against established B16 melanoma tumors, significantly extending mouse survival. Human DCs engineered to express Δ7-HLA-A*0201 showed similarly enhanced CTL stimulatory capacity. Further studies demonstrated impaired lateral membrane movement and clustering of human Δ7-MHC-I/peptide complexes, resulting in significantly increased bioavailability of MHC-I/peptide complexes for specific CD8+ T cells. Collectively, these data suggest that targeting exon 7-encoded MHC-I cytoplasmic determinants in DC vaccines has the potential to increase CD8+ T-cell stimulatory capacity and substantially improve their clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania G. Rodríguez-Cruz
- Departments of Melanoma Medical Oncology and Immunology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shujuan Liu
- Departments of Melanoma Medical Oncology and Immunology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jahan S. Khalili
- Departments of Melanoma Medical Oncology and Immunology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mayra Whittington
- Departments of Melanoma Medical Oncology and Immunology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Minying Zhang
- Departments of Melanoma Medical Oncology and Immunology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Willem Overwijk
- Departments of Melanoma Medical Oncology and Immunology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gregory Lizée
- Departments of Melanoma Medical Oncology and Immunology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Klebanoff CA, Acquavella N, Yu Z, Restifo NP. Therapeutic cancer vaccines: are we there yet? Immunol Rev 2011; 239:27-44. [PMID: 21198663 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00979.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Enthusiasm for therapeutic cancer vaccines has been rejuvenated with the recent completion of several large, randomized phase III clinical trials that in some cases have reported an improvement in progression free or overall survival. However, an honest appraisal of their efficacy reveals modest clinical benefit and a frequent requirement for patients with relatively indolent cancers and minimal or no measurable disease. Experience with adoptive cell transfer-based immunotherapies unequivocally establishes that T cells can mediate durable complete responses, even in the setting of advanced metastatic disease. Further, these findings reveal that the successful vaccines of the future must confront: (i) a corrupted tumor microenvironment containing regulatory T cells and aberrantly matured myeloid cells, (ii) a tumor-specific T-cell repertoire that is prone to immunologic exhaustion and senescence, and (iii) highly mutable tumor targets capable of antigen loss and immune evasion. Future progress may come from innovations in the development of selective preparative regimens that eliminate or neutralize suppressive cellular populations, more effective immunologic adjuvants, and further refinement of agents capable of antagonizing immune check-point blockade pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Klebanoff
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1502, USA
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Klebanoff CA, Gattinoni L, Palmer DC, Muranski P, Ji Y, Hinrichs CS, Borman ZA, Kerkar SP, Scott CD, Finkelstein SE, Rosenberg SA, Restifo NP. Determinants of successful CD8+ T-cell adoptive immunotherapy for large established tumors in mice. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:5343-52. [PMID: 21737507 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of tumor infiltrating or genetically engineered T cells can cause durable responses in patients with metastatic cancer. Multiple clinically modifiable parameters can comprise this therapy, including cell dose and phenotype, in vivo antigen restimulation, and common gamma-chain (γ(c)) cytokine support. However, the relative contributions of each these individual components to the magnitude of the antitumor response have yet to be quantified. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To systematically and quantitatively appraise each of these variables, we employed the Pmel-1 mouse model treating large, established B16 melanoma tumors. In addition to cell dose and magnitude of in vivo antigen restimulation, we also evaluated the relative efficacy of central memory (T(CM)), effector memory (T(EM)), and stem cell memory (T(SCM)) subsets on the strength of tumor regression as well as the dose and type of clinically available γ(c) cytokines, including IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21. RESULTS We found that cell dose, T-cell differentiation status, and viral vaccine titer each were correlated strongly and significantly with the magnitude of tumor regression. Surprisingly, although the total number of IL-2 doses was correlated with tumor regression, no significant benefit to prolonged (≥6 doses) administration was observed. Moreover, the specific type and dose of γ(c) cytokine only moderately correlated with response. CONCLUSION Collectively, these findings elucidate some of the key determinants of successful ACT immunotherapy for the treatment of cancer in mice and further show that γ(c) cytokines offer a similar ability to effectively drive antitumor T-cell function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Klebanoff
- Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Schwaab T, Ernstoff MS. Therapeutic vaccines in renal cell carcinoma. THERAPY (LONDON, ENGLAND : 2004) 2011; 4:369-377. [PMID: 21869865 PMCID: PMC3159492 DOI: 10.2217/thy.11.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) is a lethal disease. The advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) has changed the disease process, yet the majority of patients will develop treatment-resistant disease. IL-2 based immunotherapy in mRCC is the only US FDA-approved treatment with curative results. Immunotherapeutic vaccine approaches to mRCC have been under investigation for several decades with mixed results. The recent FDA-approval of the first cellular immunotherapy in prostate cancer (Provenge(®)) has reinvigorated the search for similar vaccines approaches in mRCC. This review introduces the concepts and different features required for a successful anticancer vaccine approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schwaab
- Department of Urology & Department of Immunology, Roswell Park CancerInstitute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Marc S Ernstoff
- Department of Urology & Department of Immunology, Roswell Park CancerInstitute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Abstract
Unmethylated CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG) are synthetic toll-like receptor 9 agonists that activate innate immune cells and which have been tested as an immune therapy in a number of cancer clinical trials. Although some antitumor immune responses have been reported, so far the majority of studies have failed to show significant clinical responses to CpG. Here we showed that the route of administration is critical to the antitumor activity of CpG. Although intravenous (i.v.) injection of CpG was capable of inducing the activation and expansion of tumor antigen-specific T cells, most of these activated T cells failed to migrate to tumor sites. By contrast, intratumoral (i.t.) injection of CpG led to extensive tumor infiltration of antigen-specific T cells and subsequent tumor suppression. We further showed that very high levels of inflammatory chemokines [regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed, and secreted (RANTES), interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP5), macrophage inflammatory proteins (MIP1α, and MIP1β)] were induced in the tumor microenvironment after i.t. CpG injection, compared with administration by the i.v. route. It is interesting to note that, in vivo depletion of plasmacytoid dendritic cells greatly reduced the levels of chemokines induced; also, T-cell accumulation and antitumor effect were impaired. We also showed that i.t. but not i.v. CpG injection induced a broad antigen-specific T-cell response against tumor-derived antigens. Collectively, our data provides evidence that the route of CpG administration is a critical factor in mediating antitumor activity. By inducing localized inflammatory signals at tumor sites, i.t. CpG effectively promotes the migration, activation and function of immune cells, ultimately leading to improved tumor control.
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Changes in dendritic cell phenotype after a new high-dose weekly schedule of interleukin-2 therapy for kidney cancer and melanoma. J Immunother 2011; 33:817-27. [PMID: 20842055 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181ecccad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
High-dose intravenous interleukin-2 (IL-2) therapy (14 doses/course, 2 courses/cycle) for metastatic melanoma or kidney cancer induces infrequent, although major responses. In this trial, we evaluated a new schedule (dose of 600,000 IU/kg, 8 h between doses, 5 doses/course, 4 courses at weekly intervals/cycle) of high-dose IL-2, in which we inserted more planned breaks while maintaining high cumulative dose delivery, and investigated the relationship between dendritic cells (DC) and response to treatment. Target dose delivery was attained: median IL-2 cumulative dose per patient was 11.4 and 10.8 million units/kg (cycles 1 and 2, respectively). Major responses were observed in patients with kidney cancer (n=20; 3 complete and 2 partial responses) and melanoma (n=16; 1 partial response). Adverse events appeared comparable with those typically associated with high-dose IL-2. From this data set, we introduce the hypothesis-generating observation that patients who had more favorable outcomes had high pretreatment DC-to-myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) ratios, similar to the ratio observed in healthy individuals. However, even in patients with the most favorable outcome, after treatment, there were IL-2-induced changes in the DC-to-MDSC ratio, specifically increases in MDSCs. This modified IL-2 schedule is a feasible option, with a more uniform dose delivery over the treatment cycle, a similar toxicity profile, and observed complete, durable response in patients with renal cancer. Pretreatment assessment of DC phenotypic or maturational status may be a starting point to predicting response to high-dose IL-2 cytokine immunotherapy in patients with melanoma and kidney cancer.
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Copier J, Bodman-Smith M, Dalgleish A. Current status and future applications of cellular therapies for cancer. Immunotherapy 2011; 3:507-16. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapies based on the use of autologous immune cells are among the best candidates for cancer immunotherapy. Dendritic cell vaccines have demonstrated very encouraging responses for some solid tumors, while in melanoma autologous T-cell therapies have exceeded 70% objective response rates in selected Phase I trials. However, it is clear that a number of barriers exist to the effective, practical application of these therapies. The aim of this article is to consider modifications to such strategies over the last 3 years and the resultant clinical research in autologous dendritic cell vaccines, T-cell therapy and γδ T-cell therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Copier
- Department of Oncology, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Mark Bodman-Smith
- Department of Oncology, Division of Clinical Sciences, St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
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Adoptive immunotherapy combined with intratumoral TLR agonist delivery eradicates established melanoma in mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:671-83. [PMID: 21327636 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-0984-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists can trigger broad inflammatory responses that elicit rapid innate immunity and promote the activities of lymphocytes, which can potentially enhance adoptive immunotherapy in the tumor-bearing setting. In the present study, we found that Polyinosinic:Polycytidylic Acid [Poly(I:C)] and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 [CpG], agonists for TLR 3 and 9, respectively, potently activated adoptively transferred T cells against a murine model of established melanoma. Intratumoral injection of Poly(I:C) and CpG, combined with systemic transfer of activated pmel-1 T cells, specific for gp100(25-33), led to enhanced survival and eradication of 9-day established subcutaneous B16F10 melanomas in a proportion of mice. A series of survival studies in knockout mice supported a key mechanistic pathway, whereby TLR agonists acted via host cells to enhance IFN-γ production by adoptively transferred T cells. IFN-γ, in turn, enhanced the immunogenicity of the B16F10 melanoma line, leading to increased killing by adoptively transferred T cells. Thus, this combination approach counteracted tumor escape from immunotherapy via downregulation of immunogenicity. In conclusion, TLR agonists may represent advanced adjuvants within the setting of adoptive T-cell immunotherapy of cancer and hold promise as a safe means of enhancing this approach within the clinic.
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Perez-Gracia JL, Berraondo P, Martinez-Forero I, Alfaro C, Suarez N, Gurpide A, Sangro B, Hervas-Stubbs S, Ochoa C, Melero JA, Melero I. Clinical development of combination strategies in immunotherapy: are we ready for more than one investigational product in an early clinical trial? Immunotherapy 2011; 1:845-53. [PMID: 20636027 DOI: 10.2217/imt.09.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulating the innate and adaptive immunity against cancer necessitates the tricking of a system evolved to fight microbial pathogens and directing its activity towards transformed self-tissue. Efficacious interventions to start and sustain the response will probably require a number of agents to tamper simultaneously or sequentially with several immune mechanisms. Although master switches controlling various functions may exist, the goal of a curative immune response will probably demand the combined actions of several therapeutic components. Synergy occurs when drugs interact in ways that enhance or magnify one or more effects or side effects. In cancer immunotherapy, two agents that have minor or no therapeutic effects as single agents can be powerful when combined. Mouse experimentation provides multiple examples of synergistic combinations. Elements to be combined include chiefly: tumor vaccines, adoptive T-cell therapies, cytokines, costimulatory molecules, molecular deactivation of immunosuppressive or tolerogenic pathways and immunostimulatory monoclonal antibodies. These novel therapies, even as single agents, are extremely complex products to be developed owing to the associated biomolecules, cell therapies or gene therapies. At present, drug-development programs are run individually for each immunotherapeutic agent and combinations are considered only at a later stage in clinical development, even in the absence of formal compulsory regulations to prevent clinical trials with combinations. As a result, instead of the search for maximal efficacy, ease of combination with standard treatments, intellectual property management, regulations and business-based decisions often guide the way. Even though the maximal effort must be made in order to prevent adverse effects in patients, it seems reasonable that combination pilot trials should be performed at an early stage, following safe completion of Phase I trials. These trials should be performed based on evidence for synergy in animal models and be simplified in terms of regulatory requirements. Such 'short-cut' combination immunotherapy trials can bring much needed efficacy earlier to the bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Perez-Gracia
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada y Clinica Universitaria. Universidad de Navarra, Avenida de Pio XII 55, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
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