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Besaratinia A, Tommasi S. The Untapped Biomarker Potential of MicroRNAs for Health Risk-Benefit Analysis of Vaping vs. Smoking. Cells 2024; 13:1330. [PMID: 39195220 DOI: 10.3390/cells13161330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the popularity of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) among adolescent never-smokers and adult smokers seeking a less pernicious substitute for tobacco cigarettes, the long-term health impact of vaping is largely unknown. Like cigarette smoke, e-cig vapor contains harmful and potentially harmful compounds, although in fewer numbers and at substantially lower concentrations. Many of the same constituents of e-cig vapor and cigarette smoke induce epigenetic changes that can lead to the dysregulation of disease-related genes. MicroRNAs (MiRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression in health and disease states. Extensive research has shown that miRNAs play a prominent role in the regulation of genes involved in the pathogenesis of smoking-related diseases. However, the use of miRNAs for investigating the disease-causing potential of vaping has not been fully explored. This review article provides an overview of e-cigs as a highly consequential electronic nicotine delivery system, describes trends in e-cig use among adolescents and adults, and discusses the ongoing debate on the public health impact of vaping. Highlighting the significance of miRNAs in cell biology and disease, it summarizes the published and ongoing research on miRNAs in relation to gene regulation and disease pathogenesis in e-cig users and in vitro experimental settings. It identifies gaps in knowledge and priorities for future research while underscoring the need for empirical evidence that can inform the regulation of tobacco products to protect youth and promote public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Besaratinia
- Department of Population & Public Health Sciences, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, M/C 9603, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Stella Tommasi
- Department of Population & Public Health Sciences, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, M/C 9603, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Besaratinia A, Blumenfeld H, Tommasi S. Exploring the Utility of Long Non-Coding RNAs for Assessing the Health Consequences of Vaping. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8554. [PMID: 39126120 PMCID: PMC11313266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (e-cig) use, otherwise known as "vaping", is widespread among adolescent never-smokers and adult smokers seeking a less-harmful alternative to combustible tobacco products. To date, however, the long-term health consequences of vaping are largely unknown. Many toxicants and carcinogens present in e-cig vapor and tobacco smoke exert their biological effects through epigenetic changes that can cause dysregulation of disease-related genes. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as prime regulators of gene expression in health and disease states. A large body of research has shown that lncRNAs regulate genes involved in the pathogenesis of smoking-associated diseases; however, the utility of lncRNAs for assessing the disease-causing potential of vaping remains to be fully determined. A limited but growing number of studies has shown that lncRNAs mediate dysregulation of disease-related genes in cells and tissues of vapers as well as cells treated in vitro with e-cig aerosol extract. This review article provides an overview of the evolution of e-cig technology, trends in use, and controversies on the safety, efficacy, and health risks or potential benefits of vaping relative to smoking. While highlighting the importance of lncRNAs in cell biology and disease, it summarizes the current and ongoing research on the modulatory effects of lncRNAs on gene regulation and disease pathogenesis in e-cig users and in vitro experimental settings. The gaps in knowledge are identified, priorities for future research are highlighted, and the importance of empirical data for tobacco products regulation and public health is underscored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Besaratinia
- Department of Population & Public Health Sciences, USC Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, M/C 9603, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (H.B.); (S.T.)
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Soltanpour Z, Rasoulzadeh Y, Ansarin K, Seyedrezazadeh E, Jafarpour M, Mohammadian Y, Khuniqi HN. Micronucleus assay of DNA damage among welders: effects of welding processes. MUTATION RESEARCH/GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2023; 887:503598. [PMID: 37003654 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2023.503598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal fumes, gases, noise, and radiation are hazardous occupational exposures that may be encountered by welders. We have evaluated DNA damage among welders; the buccal micronucleus cytome (BMCyt) assay was used. Thirty-four exposed welders (cases) and an equal number of non-welders (controls) participated in this study. Cell types including basal, early and late differentiated cells with micronucleus (MN), dense chromatin, karyorrhectic, pyknotic, karyolitic, and binucleated cells (NBUD) were measured. Damage levels among, arc, argon, and CO2 welders were statistically significantly higher, compared to the control group. Results showed that mean of MN and NBUDs as indicators of DNA damages among arc, argon and CO2 welding's were significantly higher compared to control group. Also, the mean of DNA damage levels were statistically higher among the arc welders than among the argon or CO2 welders; and levels were higher among the argon welders than the CO2 welders. Preventative measures need to be implemented to reduce exposure to harmful agents during welding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Soltanpour
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yahya Rasoulzadeh
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khalil Ansarin
- Rahat Breath and Sleep Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ensiyeh Seyedrezazadeh
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Jafarpour
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Imam Reza Medical Research & Training Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yousef Mohammadian
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Hakimeh Nazari Khuniqi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Zizza A, Panico A, Grassi T, Recchia V, Grima P, De Giglio O, Bagordo F. Is telomere length in buccal or salivary cells a useful biomarker of exposure to air pollution? A review. MUTATION RESEARCH/GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2022; 883-884:503561. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Althubiti M. β2-microglobulin is overexpressed in buccal cells of elderly and correlated with expression of p16 and inflammatory genes. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:103418. [PMID: 36065194 PMCID: PMC9440304 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
β2M (Beta 2 microglobulin) is a small protein that is found in all nucleated cells, previous finding showed that its levels increased in the serum of the elderly. Buccal cell samples are none invasive approach for assessing the expression of target genes. There was rationality to assess the expression of β2M in buccal cells of people of a different group of ages. Indeed, the expression of β2M increased significantly with fold change 3.40, 4.80, 6.60**, 8.20*** and 12.04*** for the group of age 18–25 years, 26–35 years, 36–45 years, 46–55 years, and 56–70 years respectively. The same observation was seen with markers of biological aging (p16INK4a) with fold change 3.19, 3.90, 4.80*, 8.50*** and 12.40*** for the group of age 18–25 years, 26–35 years, 36–45 years, 46–55 years, and 56–70 years respectively. As expected, there was an increase in the inflammatory genes (IL-1 β and IL-6) expression in the elderly. Moreover, there was a direct significant correlation (r = 90, p < 0.001) between β2M expression and age (years), and the same direct significant correlation between p16INK4a expression and age (years) was also seen (r = 90, p < 0.001). In addition, a direct correlation between β2M and p16INK4a was also seen (r = 0.8.3, p < 0.001), there was also direct correlation between β2M and IL-1 β and IL-6 with (r = 0.5, p < 0.001; r = 0.68, p < 0.001) respectively. This evidence showed that β2M increased in buccal cells of the elderly compared to younger, and thereby buccal cells can be exploited to assess biological aging by measuring β2M levels, however, large sample size and using another assessing method such as β2M protein levels should be performed to confirm the results.
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Chitra P, Prashantha GS, Rao A, Jois HS. In Vivo Evaluation of Micronucleus Frequencies in Buccal Mucosal Cells of Orthodontic Patients with and Without Fluoride Use. JOURNAL OF INDIAN ORTHODONTIC SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/03015742211037307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Fluoride agents to prevent white spot lesions are used often during orthodontic treatment. The beneficial effects of fluoride, when consumed within permissible limits on dental structures, are well known. Their implications on underlying biological tissues, however, are unknown. Mouthwashes and dentifrices with fluorides are associated with metal ion release into the mouth with possible cell genotoxicity. Since these cariostatic agents are frequently used during orthodontic therapy, a deeper understanding of the effects of fluoride on oral tissues was considered necessary. Methodology: Three groups of patients (30 each)—group 1 (untreated controls), group 2 (non-fluoridated), and group 3 (Fluoridated) were analyzed. Patients in groups 2 and 3 were bonded with the same bracket prescription and treated with similar archwire sequences. Buccal mucosal cells at 4 specific time periods (before treatment, 1 week, 30 days, and 6 months) were collected, using a wooden tongue depressor, and assessed for any nuclear abnormalities. Comparisons of changes were made with an untreated control group and also between the non-fluoridated and fluoridated groups. Relevant conclusions were drawn after analysis of the results. Results: Greater number of nuclei were observed at the 30-day time interval in the fluoridated group, which was statistically significant at P < .001. Conclusion: Use of fluoridated oral hygiene products in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment with NiTi archwires could increase the risk of micronuclei formation in buccal mucosal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Chitra
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Army College of Dental Sciences, Secunderabad, Telangana, India
| | - GS Prashantha
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Arun Rao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Harshvardhan S Jois
- Department of Oral Pathology, Army College of Dental Sciences, Secunderabad, Telangana, India
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Geiger JL, Cedars ED, Zang Y, Normolle DP, Li H, Grandis JR, Centuori S, Johnson DE, Bauman JE. Clinical trials optimizing investigator and self-collection of buccal cells for RNA yield. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2021; 6:116-121. [PMID: 33614939 PMCID: PMC7883625 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Buccal cells are an ideal surrogate tissue for studying biologic effects of carcinogens or drugs, however inherent fragility and salivary RNAses limit RNA yield. We conducted healthy volunteer trials to optimize collection conditions. Methods We conducted: (a) a single‐arm crossover study evaluating four test conditions on RNA yield by buccal cytobrush; (b) a single‐arm prospective study evaluating RNA yield by investigator vs self‐collection. Results Antecedent toothbrushing, time of day, and number of cytobrush strokes did not significantly impact RNA yield. RNA yield was doubled by using 2 vs 1 cytobrush per buccal surface (P = .0054). Self‐collection of buccal cells for RNA was feasible; 36 of 50 (72%) samples passed quality control. Conclusion RNA yield was doubled by using two cytobrushes per buccal surface. Healthy volunteers can self‐collect sufficient buccal RNA for gene expression studies. Techniques from these pragmatic trials could enhance availability of a limited tissue for serial biomarker measurements. Level of Evidence 1b—Prognosis Study (Individual prospective cohort study).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Geiger
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic Cleveland Ohio USA
| | - Elizabeth D Cedars
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of California San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Yan Zang
- Department of Medicine University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Daniel P Normolle
- Department of Biostatistics University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health Pittsburgh Pennsylvania USA
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of California San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Jennifer R Grandis
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of California San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Sara Centuori
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson Arizona USA
| | - Daniel E Johnson
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of California San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Julie E Bauman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson Arizona USA
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de Los A Gutiérrez M, Palmieri MA, Giuliani DS, Colman Lerner JE, Maglione G, Andrinolo D, Tasat DR. Monitoring human genotoxicity risk associated to urban and industrial Buenos Aires air pollution exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:13995-14006. [PMID: 32034600 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07863-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The quality of life in large megacities is directly affected by its air quality. In urban environments, suspended particles from anthropogenic origin is one of the main air contaminants identified as highly genotoxic, mutagenic, or carcinogenic. Atmospheric monitoring is therefore imperative, and bioassays to detect the effects of genotoxic agents give usually excellent results. Analysis of micronucleus (MN) in exfoliated oral mucosa cells is a sensitive non-invasive method for monitoring genetic damage in human populations. The first aim of this study was to analyze and characterize levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter (PM), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in two areas from Buenos Aires: La Plata city, an urban (U) area and Ensenada, an industrial (I) area. Secondly, we evaluated the possible health risk of its inhabitants through a simple genotoxic assay on exfoliated oral mucosa cells. Whole blood cell count and nuclear abnormalities frequencies were evaluated in the exfoliated oral mucosa cells from urban and industrial inhabitants. Smoking habit represented a significant factor increasing MN percentage while, age did not increase the production of any of the nuclear aberrations assayed (micronuclei, binucleated, karyorrhexis) when the inhabitants from the urban and the industrial areas were compared. In addition, changes in MN and binucleated cell percentages in males and females were found to be area-dependent. We suggest that regardless PM concentration, PM-specific characteristics (size, shape, chemical elements, etc.) and VOCs levels could be responsible for the different harmful genotoxic effects seen in the two areas. Although this is a preliminary study, our results allowed to recognize that individuals living in both the urban and the industrial areas could be considered susceptible groups and should periodically undergo biological monitoring and appropriate care.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de Los A Gutiérrez
- Center for Environmental Research (CIM) Faculty of Exact Sciences, CONICET, National University of La Plata, Boulevard 120 No. 1489, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica A Palmieri
- Biodiversity and Experimental Biology Department, School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Av. Int. Güiraldes No. 2160, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela S Giuliani
- Center for Environmental Research (CIM) Faculty of Exact Sciences, CONICET, National University of La Plata, Boulevard 120 No. 1489, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge E Colman Lerner
- Center for Research and Development in Applied Sciences (CINDECA), Faculty of Exact Sciences, CONICET, CIC-PBA, National University of La Plata, 47 y 115 No. 257, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Guillermo Maglione
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires, Marcelo T. de Alvear 2142, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Darío Andrinolo
- Center for Environmental Research (CIM) Faculty of Exact Sciences, CONICET, National University of La Plata, Boulevard 120 No. 1489, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Deborah R Tasat
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires, Marcelo T. de Alvear 2142, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- School of Science and Technology, National University of San Martín, 25 de Mayo y Francia, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Belmans N, Gilles L, Virag P, Hedesiu M, Salmon B, Baatout S, Lucas S, Jacobs R, Lambrichts I, Moreels M. Method validation to assess in vivo cellular and subcellular changes in buccal mucosa cells and saliva following CBCT examinations. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2019; 48:20180428. [PMID: 30912976 PMCID: PMC6747439 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr.20180428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cone-beam CT (CBCT) is a medical imaging technique used in dental medicine. However, there are no conclusive data available indicating that exposure to X-ray doses used by CBCT are harmless. We aim, for the first time, to characterize the potential age-dependent cellular and subcellular effects related to exposure to CBCT imaging. Current objective is to describe and validate the protocol for characterization of cellular and subcellular changes after diagnostic CBCT. METHODS Development and validation of a dedicated two-part protocol: 1) assessing DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) in buccal mucosal (BM) cells and 2) oxidative stress measurements in saliva samples. BM cells and saliva samples are collected prior to and 0.5 h after CBCT examination. BM cells are also collected 24 h after CBCT examination. DNA DSBs are monitored in BM cells via immunocytochemical staining for γH2AX and 53BP1. 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) and total antioxidant capacity are measured in saliva to assess oxidative damage. RESULTS Validation experiments show that sufficient BM cells are collected (97.1 ± 1.4 %) and that γH2AX/53BP1 foci can be detected before and after CBCT examination. Collection and analysis of saliva samples, either sham exposed or exposed to IR, show that changes in 8-oxo-dG and total antioxidant capacity can be detected in saliva samples after CBCT examination. CONCLUSION The DIMITRA Research Group presents a two-part protocol to analyze potential age-related biological differences following CBCT examinations. This protocol was validated for collecting BM cells and saliva and for analyzing these samples for DNA DSBs and oxidative stress markers, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liese Gilles
- Morphology Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Piroska Virag
- ‘Iuliu Hatieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela Hedesiu
- ‘Iuliu Hatieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Benjamin Salmon
- Department of Orofacial Pathologies, Imaging and Biotherapies Lab and Dental Medicine, Paris Descartes University - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Bretonneau Hospital, HUPNVS, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Radiobiology Unit, SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Lucas
- University of Namur, Research Institute for Life Sciences, Namur, Belgium
| | | | - Ivo Lambrichts
- Morphology Group, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Marjan Moreels
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Radiobiology Unit, SCK•CEN, Mol, Belgium
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Setién-Olarra A, Marichalar-Mendia X, Fernández-Pacheco JA, Fernández-Barriales-López M, Gainza-Cirauqui ML, Aguirre-Urizar JM. Validation of microRNA expression profile in Oral Lichenoid Disease through cytological samples. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2019; 24:e610-e614. [PMID: 31433395 PMCID: PMC6764714 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.23020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To validate oral exfoliative cytology in the analysis of the microRNA expression profile in Oral Lichenoid Disease (OLD). Material and Methods The expression of 13 microRNAs identified and presented by our group in a previous study was analyzed in 26 cases, 16 diagnosed as OLD and 10 controls with no oral mucosal pathology. Cytological samples from the oral mucosa obtained using an Orcellex toothbrush were analyzed using RT-qPCR and TaqMan microRNA assays. Results The aberrant expression was validated for 2 microRNAs (miR-146a-5p and miR-7-1-3p) of those previously recognized in the biopsy study. Conclusions This is the first time that oral exfoliative cytology is validated in a study of the alterations of the expression of microRNAs in OLD. The alteration of miR-146a and miR-7 compared to controls was validated. These microRNAs are associated with both inflammatory and carcinogenic phenomena that are involved in the etiopathogenesis of this potentially malignant oral disorder. Key words:microRNAs, lichen planus, epigenetics, cytological techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Setién-Olarra
- Oral Medicine, Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Department of Stomatology II, University of the Basque Country/ EHU, Leioa, 48940 Bizkaia, Spain,
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Richter GM, Kruppa J, Munz M, Wiehe R, Häsler R, Franke A, Martins O, Jockel-Schneider Y, Bruckmann C, Dommisch H, Schaefer AS. A combined epigenome- and transcriptome-wide association study of the oral masticatory mucosa assigns CYP1B1 a central role for epithelial health in smokers. Clin Epigenetics 2019; 11:105. [PMID: 31331382 PMCID: PMC6647091 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-019-0697-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The oral mucosa has an important role in maintaining barrier integrity at the gateway to the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. Smoking is a strong environmental risk factor for the common oral inflammatory disease periodontitis and oral cancer. Cigarette smoke affects gene methylation and expression in various tissues. This is the first epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) that aimed to identify biologically active methylation marks of the oral masticatory mucosa that are associated with smoking. Results Ex vivo biopsies of 18 current smokers and 21 never smokers were analysed with the Infinium Methylation EPICBeadChip and combined with whole transcriptome RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq; 16 mio reads per sample) of the same samples. We analysed the associations of CpG methylation values with cigarette smoking and smoke pack year (SPY) levels in an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Nine CpGs were significantly associated with smoking status, with three CpGs mapping to the genetic region of CYP1B1 (cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily B member 1; best p = 5.5 × 10−8) and two mapping to AHRR (aryl-hydrocarbon receptor repressor; best p = 5.9 × 10−9). In the SPY analysis, 61 CpG sites at 52 loci showed significant associations of the quantity of smoking with changes in methylation values. Here, the most significant association located to the gene CYP1B1, with p = 4.0 × 10−10. RNA-Seq data showed significantly increased expression of CYP1B1 in smokers compared to non-smokers (p = 2.2 × 10−14), together with 13 significantly upregulated transcripts. Six transcripts were significantly downregulated. No differential expression was observed for AHRR. In vitro studies with gingival fibroblasts showed that cigarette smoke extract directly upregulated the expression of CYP1B1. Conclusion This study validated the established role of CYP1B1 and AHRR in xenobiotic metabolism of tobacco smoke and highlights the importance of epigenetic regulation for these genes. For the first time, we give evidence of this role for the oral masticatory mucosa. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13148-019-0697-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesa M Richter
- Department of Periodontology and Synoptic Dentistry, Institute for Dental and Craniofacial Sciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Aßmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14197, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jochen Kruppa
- Institute for Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Munz
- Department of Periodontology and Synoptic Dentistry, Institute for Dental and Craniofacial Sciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Aßmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14197, Berlin, Germany.,Medical Systems Biology Group, Institute of Experimental Dermatology, Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ricarda Wiehe
- Department of Periodontology and Synoptic Dentistry, Institute for Dental and Craniofacial Sciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Aßmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14197, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Häsler
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Rosalind-Franklin-Straße 12, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Rosalind-Franklin-Straße 12, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Orlando Martins
- Institute of Periodontology, Dentistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Av. Bissaya Barreto, Bloco de Celas, 3000-075, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Yvonne Jockel-Schneider
- Department of Periodontology, Clinic of Preventive Dentistry and Periodontology, University Medical Center of the Julius-Maximilians-University, Pleicherwall, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Corinna Bruckmann
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Medical University Vienna, School of Dentistry, Sensengasse 2a, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Henrik Dommisch
- Department of Periodontology and Synoptic Dentistry, Institute for Dental and Craniofacial Sciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Aßmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14197, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arne S Schaefer
- Department of Periodontology and Synoptic Dentistry, Institute for Dental and Craniofacial Sciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Aßmannshauser Str. 4-6, 14197, Berlin, Germany
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Deregulation of Biologically Significant Genes and Associated Molecular Pathways in the Oral Epithelium of Electronic Cigarette Users. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030738. [PMID: 30744164 PMCID: PMC6386888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the regulation of genes and associated molecular pathways, genome-wide, in oral cells of electronic cigarette (e-cigs) users and cigarette smokers as compared to non-smokers. Interrogation of the oral transcriptome by RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis showed significant number of aberrantly expressed transcripts in both e-cig users (vapers) and smokers relative to non-smokers; however, smokers had ~50% more differentially expressed transcripts than vapers (1726 versus 1152). Whereas the deregulated transcripts in smokers were predominately from protein-coding genes (79% versus 53% in vapers), nearly 28% of the aberrantly expressed transcripts in vapers (versus 8% in smokers) belonged to regulatory non-coding RNAs, including long intergenic non-coding, antisense, small nucleolar and misc RNA (P < 0.0001). Molecular pathway and functional network analyses revealed that "cancer" was the top disease associated with the deregulated genes in both e-cig users and smokers (~62% versus 79%). Examination of the canonical pathways and networks modulated in either e-cig users or smokers identified the "Wnt/Ca⁺ pathway" in vapers and the "integrin signaling pathway" in smokers as the most affected pathways. Amongst the overlapping functional pathways impacted in both e-cig users and smokers, the "Rho family GTPases signaling pathway" was the top disrupted pathway, although the number of affected targets was three times higher in smokers than vapers. In conclusion, we observed deregulation of critically important genes and associated molecular pathways in the oral epithelium of vapers that bears both resemblances and differences with that of smokers. Our findings have significant implications for public health and tobacco regulatory science.
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13
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Jung KH, Torrone D, Lovinsky-Desir S, Perzanowski M, Bautista J, Jezioro JR, Hoepner L, Ross J, Perera FP, Chillrud SN, Miller RL. Short-term exposure to PM 2.5 and vanadium and changes in asthma gene DNA methylation and lung function decrements among urban children. Respir Res 2017; 18:63. [PMID: 28424066 PMCID: PMC5397738 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0550-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Both short and long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollutants have been associated with asthma and reduced lung function. We hypothesized that short-term indoor exposure to fine particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM2.5) and vanadium (V) would be associated with altered buccal cell DNA methylation of targeted asthma genes and decreased lung function among urban children in a nested subcohort of African American and Dominican children. Methods Six day integrated levels of air pollutants were measured from children’s homes (age 9–14; n = 163), repeated 6 months later (n = 98). Buccal samples were collected repeatedly during visits. CpG promoter loci of asthma genes (i.e., interleukin 4 (IL4), interferon gamma (IFNγ), inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2A), arginase 2 (ARG2)) were pyrosequenced and lung function was assessed. Results Exposure to V, but not PM2.5, was associated with lower DNA methylation of IL4 and IFNγ. In exploratory analyses, V levels were associated with lower methylation of the proinflammatory NOS2A-CpG+5099 among asthmatic overweight or obese children but not nonasthmatics. Short-term exposure to PM2.5, but not V, appeared associated with lower lung function (i.e., reduced z-scores for forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1, FEV1/ forced vital capacity [FEV1/FVC] and forced expiratory flow at 25–75% of FVC [FEF25–75]). Conclusions Exposure to V was associated with altered DNA methylation of allergic and proinflammatory asthma genes implicated in air pollution related asthma. However, short-term exposure to PM2.5, but not V, appeared associated with decrements in lung function among urban children. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12931-017-0550-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hwa Jung
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, PH8E-101, 630 W. 168 St., New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - David Torrone
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, PH8E-101, 630 W. 168 St., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Stephanie Lovinsky-Desir
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 630 W. 168 St., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Matthew Perzanowski
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W. 168 St., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Joshua Bautista
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, PH8E-101, 630 W. 168 St., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jacqueline R Jezioro
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, PH8E-101, 630 W. 168 St., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Lori Hoepner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W. 168 St., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jamie Ross
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Rt, 9 W Palisades, New York, 10964, USA
| | - Frederica P Perera
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W. 168 St., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Steven N Chillrud
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, 61 Rt, 9 W Palisades, New York, 10964, USA
| | - Rachel L Miller
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care of Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, PH8E-101, 630 W. 168 St., New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W. 168 St., New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, PH8E-101, 630 W. 168 St., New York, NY, 10032, USA
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14
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Improving accuracy of RNA-based diagnosis and prognosis of oral cancer by using noninvasive methods. Oral Oncol 2017; 69:62-67. [PMID: 28559022 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RNA-based diagnosis and prognosis of squamous cell carcinoma has been slow to come to the clinic. Improvements in RNA measurement, statistical evaluation, and sample preservation, along with increased sample numbers, have not made these methods reproducible enough to be used clinically. We propose that, in the case of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, a chief source of variability is sample dissection, which leads to variable amounts of stroma mixed in with tumor epithelium. This heterogeneity of the samples, which requires great care to avoid, makes it difficult to see changes in RNA levels specific to tumor cells. An evaluation of the data suggests that, paradoxically, brush biopsy samples of oral lesions may provide a more reproducible method than surgical acquisition of samples for miRNA measurement. The evidence also indicates that body fluid samples can show similar changes in miRNAs with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) as those seen in tumor brush biopsy samples - suggesting much of the miRNA in these samples is coming from the same source: tumor epithelium. We conclude that brush biopsy or body fluid samples may be superior to surgical samples in allowing miRNA-based diagnosis and prognosis of OSCC in that they feature a rapid method to obtain homogeneous tumor cells and/or RNA.
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15
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Verma S, Saxena R, Siddiqui MH, Santha K, Sethupathy S. Evaluation of CYP1B1 Expression, Oxidative Stress and Phase 2 Detoxification Enzyme Status in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:BC01-BC05. [PMID: 28511368 PMCID: PMC5427294 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/22196.9324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) affects global health with increasing incidence and mortality rate. It may involve exposure to carcinogens from tobacco smoking or chewing. Alteration in expression of gene encoding the enzymes concerned with carcinogen biotransformation along with oxidative stress may increase or decrease the risk of cancer. AIM To evaluate the expression of CYP1B1 gene in OSCC patients along with its relation with oxidative stress and phase 2 detoxification enzyme status. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the present study, CYP1B1 genotypic analysis was carried out along with estimation of serum Total Antioxidant Activity (TAA), erythrocyte Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and serum Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST) activity in 20 OSCC patients and statistically compared with that of age matched 20 healthy subjects, served as control by using student's t-test. RESULTS It was observed that 85% of histopathologically diagnosed OSCC patients had CYP1B1 expression with significantly elevated levels of MDA (p<0.001). In addition, plasma total antioxidant status and serum GST levels were decreased significantly (p<0.05) in OSCC patients as compared to the healthy controls to overcome the burden of oxidative stress. CONCLUSION On the basis of the present study, we conclude that the expression of CYP1B1 is an important determinant of carcinogenesis and significantly associated with oxidative stress characterized by decreased serum GST and total antioxidant levels in OSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailza Verma
- Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rahul Saxena
- Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, School of Allied Health Sciences, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Merajul Haque Siddiqui
- Postgraduate Student, Final year, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karunathy Santha
- Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Rajah Muthiah Medical College, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subramaniam Sethupathy
- Professor and Head, Department of Biochemistry, Rajah Muthiah Medical College, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu, India
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16
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Zhou Y, Kolokythas A, Schwartz JL, Epstein JB, Adami GR. microRNA from brush biopsy to characterize oral squamous cell carcinoma epithelium. Cancer Med 2016; 6:67-78. [PMID: 27989009 PMCID: PMC5275769 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Few cancers are diagnosed based on RNA expression signatures. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is no exception; it is currently diagnosed by scalpel biopsy followed by histopathology. This study sought to identify oral tumor epithelial microRNA (miRNA) expression changes to determine if these changes could be used to diagnose the disease noninvasively. Analysis of miRNA profiles from surgically obtained OSCC tissue, collected under highly standardized conditions for The Cancer Genome Atlas, was done to determine the potential accuracy in differentiating tumor from normal mucosal tissue. Even when using small 20 subject datasets, classification based on miRNA was 90 to 100% accurate. To develop a noninvasive classifier for OSSC, analysis of brush biopsy miRNA was done and showed 87% accuracy in differentiating tumor from normal epithelium when using RT‐qPCR or miRNAseq to measure miRNAs. An extensive overlap was seen in differentially expressed miRNAs in oral squamous cell carcinoma epithelium obtained using brush biopsy and those reported in saliva and serum of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients in several studies. This suggested that nonselective release of these miRNAs into body fluids from tumor epithelium was largely responsible for the changes in levels in these fluids seen with this disease. Using a variation in mirRPath we identified the KEGG pathway of neurotrophin signaling as a target of these miRNAs disregulated in tumor epithelium. This highlights the utility of brush biopsy of oral mucosa to allow simple acquisition of cancer relevant miRNA information from tumor epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalu Zhou
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60610.,Arphion Ltd, 2242 W Harrison Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60612
| | - Antonia Kolokythas
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60610
| | - Joel L Schwartz
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60610
| | - Joel B Epstein
- Cancer Dentistry Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Guy R Adami
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street, Chicago, Illinois, 60610
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17
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Espinosa‐de Aquino W, Olvera‐Ramírez A, Arellano‐Carbajal F, Lanz‐Mendoza H, Villagrán‐Herrera E, Acevedo‐Whitehouse K. Protein and
RNA
extraction from mucosal swabs: a minimally invasive source of ecological data for studies of natural populations. Methods Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Espinosa‐de Aquino
- Unit for Basic and Applied Microbiology School of Natural Sciences Autonomous University of Queretaro Santiago de Querétaro Queretaro 76230 Mexico
| | - Andrea Olvera‐Ramírez
- Department of Veterinary Medicine School of Natural Sciences Autonomous University of Queretaro Santiago de Querétaro Queretaro 76230 Mexico
| | - Fausto Arellano‐Carbajal
- Unit for Basic and Applied Microbiology School of Natural Sciences Autonomous University of Queretaro Santiago de Querétaro Queretaro 76230 Mexico
| | - Humberto Lanz‐Mendoza
- Center for Infectious Diseases National Institute of Public Health Cuernavaca Morelos 62100 Mexico
| | - Elena Villagrán‐Herrera
- School of Medicine Autonomous University of Queretaro Santiago de Querétaro Queretaro 76230 Mexico
| | - Karina Acevedo‐Whitehouse
- Unit for Basic and Applied Microbiology School of Natural Sciences Autonomous University of Queretaro Santiago de Querétaro Queretaro 76230 Mexico
- The Marine Mammal Center 2000 Bunker Road Sausalito CA 94965 USA
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18
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Shen Y, Wolkowicz MJ, Kotova T, Fan L, Timko MP. Transcriptome sequencing reveals e-cigarette vapor and mainstream-smoke from tobacco cigarettes activate different gene expression profiles in human bronchial epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23984. [PMID: 27041137 PMCID: PMC4819171 DOI: 10.1038/srep23984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) generate an aerosol vapor (e-vapor) thought to represent a less risky alternative to main stream smoke (MSS) of conventional tobacco cigarettes. RNA-seq analysis was used to examine the transcriptomes of differentiated human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells exposed to air, MSS from 1R5F tobacco reference cigarettes, and e-vapor with and without added nicotine in an in vitro air-liquid interface model for cellular exposure. Our results indicate that while e-vapor does not elicit many of the cell toxicity responses observed in MSS-exposed HBE cells, e-vapor exposure is not benign, but elicits discrete transcriptomic signatures with and without added nicotine. Among the cellular pathways with the most significantly enriched gene expression following e-vapor exposure are the phospholipid and fatty acid triacylglycerol metabolism pathways. Our data suggest that alterations in cellular glycerophopholipid biosynthesis are an important consequences of e-vapor exposure. Moreover, the presence of nicotine in e-vapor elicits a cellular response distinct from e-vapor alone including alterations of cytochrome P450 function, retinoid metabolism, and nicotine catabolism. These studies establish a baseline for future analysis of e-vapor and e-vapor additives that will better inform the FDA and other governmental bodies in discussions of the risks and future regulation of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Shen
- Research Center for Air Pollution and Health and Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | | | - Tatyana Kotova
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Lonjiang Fan
- Research Center for Air Pollution and Health and Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Michael P. Timko
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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19
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He Q, Chen Z, Cabay RJ, Zhang L, Luan X, Chen D, Yu T, Wang A, Zhou X. microRNA-21 and microRNA-375 from oral cytology as biomarkers for oral tongue cancer detection. Oral Oncol 2016; 57:15-20. [PMID: 27208839 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously performed a meta-analysis of microRNA profiling studies on head and neck/oral cancer (HNOC), and identified 11 consistently dysregulated microRNAs in HNOC. Here, we evaluate the diagnostic values of these microRNAs in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) using oral cytology samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS The levels of 11 microRNAs were assessed in 39 oral cytology samples (19 OTSCC and 20 normal subjects), and 10 paired OTSCC and adjacent normal tissues. The predictive power of these microRNAs was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and random forest (RF) model. A classification and regression trees (CART) model was generated using miR-21 and miR-375, and further validated using both independent oral cytology validation sample set (14 OTSCC and 11 normal subjects) and tissue validation sample set (12 paired OTSCC and adjacent normal tissues). RESULTS Differential expression of miR-21, miR-100, miR-125b and miR-375 was validated in oral cytology training sample set. Based on the RF model, the combination of miR-21 and miR-375 was selected which provide best prediction of OTSCC. A CART model was constructed using miR-21 and miR-375, and was tested in both oral cytology and tissue validation sample sets. A sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 64% was achieved in distinguishing OTSCC from normal in the oral cytology validation set, and a sensitivity of 83% and specificity of 83% was achieved in the tissue validation set. CONCLUSION The utility of microRNA from oral cytology samples as biomarkers for OTSCC detection is successfully demonstrated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianting He
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zujian Chen
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert J Cabay
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Leitao Zhang
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianghong Luan
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dan Chen
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianwei Yu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anxun Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; UIC Cancer Center, Graduate College, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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20
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A Comparison of Collection Techniques for Gene Expression Analysis of Human Oral Taste Tissue. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152157. [PMID: 27010324 PMCID: PMC4807031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Variability in human taste perception is associated with both genetic and environmental factors. The influence of taste receptor expression on this variability is unknown, in part, due to the difficulty in obtaining human oral tissue that enables quantitative expression measures of taste genes. In a comparison of six current techniques (Oragene RNeasy Kit, Isohelix swab, Livibrush cytobrush, tongue saliva, cheek saliva collection, and fungiform papillae biopsy), we identify the fungiform papillae biopsy is the optimal sampling technique to analyse human taste gene expression. The fungiform papillae biopsy resulted in the highest RNA integrity, enabling amplification of all the assessed taste receptor genes (TAS1R1, TAS1R2, TAS1R3, SCNN1A and CD36) and taste tissue marker genes (NCAM1, GNAT3 and PLCβ2). Furthermore, quantitative expression was observed in a subset of taste genes assessed from the saliva collection techniques (cheek saliva, tongue saliva and Oragene RNA kit). These saliva collection techniques may be useful as a non-invasive alternative sampling technique to the fungiform papillae biopsy. Identification of the fungiform papillae biopsy as the optimal collection method will facilitate further research into understanding the effect of gene expression on variability in human taste perception.
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21
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Wan ES, Qiu W, Carey VJ, Morrow J, Bacherman H, Foreman MG, Hokanson JE, Bowler RP, Crapo JD, DeMeo DL. Smoking-Associated Site-Specific Differential Methylation in Buccal Mucosa in the COPDGene Study. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 53:246-54. [PMID: 25517428 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0103oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is a complex, tissue-specific phenomenon that can reflect both endogenous factors and exogenous exposures. Buccal brushings represent an easily accessible source of DNA, which may be an appropriate surrogate tissue in the study of environmental exposures and chronic respiratory diseases. Buccal brushings were obtained from a subset of current and former smokers from the COPDGene study. Genome-wide DNA methylation data were obtained in the discovery cohort (n = 82) using the Illumina HumanMethylation450K array. Empirical Bayes methods were used to test for differential methylation by current smoking status at 468,219 autosomal CpG sites using linear models adjusted for age, sex, and race. Pyrosequencing was performed in a nonoverlapping replication cohort (n = 130). Current smokers were significantly younger than former smokers in both the discovery and replication cohorts. Seven CpG sites were associated with current smoking at a false discovery rate less than 0.05 in the discovery cohort. Six of the seven significant sites were pyrosequenced in the replication cohort; five CpG sites, including sites annotated to CYP1B1 and PARVA, were replicated. Correlations between cumulative smoke exposure and time since smoking cessation were observed in a subset of the significantly associated CpG sites. A significant correlation between reduced lung function and increased radiographic emphysema with methylation at cg02162897 (CYP1B1) was observed among female subjects. Site-specific methylation of DNA isolated from buccal mucosa is associated with exposure to cigarette smoke, and may provide insights into the mechanisms underlying differential susceptibility toward the development of smoking-related chronic respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Wan
- 1 Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Weiliang Qiu
- 1 Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vincent J Carey
- 1 Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jarrett Morrow
- 1 Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Helene Bacherman
- 1 Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - John E Hokanson
- 3 Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | | | | | - Dawn L DeMeo
- 1 Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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22
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François M, Leifert W, Martins R, Thomas P, Fenech M. Biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease risk in peripheral tissues; focus on buccal cells. Curr Alzheimer Res 2015; 11:519-31. [PMID: 24938500 PMCID: PMC4166904 DOI: 10.2174/1567205011666140618103827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive degenerative disorder of the brain and is the most common form of dementia. To-date no simple, inexpensive and minimally invasive procedure is available to confirm with certainty the early diagnosis of AD prior to the manifestations of symptoms characteristic of the disease. Therefore, if population screening of individuals is to be performed, more suitable, easily accessible tissues would need to be used for a diagnostic test that would identify those who exhibit cellular pathology indicative of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD risk so that they can be prioritized for primary prevention. This need for minimally invasive tests could be achieved by targeting surrogate tissues, since it is now well recognized that AD is not only a disorder restricted to pathology and biomarkers within the brain. Human buccal cells for instance are accessible in a minimally invasive manner, and exhibit cytological and nuclear morphologies that may be indicative of accelerated ageing or neurodegenerative disorders such as AD. However, to our knowledge there is no review available in the literature covering the biology of buccal cells and their applications in AD biomarker research. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize some of the main findings of biomarkers reported for AD in peripheral tissues, with a further focus on the rationale for the use of the buccal mucosa (BM) for biomarkers of AD and the evidence to date of changes exhibited in buccal cells with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michael Fenech
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Gate 13, Kintore Ave, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia.
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23
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Gesthalter YB, Vick J, Steiling K, Spira A. Translating the transcriptome into tools for the early detection and prevention of lung cancer. Thorax 2015; 70:476-81. [PMID: 25628310 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in the management of lung cancer, this disease remains a significant global health burden with survival rates that have not significantly improved in decades. The mortality reduction achieved by low-dose helical CT (LDCT) screening of select high-risk patients is challenged by the high false positive rate of this screening modality and the potential for morbidity associated with follow-up diagnostic evaluation in patients with high risk for iatrogenic complications. The diagnostic dilemma of the indeterminate nodule incidentally identified on diagnostic or screening CT has created a need for reliable biomarkers capable of distinguishing benign from malignant disease. Furthermore, there is an urgent need to develop molecular biomarkers to supplement clinical risk models in order to identify patients at highest risk for having an early stage lung cancer that may derive the greatest benefit from LDCT screening, as well as identifying patients at high-risk for developing lung cancer that may be candidates for emerging chemopreventive strategies. Evolving bioinformatic techniques and the application of these algorithms to analyse the transcriptomic changes associated with lung cancer promise translational discoveries that can bridge these large clinical gaps. The identification of lung cancer associated transcriptomic alterations in readily accessible tissue sampling sites offers the potential to develop early diagnostic and risk stratification strategies applicable to large populations. This review summarises the challenges associated with the early detection, screening and chemoprevention of lung cancer with an emphasis on how genomic information encapsulated by the transcriptome can facilitate future innovations in these clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron B Gesthalter
- The Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Division of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jessica Vick
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katrina Steiling
- The Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Division of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Avrum Spira
- The Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Division of Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Jyoti S, Siddique YH, Khan S, Naz F, Rahul, Ali F. Effect on micronucleus frequency and DNA damage in buccal epithelial cells of various factors among pan masala and gutkha chewers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1348-8643(14)00030-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
Diseases and death caused by exposure to tobacco smoke have become the single most serious preventable public health concern. Thus, biomarkers that can monitor tobacco exposure and health effects can play a critical role in tobacco product regulation and public health policy. Biomarkers of exposure to tobacco toxicants are well established and have been used in population studies to establish public policy regarding exposure to second-hand smoke, an example being the nicotine metabolite cotinine, which can be measured in urine. Biomarkers of biological response to tobacco smoking range from those indicative of inflammation to mRNA and microRNA patterns related to tobacco use and/or disease state. Biomarkers identifying individuals with an increased risk for a pathological response to tobacco have also been described. The challenge for any novel technology or biomarker is its translation to clinical and/or regulatory application, a process that requires first technical validation of the assay and then careful consideration of the context the biomarker assay may be used in the regulatory setting. Nonetheless, the current efforts to investigate new biomarker of tobacco smoke exposure promise to offer powerful new tools in addressing the health hazards of tobacco product use. This review will examine such biomarkers, albeit with a focus on those related to cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Mattes
- Division of Systems Biology, Food & Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA.
| | - Xi Yang
- Division of Systems Biology, Food & Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Michael S Orr
- Office of Science, Food & Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Patricia Richter
- Office of Science, Food & Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Donna L Mendrick
- Division of Systems Biology, Food & Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
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26
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Feki-Tounsi M, Khlifi R, Mhiri MN, Rebai A, Hamza-Chaffai A. Cytogenetic damage in the oral mucosa cells of bladder cancer patients exposed to tobacco in Southern Tunisia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:12922-7. [PMID: 24981033 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer was associated to exposure to several pollutants which can be absorbed, inhaled, or possibly ingested. We analyzed the frequency of micronuclei (MNC) and binucleated cells (BNC) in exfoliated cells of the oral mucosa of 24 bladder cancer (BC) patients and 48 controls residing in Southern Tunisia. An assessment was carried out on the incidence of MNC and BNC in 1,000 cells per individual. The data were analyzed with SPSS, using the chi-square and the Mann-Whitney U test, α = 0.05. The frequency of MN cells in BC cases was 2.5-fold higher, than in the control group (P < 0.001), while the difference for BNC between both groups was not significant. The smoking habits, age, and gender significantly influenced the MN but not the BNC alterations. The results of our study showed significantly increased frequencies of MN but not of BNC in exfoliated oral cells of BC patients associated with the smoking status, sex, and age. This study provides preliminary evidence that the frequency of MN in oral mucosa could be a predictive biomarker for cancers in parts of the body other than the upper aerodigestive tract, such as BC. Further scrupulous investigations are certainly warranted in order to implement this assay as a routine test in the planning and validation of cancer surveillance and prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molka Feki-Tounsi
- Unit of Marine and Environmental Toxicology. IPEIS, Sfax University, PB 805, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia,
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27
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Schlage WK, Iskandar AR, Kostadinova R, Xiang Y, Sewer A, Majeed S, Kuehn D, Frentzel S, Talikka M, Geertz M, Mathis C, Ivanov N, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. In vitro systems toxicology approach to investigate the effects of repeated cigarette smoke exposure on human buccal and gingival organotypic epithelial tissue cultures. Toxicol Mech Methods 2014; 24:470-87. [PMID: 25046638 PMCID: PMC4219813 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2014.943441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Smoking has been associated with diseases of the lung, pulmonary airways and oral cavity. Cytologic, genomic and transcriptomic changes in oral mucosa correlate with oral pre-neoplasia, cancer and inflammation (e.g. periodontitis). Alteration of smoking-related gene expression changes in oral epithelial cells is similar to that in bronchial and nasal epithelial cells. Using a systems toxicology approach, we have previously assessed the impact of cigarette smoke (CS) seen as perturbations of biological processes in human nasal and bronchial organotypic epithelial culture models. Here, we report our further assessment using in vitro human oral organotypic epithelium models. We exposed the buccal and gingival organotypic epithelial tissue cultures to CS at the air-liquid interface. CS exposure was associated with increased secretion of inflammatory mediators, induction of cytochrome P450s activity and overall weak toxicity in both tissues. Using microarray technology, gene-set analysis and a novel computational modeling approach leveraging causal biological network models, we identified CS impact on xenobiotic metabolism-related pathways accompanied by a more subtle alteration in inflammatory processes. Gene-set analysis further indicated that the CS-induced pathways in the in vitro buccal tissue models resembled those in the in vivo buccal biopsies of smokers from a published dataset. These findings support the translatability of systems responses from in vitro to in vivo and demonstrate the applicability of oral organotypical tissue models for an impact assessment of CS on various tissues exposed during smoking, as well as for impact assessment of reduced-risk products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter K. Schlage
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Anita R. Iskandar
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Radina Kostadinova
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Yang Xiang
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Alain Sewer
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Diana Kuehn
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Stefan Frentzel
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Marja Talikka
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Marcel Geertz
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Carole Mathis
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Nikolai Ivanov
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Manuel C. Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A.NeuchâtelSwitzerland
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Sánchez-Siles M, Camacho-Alonso F, Ros-Llor I, López-Jornet P. Cytogenetic biomonitoring in oral leukoplakia patients with mild dysplasia. Int J Dermatol 2014; 53:1454-9. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Sánchez-Siles
- Department of Oral Medicine; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
- Department of Dentistry; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - Fabio Camacho-Alonso
- Department of Oral Medicine; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
- Department of Dentistry; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - Irene Ros-Llor
- Department of Oral Medicine; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
- Department of Dentistry; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - Pia López-Jornet
- Department of Oral Medicine; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
- Department of Dentistry; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
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Haroun RAH, Zakhary NI, Mohamed MR, Abdelrahman AM, Kandil EI, Shalaby KA. Assessment of the Prognostic Value of Methylation Status and Expression Levels of FHIT, GSTP1 and p16 in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in Egyptian Patients. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:4281-7. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.10.4281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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30
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Khlifi R, Chakroun A, Hamza-Chaffai A, Rebai A. Association of CYP1A1 and CYP2D6 gene polymorphisms with head and neck cancer in Tunisian patients. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:2591-600. [PMID: 24449363 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between head and neck cancer (HNC) and environmental agents and polymorphisms in CYP1A1, CYP2D6, NAT1 and NAT2 metabolic enzymes genes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on polymorphisms in CYP1A1 6310C>T, CYP2D6 Arg365His, NAT1 52936A>T and NAT2 Arg268Lys (NAT2*12A) genes and susceptibility to HNC in Tunisian population. We study the prevalence of these polymorphisms in 169 patients with HNC and 261 control subjects using polymerase chain reaction based methods in a Tunisian population. We detected an association between HNC and CYP1A1 6310C>T (TT) and CYP2D6 Arg365His (His/His) variant carriers (OR 1.75, P = 0.008 and OR 1.66, P = 0.016, respectively). No association was found between the polymorphisms genotypes of NAT1 52936T>A and NAT2 Arg268Lys and risk of HNC. An association between HNC and CYP1A1 (TT) genotype was found among patients with smoking (P = 0.011) and drinking habit (P = 0.009). The combinations of NAT1 (AT or AA) and NAT2 (AA) at-risk genotypes increased HNC risk (OR 4.23, P = 0.005 and OR 3.60, P = 0.048, respectively). However, the combinations of CYP1A1 (AA) and CYP2D6 (CC) genotypes decreased risk of HNC (OR 0.20; P = 0.006). Genetic polymorphisms in CYP1A1 and CYP2D6 may significantly associate with HNC in the Tunisian population. The results of this study suggest a possible gene-environment interaction for certain carcinogen metabolizing enzymes, but larger studies that fully evaluate the interaction are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Khlifi
- Unit of Marine and Environmental Toxicology, UR 09-03, IPEIS, Sfax University, BP 1172, 3018, Sfax, Tunisia,
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31
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Quantitative assessment of the influence of CYP1B1 polymorphisms and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma risk. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:3891-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1516-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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32
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Chen HJC, Lee CR. Detection and simultaneous quantification of three smoking-related ethylthymidine adducts in human salivary DNA by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Toxicol Lett 2013; 224:101-7. [PMID: 24140497 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Smoking cigarette increases levels of certain ethylated DNA adducts in certain tissues and urine. Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor of various cancers and DNA ethylation is involved in smoking-related carcinogenesis. Among the ethylated DNA adducts, O(2)-ethylthymidine (O(2)-edT) and the promutagenic O(4)-ethylthymidine (O(4)-edT) are poorly repaired and they can accumulate in vivo. Using an accurate, highly sensitive, and quantitative assay based on stable isotope dilution nanoflow liquid chromatography-nanospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-NSI/MS/MS), O(2)-edT, N(3)-edT (N(3)-ethylthymidine), and O(4)-edT adducts in human salivary DNA were simultaneous detected and quantified. Saliva is easily accessible and available and it can be a potential target in searching for noninvasive biomarkers. Under the highly selected reaction monitoring (H-SRM) mode, salivary samples from 20 smokers and 13 nonsmokers were analyzed. Starting with 50 μg of DNA isolated from about 3.5 mL of saliva, levels of O(2)-edT, N(3)-edT, and O(4)-edT in 20 smokers' salivary DNA samples were 5.3±6.2, 4.5±5.7, 4.2±8.0 in 10(8) normal nucleotides, respectively, while those in 13 nonsmokers were non-detectable. In addition, statistically significant correlations (p<0.0001) were observed between levels of O(2)-edT and N(3)-edT (γ=0.7388), between levels of O(2)-edT and O(4)-edT (γ=0.8839), and between levels of N(3)-edT, and O(4)-edT (γ=0.7835). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of detection and quantification of these three ethylthymidine adducts in human salivary DNA, which might be potential biomarkers for exposure to ethylating agents and possibly for cancer risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hauh-Jyun Candy Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi 62142, Taiwan.
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33
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Systems approaches evaluating the perturbation of xenobiotic metabolism in response to cigarette smoke exposure in nasal and bronchial tissues. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:512086. [PMID: 24224167 PMCID: PMC3808713 DOI: 10.1155/2013/512086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Capturing the effects of exposure in a specific target organ is a major challenge in risk assessment. Exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) implicates the field of tissue injury in the lung as well as nasal and airway epithelia. Xenobiotic metabolism in particular becomes an attractive tool for chemical risk assessment because of its responsiveness against toxic compounds, including those present in CS. This study describes an efficient integration from transcriptomic data to quantitative measures, which reflect the responses against xenobiotics that are captured in a biological network model. We show here that our novel systems approach can quantify the perturbation in the network model of xenobiotic metabolism. We further show that this approach efficiently compares the perturbation upon CS exposure in bronchial and nasal epithelial cells in vivo samples obtained from smokers. Our observation suggests the xenobiotic responses in the bronchial and nasal epithelial cells of smokers were similar to those observed in their respective organotypic models exposed to CS. Furthermore, the results suggest that nasal tissue is a reliable surrogate to measure xenobiotic responses in bronchial tissue.
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34
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Kolokythas A, Bosman MJ, Pytynia KB, Panda S, Sroussi HY, Dai Y, Schwartz JL, Adami GR. A prototype tobacco-associated oral squamous cell carcinoma classifier using RNA from brush cytology. J Oral Pathol Med 2013; 42:663-9. [PMID: 23590359 PMCID: PMC3740027 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral cancer in the form of squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is typically detected in advanced stages when treatment is complex and may not be curative. The need for surgical biopsy may contribute to delays in diagnosis and impede early detection. Multiple studies of RNA from surgically obtained tumor samples have revealed many genes differentially expressed with this disease. We sought to determine whether the identified mRNAs could be used as markers by a non-invasive detection system for OSCC using RNA from brush cytology. METHODS Levels of mRNAs from 21 genes known to be differentially expressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma surgical samples, compared with controls, were shown to be quantifiable in oral brush cytology samples. These mRNAs were quantified in a training set of 14 tumor and 20 non-malignant brush cytology samples from tobacco/betel nut users. With the measurement of two additional mRNAs and analysis using support vector machines algorithm for class prediction of these cancers was produced. RESULTS This OSCC classifier based on the levels of 5 mRNAs in RNA from brush cytology initially showed 0.93 sensitivity and 0.91 specificity in differentiating OSCC from benign oral mucosal lesions based on leave-one-out cross-validation. When used on a test set of 19 samples from 6 OSCCs and 13 non-malignant oral lesions, we found misclassification of only one OSCC and one benign lesion. CONCLUSIONS This shows the promise of using RNA from brush cytology for early OSCC detection and the potential for clinical usage of this non-invasive classifier.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Areca/adverse effects
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biopsy/methods
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Cytodiagnosis/instrumentation
- Early Detection of Cancer
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Leukoplakia, Oral/diagnosis
- Leukoplakia, Oral/pathology
- Lichen Planus, Oral/diagnosis
- Lichen Planus, Oral/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mouth Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Mouth Neoplasms/genetics
- Predictive Value of Tests
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Neoplasm/analysis
- ROC Curve
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Nicotiana/adverse effects
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Kolokythas
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, and University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
| | - Mitchell J. Bosman
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
| | - Kristen B. Pytynia
- Department of Otolaryngology, 1855 W. Taylor St., College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-7243, USA
| | - Suchismita Panda
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
| | - Herve Y. Sroussi
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
| | - Yang Dai
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, MC063, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Joel L. Schwartz
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
| | - Guy R. Adami
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
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Khlifi R, Messaoud O, Rebai A, Hamza-Chaffai A. Polymorphisms in the human cytochrome P450 and arylamine N-acetyltransferase: susceptibility to head and neck cancers. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:582768. [PMID: 24151610 PMCID: PMC3787584 DOI: 10.1155/2013/582768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of head and neck cancer (HNC) is associated with smoking and alcohol drinking. Tobacco smoking exposes smokers to a series of carcinogenic chemicals. Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450s), such as CYP1A1, CYP1B1, and CYP2D6, usually metabolize carcinogens to their inactive derivatives, but they occasionally convert the chemicals to more potent carcinogens. In addition, via CYP450 (CYP2E1) oxidase, alcohol is metabolized to acetaldehyde, a highly toxic compound, which plays an important role in carcinogenesis. Furthermore, two N-acetyltransferase isozymes (NATs), NAT1 and NAT2, are polymorphic and catalyze both N-acetylation and O-acetylation of aromatic and heterocyclic amine carcinogens. Genetic polymorphisms are associated with a number of enzymes involved in the metabolism of carcinogens important in the induction of HNC. It has been suggested that such polymorphisms may be linked to cancer susceptibility. In this paper, we select four cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP1A1, CYP1BA1, CYP2D6, and CYP2E1), and two N-acetyltransferase isozymes (NAT1 and NAT2) in order to summarize and analyze findings from the literature related to HNC risk by focusing on (i) the interaction between these genes and the environment, (ii) the impact of genetic defect on protein activity and/or expression, and (iii) the eventual involvement of race in such associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Khlifi
- Research Unit on Toxicology and Environment, Sfax University, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
- Bioinformatics Unit, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax University, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Olfa Messaoud
- Biomedical Genomics and Oncogenetics Laboratory LR11IPT05, University of Tunis El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Rebai
- Bioinformatics Unit, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, Sfax University, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Amel Hamza-Chaffai
- Research Unit on Toxicology and Environment, Sfax University, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
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Alberg AJ, Brock MV, Ford JG, Samet JM, Spivack SD. Epidemiology of lung cancer: Diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2013; 143:e1S-e29S. [PMID: 23649439 DOI: 10.1378/chest.12-2345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ever since a lung cancer epidemic emerged in the mid-1900 s, the epidemiology of lung cancer has been intensively investigated to characterize its causes and patterns of occurrence. This report summarizes the key findings of this research. METHODS A detailed literature search provided the basis for a narrative review, identifying and summarizing key reports on population patterns and factors that affect lung cancer risk. RESULTS Established environmental risk factors for lung cancer include smoking cigarettes and other tobacco products and exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke, occupational lung carcinogens, radiation, and indoor and outdoor air pollution. Cigarette smoking is the predominant cause of lung cancer and the leading worldwide cause of cancer death. Smoking prevalence in developing nations has increased, starting new lung cancer epidemics in these nations. A positive family history and acquired lung disease are examples of host factors that are clinically useful risk indicators. Risk prediction models based on lung cancer risk factors have been developed, but further refinement is needed to provide clinically useful risk stratification. Promising biomarkers of lung cancer risk and early detection have been identified, but none are ready for broad clinical application. CONCLUSIONS Almost all lung cancer deaths are caused by cigarette smoking, underscoring the need for ongoing efforts at tobacco control throughout the world. Further research is needed into the reasons underlying lung cancer disparities, the causes of lung cancer in never smokers, the potential role of HIV in lung carcinogenesis, and the development of biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Alberg
- Hollings Cancer Center and the Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC.
| | - Malcolm V Brock
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jean G Ford
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jonathan M Samet
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Simon D Spivack
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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37
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Cytogenetic abnormality in exfoliated cells of buccal mucosa in head and neck cancer patients in the Tunisian population: impact of different exposure sources. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:905252. [PMID: 23957010 PMCID: PMC3727183 DOI: 10.1155/2013/905252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome/DNA instability could be one of the primary causes of malignant cell transformation. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the spontaneous genetic damages in exfoliated cells of buccal mucosa of head and neck cancer (HNC) by counting micronucleus (MN) and binucleated (BN) cells frequencies. MN and BN frequencies were significantly increased in HNC patients compared with controls (5.53 ± 3.09/1000 cells, 5.63 ± 2.99/1000 cells versus 2.36 ± 2.11/1000 cells, 3.09 ± 1.82/1000 cells, P < 0.001). Regarding the gender and the age, the frequencies of the MN and BN were significantly higher than those of controls (P < 0.01). The evaluation of the MN and BN frequencies revealed a significant increase (P < 0.001) in the cases in relation to the control group after controlling the risk factors (tobacco smoking and chewing and occupational exposure) of HNC. Moreover, MN and BN frequencies were significantly increased in smokers and chewers compared with nonsmokers and nonchewers among patients (P < 0.05). MN frequency was significantly (P = 0.014) different between patients occupationally exposed (6.99 ± 3.40/1000 cells) and nonexposed (4.70 ± 2.48/1000 cells) among HNC group. The logistic regression model illustrated that HNC was significantly associated with frequencies of MN (OR = 8.63, P < 0.0001) and BN (OR = 5.62, P = 0.001). Our results suggest that increased chromosome/DNA instabilities may be associated with HNC.
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Vyhlidal CA, Riffel AK, Dai H, Rosenwasser LJ, Jones BL. Detecting gene expression in buccal mucosa in subjects with asthma versus subjects without asthma. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2013; 24:138-43. [PMID: 23448392 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in mRNA expression for inflammatory markers have been observed between subjects with asthma vs. controls and in relation to corticosteroid response. However, these studies utilized methods (e.g., bronchoscopy) that are too invasive to be used routinely in children and in the clinic. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of obtaining RNA of adequate quantity and quality from buccal mucosa of children and adults for gene expression studies. Secondly, this study aimed to determine whether gene expression patterns in buccal mucosa are similar to those that have been observed in respiratory epithelium. METHODS We enrolled 94 subjects with and without asthma between 5 and 54 years of age. Relative gene expression in buccal mucosa was determined with quantitative RT-PCR for the following genes: CCL2, EDN1, FKBP5, IL8, IFNAR2, NFKB1, RELA, SERPINB2, DENND1B, HRH1, ICAM1, ORMDL3, NR3C1, CLCA1, CRHR1, MUC5B, FCER2, POSTN, GAPDH, PPIA. RESULTS mRNA Expression of the following genes was detected in buccal mucosa: CCL2, EDN1, FKBP5, IL8, IFNAR2, NFKB1, RELA, SERPINB2, DENND1B, HRH1, ICAM1, ORMDL3, NR3C1, GAPDH, PPIA. HRH1 was differentially expressed in adults with asthma vs. controls (p = 0.04), and EDN1 was differentially expressed in children with asthma vs. controls 12-18 years old (p = 0.03). A similar trend for HRH1 was observed in children 12-18 years old. CONCLUSIONS Buccal mucosa sampling is a reliable method for detecting changes in gene expression in patients with asthma. This non-invasive technique may serve as a valuable tool for diagnosing asthma and evaluating therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A Vyhlidal
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Medical Toxicology, Children's Mercy Hospital and Clinics, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
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39
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Brody JS. Transcriptome alterations induced by cigarette smoke. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:2754-62. [PMID: 22961494 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke alters the transcriptome of multiple tissues; those directly exposed to toxic products and those exposed to circulating components and metabolic products of tobacco smoke. In most tissues and organs that have been studied, the smoking transcriptome is characterized by increased expression of antioxidant and xenobiotic genes as well as a wide spectrum of inflammation-related genes, and potential oncogenic genes. Smoking is associated with an increased incidence of cancer in a number of organs both those directly exposed (lungs and airways) and those indirectly exposed (bladder, liver, pancreas). Individual transcriptomic responses vary, based to some degree on as yet to be clarified genetic factors, and likely how and what the individual has smoked. The complexity of individual responses to tobacco exposure and of smoking-related cancers in various organs is beginning to be revealed in transcriptomic and whole genome sequencing studies, of both tumors and cytologically normal appearing cells that have been exposed to cigarette smoke or its products creating a genomic "field of injury." The recent application of next generation sequencing to defining the transcriptome alterations induced by cigarette smoke holds the promise of discovering new approaches to personalized prevention and treatment of smoking-related lung diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome S Brody
- Boston University School of Medicine, Pulmonary Center (R-3), Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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40
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Adami GR, Adami AJ. Looking in the mouth for noninvasive gene expression-based methods to detect oral, oropharyngeal, and systemic cancer. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:931301. [PMID: 23050165 PMCID: PMC3462394 DOI: 10.5402/2012/931301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Noninvasive diagnosis, whether by sampling body fluids, body scans, or other technique, has the potential to simplify early cancer detection. A classic example is Pap smear screening, which has helped to reduce cervical cancer 75% over the last 50 years. No test is error-free; the real concern is sufficient accuracy combined with ease of use. This paper will discuss methods that measure gene expression or epigenetic markers in oral cells or saliva to diagnose oral and pharyngeal cancers, without requiring surgical biopsy. Evidence for lung and other distal cancer detection is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy R Adami
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Tan XL, Marquardt G, Massimi AB, Shi M, Han W, Spivack SD. High-throughput library screening identifies two novel NQO1 inducers in human lung cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 46:365-71. [PMID: 22021338 PMCID: PMC3326428 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0301oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Many phytochemicals possess antioxidant and cancer-preventive properties, some putatively through antioxidant response element-mediated phase II metabolism, entailing mutagen/oxidant quenching. In our recent studies, however, most candidate phytochemical agents were not potent in inducing phase II genes in normal human lung cells. In this study, we applied a messenger RNA (mRNA)-specific gene expression-based high throughput in vitro screening approach to discover new, potent plant-derived phase II inducing chemopreventive agents. Primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells and immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) were exposed to 800 individual compounds in the MicroSource Natural Products Library. At a level achievable in humans by diet (1.0 μM), 2,3-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-4'-ethoxybenzophenone (DMEBP), triacetylresveratrol (TRES), ivermectin, sanguinarine sulfate, and daunorubicin induced reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) mRNA and protein expression in NHBE cells. DMEBP and TRES were the most attractive agents as coupling potency and low toxicity for induction of NQO1 (mRNA level, ≥3- to 10.8-fold that of control; protein level, ≥ two- to fourfold that of control). Induction of glutathione S-transferase pi mRNA expression was modest, and none was apparent for glutathione S-transferase pi protein expression. Measurements of reactive oxygen species and glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio showed an antioxidant effect for DMEBP, but no definite effect was found for TRES in NHBE cells. Exposure of NHBE cells to H(2)O(2) induced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, but this translocation was not significantly inhibited by TRES and DMEBP. These studies show that potency and low toxicity may align for two potential NQO1-inducing agents, DMEBP and TRES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Lin Tan
- M.D. Department of Health Science Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Expression profiling of CYP1B1 in oral squamous cell carcinoma: counterintuitive downregulation in tumors. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27914. [PMID: 22114726 PMCID: PMC3218060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) has a very flagitious treatment regime. A prodrug approach is thought to aid in targeting chemotherapy. CYP1B1, a member of cytochrome P450 family, has been implicated in chemical carcinogenesis. There exists a general accordance that this protein is overexpressed in a variety of cancers, making it an ideal candidate for a prodrug therapy. The activation of the prodrug facilitated by CYP1B1 would enable the targeting of chemotherapy to tumor tissues in which CYP1B1 is specifically overexpressed as a result reducing the non-specific side effects that the current chemotherapy elicits. This study was aimed at validating the use of CYP1B1 as a target for the prodrug therapy in OSCC. The expression profile of CYP1B1 was analysed in a panel of 51 OSCC tumors, their corresponding normal tissues, an epithelial dysplasia lesion and its matched normal tissue by qRT-PCR, Western blotting and Immunohistochemistry. CYP1B1 was found to be downregulated in 77.78% (28/36) tumor tissues in comparison to their corresponding normal tissues as well as in the epithelial dysplasia lesion compared to its matched normal tissue at the transcriptional level, and in 92.86% (26/28) of tumor tissues at the protein level. This report therefore clearly demonstrates the downregulation of CYP1B1 at the transcriptional and translational levels in tumor tissues in comparison to their corresponding normal tissues. These observations indicate that caution should be observed as this therapy may not be applicable universally to all cancers and also suggest the possibility of a prophylactic therapy for oral cancer.
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43
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Ohta K, Laborde N, Kajiya M, Shin J, Zhu T, Thondukolam A, Min C, Kamata N, Karimbux N, Stashenko P, Kawai T. Expression and possible immune-regulatory function of ghrelin in oral epithelium. J Dent Res 2011; 90:1286-92. [PMID: 21865591 PMCID: PMC3188459 DOI: 10.1177/0022034511420431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Originally found in stomach mucosa, ghrelin is a peptide appetite hormone that has been implicated as an immuno-modulatory factor. Ghrelin has also been found in salivary glands and saliva; however, its expression patterns and biological properties in the oral cavity remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the expression patterns of ghrelin in saliva, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and gingival tissue, as well as its in vitro effects on IL-8 production by TNF-α or LPS-stimulated oral epithelial cells. In the clinical samples obtained from 12 healthy volunteers, the concentration of ghrelin in GCF remarkably exceeded that detected in saliva. The expression of ghrelin mRNAs and growth hormone secretagogue (GHS) receptors could be detected in human oral epithelial cells. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed the expression of ghrelin in gingival epithelium, as well as in fibroblasts in the lamina propria. Ghrelin increased intracellular calcium mobilization and cAMP levels in oral epithelial cells, suggesting that ghrelin acts on epithelial cells to induce cell signaling. Furthermore, synthetic ghrelin inhibited the production of IL-8 from TNF-α or LPS-stimulated oral epithelial cells. These results indicate that ghrelin produced in the oral cavity appears to play a regulatory role in innate immune responses to inflammatory infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Ohta
- Department of Immunology, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Cervico-Gnathostomatology, Programs for Applied Biomedicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - N.J. Laborde
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M. Kajiya
- Department of Immunology, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J. Shin
- Department of Immunology, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - T. Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A.K. Thondukolam
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C. Min
- Department of Immunology, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - N. Kamata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Cervico-Gnathostomatology, Programs for Applied Biomedicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - N.Y. Karimbux
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P. Stashenko
- Department of Cytokine Biology, Forsyth Institute, 245 1st Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - T. Kawai
- Department of Immunology, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Chen HJC, Lin WP. Quantitative analysis of multiple exocyclic DNA adducts in human salivary DNA by stable isotope dilution nanoflow liquid chromatography-nanospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2011; 83:8543-51. [PMID: 21958347 DOI: 10.1021/ac201874d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Exocyclic DNA adducts, including 1,N(2)-propano-2'-deoxyguanosine derived from acrolein (AdG) and crotonaldehyde (CdG) and the three lipid peroxidation-related etheno adducts 1,N(6)-etheno-2'-deoxyadenosine (εdAdo), 3,N(4)-etheno-2'-deoxycytidine (εdCyt), and 1,N(2)-etheno-2'-deoxyguanosine (1,N(2)-εdGuo), play an important role in cancer formation and they are associated with oxidative-stress-induced DNA damage. Saliva is an easily accessible and available biological fluid and a potential target of noninvasive biomarkers. In this study, a highly sensitive and specific assay based on isotope dilution nanoflow LC-nanospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-NSI/MS/MS) is developed for simultaneous detection and quantification of these five adducts in human salivary DNA. The levels of AdG, CdG, εdAdo, εdCyd, and 1,N(2)-εdGuo, measured in 27 human salivary DNA samples from healthy volunteers, were determined as 104 ± 50, 7.6 ± 12, 99 ± 50, 72 ± 49, 391 ± 198 (mean ± SD) in 10(8) normal nucleotides, respectively, starting with 25 μg of DNA isolated from an average of 3 mL of saliva. Statistically significant correlations were found between levels of εdAdo and εdCyd (γ = 0.8007, p < 0.0001), between levels of εdAdo and 1,N(2)-εdGuo (γ = 0.6778, p = 0.0001), between levels of εdCyd and 1,N(2)-εdGuo (γ = 0.5643, p = 0.0022), between levels of AdG and 1,N(2)-εdGuo (γ = 0.5756, p = 0.0017), and between levels of AdG and εdAdo (γ = 0.3969, p = 0.0404). Only 5 μg of DNA sample was analyzed for simultaneous quantification of these adducts. The easy accessibility and availability of saliva and the requirement for the small amount of DNA samples make this nanoLC-NSI/MS/MS assay clinically feasible in assessing the possibility of measuring 1,N(2)-propano-2'-deoxyguanosine and etheno adducts levels in human salivary DNA as noninvasive biomarkers for DNA damage resulting from oxidative stress and for evaluating their roles in cancer formation and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hauh-Jyun Candy Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Ming-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.
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45
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Turesky RJ, Le Marchand L. Metabolism and biomarkers of heterocyclic aromatic amines in molecular epidemiology studies: lessons learned from aromatic amines. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1169-214. [PMID: 21688801 PMCID: PMC3156293 DOI: 10.1021/tx200135s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic amines and heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are structurally related classes of carcinogens that are formed during the combustion of tobacco or during the high-temperature cooking of meats. Both classes of procarcinogens undergo metabolic activation by N-hydroxylation of the exocyclic amine group to produce a common proposed intermediate, the arylnitrenium ion, which is the critical metabolite implicated in toxicity and DNA damage. However, the biochemistry and chemical properties of these compounds are distinct, and different biomarkers of aromatic amines and HAAs have been developed for human biomonitoring studies. Hemoglobin adducts have been extensively used as biomarkers to monitor occupational and environmental exposures to a number of aromatic amines; however, HAAs do not form hemoglobin adducts at appreciable levels, and other biomarkers have been sought. A number of epidemiologic studies that have investigated dietary consumption of well-done meat in relation to various tumor sites reported a positive association between cancer risk and well-done meat consumption, although some studies have shown no associations between well-done meat and cancer risk. A major limiting factor in most epidemiological studies is the uncertainty in quantitative estimates of chronic exposure to HAAs, and thus, the association of HAAs formed in cooked meat and cancer risk has been difficult to establish. There is a critical need to establish long-term biomarkers of HAAs that can be implemented in molecular epidemioIogy studies. In this review, we highlight and contrast the biochemistry of several prototypical carcinogenic aromatic amines and HAAs to which humans are chronically exposed. The biochemical properties and the impact of polymorphisms of the major xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes on the biological effects of these chemicals are examined. Lastly, the analytical approaches that have been successfully employed to biomonitor aromatic amines and HAAs, and emerging biomarkers of HAAs that may be implemented in molecular epidemiology studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Turesky
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center , Albany, New York 12201, United States.
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46
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Brody JS, Steiling K. Interaction of cigarette exposure and airway epithelial cell gene expression. Annu Rev Physiol 2011; 73:437-56. [PMID: 21090967 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-012110-142219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is responsible for lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the leading cause of death from cancer and the second-leading cause of death in the United States. In the United States, 46 million people smoke, with an equal number of former smokers. Moreover, 20-25% of current or former smokers will develop either disease, and smokers with one disease are at increased risk for developing the other. There are no tools for predicting risk of developing either disease; no accepted tools for early diagnosis of potentially curable lung cancer; and no tools for defining molecular pathways or molecular subtypes of these diseases, for predicting rate of progression, or for assessing response to therapy at a biochemical or molecular level. This review discusses current studies and the future potential of measuring global gene expression in epithelial cells that are in the airway field of injury and of using the genomic information derived to begin to answer some of the above questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome S Brody
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts 02218, USA.
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47
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Kolokythas A, Schwartz JL, Pytynia KB, Panda S, Yao M, Homann B, Sroussi HY, Epstein JB, Gordon SC, Adami GR. Analysis of RNA from brush cytology detects changes in B2M, CYP1B1 and KRT17 levels with OSCC in tobacco users. Oral Oncol 2011; 47:532-6. [PMID: 21549635 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2011.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
RNA expression analysis of oral keratinocytes can be used to detect early oral cancer, but a limitation is the inability to obtain high quality RNA from oral tissue without using biopsies. While oral cytology cell samples can be obtained from patients in a minimally invasive manner, they have not been validated for quantitative analysis of RNA expression. Earlier we showed RNA from brush cytology of hamster Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) demonstrated differential expression of B2M and CYP1B1 using real time RT-PCR in a dibenz[a,I]pyrene, tobacco carcinogen, induced model of this disease. Here we show reproducibility of this approach to measuring gene expression in humans. Cytology brush samples from 12 tobacco and betel related OSCC and 17 nonmalignant oral lesions revealed B2M mRNA was enriched in tumor samples while CYP1B1 mRNA was reduced, similar to what was seen in the model system. Additionally, we showed that KRT17 mRNA, a gene linked to OSCC in another brush cytology study, was also enriched in OSCC versus nonmalignant lesions, again supporting the promise of using RNA from brush oral cytology to reproducibly monitor oral gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Kolokythas
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, and University of Illinois at Chicago, 801 South Paulina Street, Chicago, IL 60610, USA
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48
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Reboiras-López MD, Pérez-Sayáns M, Somoza-Martín JM, Gayoso-Diz P, Barros-Angueira F, Gándara-Rey JM, García-García A. Comparison of the Cytobrush®, dermatological curette and oral CDx® brush test as methods for obtaining samples of RNA for molecular analysis of oral cytology. Cytopathology 2011; 23:192-7. [PMID: 21410796 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2303.2011.00860.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interest in oral exfoliative cytology has increased with the availability of molecular markers that may lead to the earlier diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. This research aims to compare the efficacy of three different instruments (Cytobrush, curette and Oral CDx brush) in providing adequate material for molecular analysis. METHODS One hundred and four cytological samples obtained from volunteer healthy subjects were analysed using all three instruments. The clinical and demographical variables under study were age, sex and smoking habits. The three instruments were compared for their ability to obtain adequate samples and for the amount of RNA obtained using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR-qRT) analysis of the Abelson (ABL) housekeeping gene. RESULTS RNA of the ABL gene has been quantified by number of copies. Adequate samples were more likely to be obtained with a curette (90.6%) or Oral CDx (80.0%) than a Cytobrush (48.6%); P < 0.001. Similarly, the RNA quantification was 17.64 ± 21.10 with a curette, 16.04 ± 15.81 with Oral CDx and 6.82 ± 6.71 with a Cytobrush. There were statistically significant differences between the Cytobrush and curette (P = 0.008) and between the Cytobrush and OralCDx (P = 0.034). There was no difference according to the demographical variables. CONCLUSIONS Oral exfoliative cytology is a simple, non-invasive technique that provides sufficient RNA to perform studies on gene expression. Although material was obtained with all three instruments, adequate samples were more likely to be obtained with the curette or Oral CDx than with a Cytobrush. The Oral CDx is a less aggressive instrument than the curette, so could be a useful tool in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Reboiras-López
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Entrerríos s/n, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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49
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Bessette EE, Spivack SD, Goodenough AK, Wang T, Pinto S, Kadlubar FF, Turesky RJ. Identification of carcinogen DNA adducts in human saliva by linear quadrupole ion trap/multistage tandem mass spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:1234-44. [PMID: 20443584 DOI: 10.1021/tx100098f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
DNA adducts of carcinogens derived from tobacco smoke and cooked meat were identified by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/multistage tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS/MS(n)) in saliva samples from 37 human volunteers on unrestricted diets. The N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl) (dG-C8) adducts of the heterocyclic aromatic amines 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AalphaC), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylmidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), and the aromatic amine, 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), were characterized and quantified by LC-ESI/MS/MS(n), employing consecutive reaction monitoring at the MS(3) scan stage mode with a linear quadrupole ion trap (LIT) mass spectrometer (MS). DNA adducts of PhIP were found most frequently: dG-C8-PhIP was detected in saliva samples from 13 of 29 ever-smokers and in saliva samples from 2 of 8 never-smokers. dG-C8-AalphaC and dG-C8-MeIQx were identified solely in saliva samples of three current smokers, and dG-C8-4-ABP was detected in saliva from two current smokers. The levels of these different adducts ranged from 1 to 9 adducts per 10(8) DNA bases. These findings demonstrate that PhIP is a significant DNA-damaging agent in humans. Saliva appears to be a promising biological fluid in which to assay DNA adducts of tobacco and dietary carcinogens by selective LIT MS techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Bessette
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
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50
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Pérez-Sayáns M, Somoza-Martín JM, Barros-Angueira F, Reboiras-López MD, Gándara-Vila P, Gándara Rey JM, García-García A. Exfoliative cytology for diagnosing oral cancer. Biotech Histochem 2010; 85:177-87. [PMID: 20426699 DOI: 10.3109/10520290903162730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Exfoliative cytology is a minimally invasive technique for obtaining oral cell specimens from patients for diagnostic purposes. Classical applications of oral cytology studies, such as oral candidiasis, have been extended to include oral precancerous and cancerous lesions. A number of analytical methods are available for studying cytology specimens. The development of molecular analysis techniques, the oral cancer etiopathogenic process, and improvements in liquid-based exfoliative cytology are leading to renewed interest in exfoliative cytology. Results sometimes are disputed, so the aim of our review was to clarify the applicability of exfoliative cytology to the diagnosis of oral precancerous and cancerous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pérez-Sayáns
- School of Dentistry, Entrerríos s/n, Santiago of Compostela C.P. 15782, Spain.
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