1
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DePeaux K, Gunn WG, Rivadeneira DB, Delgoffe GM. Treatment with oncolytic vaccinia virus infects tumor-infiltrating regulatory and exhausted T cells. J Immunother Cancer 2024; 12:e009062. [PMID: 39153823 PMCID: PMC11331848 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2024-009062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are an attractive way to increase immune infiltration into an otherwise cold tumor. While OVs are engineered to selectively infect tumor cells, there is evidence that they can infect other non-malignant cells in the tumor. We sought to determine if oncolytic vaccinia virus (VV) can infect lymphocytes in the tumor and, if so, how this was linked to therapeutic efficacy. METHODS To investigate infection of lymphocytes by VV, we used a GFP reporting VV in a murine head and neck squamous cell carcinoma tumor model. We also performed in vitro infection studies to determine the mechanism and consequences of VV lymphocyte infection by VV. RESULTS Our findings show that VV carries the capacity to infect proportions of immune cells, most notably T cells, after intratumoral treatment. Notably, this infection is preferential to terminally differentiated T cells that tend to reside in hypoxia. Infection of T cells leads to both virus production by the T cells as well as the eventual death of these cells. Using a mouse model which overexpressed the antiapoptotic protein Bcl2 in all T cells, we found that reducing T cell death following VV infection in MEER tumors reduced the number of complete regressions and reduced survival time compared with littermate control mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that OVs are capable of infecting more than just malignant cells after treatment, and that this infection may be an important part of the OV mechanism. We found that exhausted CD8+ T cells and regulatory CD4+ T cells were preferentially infected at early timepoints after treatment and subsequently died. When cell death in T cells was mitigated, mice responded poorly to VV treatment, suggesting that the deletion of these populations is critical to the therapeutic response to VV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin DePeaux
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - William G Gunn
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dayana B Rivadeneira
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Greg M Delgoffe
- Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Teo PY, Jung Y, Quach DH, Koh J, Ong RW, Goh A, Tan A, Ng CH, Seh CC, Tan KW, Horak ID, Low L. Overexpression of an Engineered SERPINB9 Enhances Allogeneic T-cell Persistence and Efficacy. Cancer Immunol Res 2024; 12:1108-1122. [PMID: 38833270 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-23-1001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Allogeneic chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-expressing T cells offer many advantages over autologous therapies, but their benefits are curtailed by graft-versus-host disease and elimination by recipient immune cells. Moreover, just as with autologous therapies, allogeneic CAR T cells are susceptible to activation-induced cell death (AICD) caused by chronic antigen exposure (CAE). Granzyme B- and Fas/Fas ligand-initiated caspase-mediated apoptoses are key mechanisms of T-cell death caused by T/NK cell-mediated allorejection or CAE. We explored a protective strategy of engineering CAR T cells to overexpress variants of the Granzyme B-specific serine protease inhibitor SERPINB9 (SB9) to improve allogeneic T-cell persistence and antitumor efficacy. We showed that the overexpression of an SB9 variant with broadened caspase specificity, SB9(CAS), not only significantly reduced rejection of allogeneic CAR T cells but also increased their resistance to AICD and enabled them to thrive better under CAE, thus improving allogeneic T-cell persistence and antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. In addition, although SB9(CAS) overexpression improved the efficacy of allogeneic CAR T-cell therapy by conferring protection to cell death, we did not observe any autonomous growth, and the engineered CAR T cells were still susceptible to an inducible suicide switch. Hence, SB9(CAS) overexpression is a promising strategy that can strengthen current development of cell therapies, broadening their applications to address unmet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Y Teo
- Tessa Therapeutics Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - David H Quach
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Joanna Koh
- Tessa Therapeutics Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Alrina Tan
- Tessa Therapeutics Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chee H Ng
- Tessa Therapeutics Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cheah C Seh
- Tessa Therapeutics Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kar W Tan
- Tessa Therapeutics Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Lionel Low
- Tessa Therapeutics Ltd., Singapore, Singapore
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3
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Korell F, Olson ML, Salas-Benito D, Leick MB, Larson RC, Bouffard A, Silva H, Gasparetto A, Berger TR, Kann MC, Mergen M, Kienka T, Wehrli M, Haradhvala NJ, Bailey SR, Letai A, Maus MV. Comparative analysis of Bcl-2 family protein overexpression in CAR T cells alone and in combination with BH3 mimetics. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadk7640. [PMID: 38838132 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adk7640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Approximately 50% of patients with hematologic malignancies relapse after chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell treatment; mechanisms of failure include loss of CAR T persistence and tumor resistance to apoptosis. We hypothesized that both of these challenges could potentially be overcome by overexpressing one or more of the Bcl-2 family proteins in CAR T cells to reduce their susceptibility to apoptosis, both alone and in the presence of BH3 mimetics, which can be used to activate apoptotic machinery in malignant cells. We comprehensively investigated overexpression of different Bcl-2 family proteins in CAR T cells with different signaling domains as well as in different tumor types. We found that Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 overexpression in CAR T cells bearing a 4-1BB costimulatory domain resulted in increased expansion and antitumor activity, reduced exhaustion, and decreased apoptotic priming. In addition, CAR T cells expressing either Bcl-xL or a venetoclax-resistant Bcl-2 variant led to enhanced antitumor efficacy and survival in murine xenograft models of lymphoma and leukemia in the presence or absence of the BH3 mimetic venetoclax, a clinically approved BH3 mimetic. In this setting, Bcl-xL overexpression had stronger effects than overexpression of Bcl-2 or the Bcl-2(G101V) variant. These findings suggest that CAR T cells could be optimally engineered by overexpressing Bcl-xL to enhance their persistence while opening a therapeutic window for combination with BH3 mimetics to prime tumors for apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Korell
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Michael L Olson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Diego Salas-Benito
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mark B Leick
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rebecca C Larson
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Amanda Bouffard
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Harrison Silva
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Alessandro Gasparetto
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Trisha R Berger
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Michael C Kann
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Markus Mergen
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Tamina Kienka
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Marc Wehrli
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nicholas J Haradhvala
- Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Stefanie R Bailey
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anthony Letai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Marcela V Maus
- Cellular Immunotherapy Program, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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4
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Franzese O, Ancona P, Bianchi N, Aguiari G. Apoptosis, a Metabolic "Head-to-Head" between Tumor and T Cells: Implications for Immunotherapy. Cells 2024; 13:924. [PMID: 38891056 PMCID: PMC11171541 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Induction of apoptosis represents a promising therapeutic approach to drive tumor cells to death. However, this poses challenges due to the intricate nature of cancer biology and the mechanisms employed by cancer cells to survive and escape immune surveillance. Furthermore, molecules released from apoptotic cells and phagocytes in the tumor microenvironment (TME) can facilitate cancer progression and immune evasion. Apoptosis is also a pivotal mechanism in modulating the strength and duration of anti-tumor T-cell responses. Combined strategies including molecular targeting of apoptosis, promoting immunogenic cell death, modulating immunosuppressive cells, and affecting energy pathways can potentially overcome resistance and enhance therapeutic outcomes. Thus, an effective approach for targeting apoptosis within the TME should delicately balance the selective induction of apoptosis in tumor cells, while safeguarding survival, metabolic changes, and functionality of T cells targeting crucial molecular pathways involved in T-cell apoptosis regulation. Enhancing the persistence and effectiveness of T cells may bolster a more resilient and enduring anti-tumor immune response, ultimately advancing therapeutic outcomes in cancer treatment. This review delves into the pivotal topics of this multifaceted issue and suggests drugs and druggable targets for possible combined therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Franzese
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Pietro Ancona
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Nicoletta Bianchi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Gianluca Aguiari
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Via F. Mortara 74, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
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5
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Hunt EG, Hurst KE, Riesenberg BP, Kennedy AS, Gandy EJ, Andrews AM, Del Mar Alicea Pauneto C, Ball LE, Wallace ED, Gao P, Meier J, Serody JJ, Coleman MF, Thaxton JE. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase obstructs CD8 + T cell lipid utilization in the tumor microenvironment. Cell Metab 2024; 36:969-983.e10. [PMID: 38490211 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The solid tumor microenvironment (TME) imprints a compromised metabolic state in tumor-infiltrating T cells (TILs), hallmarked by the inability to maintain effective energy synthesis for antitumor function and survival. T cells in the TME must catabolize lipids via mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) to supply energy in nutrient stress, and it is established that T cells enriched in FAO are adept at cancer control. However, endogenous TILs and unmodified cellular therapy products fail to sustain bioenergetics in tumors. We reveal that the solid TME imposes perpetual acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylase (ACC) activity, invoking lipid biogenesis and storage in TILs that opposes FAO. Using metabolic, lipidomic, and confocal imaging strategies, we find that restricting ACC rewires T cell metabolism, enabling energy maintenance in TME stress. Limiting ACC activity potentiates a gene and phenotypic program indicative of T cell longevity, engendering T cells with increased survival and polyfunctionality, which sustains cancer control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Hunt
- Immunotherapy Program, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Katie E Hurst
- Immunotherapy Program, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Brian P Riesenberg
- Immunotherapy Program, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Andrew S Kennedy
- Immunotherapy Program, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Evelyn J Gandy
- Immunotherapy Program, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Alex M Andrews
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Coral Del Mar Alicea Pauneto
- Immunotherapy Program, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Lauren E Ball
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Emily D Wallace
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Medicine, Metabolomics Core Facility, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jeremy Meier
- Immunotherapy Program, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - John J Serody
- Immunotherapy Program, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Michael F Coleman
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Jessica E Thaxton
- Immunotherapy Program, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA; Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
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6
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Luo F, Li H, Ma W, Cao J, Chen Q, Lu F, Qiu M, Zhou P, Xia Z, Zeng K, Zhan J, Zhou T, Luo Q, Pan W, Zhang L, Lin C, Huang Y, Zhang L, Yang D, Zhao H. The BCL-2 inhibitor APG-2575 resets tumor-associated macrophages toward the M1 phenotype, promoting a favorable response to anti-PD-1 therapy via NLRP3 activation. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:60-79. [PMID: 38062129 PMCID: PMC10757718 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01112-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The main challenges in the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are ascribed to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and the lack of sufficient infiltration of activated CD8+ T cells. Transforming the tumor microenvironment (TME) from "cold" to "hot" and thus more likely to potentiate the effects of ICIs is a promising strategy for cancer treatment. We found that the selective BCL-2 inhibitor APG-2575 can enhance the antitumor efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy in syngeneic and humanized CD34+ mouse models. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we found that APG-2575 polarized M2-like immunosuppressive macrophages toward the M1-like immunostimulatory phenotype with increased CCL5 and CXCL10 secretion, restoring T-cell function and promoting a favorable immunotherapy response. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that APG-2575 directly binds to NF-κB p65 to activate NLRP3 signaling, thereby mediating macrophage repolarization and the activation of proinflammatory caspases and subsequently increasing CCL5 and CXCL10 chemokine production. As a result, APG-2575-induced macrophage repolarization could remodel the tumor immune microenvironment, thus improving tumor immunosuppression and further enhancing antitumor T-cell immunity. Multiplex immunohistochemistry confirmed that patients with better immunotherapeutic efficacy had higher CD86, p-NF-κB p65 and NLRP3 levels, accompanied by lower CD206 expression on macrophages. Collectively, these data provide evidence that further study on APG-2575 in combination with immunotherapy for tumor treatment is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Han Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feiteng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miaozhen Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Penghui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zengfei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kangmei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuyun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wentao Pan
- Ascentage Pharma (Suzhou) Co Ltd, 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaozhuo Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Dajun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Hongyun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
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7
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Lee YG, Yang N, Chun I, Porazzi P, Carturan A, Paruzzo L, Sauter CT, Guruprasad P, Pajarillo R, Ruella M. Apoptosis: a Janus bifrons in T-cell immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e005967. [PMID: 37055217 PMCID: PMC10106075 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of cancer. In particular, immune checkpoint blockade, bispecific antibodies, and adoptive T-cell transfer have yielded unprecedented clinical results in hematological malignancies and solid cancers. While T cell-based immunotherapies have multiple mechanisms of action, their ultimate goal is achieving apoptosis of cancer cells. Unsurprisingly, apoptosis evasion is a key feature of cancer biology. Therefore, enhancing cancer cells' sensitivity to apoptosis represents a key strategy to improve clinical outcomes in cancer immunotherapy. Indeed, cancer cells are characterized by several intrinsic mechanisms to resist apoptosis, in addition to features to promote apoptosis in T cells and evade therapy. However, apoptosis is double-faced: when it occurs in T cells, it represents a critical mechanism of failure for immunotherapies. This review will summarize the recent efforts to enhance T cell-based immunotherapies by increasing apoptosis susceptibility in cancer cells and discuss the role of apoptosis in modulating the survival of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment and potential strategies to overcome this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Gu Lee
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Nicholas Yang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Inkook Chun
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patrizia Porazzi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alberto Carturan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Luca Paruzzo
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Torino, Piemonte, Italy
| | - Christopher Tor Sauter
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Puneeth Guruprasad
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Raymone Pajarillo
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marco Ruella
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Lymphoma Program, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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8
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G S, A S, Vetrivel U, Ayyakannu URN. Chemoprofiling and insilico prioritization of bioactive compounds from Laetiporus versisporus (Lloyd) Imazeki reveals potential Bcl-2 inhibitor. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-13. [PMID: 35971955 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2110155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Laetiporus versisporus (Lloyd) Imazeki is an edible mushroom that grows abundantly in kodaikanal hills (India) during rainy season. Till now, there is a dearth of reports on chemoprofile and anticancer potential of this mushroom. In our recent study, L.versisporus ethanolic extract was reported to confer hepato-protective activity against DEN-induced HCC rats and also found to downregulate Bcl-2 activity. Moreover, the phytocompounds of a related species namely, L. sulphurous is also reported to potentially modulate Bcl-2 in glioblastoma. Hence, by this study, the bioactive compounds from L. versisporus ethanolic extract were profiled using LC-MS analysis and were virtually screened against ligand binding site of Bcl-2 in order to predict potential moieties with anticancer efficacies. Further, the top 3 potential hits were shortlisted based on MMGBSA score, ADME properties and stable complex formation during MD simulation. Amongst these hits, (6S)-1alpha, 25-dihydroxy vitaminD36,19-sulfurdioxide adduct was found to be highly promising in terms of binding affinity and ADME features comparable to the known inhibitor (DRO), thus shall be further probed for therapeutic efficacy using experimental validations for effective and natural mode of combating Bcl-2 mediated cancers.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoba G
- Department of Biotechnology, Mother Teresa Women's University, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Dwaraka Doss Goverdhan Doss Vaishnav College, (Autonomous), University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Samdani A
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Umashankar Vetrivel
- National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Indian Council of Medical Research, Belagavi, India
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9
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Hamed MM, Gouida MS, Abd EL-Aziz SR, EL-Sokkary AM. Evaluation PD-L1, CD8 and CD20 as early predictor and tracking markers for breast cancer (BC) in Egypt. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09474. [PMID: 35647336 PMCID: PMC9136277 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer (BC) is considered as a common type of cancer threatening women throughout the world. Therefore, development of early predication biomarkers for BC got more concern especially for Egyptian females. This study was aimed to evaluate PD-L1, CD8, and CD20 as early prediction breast cancer biomarkers. Methods Flow cytometry (FC), immunohistochemistry (IHC), Western Blot, and q-PCR were used to compare PD-L1, CD20, and CD8 levels in tissues and blood samples of Breast Cancer and controls. Results Blood samples showed a significant increase in PD-L1, CD20, and CD8 compared to controls (p˂0.005). A Significant correlation was shown between PD-L1, CD8, and CD20 in tissue and breast cancer subtypes. Whereas, invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) was characterized by superior PD-L1 and CD20 levels compared to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). FC studies on Blood showed 83% and 45.7% PD-L1 expressions for IDC and ILC, respectively. CD20 in ILC and IDC were 78.2% and 62.5%, respectively. Nevertheless, CD8 was 74.2% for IDC and 67.7% for ILC. Whereas, FC studies for PD-L1, CD20, and CD8 in ILC in tissues gave 34.4%, 30.2% and 35.1%, respectively. In addition, IDC tissue samples showed 16%, 12.5, and 13.5% for PD-L1, CD20, and CD8. The moderate stage of adenocarcinoma caused expression of PD-L1 within inflammatory cells, while expression was within neoplastic glandular cells in late stage. Conclusion PD-L1, CD8, and CD20 are considered as early predictor and tracking markers for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar M. Hamed
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Mona S. Gouida
- Genetic Unit, Children Hospital, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed M.A. EL-Sokkary
- Biochemistry Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Egypt
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10
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Hunt EG, Andrews AM, Larsen SR, Thaxton JE. The ER-Mitochondria Interface as a Dynamic Hub for T Cell Efficacy in Solid Tumors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:867341. [PMID: 35573704 PMCID: PMC9091306 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.867341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a large continuous membranous organelle that plays a central role as the hub of protein and lipid synthesis while the mitochondria is the principal location for energy production. T cells are an immune subset exhibiting robust dependence on ER and mitochondrial function based on the need for protein synthesis and secretion and metabolic dexterity associated with foreign antigen recognition and cytotoxic effector response. Intimate connections exist at mitochondrial-ER contact sites (MERCs) that serve as the structural and biochemical platforms for cellular metabolic homeostasis through regulation of fission and fusion as well as glucose, Ca2+, and lipid exchange. Work in the tumor immunotherapy field indicates that the complex interplay of nutrient deprivation and tumor antigen stimulation in the tumor microenvironment places stress on the ER and mitochondria, causing dysfunction in organellar structure and loss of metabolic homeostasis. Here, we assess prior literature that establishes how the structural interface of these two organelles is impacted by the stress of solid tumors along with recent advances in the manipulation of organelle homeostasis at MERCs in T cells. These findings provide strong evidence for increased tumor immunity using unique therapeutic avenues that recharge cellular metabolic homeostasis in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G. Hunt
- Immunotherapy Program, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Alex M. Andrews
- Hollings Cancer Center, Charleston, SC, United States,Department of Orthopedics and Physical Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | | | - Jessica E. Thaxton
- Immunotherapy Program, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States,Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States,*Correspondence: Jessica E. Thaxton,
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11
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Wang X, Bajpai AK, Gu Q, Centeno A, Starlard-Davenport A, Prins P, Xu F, Lu L. A systems genetics approach delineates the role of Bcl2 in leukemia pathogenesis. Leuk Res 2022; 114:106804. [PMID: 35182904 PMCID: PMC9272521 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2022.106804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Leukemia is a group of malignancies of the blood forming tissues, and is characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of blood cells. In the United States, it accounts for approximately 3.5% and 4% of all cancer-related incidences and mortalities, respectively. The current study aimed to explore the role of Bcl2 and associated genes in leukemia pathogenesis using a systems genetics approach. The transcriptome data from BXD Recombinant Inbred (RI) mice was analyzed to identify the expression of Bcl2 in myeloid cells. eQTL mapping was performed to select the potential chromosomal region and subsequently identify the candidate gene modulating the expression of Bcl2. Furthermore, gene enrichment and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analyses of the Bcl2-coexpressed genes were performed to demonstrate the role of Bcl2 in leukemia pathogenesis. The Bcl2-coexpressed genes were found to be enriched in various hematopoietic system related functions, and multiple pathways related to signaling, immune response, and cancer. The PPI network analysis demonstrated direct interaction of hematopoietic function related genes, such as Bag3, Bak1, Bcl2l11, Bmf, Mapk9, Myc, Ppp2r5c, and Ppp3ca with Bcl2. The eQTL mapping identified a 4.5 Mb genomic region on chromosome 11, potentially regulating the expression of Bcl2. A multi-criteria filtering process identified Top2a, among the genes located in the mapped locus, as the best candidate upstream regulator for Bcl2 expression variation. Hence, the current study provides better insights into the role of Bcl2 in leukemia pathogenesis and demonstrates the significance of our approach in gaining new knowledge on leukemia. Furthermore, our findings from the PPI network analysis and eQTL mapping provide supporting evidence of leukemia-associated genes, which can be further explored for their functional importance in leukemia. DATA AVAILABILITY: The myeloid cell transcriptomic data of the BXD mice used in this study can be accessed through our GeneNetwork (http://www.genenetwork.org) with the accession number of GN144.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfeng Wang
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Bajpai
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Qingqing Gu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA,Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Arthur Centeno
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Athena Starlard-Davenport
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Pjotr Prins
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Fuyi Xu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China.
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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12
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Kerdidani D, Aerakis E, Verrou KM, Angelidis I, Douka K, Maniou MA, Stamoulis P, Goudevenou K, Prados A, Tzaferis C, Ntafis V, Vamvakaris I, Kaniaris E, Vachlas K, Sepsas E, Koutsopoulos A, Potaris K, Tsoumakidou M. Lung tumor MHCII immunity depends on in situ antigen presentation by fibroblasts. J Exp Med 2022; 219:212965. [PMID: 35029648 PMCID: PMC8764966 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A key unknown of the functional space in tumor immunity is whether CD4 T cells depend on intratumoral MHCII cancer antigen recognition. MHCII-expressing, antigen-presenting cancer-associated fibroblasts (apCAFs) have been found in breast and pancreatic tumors and are considered to be immunosuppressive. This analysis shows that antigen-presenting fibroblasts are frequent in human lung non-small cell carcinomas, where they seem to actively promote rather than suppress MHCII immunity. Lung apCAFs directly activated the TCRs of effector CD4 T cells and at the same time produced C1q, which acted on T cell C1qbp to rescue them from apoptosis. Fibroblast-specific MHCII or C1q deletion impaired CD4 T cell immunity and accelerated tumor growth, while inducing C1qbp in adoptively transferred CD4 T cells expanded their numbers and reduced tumors. Collectively, we have characterized in the lungs a subset of antigen-presenting fibroblasts with tumor-suppressive properties and propose that cancer immunotherapies might be strongly dependent on in situ MHCII antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Kerdidani
- Institute of Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Vari, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Aerakis
- Institute of Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Vari, Greece
| | - Kleio-Maria Verrou
- Greek Research Infrastructure for Personalized Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias Angelidis
- Institute of Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Vari, Greece
| | - Katerina Douka
- Institute of Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Vari, Greece
| | - Maria-Anna Maniou
- Institute of Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Vari, Greece
| | - Petros Stamoulis
- Institute of Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Vari, Greece
| | - Katerina Goudevenou
- Institute of Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Vari, Greece
| | - Alejandro Prados
- Institute of Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Vari, Greece
| | - Christos Tzaferis
- Institute of Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Vari, Greece.,Greek Research Infrastructure for Personalized Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasileios Ntafis
- Animal House Facility, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Vari, Greece
| | | | - Evangelos Kaniaris
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sotiria Chest Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Evangelos Sepsas
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Sotiria Chest Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Maria Tsoumakidou
- Institute of Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Vari, Greece.,Greek Research Infrastructure for Personalized Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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13
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Tian H, Wang G, Wang Q, Zhang B, Jiang G, Li H, Chai D, Fang L, Wang M, Zheng J. C1QBP regulates T cells mitochondrial fitness to affect their survival, proliferation and anti-tumor immune function. Cancer Sci 2022; 113:875-890. [PMID: 34978120 PMCID: PMC8898709 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells survival, proliferation, and anti–tumor response are closely linked to their mitochondrial health. Complement C1q binding protein (C1QBP) promotes mitochondrial fitness through regulation of mitochondrial metabolism and morphology. However, whether C1QBP regulates T cell survival, proliferation, and anti–tumor immune function remains unclear. Our data demonstrated that C1QBP knockdown induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential to impair T cell mitochondrial fitness. At the same time, C1QBP insufficiency reduced the recruitment of the anti–apoptotic proteins, including Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐XL, and repressed caspase‐3 activation and poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase cleavage, which consequently accelerated the T cell apoptotic process. In contrast, C1QBP knockdown rendered T cells with relatively weaker proliferation due to the inhibition of AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. To investigate the exact role of C1QBP in anti–tumor response, C1QBP+/− and C1QBP+/+ mice were given a subcutaneous injection of murine MC38 cells. We found that C1QBP deficiency attenuated T cell tumor infiltration and aggravated tumor‐infiltrating T lymphocytes (TIL) exhaustion. Moreover, we further clarified the potential function of C1QBP in chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell immunotherapy. Our data showed that C1QBP+/− CAR T cells exhibited relatively weaker anti–tumor response than the corresponding C1QBP+/+ CAR T cells. Given that C1QBP knockdown impairs T cells’ anti–apoptotic capacity, proliferation as well as anti–tumor immune function, development of the strategy for potentiation of T cells’ mitochondrial fitness through C1QBP could potentially optimize the efficacy of the related immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Tian
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, P.R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, P.R. China
| | - Qiping Wang
- Jiangyin Clinical Medical College, Jiangsu University, Jiangyin city, Jiangsu, 221002, P.R. China
| | - Baofu Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, P.R. China
| | - Guan Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, P.R. China
| | - Huizhong Li
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, P.R. China
| | - Dafei Chai
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, P.R. China
| | - Lin Fang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, P.R. China
| | - Meng Wang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, P.R. China
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, P.R. China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, P.R. China
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14
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Li G, Kryczek I, Nam J, Li X, Li S, Li J, Wei S, Grove S, Vatan L, Zhou J, Du W, Lin H, Wang T, Subramanian C, Moon JJ, Cieslik M, Cohen M, Zou W. LIMIT is an immunogenic lncRNA in cancer immunity and immunotherapy. Nat Cell Biol 2021; 23:526-537. [PMID: 33958760 PMCID: PMC8122078 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00672-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
MHC-I presents tumor antigens to CD8+ T cells and triggers anti-tumor immunity. Humans may have 30,000-60,000 long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). However, it remains poorly understood whether lncRNAs may affect tumor immunity. Here, we identify a LncRNA, capable of Inducing MHC-I and Immunogenicity of Tumor (LIMIT) in humans and mice. We found IFNγ stimulated LIMIT, LIMIT cis-activated guanylate binding protein (GBP) gene cluster, and GBPs disrupted the association between HSP90 and heat shock factor-1 (HSF1) - thereby resulting in HSF1 activation and transcription of MHC-I machinery, but not PD-L1. RNA-guided CRISPR activation of LIMIT boosted GBPs and MHC-I, and potentiated tumor immunogenicity and checkpoint therapy. Silencing LIMIT, GBPs, and/or HSF1 diminished MHC-I, impaired antitumor immunity, and blunted immunotherapy efficacy. Clinically, LIMIT, GBPs- and HSF1-signaling transcripts and proteins correlated with MHC-I, tumor infiltrating T cells, and checkpoint blockade response in cancer patients. Altogether, we demonstrate LIMIT is a previously unknown cancer immunogenic lncRNA and the LIMIT-GBP-HSF1 axis may be targetable for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaopeng Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ilona Kryczek
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jutaek Nam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xiong Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shasha Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shuang Wei
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sara Grove
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Linda Vatan
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jiajia Zhou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wan Du
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Heng Lin
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ton Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - James J Moon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marcin Cieslik
- Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mark Cohen
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Weiping Zou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Graduate Programs in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Tumor Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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15
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Wang H, Han P, Qi X, Li F, Li M, Fan L, Zhang H, Zhang X, Yang X. Bcl-2 Enhances Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Persistence by Reducing Activation-Induced Apoptosis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020197. [PMID: 33429845 PMCID: PMC7827522 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells (CAR-T) have shown great success in the treatment of B-cell leukemia. However, their efficacy is compromised in B-cell-derived lymphoma and solid tumors. Optimization of CAR design to improve in vivo persistence is a focus of current CAR-T cell research. The aim of our study is to access the potential added value of integration of anti-apoptotic molecules for enhancing anti-tumor activity of CAR-T cells. We confirmed that integrating B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) into CAR-T cells improved the proliferation ability of CAR-T cells in vitro and in vivo, which led to enhanced anti-tumor activity and prolonged survival in a mouse xenograft lymphoma model. This work provides proof of concept evidence for a new strategy to optimize the function of CAR-T cells against lymphoma. Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the potential added value of integrating anti-apoptotic molecules for improving the anti-tumor activity of CAR-T cells. Methods: Four small molecules inhibiting apoptosis were tested for their ability to prevent activated induced CAR-T cell death. Five CD20-targeting, CD137 (4-1BB) and CD3ζ integrated CAR-T cells (20BBZ) with constitutively expressed anti-apoptotic genes were established, and we screened out the strongest proliferation enhancer: Bcl-2. The memory subtype and the exhaustion markers of CAR-T cells were analyzed. The anti-tumor activities of Bcl-2 integrating CAR-T cells (20BBZ-Bcl-2) were evaluated in vitro and in a mouse xenograft lymphoma model. Conclusion: The 20BBZ-Bcl-2 CAR-T cells showed improved proliferation ability compared to 20BBZ CAR-T cells in vitro. In addition, activation-induced apoptosis was reduced in the 20BBZ-Bcl-2 CAR-T cells. Consistent with the enhanced proliferation in vitro, 20BBZ-Bcl-2 CAR-T cells exhibited improved anti-tumor activity in a mouse xenograft lymphoma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyong Wang
- Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (H.W.); (P.H.); (X.Q.); (F.L.); (M.L.); (L.F.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ping Han
- Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (H.W.); (P.H.); (X.Q.); (F.L.); (M.L.); (L.F.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xinyue Qi
- Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (H.W.); (P.H.); (X.Q.); (F.L.); (M.L.); (L.F.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Fanlin Li
- Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (H.W.); (P.H.); (X.Q.); (F.L.); (M.L.); (L.F.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Min Li
- Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (H.W.); (P.H.); (X.Q.); (F.L.); (M.L.); (L.F.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lilv Fan
- Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (H.W.); (P.H.); (X.Q.); (F.L.); (M.L.); (L.F.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (H.W.); (P.H.); (X.Q.); (F.L.); (M.L.); (L.F.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (H.W.); (P.H.); (X.Q.); (F.L.); (M.L.); (L.F.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xuanming Yang
- Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (H.W.); (P.H.); (X.Q.); (F.L.); (M.L.); (L.F.); (H.Z.); (X.Z.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-21-34204065
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16
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Ren Y, Huang SH, Patel S, Alberto WDC, Magat D, Ahimovic D, Macedo AB, Durga R, Chan D, Zale E, Mota TM, Truong R, Rohwetter T, McCann CD, Kovacs CM, Benko E, Wimpelberg A, Cannon C, Hardy WD, Bosque A, Bollard CM, Jones RB. BCL-2 antagonism sensitizes cytotoxic T cell-resistant HIV reservoirs to elimination ex vivo. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:2542-2559. [PMID: 32027622 PMCID: PMC7191002 DOI: 10.1172/jci132374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Curing HIV infection will require the elimination of a reservoir of infected CD4+ T cells that persists despite HIV-specific cytotoxic T cell (CTL) responses. Although viral latency is a critical factor in this persistence, recent evidence also suggests a role for intrinsic resistance of reservoir-harboring cells to CTL killing. This resistance may have contributed to negative outcomes of clinical trials, where pharmacologic latency reversal has thus far failed to drive reductions in HIV reservoirs. Through transcriptional profiling, we herein identified overexpression of the prosurvival factor B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) as a distinguishing feature of CD4+ T cells that survived CTL killing. We show that the inducible HIV reservoir was disproportionately present in BCL-2hi subsets in ex vivo CD4+ T cells. Treatment with the BCL-2 antagonist ABT-199 was not sufficient to drive reductions in ex vivo viral reservoirs when tested either alone or with a latency-reversing agent (LRA). However, the triple combination of strong LRAs, HIV-specific T cells, and a BCL-2 antagonist uniquely enabled the depletion of ex vivo viral reservoirs. Our results provide rationale for novel therapeutic approaches targeting HIV cure and, more generally, suggest consideration of BCL-2 antagonism as a means of enhancing CTL immunotherapy in other settings, such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Ren
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Szu Han Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Shabnum Patel
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Winiffer D. Conce Alberto
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dean Magat
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dughan Ahimovic
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amanda B. Macedo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ryan Durga
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Dora Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Elizabeth Zale
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Talia M. Mota
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ronald Truong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Thomas Rohwetter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Chase D. McCann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Erika Benko
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - W. David Hardy
- Whitman-Walker Health, Washington, DC, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Catherine M. Bollard
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - R. Brad Jones
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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17
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Jafarzadeh L, Masoumi E, Fallah-Mehrjardi K, Mirzaei HR, Hadjati J. Prolonged Persistence of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cell in Adoptive Cancer Immunotherapy: Challenges and Ways Forward. Front Immunol 2020; 11:702. [PMID: 32391013 PMCID: PMC7188834 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CAR T cell qualities, such as persistence and functionality play important roles in determining the outcome of cancer immunotherapy. In spite of full functionality, it has been shown that poor persistence of CAR T cells can limit an effective antitumor immune response. Here, we outline specific strategies that can be employed to overcome intrinsic and extrinsic barriers to CAR T cell persistence. We also offer our viewpoint on how growing use of CAR T cells in various cancers may require modifications in the intrinsic and extrinsic survival signals of CAR T cells. We anticipate these amendments will additionally provide the rationales for generation of more persistent, and thereby, more effective CAR T cell treatments. CAR T cell qualities, such as persistence and functionality play important roles in determining the outcome of cancer immunotherapy. In spite of full functionality, it has been shown that poor persistence of CAR T cells can limit an effective antitumor immune response. Here, we outline specific strategies that can be employed to overcome intrinsic and extrinsic barriers to CAR T cell persistence. We also offer our viewpoint on how growing use of CAR T cells in various cancers may require modifications in the intrinsic and extrinsic survival signals of CAR T cells. We anticipate these amendments will additionally provide the rationales for generation of more persistent, and thereby, more effective CAR T cell treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Jafarzadeh
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Masoumi
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Keyvan Fallah-Mehrjardi
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamshid Hadjati
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Yahya SM, Abdelnasser SM, Hamed AR, El Sayed OH, Asker MS. Newly isolated marine bacterial exopolysaccharides enhance antitumor activity in HepG2 cells via affecting key apoptotic factors and activating toll like receptors. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:6231-6241. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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19
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Tariq SM, Haider SA, Hasan M, Tahir A, Khan M, Rehan A, Kamal A. Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy: A Beacon of Hope in the Fight Against Cancer. Cureus 2018; 10:e3486. [PMID: 30613448 PMCID: PMC6314790 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.3486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advancements, relapses, and persistent malignancies are still a major challenge faced by the oncologists. Immunotherapy has shown remarkable potential in induction of sustained remission in refractory malignancies. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy is a newer treatment methodology approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The chimeric pairing of an antigen receptor with the T-cell receptor (TCR) intracellular signaling domain allows cluster of designation 8 (CD8) cytotoxic T-cells to target cell surface makers independent of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) activation. Another essential feature which contributes to the broad applicability of CARs and expanding their potential targets is their ability to bind not only to proteins but also to carbohydrate and glycolipid structures. Their antigen-specific and targeted immune responses have shown promising outcomes in clinical trials particularly involving B-cell malignancies and solid tumors. High remission rates and low percentages of relapses have caused a paradigm shift in the treatment of relapsed or refractory cancers. Challenges include side effects such as cytokine release syndrome, on-target off-tumor toxicities, and replication of its success in treating solid tumors. The burden of side effects and hefty cost of treatment are major obstacles which could hinder its progress globally. Nevertheless, ongoing research would only result in a maximized therapeutic potential in addition to more patient- and cost-friendly treatment. In this review, we aim to provide the readers an overview of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy, a relatively new advancement in the world of immuno-oncology and thereby also discussing its advantages, side effects and future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Maaz Tariq
- Internal Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, PAK
| | - Syed Ali Haider
- Internal Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, PAK
| | - Mohammad Hasan
- Internal Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, PAK
| | - Amber Tahir
- Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
| | - Maria Khan
- Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
| | - Arisha Rehan
- Internal Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, PAK
| | - Anum Kamal
- Internal Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, PAK
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20
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Chimeric antigen receptor T cells form nonclassical and potent immune synapses driving rapid cytotoxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E2068-E2076. [PMID: 29440406 PMCID: PMC5834689 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1716266115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Davenport et al. discovered that the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) immune synapse structure is different from the T cell receptor (TCR) synapse. The CAR immune synapse formed a disorganized pattern of Lck and more rapidly recruited lytic granules compared with the TCR. The differing immune synapse correlated with faster killing of tumor target cells and detachment from dying tumor cells by CAR-T cells. These findings provide a mechanism whereby CAR-T cells can effectively reduce large tumor burden in patients. This study will form a basis upon which to compare future receptor design to modulate signaling and programming of cytotoxic CAR-T cells to improve treatment of solid cancers. Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells are effective serial killers with a faster off-rate from dying tumor cells than CAR-T cells binding target cells through their T cell receptor (TCR). Here we explored the functional consequences of CAR-mediated signaling using a dual-specific CAR-T cell, where the same cell was triggered via TCR (tcrCTL) or CAR (carCTL). The carCTL immune synapse lacked distinct LFA-1 adhesion rings and was less reliant on LFA to form stable conjugates with target cells. carCTL receptors associated with the synapse were found to be disrupted and formed a convoluted multifocal pattern of Lck microclusters. Both proximal and distal receptor signaling pathways were induced more rapidly and subsequently decreased more rapidly in carCTL than in tcrCTL. The functional consequence of this rapid signaling in carCTL cells included faster lytic granule recruitment to the immune synapse, correlating with faster detachment of the CTL from the target cell. This study provides a mechanism for how CAR-T cells can debulk large tumor burden quickly and may contribute to further refinement of CAR design for enhancing the quality of signaling and programming of the T cell.
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21
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Mirzaei HR, Rodriguez A, Shepphird J, Brown CE, Badie B. Chimeric Antigen Receptors T Cell Therapy in Solid Tumor: Challenges and Clinical Applications. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1850. [PMID: 29312333 PMCID: PMC5744011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cellular immunotherapy (ACT) employing engineered T lymphocytes expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has demonstrated promising antitumor effects in advanced hematologic cancers, such as relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, supporting the translation of ACT to non-hematological malignancies. Although CAR T cell therapy has made remarkable strides in the treatment of patients with certain hematological cancers, in solid tumors success has been limited likely due to heterogeneous antigen expression, immunosuppressive networks in the tumor microenvironment limiting CAR T cell function and persistence, and suboptimal trafficking to solid tumors. Here, we outline specific approaches to overcome barriers to CAR T cell effectiveness in the context of the tumor microenvironment and offer our perspective on how expanding the use of CAR T cells in solid tumors may require modifications in CAR T cell design. We anticipate these modifications will further expand CAR T cell therapy in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid R Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Analiz Rodriguez
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer Shepphird
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, T Cell Therapeutics Research Laboratory, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Christine E Brown
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, T Cell Therapeutics Research Laboratory, City of Hope Beckman Research Institute, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Behnam Badie
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, United States
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22
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Lou J, Zhou Y, Huang J, Qian X. Relationship Between PD-L1 Expression and Clinical Characteristics in Patients with Breast Invasive Ductal Carcinoma. Open Med (Wars) 2017; 12:288-292. [PMID: 28894845 PMCID: PMC5588755 DOI: 10.1515/med-2017-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the expression of PD-L1 (programmed death 1 ligand 1, PD-L1) and its clinical significance in breast invasive ductal carcinoma. METHODS Tumor samples were collected from 64 cases of breast invasive ductal carcinoma patients, and tumor adjacent normal breast tissue were obtained as normal control. The expression of PD-L1 were examined by immunohistochemical staining and real time PCR assay, its correlations with patients' clinical pathological characteristics were analyzed. RESULTS PD-L1 was found to be over-expressed in 24 of 64 (37.5%) breast invasive ductal carcinoma samples, while in 1 of 22 (4.5%) tumor adjacent normal breast tissue which indicated PD-L1 was higher expressed in breast invasive ductal carcinoma samples than the tumor adjacent normal breast tissue (P < 0.05). PD-L1 positive expression was associated with clinical pathological characteristics of TNM stage and pathology grading (P < 0.05). However, PD-L1 positive expression was not correlated with age (P > 0.05), menstruation status (P >0.05), family history of breast cancer (P > 0.05), tumor diameter (P > 0.05), lymph node metastasis (P > 0.05) and tumor location (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION PD-L1 may play an important role in invasive ductal carcinoma, which could be a potential indicator for advanced clinical stage and poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lishui Central Hospital, Lishui323000PR China
| | - Yuefen Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lishui Central Hospital, Lishui323000PR China
| | - Jianhui Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lishui Central Hospital, Lishui323000PR China
| | - Xiaojun Qian
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Shaoxing312000, China
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23
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Li KP, Shanmuganad S, Carroll K, Katz JD, Jordan MB, Hildeman DA. Dying to protect: cell death and the control of T-cell homeostasis. Immunol Rev 2017; 277:21-43. [PMID: 28462527 PMCID: PMC5416827 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
T cells play a critical role in immune responses as they specifically recognize peptide/MHC complexes with their T-cell receptors and initiate adaptive immune responses. While T cells are critical for performing appropriate effector functions and maintaining immune memory, they also can cause autoimmunity or neoplasia if misdirected or dysregulated. Thus, T cells must be tightly regulated from their development onward. Maintenance of appropriate T-cell homeostasis is essential to promote protective immunity and limit autoimmunity and neoplasia. This review will focus on the role of cell death in maintenance of T-cell homeostasis and outline novel therapeutic strategies tailored to manipulate cell death to limit T-cell survival (eg, autoimmunity and transplantation) or enhance T-cell survival (eg, vaccination and immune deficiency).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Po Li
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Sharmila Shanmuganad
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kaitlin Carroll
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Katz
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes Research Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Michael B. Jordan
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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24
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Abstract
The field of cancer immunotherapy has been re-energized by the application of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy in cancers. These CAR T cells are engineered to express synthetic receptors that redirect polyclonal T cells to surface antigens for subsequent tumor elimination. Many CARs are designed with elements that augment T cell persistence and activity. To date, CAR T cells have demonstrated tremendous success in eradicating hematologic malignancies (e.g., CD19 CARs in leukemias). However, this success has yet to be extrapolated to solid tumors, and the reasons for this are being actively investigated. We characterize some of the challenges that CAR T cells have to surmount in the solid tumor microenvironment and new approaches that are being considered to overcome these hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kheng Newick
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;
| | - Shaun O'Brien
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;
| | - Edmund Moon
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;
| | - Steven M Albelda
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;
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25
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Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumor in adults, accounting for about half of all primary brain tumors. Despite multiple therapeutic interventions such as surgical resection, radiotherapy, and systemic chemotherapy, the prognosis for glioblastoma remains poor. Due to the scientific community's enhanced understanding of the CNS immune system and significant achievements in tumor immunotherapy in recent years, immunotherapy has become a promising GBM treatment. In vaccine therapy, a number of clinical trials have achieved encouraging results. In antibody therapy, antibodies are used to target immune checkpoints such as ipilimumab and nivolumab. Bioengineering technology has also lead to a new field of tumor immunotherapy, whereby genetically modified tumor-specific T cells are reintroduced into a patient's body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangyi Zhou
- a Department of Neurosurgery ; Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College ; Beijing , China
| | - Yu Wang
- a Department of Neurosurgery ; Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College ; Beijing , China
| | - Wenbin Ma
- a Department of Neurosurgery ; Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College ; Beijing , China
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26
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Inoue N, Watanabe M, Ishido N, Kodu A, Maruoka H, Katsumata Y, Hidaka Y, Iwatani Y. Involvement of genes encoding apoptosis regulatory factors (FAS, FASL, TRAIL, BCL2, TNFR1 and TNFR2) in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Hum Immunol 2016; 77:944-951. [PMID: 27458112 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.07.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is necessary for the maintenance of self-tolerance by eliminating autoreactive immune cells in the periphery. To clarify the association between the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) and genes encoding apoptosis regulatory factors, we genotyped the FAS -1377G/A, -670A/G, FASL -844C/T, TRAIL -716C/T, BCL2 -938C/A, +127G/A, TNFR1 -383A/C and TNFR2 +676T/G polymorphisms. The frequencies of the FASL -844CC and BCL2 -938AA genotypes were significantly lower in AITD patients than in control subjects (P=0.0101 and 0.0307, respectively). The frequency of the TNFR2 +676TT genotype was significantly lower in Graves' disease (GD) patients than in controls (P=0.0284). The serum sFasL level was significantly higher in GD and Hashimoto's disease (HD) patients than in control subjects (P=0.0003 and 0.0017, respectively). The serum sFasL levels in control subjects were significantly lower than those in intractable GD, GD in remission, and HD without treatment (P=0.0310, 0.0007 and 0.0002, respectively). The serum sFasL levels in HD with treatment were significantly lower than those in HD without treatment (P=0.0490). The polymorphisms in genes encoding apoptosis regulatory factors (FASL, BCL2) and serum levels of sFasL may be associated with immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Inoue
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory for Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Hospital, 2-15 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Mikio Watanabe
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoko Ishido
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Arisa Kodu
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hayato Maruoka
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuka Katsumata
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoh Hidaka
- Laboratory for Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Hospital, 2-15 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Iwatani
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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27
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Yee YH, Chong SJF, Pervaiz S. The anti-oxidant and pro-oxidant dichotomy of Bcl-2. Biol Chem 2016; 397:585-93. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Across a wide spectrum of cellular redox status, there emerges a dichotomy of responses in terms of cell survival/proliferation and cell death. Of note, there is emerging evidence that the anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2, in addition to its conventional activity of titrating the pro-apoptotic effects of proteins such as Bax and Bak at the mitochondria, also impacts cell fate decisions via modulating cellular redox metabolism. In this regard, both pro- and anti-oxidant effects of Bcl-2 overexpression have been described under different conditions and cellular contexts. In this short review, we attempt to analyze existing observations and present a probable explanation for the seemingly conflicting redox regulating activity of Bcl-2 from the standpoint of its pro-survival function. The consequential effect(s) of the dual redox functions of Bcl-2 are also discussed, particularly from the viewpoint of developing novel therapeutic strategies against cancers rendered refractory due to the aberrant expression of Bcl-2.
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28
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Newick K, Moon E, Albelda SM. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for solid tumors. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2016; 3:16006. [PMID: 27162934 PMCID: PMC4849432 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2016.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are engineered constructs composed of synthetic receptors that direct T cells to surface antigens for subsequent elimination. Many CAR constructs are also manufactured with elements that augment T-cell persistence and activity. To date, CAR T cells have demonstrated tremendous success in eradicating hematological malignancies (e.g., CD19 CARs in leukemias). This success is not yet extrapolated to solid tumors, and the reasons for this are being actively investigated. Here in this mini-review, we discuss some of the key hurdles encountered by CAR T cells in the solid tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kheng Newick
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edmund Moon
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven M Albelda
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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29
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Osinalde N, Mitxelena J, Sánchez-Quiles V, Akimov V, Aloria K, Arizmendi JM, Zubiaga AM, Blagoev B, Kratchmarova I. Nuclear Phosphoproteomic Screen Uncovers ACLY as Mediator of IL-2-induced Proliferation of CD4+ T lymphocytes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:2076-92. [PMID: 27067055 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.057158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-cancer immunotherapies commonly rely on the use of interleukin-2 (IL-2) to promote the expansion of T lymphocytes. IL-2- dependent proliferation is the culmination of a complex network of phosphorylation-driven signaling events that impact on gene transcription through mechanisms that are not clearly understood. To study the role of IL-2 in the regulation of nuclear protein function we have performed an unbiased mass spectrometry-based study of the nuclear phosphoproteome of resting and IL-2-treated CD4(+) T lymphocytes. We detected 8521distinct phosphosites including many that are not yet reported in curated phosphorylation databases. Although most phosphorylation sites remained unaffected upon IL-2 treatment, 391 sites corresponding to 288 gene products showed robust IL-2-dependent regulation. Importantly, we show that ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) is a key phosphoprotein effector of IL-2-mediated T-cell responses. ACLY becomes phosphorylated on serine 455 in T lymphocytes upon IL-2-driven activation of AKT, and depletion or inactivation of ACLY compromises IL-2-promoted T-cell growth. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that ACLY is required for enhancing histone acetylation levels and inducing the expression of cell cycle regulating genes in response to IL-2. Thus, the metabolic enzyme ACLY emerges as a bridge between cytokine signaling and proliferation of T lymphocytes, and may be an attractive candidate target for the development of more efficient anti-cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Osinalde
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jone Mitxelena
- §Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Virginia Sánchez-Quiles
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Vyacheslav Akimov
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Kerman Aloria
- ¶Proteomics Core Facility-SGIKER, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Jesus M Arizmendi
- ‖Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Ana M Zubiaga
- §Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Blagoy Blagoev
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Irina Kratchmarova
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark;
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30
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Ji Y, Hocker JD, Gattinoni L. Enhancing adoptive T cell immunotherapy with microRNA therapeutics. Semin Immunol 2015; 28:45-53. [PMID: 26710685 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell-based immunotherapies can mediate complete and durable regressions in patients with advanced cancer, but current response rates remain inadequate. Maneuvers to improve the fitness and antitumor efficacy of transferred T cells have been under extensive exploration in the field. Small non-coding microRNAs have emerged as critical modulators of immune system homeostasis and T cell immunity. Here, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the role of microRNAs in regulating T cell activation, differentiation, and function. We also discuss how microRNA therapeutics could be employed to fine-tune T cell receptor signaling and enhance T cell persistence and effector functions, paving the way for the next generation of adoptive immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ji
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - James D Hocker
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luca Gattinoni
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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31
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Maude S, Barrett DM. Current status of chimeric antigen receptor therapy for haematological malignancies. Br J Haematol 2015; 172:11-22. [PMID: 26560054 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The field of adoptive cell transfer includes chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) engineered T cells, constructs that emerged from basic research into principles of immunology and have transformed into clinically effective therapies for haematological malignancies. T cells engineered to express these artificial receptors hold great promise, but also carry significant risk. While permanent genetic modification of mature T cells appears safe, modulating their in vivo function is difficult, partly because the robust response can trigger other arms of the immune system. Suicide systems and toxicity management with cytokine blockade or signal transduction modulators have emerged as a new frontier in this field, a far cry from early problems getting CAR T cells to work at all. Currently, clinical trials in patients with relapsed or refractory B cell malignancies treated with CD19-specific CAR T cells have induced durable remissions in adults and children. Results from these trials indicate that more work needs to be done to understand biomarkers of efficacy, the role of T cell persistence and how to integrate this care into standard practice. Cell therapy will not be a 'one size fits all' class of medicine, and here we will discuss the development of this therapy and important questions for its future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Maude
- Abramson Cancer Center and the Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David M Barrett
- Abramson Cancer Center and the Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Kacherovsky N, Liu GW, Jensen MC, Pun SH. Multiplexed gene transfer to a human T-cell line by combining Sleeping Beauty transposon system with methotrexate selection. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 112:1429-36. [PMID: 25808830 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Engineered human T-cells are a promising therapeutic modality for cancer immunotherapy. T-cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors combined with additional genes to enhance T-cell proliferation, survival, or tumor targeting may further improve efficacy but require multiple stable gene transfer events. Methods are therefore needed to increase production efficiency for multiplexed engineered cells. In this work, we demonstrate multiplexed, non-viral gene transfer to a human T-cell line with efficient selection (∼ 50%) of cells expressing up to three recombinant open reading frames. The efficient introduction of multiple genes to T-cells was achieved using the Sleeping Beauty transposon system delivered in minicircles by nucleofection. We demonstrate rapid selection for engineered cells using methotrexate (MTX) and a mutant human dihydrofolate reductase resistant to methotrexate-induced metabolic inhibition. Preferential amplification of cells expressing multiple transgenes was achieved by two successive rounds of increasing MTX concentration. This non-viral gene transfer method with MTX step selection can potentially be used in the generation of clinical-grade T-cells housing multiplexed genetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataly Kacherovsky
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Gary W Liu
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael C Jensen
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. .,Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Suzie H Pun
- Department of Bioengineering and Molecular Engineering and Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
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33
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Geering B, Fussenegger M. Synthetic immunology: modulating the human immune system. Trends Biotechnol 2015; 33:65-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Perez C, Jukica A, Listopad JJ, Anders K, Kühl AA, Loddenkemper C, Blankenstein T, Charo J. Permissive expansion and homing of adoptively transferred T cells in tumor-bearing hosts. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:359-71. [PMID: 25530110 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Activated T cells expressing endogenous or transduced TCRs are two cell types currently used in clinical adoptive T-cell therapy. The ability of these cells to recognize their antigen, expand and traffic to the tumor site are the initial steps necessary for successful therapy. In this study, we used in vivo bioluminescent imaging (BLI) of Renilla luciferase (RLuc) expressing T cells to evaluate the ability of adoptively transferred T cells to survive, expand and home to tumor site in vivo. Using this method, termed RT-Rack (Rluc T cell tracking), we followed T-cell response against tumors in vivo. Expansion and homing of adoptively transferred T cells were antigen dependent, but independent of the host immune status. Moreover, we successfully detected T-cell response to small and large tumors, including autochthonous liver tumors. The adoptively transferred T cells were not ignorant or excluded in a partially tolerant host, which expressed low level of the target in the periphery. Using T cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T cells, we showed the ability of these cells to respond in tumor-bearing hosts by expanding and homing to the tumor site. In all these models, the host immune status, the nature of the tumor or of the antigen, the tumor size and the presence of the targeted antigen in the periphery did not prevent the adoptively transferred T cells from responding by expanding and homing to the tumor. However, T cells had higher expression of the inhibitory receptor PD1 and reduced functional activity when a self-antigen was targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Perez
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, 13125, Germany
| | - A Jukica
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, 13125, Germany
| | - J J Listopad
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, 13125, Germany
| | - K Anders
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, 13125, Germany
| | - A A Kühl
- Department of Medicine I for Gastroenterology, Infectious Disease and Rheumatology, Berlin, 12200, Germany
| | - C Loddenkemper
- Institute of Pathology, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, 12200, Germany
| | - T Blankenstein
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, 13125, Germany.,Institute of Immunology, Charité Campus Buch, Berlin, 13125, Germany
| | - J Charo
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, 13125, Germany
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Chuang HY, Chang YF, Liu RS, Hwang JJ. Serial low doses of sorafenib enhance therapeutic efficacy of adoptive T cell therapy in a murine model by improving tumor microenvironment. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109992. [PMID: 25333973 PMCID: PMC4198194 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Requirements of large numbers of transferred T cells and various immunosuppressive factors and cells in the tumor microenvironment limit the applications of adoptive T cells therapy (ACT) in clinic. Accumulating evidences show that chemotherapeutic drugs could act as immune supportive instead of immunosuppressive agents when proper dosage is used, and combined with immunotherapy often results in better treatment outcomes than monotherapy. Controversial immunomodulation effects of sorafenib, a multi-kinases inhibitor, at high and low doses have been reported in several types of cancer. However, what is the range of the low-dose sorafenib will influence the host immunity and responses of ACT is still ambiguous. Here we used a well-established E.G7/OT-1 murine model to understand the effects of serial low doses of sorafenib on both tumor microenvironment and transferred CD8+ T cells and the underlying mechanisms. Sorafenib lowered the expressions of immunosuppressive factors, and enhanced functions and migrations of transferred CD8+ T cells through inhibition of STAT3 and other immunosuppressive factors. CD8+ T cells were transduced with granzyme B promoter for driving imaging reporters to visualize the activation and distribution of transferred CD8+ T cells prior to adoptive transfer. Better activations of CD8+ T cells and tumor inhibitions were found in the combinational group compared with CD8+ T cells or sorafenib alone groups. Not only immunosuppressive factors but myeloid derived suppressive cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) were decreased in sorafenib-treated group, indicating that augmentation of tumor inhibition and function of CD8+ T cells by serial low doses of sorafenib were via reversing the immunosuppressive microenvironment. These results revealed that the tumor inhibitions of sorafenib not only through eradicating tumor cells but modifying tumor microenvironment, which helps outcomes of ACT significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yen Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fang Chang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Shyan Liu
- National PET/Cyclotron Center and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Jong Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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36
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Garber HR, Mirza A, Mittendorf EA, Alatrash G. Adoptive T-cell therapy for Leukemia. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2:25. [PMID: 26056592 PMCID: PMC4452065 DOI: 10.1186/2052-8426-2-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) is the most robust form of adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) and has been tremendously effective in the treatment of leukemia. It is one of the original forms of cancer immunotherapy and illustrates that lymphocytes can specifically recognize and eliminate aberrant, malignant cells. However, because of the high morbidity and mortality that is associated with alloSCT including graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), refining the anti-leukemia immunity of alloSCT to target distinct antigens that mediate the graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) effect could transform our approach to treating leukemia, and possibly other hematologic malignancies. Over the past few decades, many leukemia antigens have been discovered that can separate malignant cells from normal host cells and render them vulnerable targets. In concert, the field of T-cell engineering has matured to enable transfer of ectopic high-affinity antigen receptors into host or donor cells with greater efficiency and potency. Many preclinical studies have demonstrated that engineered and conventional T-cells can mediate lysis and eradication of leukemia via one or more leukemia antigen targets. This evidence now serves as a foundation for clinical trials that aim to cure leukemia using T-cells. The recent clinical success of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cells for treating patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia displays the potential of this new therapeutic modality. In this review, we discuss some of the most promising leukemia antigens and the novel strategies that have been implemented for adoptive cellular immunotherapy of lymphoid and myeloid leukemias. It is important to summarize the data for ACT of leukemia for physicians in-training and in practice and for investigators who work in this and related fields as there are recent discoveries already being translated to the patient setting and numerous accruing clinical trials. We primarily focus on ACT that has been used in the clinical setting or that is currently undergoing preclinical testing with a foreseeable clinical endpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haven R Garber
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, 77030 Texas
| | - Asma Mirza
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, 77030 Texas
| | - Elizabeth A Mittendorf
- Department Surgical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gheath Alatrash
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, 77030 Texas
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37
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Garber HR, Mirza A, Mittendorf EA, Alatrash G. Adoptive T-cell therapy for Leukemia. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2:25. [PMID: 26056592 PMCID: PMC4452065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) is the most robust form of adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) and has been tremendously effective in the treatment of leukemia. It is one of the original forms of cancer immunotherapy and illustrates that lymphocytes can specifically recognize and eliminate aberrant, malignant cells. However, because of the high morbidity and mortality that is associated with alloSCT including graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), refining the anti-leukemia immunity of alloSCT to target distinct antigens that mediate the graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) effect could transform our approach to treating leukemia, and possibly other hematologic malignancies. Over the past few decades, many leukemia antigens have been discovered that can separate malignant cells from normal host cells and render them vulnerable targets. In concert, the field of T-cell engineering has matured to enable transfer of ectopic high-affinity antigen receptors into host or donor cells with greater efficiency and potency. Many preclinical studies have demonstrated that engineered and conventional T-cells can mediate lysis and eradication of leukemia via one or more leukemia antigen targets. This evidence now serves as a foundation for clinical trials that aim to cure leukemia using T-cells. The recent clinical success of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) cells for treating patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia displays the potential of this new therapeutic modality. In this review, we discuss some of the most promising leukemia antigens and the novel strategies that have been implemented for adoptive cellular immunotherapy of lymphoid and myeloid leukemias. It is important to summarize the data for ACT of leukemia for physicians in-training and in practice and for investigators who work in this and related fields as there are recent discoveries already being translated to the patient setting and numerous accruing clinical trials. We primarily focus on ACT that has been used in the clinical setting or that is currently undergoing preclinical testing with a foreseeable clinical endpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haven R Garber
- />Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, 77030 Texas
| | - Asma Mirza
- />Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, 77030 Texas
| | - Elizabeth A Mittendorf
- />Department Surgical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gheath Alatrash
- />Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Houston, 77030 Texas
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38
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A new hope in immunotherapy for malignant gliomas: adoptive T cell transfer therapy. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:326545. [PMID: 25009822 PMCID: PMC4070364 DOI: 10.1155/2014/326545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy emerged as a promising therapeutic approach to highly incurable malignant gliomas due to tumor-specific cytotoxicity, minimal side effect, and a durable antitumor effect by memory T cells. But, antitumor activities of endogenously activated T cells induced by immunotherapy such as vaccination are not sufficient to control tumors because tumor-specific antigens may be self-antigens and tumors have immune evasion mechanisms to avoid immune surveillance system of host. Although recent clinical results from vaccine strategy for malignant gliomas are encouraging, these trials have some limitations, particularly their failure to expand tumor antigen-specific T cells reproducibly and effectively. An alternative strategy to overcome these limitations is adoptive T cell transfer therapy, in which tumor-specific T cells are expanded ex vivo rapidly and then transferred to patients. Moreover, enhanced biologic functions of T cells generated by genetic engineering and modified immunosuppressive microenvironment of host by homeostatic T cell expansion and/or elimination of immunosuppressive cells and molecules can induce more potent antitumor T cell responses and make this strategy hold promise in promoting a patient response for malignant glioma treatment. Here we will review the past and current progresses and discuss a new hope in adoptive T cell therapy for malignant gliomas.
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39
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Sim GC, Chacon J, Haymaker C, Ritthipichai K, Singh M, Hwu P, Radvanyi L. Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocyte Therapy for Melanoma: Rationale and Issues for Further Clinical Development. BioDrugs 2014; 28:421-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s40259-014-0097-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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40
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Cell transfer therapy for cancer: past, present, and future. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:525913. [PMID: 24741604 PMCID: PMC3987872 DOI: 10.1155/2014/525913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell transfer therapy for cancer has made a rapid progress recently and the immunotherapy has been recognized as the fourth anticancer modality after operation, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Lymphocytes used for cell transfer therapy include dendritic cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and T lymphocytes such as tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). In vitro activated or engineered immune cells can traffic to cancer tissues to elicit persistent antitumor immune response which is very important especially after immunosuppressive treatments such as chemotherapy. In this review, we overviewed recent advances in the exploration of dendritic cells, NK cells, and T cells for the treatment of human cancer cells.
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41
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Abstract
Improved outcomes for patients with cancer hinge on the development of new targeted therapies with acceptable short-term and long-term toxicity. Progress in basic, preclinical, and clinical arenas spanning cellular immunology, synthetic biology, and cell-processing technologies has paved the way for clinical applications of chimeric antigen receptor-based therapies. This new form of targeted immunotherapy merges the exquisite targeting specificity of monoclonal antibodies with the potent cytotoxicity and long-term persistence provided by cytotoxic T cells. Although this field is still in its infancy, clinical trials have already shown clinically significant antitumor activity in neuroblastoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and B cell lymphoma, and trials targeting a variety of other adult and pediatric malignancies are under way. Ongoing work is focused on identifying optimal tumor targets and on elucidating and manipulating both cell- and host-associated factors to support expansion and persistence of the genetically engineered cells in vivo. The potential to target essentially any tumor-associated cell-surface antigen for which a monoclonal antibody can be made opens up an entirely new arena for targeted therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Barrett
- Abramson Cancer Center and the Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104;
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42
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Engineered T cells for cancer treatment. Cytotherapy 2013; 16:713-33. [PMID: 24239105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adoptively transferred T cells have the capacity to traffic to distant tumor sites, infiltrate fibrotic tissue and kill antigen-expressing tumor cells. Various groups have investigated different genetic engineering strategies designed to enhance tumor specificity, increase T cell potency, improve proliferation, persistence or migratory capacity and increase safety. This review focuses on recent developments in T cell engineering, discusses the clinical application of these engineered cell products and outlines future prospects for this therapeutic modality.
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43
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Kalos M, June CH. Adoptive T cell transfer for cancer immunotherapy in the era of synthetic biology. Immunity 2013; 39:49-60. [PMID: 23890063 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive T cell transfer for cancer and chronic infection is an emerging field that shows promise in recent trials. Synthetic-biology-based engineering of T lymphocytes to express high-affinity antigen receptors can overcome immune tolerance, which has been a major limitation of immunotherapy-based strategies. Advances in cell engineering and culture approaches to enable efficient gene transfer and ex vivo cell expansion have facilitated broader evaluation of this technology, moving adoptive transfer from a "boutique" application to the cusp of a mainstream technology. The major challenge currently facing the field is to increase the specificity of engineered T cells for tumors, because targeting shared antigens has the potential to lead to on-target off-tumor toxicities, as observed in recent trials. As the field of adoptive transfer technology matures, the major engineering challenge is the development of automated cell culture systems, so that the approach can extend beyond specialized academic centers and become widely available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kalos
- Abramson Cancer Center and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5156, USA.
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Abstract
T cells have the capacity to eradicate diseased cells, but tumours present considerable challenges that render T cells ineffectual. Cancer cells often make themselves almost 'invisible' to the immune system, and they sculpt a microenvironment that suppresses T cell activity, survival and migration. Genetic engineering of T cells can be used therapeutically to overcome these challenges. T cells can be taken from the blood of cancer patients and then modified with genes encoding receptors that recognize cancer-specific antigens. Additional genes can be used to enable resistance to immunosuppression, to extend survival and to facilitate the penetration of engineered T cells into tumours. Using genetic modification, highly active, self-propagating 'slayers' of cancer cells can be generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Kershaw
- Cancer Immunology Research Program, Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia. michael.kershaw@ petermac.org
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45
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Gill S, Kalos M. T cell-based gene therapy of cancer. Transl Res 2013; 161:365-79. [PMID: 23246626 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy using gene engineered T cells is a promising and rapidly evolving field, and the ability to engineer T cells to manifest desired phenotypes and functions has become a practical reality. In this review, we describe and summarize current thought about gene engineering of T cells. We focus on the identified requirements for the successful application of T cell based immunotherapy and discuss gene-therapy based strategies that address these requirements and have the potential to enhance the successful implementation of this promising approach to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saar Gill
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa., USA
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46
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Finkelstein SE, Fishman M. Clinical opportunities in combining immunotherapy with radiation therapy. Front Oncol 2012; 2:169. [PMID: 23233905 PMCID: PMC3515996 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical work in murine models suggests that local radiotherapy plus intratumoral syngeneic dendritic cells (DC) injection can mediate immunologic tumor eradication. Radiotherapy affects the immune response to cancer, besides the direct impact on the tumor cells, and other ways to coordinate immune modulation with radiotherapy have been explored. We review here the potential for immune-mediated anticancer activity of radiation on tumors. This can be mediated by differential antigen acquisition and presentation by DC, through changes of lymphocytes' activation, and changes of tumor susceptibility to immune clearance. Recent work has implemented the combination of external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) with intratumoral injection of DC. This included a pilot study of coordinated intraprostatic, autologous DC injection together with radiation therapy with five HLA-A2(+) subjects with high-risk, localized prostate cancer; the protocol used androgen suppression, EBRT (25 fractions, 45 Gy), DC injections after fractions 5, 15, and 25, and then interstitial radioactive implant. Another was a phase II trial using neo-adjuvant apoptosis-inducing EBRT plus intra-tumoral DC in soft tissue sarcoma, to test if this would increase immune activity toward soft tissue sarcoma associated antigens. In the future, radiation therapy approaches designed to optimize immune stimulation at the level of DC, lymphocytes, tumor and stroma effects could be evaluated specifically in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mayer Fishman
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer CenterTampa, FL, USA
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47
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Choi D, Kim TG, Sung YC. The past, present, and future of adoptive T cell therapy. Immune Netw 2012; 12:139-47. [PMID: 23091437 PMCID: PMC3467412 DOI: 10.4110/in.2012.12.4.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) has become a promising immunotherapeutic regime for cancer treatment, its effectiveness has been hindered by several inherent shortcomings regarding safety and efficacy. During the past few decades, several strategies for enhancing the efficacy of ACT have been developed and introduced in clinic. This review will summarize not only the past approaches but also the latest strategies which have been shown to enhance the anticancer activity of ACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghoon Choi
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Division of Molecular and Life Science, POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science & Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
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Adoptive T-cell therapy using autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes for metastatic melanoma: current status and future outlook. Cancer J 2012; 18:160-75. [PMID: 22453018 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0b013e31824d4465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy using autologous T cells has emerged to be a powerful treatment option for patients with metastatic melanoma. These include the adoptive transfer of autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), T cells transduced with high-affinity T cell receptors against major tumor antigens, and T cells transduced with chimeric antigen receptors composed of hybrid immunoglobulin light chains with endodomains of T-cell signaling molecules. Among these and other options for T-cell therapy, TILs together with high-dose interleukin 2 have had the longest clinical history with multiple clinical trials in centers across the world consistently demonstrating durable clinical response rates near 50% or more. A distinct advantage of TIL therapy making it still the T-cell therapy of choice is the broad nature of the T-cell recognition against both defined and undefined tumors antigens against all possible major histocompatibility complex, rather than the single specificity and limited major histocompatibility complex coverage of the newer T cell receptors and chimeric antigen receptor transduction technologies. In the past decade, significant inroads have been made in defining the phenotypes of T cells in TIL-mediating tumor regression. CD8+ T cells are emerging to be critical, although the exact subset of CD8+ T cells exhibiting the highest clinical activity in terms of memory and effector markers is still controversial. We present a model in which both effector-memory and more differentiated effector T cells ultimately may need to cooperate to mediate long-term tumor control in responding patients. Although TIL therapy has shown great potential to treat metastatic melanoma, a number of issues have emerged that need to be addressed to bring it more into the mainstream of melanoma care. First, we have a reached the point where a pivotal phase II or phase III trial is needed in an attempt to gain regulatory approval of TILs as standard of care. Second, improvements in how we expand TILs for therapy are needed that minimize the time the T cells are in culture and improve the memory and effector characteristics of the T cells for longer persistence and enhanced anti-tumor activity in vivo. Third, there is a critical need to identify surrogate and predictive biomarkers to better select suitable patients for TIL therapy to improve response rate and duration. Overall, the outlook for TIL therapy for melanoma is very bright. We predict that TILs will indeed emerge to become an approved treatment in the upcoming years through pivotal clinical trials. Moreover, new approaches combining TILs with targeted signaling pathway drugs, such as mutant B-RAF inhibitors, and synergistic immunomodulatory interventions enhancing T-cell costimulation and preventing negative regulation should further increase therapeutic efficacy and durable complete response rates.
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Genetic engineering with T cell receptors. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:756-62. [PMID: 22178904 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, human gene transfer research has been translated from a laboratory technology to clinical evaluation. The success of adoptive transfer of tumor-reactive lymphocytes to treat the patients with metastatic melanoma has led to new strategies to redirect normal T cells to recognize tumor antigens by genetic engineering with tumor antigen-specific T cell receptor (TCR) genes. This new strategy can generate large numbers of defined antigen-specific cells for therapeutic application. Much progress has been made to TCR gene transfer systems by optimizing gene expression and gene transfer protocols. Vector and protein modifications have enabled excellent expression of introduced TCR chains in human lymphocytes with reduced mis-pairing between the introduced and endogenous TCR chains. Initial clinical studies have demonstrated that TCR gene-engineered T cells could mediate tumor regression in vivo. In this review, we discuss the progress and prospects of TCR gene-engineered T cells as a therapeutic strategy for treating patients with melanoma and other cancers.
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Restifo NP, Dudley ME, Rosenberg SA. Adoptive immunotherapy for cancer: harnessing the T cell response. Nat Rev Immunol 2012; 12:269-81. [PMID: 22437939 PMCID: PMC6292222 DOI: 10.1038/nri3191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1182] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy based on the adoptive transfer of naturally occurring or gene-engineered T cells can mediate tumour regression in patients with metastatic cancer. Here, we discuss progress in the use of adoptively transferred T cells, focusing on how they can mediate tumour cell eradication. Recent advances include more accurate targeting of antigens expressed by tumours and the associated vasculature, and the successful use of gene engineering to re-target T cells before their transfer into the patient. We also describe how new research has helped to identify the particular T cell subsets that can most effectively promote tumour eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Restifo
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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