1
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Singh P. MicroRNA based combinatorial therapy against TKIs resistant CML by inactivating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway: a review. Med Oncol 2023; 40:300. [PMID: 37713129 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02161-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is characterized by presence of Philadelphia chromosome, which harbors BCR-ABL oncogene responsible for encoding BCR-ABL oncoprotein. This oncoprotein interferes with cellular signaling pathways, resulting in tumor progression. Among these pathways, PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is significantly upregulated in CML. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are current standard therapy for CML, and they have shown remarkable efficacy. However, emergence of TKIs drug resistance has necessitated investigation of novel therapeutic approaches. Components of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway have emerged as attractive targets in this context, as this pathway is known to be activated in TKIs-resistant CML cells/patients. Inhibiting this pathway may provide a complementary approach to improving TKIs' efficacy and treatment outcomes. Given previous research indicating that miRNAs play an inhibitory role in cancer, current study used computational tools to identify miRNAs that specifically target pathway's core components. A comprehensive analysis was performed, resulting in identification of 111 miRNAs that potentially target PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. From this extensive list, 7 miRNAs was selected for further investigation based on their consistent downregulation across leukemia subtypes. Except for hsa-miR-199a-3p, remaining six miRNAs have been extensively studied in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Given high similarity between AML and CML, it is believed that six miRNAs which are not studied in context of CML may also be advantageous for curing chemoresistance in CML. Building upon this knowledge, it is reasonable to speculate that a combination therapy approach involving use of miRNAs alongside TKIs may offer improved therapy for TKIs-resistant CML compared to TKIs monotherapy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, 151401, Bathinda, India.
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2
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Barnes EJ, Eide CA, Kaempf A, Bottomly D, Romine KA, Wilmot B, Saunders D, McWeeney SK, Tognon CE, Druker BJ. Secondary fusion proteins as a mechanism of BCR::ABL1 kinase-independent resistance in chronic myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2023; 200:323-328. [PMID: 36264026 PMCID: PMC9851972 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance in chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) may occur via mutations in the causative BCR::ABL1 fusion or BCR::ABL1-independent mechanisms. We analysed 48 patients with BCR::ABL1-independent resistance for the presence of secondary fusion genes by RNA sequencing. We identified 10 of the most frequently detected secondary fusions in 21 patients. Validation studies, cell line models, gene expression analysis and drug screening revealed differences with respect to proliferation rate, differentiation and drug sensitivity. Notably, expression of RUNX1::MECOM led to resistance to ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors in vitro. These results suggest secondary fusions contribute to BCR::ABL1-independent resistance and may be amenable to combined therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Mutation
- Cell Line
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J Barnes
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Christopher A Eide
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Andy Kaempf
- Biostatistics Shared Resource, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Daniel Bottomly
- Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Kyle A Romine
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Beth Wilmot
- Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Dominick Saunders
- Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Shannon K McWeeney
- Division of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics and Clinical Epidemiology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Cristina E Tognon
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Brian J Druker
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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3
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Kaloni D, Diepstraten ST, Strasser A, Kelly GL. BCL-2 protein family: attractive targets for cancer therapy. Apoptosis 2023; 28:20-38. [PMID: 36342579 PMCID: PMC9950219 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01780-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Acquired resistance to cell death is a hallmark of cancer. The BCL-2 protein family members play important roles in controlling apoptotic cell death. Abnormal over-expression of pro-survival BCL-2 family members or abnormal reduction of pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins, both resulting in the inhibition of apoptosis, are frequently detected in diverse malignancies. The critical role of the pro-survival and pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins in the regulation of apoptosis makes them attractive targets for the development of agents for the treatment of cancer. This review describes the roles of the various pro-survival and pro-apoptotic members of the BCL-2 protein family in normal development and organismal function and how defects in the control of apoptosis promote the development and therapy resistance of cancer. Finally, we discuss the development of inhibitors of pro-survival BCL-2 proteins, termed BH3-mimetic drugs, as novel agents for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Kaloni
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Sarah T Diepstraten
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Gemma L Kelly
- Blood Cells and Blood Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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4
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Siddiqui A, Tumiati M, Joko A, Sandholm J, Roering P, Aakko S, Vainionpää R, Kaipio K, Huhtinen K, Kauppi L, Tuomela J, Hietanen S. Targeting DNA Homologous Repair Proficiency With Concomitant Topoisomerase II and c-Abl Inhibition. Front Oncol 2021; 11:733700. [PMID: 34616682 PMCID: PMC8488401 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.733700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical DNA repair pathways become deranged during cancer development. This vulnerability may be exploited with DNA-targeting chemotherapy. Topoisomerase II inhibitors induce double-strand breaks which, if not repaired, are detrimental to the cell. This repair process requires high-fidelity functional homologous recombination (HR) or error-prone non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). If either of these pathways is defective, a compensatory pathway may rescue the cells and induce treatment resistance. Consistently, HR proficiency, either inherent or acquired during the course of the disease, enables tumor cells competent to repair the DNA damage, which is a major problem for chemotherapy in general. In this context, c-Abl is a protein tyrosine kinase that is involved in DNA damage-induced stress. We used a low-dose topoisomerase II inhibitor mitoxantrone to induce DNA damage which caused a transient cell cycle delay but allowed eventual passage through this checkpoint in most cells. We show that the percentage of HR and NHEJ efficient HeLa cells decreased more than 50% by combining c-Abl inhibitor imatinib with mitoxantrone. This inhibition of DNA repair caused more than 87% of cells in G2/M arrest and a significant increase in apoptosis. To validate the effect of the combination treatment, we tested it on commercial and patient-derived cell lines in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), where chemotherapy resistance correlates with HR proficiency and is a major clinical problem. Results obtained with HR-proficient and deficient HGSOC cell lines show a 50–85% increase of sensitivity by the combination treatment. Our data raise the possibility of successful targeting of treatment-resistant HR-proficient cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arafat Siddiqui
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Manuela Tumiati
- ONCOSYS, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alia Joko
- Department of Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Jouko Sandholm
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Pia Roering
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sofia Aakko
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Reetta Vainionpää
- Laboratory of Genetics, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katja Kaipio
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kaisa Huhtinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Liisa Kauppi
- ONCOSYS, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Tuomela
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sakari Hietanen
- Turku University Hospital, FICAN West Cancer Centre, Turku, Finland
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5
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Current Views on the Interplay between Tyrosine Kinases and Phosphatases in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13102311. [PMID: 34065882 PMCID: PMC8151247 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The chromosomal alteration t(9;22) generating the BCR-ABL1 fusion protein represents the principal feature that distinguishes some types of leukemia. An increasing number of articles have focused the attention on the relevance of protein phosphatases and their potential role in the control of BCR-ABL1-dependent or -independent signaling in different areas related to the biology of chronic myeloid leukemia. Herein, we discuss how tyrosine and serine/threonine protein phosphatases may interact with protein kinases, in order to regulate proliferative signal cascades, quiescence and self-renewals on leukemic stem cells, and drug-resistance, indicating how BCR-ABL1 can (directly or indirectly) affect these critical cells behaviors. We provide an updated review of the literature on the function of protein phosphatases and their regulation mechanism in chronic myeloid leukemia. Abstract Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by BCR-ABL1 oncogene expression. This dysregulated protein-tyrosine kinase (PTK) is known as the principal driver of the disease and is targeted by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Extensive documentation has elucidated how the transformation of malignant cells is characterized by multiple genetic/epigenetic changes leading to the loss of tumor-suppressor genes function or proto-oncogenes expression. The impairment of adequate levels of substrates phosphorylation, thus affecting the balance PTKs and protein phosphatases (PPs), represents a well-established cellular mechanism to escape from self-limiting signals. In this review, we focus our attention on the characterization of and interactions between PTKs and PPs, emphasizing their biological roles in disease expansion, the regulation of LSCs and TKI resistance. We decided to separate those PPs that have been validated in primary cell models or leukemia mouse models from those whose studies have been performed only in cell lines (and, thus, require validation), as there may be differences in the manner that the associated pathways are modified under these two conditions. This review summarizes the roles of diverse PPs, with hope that better knowledge of the interplay among phosphatases and kinases will eventually result in a better understanding of this disease and contribute to its eradication.
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6
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Kim D, Choi SW, Cho J, Been JH, Choi K, Jiang W, Han J, Oh J, Park C, Choi S, Seo S, Kim KL, Suh W, Lee SK, Kim S. Discovery of Novel Small-Molecule Antiangiogenesis Agents to Treat Diabetic Retinopathy. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5535-5550. [PMID: 33902285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness which is associated with excessive angiogenesis. Using the structure of wondonin marine natural products, we previously created a scaffold to develop a novel type of antiangiogenesis agent that possesses minimized cytotoxicity. To overcome its poor pharmaceutical properties, we further modified the structure. A new scaffold was derived in which the stereogenic carbon was changed to nitrogen and the 1,2,3-triazole ring was replaced by an alkyl chain. By comparing the bioactivity versus cytotoxicity, compound 31 was selected, which has improved aqueous solubility and an enhanced selectivity index. Mechanistically, 31 suppressed angiopoietin-2 (ANGPT2) expression induced by high glucose in retinal cells and exhibited in vivo antiangiogenic activity in choroidal neovascularization and oxygen-induced retinopathy mouse models. These results suggest the potential of 31 as a lead to develop antiangiogenic small-molecule drugs to treat diabetic retinopathy and as a chemical tool to elucidate new mechanisms of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghwa Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sang Won Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jihee Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jae-Hui Been
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kyoungsun Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Wenzhe Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jaeho Han
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jedo Oh
- Hana Pharmaceutical Co., Pangyo 13486, Korea
| | | | | | - Songyi Seo
- Department of Global Innovative Drug, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Koung Li Kim
- Department of Global Innovative Drug, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Wonhee Suh
- Department of Global Innovative Drug, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Sang Kook Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sanghee Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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7
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Afify SM, Oo AKK, Hassan G, Seno A, Seno M. How can we turn the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway down? Insights into inhibition and treatment of cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2021; 21:605-619. [PMID: 33857392 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2021.1918001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase-B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) pathway is a fundamental regulator of cell proliferation and survival. Dysregulation in this pathway leads to the development of cancer. Accumulating evidence indicates that dysregulation in this pathway is involved in cancer initiation, progression, and recurrence. However, the pathway consists of various signal transducing factors related with cellular events, such as transformation, tumorigenesis, cancer progression, and drug resistance. Therefore, it is very important to determine the targets in this pathway for cancer therapy. Although many drugs inhibiting this signaling pathway are in clinical trials or have been approved for treating solid tumors and hematologic malignancies, further understanding of the signaling mechanism is required to achieve better therapeutic efficacy.Areas covered: In this review, we have describe the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in detail, along with its critical role in cancer stem cells, for identifying potential therapeutic targets. We also summarize the recent developments in different types of signaling inhibitors.Expert opinion: Downregulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is very important for treating all types of cancers. Thus, further studies are required to establish novel prognostic factors to support the current progress in cancer treatment with emphasis on this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said M Afify
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,Division of Biochemistry, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin, El Kom-Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Aung Ko Ko Oo
- Department of Biotechnology, Mandalay Technological University, Mandalay, Myanmar
| | - Ghmkin Hassan
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Akimasa Seno
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masaharu Seno
- Department of Biotechnology and Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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8
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Singh P, Kumar V, Gupta SK, Kumari G, Verma M. Combating TKI resistance in CML by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in combination with TKIs: a review. Med Oncol 2021; 38:10. [PMID: 33452624 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01462-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), a myeloproliferative hematopoietic cancer, is caused by a genetic translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22. This translocation produces a small Philadelphia chromosome, which contains the Bcr-Abl oncogene. The Bcr-Abl oncogene encodes the BCR-ABL protein, upregulates various signaling pathways (JAK-STAT, MAPK/ERK, and PI3K/Akt/mTOR), and out of which the specifically highly active pathway is the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Among early treatments for CML, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) were found to be the most effective, but drug resistance against kinase inhibitors led to the discovery of novel alternative therapies. At this point, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway components became new targets due to stimulation of this pathway in TKIs-resistant CML patients. The current review article deals with reviewing the scientific literature on the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors listed in the National Cancer Institute (NCI) drug dictionary and proved effective against multiple cancers. And out of those enlisted inhibitors, the US FDA has also approved some PI3K inhibitors (Idelalisib, Copanlisib, and Duvelisib) and mTOR inhibitors (Everolimus, Sirolimus, and Temsirolimus) for cancer therapy. So far, several inhibitors have been tested, and further investigations are still ongoing. Even in Imatinib, Nilotinib, and Ponatinib-resistant CML cells, a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, BEZ235, showed antiproliferative activity. Therefore, by considering the literature data of these reviews and further examining some of the reported inhibitors, which proved effective against the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in multiple cancers, may improve the therapeutic approaches towards TKI-resistant CML cells where the respective signaling pathway gets upregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India
| | - Veerandra Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Sonu Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India
| | - Gudia Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India
| | - Malkhey Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151001, India. .,School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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9
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Yang YW, Marrufo A, Chase J, Woodard GA, Jablons DM, Lemjabbar-Alaoui H. Ponatinib is a potential therapeutic approach for malignant pleural mesothelioma. Exp Lung Res 2020; 47:9-25. [PMID: 33107354 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2020.1836691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare and deadly malignancy. Current MPM therapies remain inadequate, and outcomes are often disappointing. New meaningful therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. Accumulating evidence indicates that the cAbl pathway promotes various tumor-stimulating processes in MPM. In this study, we sought to determine ponatinib's potential utility, a clinically approved and potent cAbl inhibitor, in MPM treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS Four MPM lines (MSTO211H, H28, H2452, H2052) were treated with ponatinib in vitro, and their growth was assessed. Scratch wound assay was used to investigate the ponatinib effect on cell migration. The expression levels of pAbl and its downstream effectors pCrkL, pAKT, and pSTAT5 were characterized. The in vivo ponatinib effect was evaluated in human MPM cells derived tumor model. RESULTS In all four MPM lines, significant expression levels of phosphorylated cAbl/Arg and pCrkl were observed. Differentially but strongly, ponatinib inhibited the in vitro cell growth and migration of all four MPM line. Western blot analysis showed that the activation of Abl signaling was blocked in the ponatinib-treated MMP lines. In keeping, the cellular levels of pAbl and its downstream effector pCrkL, pAKT, and pSTAT5 were markedly decrease following ponatinib treatment. Moreover, ponatinib treatment amplified the levels of γH2AX in cells denoting increased double-strand DNA breaks levels. Notably, ponatinib treatment reduced in vivo tumor growth and reduced pCrkl and pSTAT5 levels in tumor samples. CONCLUSION Ponatinib may offer a new therapeutic strategy for MPM patients based on cAbl signaling pathway inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wei Yang
- Department of Surgery, Thoracic Oncology Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Angelica Marrufo
- Department of Surgery, Thoracic Oncology Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jillian Chase
- Department of Surgery, Thoracic Oncology Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Gavitt A Woodard
- Department of Surgery, Thoracic Oncology Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David M Jablons
- Department of Surgery, Thoracic Oncology Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hassan Lemjabbar-Alaoui
- Department of Surgery, Thoracic Oncology Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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10
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Llavero F, Arrazola Sastre A, Luque Montoro M, Martín MA, Arenas J, Lucia A, Zugaza JL. Small GTPases of the Ras superfamily and glycogen phosphorylase regulation in T cells. Small GTPases 2019; 12:106-113. [PMID: 31512989 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2019.1665968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Small GTPases, together with their regulatory and effector molecules, are key intermediaries in the complex signalling pathways that control almost all cellular processes, working as molecular switches to transduce extracellular cues into cellular responses that drive vital functions, such as intracellular transport, biomolecule synthesis, gene activation and cell survival. How all of these networks are linked to metabolic pathways is a subject of intensive study. Because any response to cellular action requires some form of energy input, elucidating how cells coordinate the signals that lead to a tangible response involving metabolism is central to understand cellular activities. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the molecular basis of the crosstalk between small GTPases of the Ras superfamily, specifically Rac1 and Ras/Rap1, and glycogen phosphorylase in T lymphocytes. Abbreviations: ADCY: adenylyl cyclase; ADCY6: adenylyl cyclase 6; BCR: B cell receptor; cAMP: 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate; CRIB: Cdc42/Rac binding domain; DLPFC: dysfunction of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; Epac2: exchange protein directly activated by cAMP; GDP: guanodine-5'-diphosphate; GPCRs: G protein-coupled receptors; GTP: guanodin-5'-triphosphate; IL2: interleukin 2; IL2-R: interleukin 2 receptor; JAK: janus kinases; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; O-GlcNAc: O-glycosylation; PAK1: p21 activated kinase 1; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PK: phosphorylase kinase; PKA: cAMP-dependent protein kinase A; PKCθ: protein kinase Cθ; PLCγ: phospholipase Cγ; Src: proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase c; STAT: signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Llavero
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU , Leioa, Spain.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid , Madrid, Spain
| | - Alazne Arrazola Sastre
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU , Leioa, Spain.,Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, UPV/EHU , Leioa, Spain
| | - Miriam Luque Montoro
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU , Leioa, Spain
| | - Miguel A Martín
- Enfermedades Raras, Mitocondriales y Neuromusculares., Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) , Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Arenas
- Enfermedades Raras, Mitocondriales y Neuromusculares., Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) , Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid , Madrid, Spain.,Enfermedades Raras, Mitocondriales y Neuromusculares., Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12) , Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBER FES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Zugaza
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU , Leioa, Spain.,Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, UPV/EHU , Leioa, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao, Spain
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11
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CHL1 gene acts as a tumor suppressor in human neuroblastoma. Oncotarget 2018; 9:25903-25921. [PMID: 29899830 PMCID: PMC5995240 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is an aggressive, relapse-prone childhood tumor of the sympathetic nervous system that accounts for 15% of pediatric cancer deaths. A distal portion of human chromosome 3p is often deleted in neuroblastoma, this region may contain one or more putative tumor suppressor genes. A 2.54 Mb region at 3p26.3 encompassing the smallest region of deletion pinpointed CHL1 gene, the locus for neuronal cell adhesion molecule close homolog of L1. We found that low CHL1 expression predicted poor outcome in neuroblastoma patients. Here we have used two inducible cell models to analyze the impact of CHL1 on neuroblastoma biology. Over-expression of CHL1 induced neurite-like outgrowth and markers of neuronal differentiation in neuroblastoma cells, halted tumor progression, inhibited anchorage-independent colony formation, and suppressed the growth of human tumor xenografts. Conversely, knock-down of CHL1 induced neurite retraction and activation of Rho GTPases, enhanced cell proliferation and migration, triggered colony formation and anchorage-independent growth, accelerated growth in orthotopic xenografts mouse model. Our findings demonstrate unambiguously that CHL1 acts as a regulator of proliferation and differentiation of neuroblastoma cells through inhibition of the MAPKs and Akt pathways. CHL1 is a novel candidate tumor suppressor in neuroblastoma, and its associated pathways may represent a promising target for future therapeutic interventions.
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12
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Simioni C, Martelli AM, Zauli G, Vitale M, McCubrey JA, Capitani S, Neri LM. Targeting the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin signaling pathway in B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia: An update. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6440-6454. [PMID: 29667769 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite considerable progress in treatment protocols, B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) displays a poor prognosis in about 15-20% of pediatric cases and about 60% of adult patients. In addition, life-long irreversible late effects from chemo- and radiation therapy, including secondary malignancies, are a growing problem for leukemia survivors. Targeted therapy holds promising perspectives for cancer treatment as it may be more effective and have fewer side effects than conventional therapies. The phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is a key regulatory cascade which controls proliferation, survival and drug-resistance of cancer cells, and it is frequently upregulated in the different subtypes of B-ALL, where it plays important roles in the pathophysiology, maintenance and progression of the disease. Moreover, activation of this signaling cascade portends a poorer prognosis in both pediatric and adult B-ALL patients. Promising preclinical data on PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors have documented their anticancer activity in B-ALL and some of these novel drugs have entered clinical trials as they could lead to a longer event-free survival and reduce therapy-associated toxicity for patients with B-ALL. This review highlights the current status of PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors in B-ALL, with an emphasis on emerging evidence of the superior efficacy of synergistic combinations involving the use of traditional chemotherapeutics or other novel, targeted agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Simioni
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto M Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Vitale
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.,CoreLab, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Silvano Capitani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Luca M Neri
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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13
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Stefanzl G, Berger D, Cerny-Reiterer S, Blatt K, Eisenwort G, Sperr WR, Hoermann G, Lind K, Hauswirth AW, Bettelheim P, Sill H, Melo JV, Jäger U, Valent P. The pan-BCL-2-blocker obatoclax (GX15-070) and the PI3-kinase/mTOR-inhibitor BEZ235 produce cooperative growth-inhibitory effects in ALL cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:67709-67722. [PMID: 28978065 PMCID: PMC5620205 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is characterized by leukemic expansion of lymphoid blasts in hematopoietic tissues. Despite improved therapy only a subset of patients can be cured. Therefore, current research is focusing on new drug-targets. Members of the BCL-2 family and components of the PI3-kinase/mTOR pathway are critically involved in the regulation of growth and survival of ALL cells. We examined the effects of the pan-BCL-2 blocker obatoclax and the PI3-kinase/mTOR-inhibitor BEZ235 on growth and survival of ALL cells. In 3H-thymidine uptake experiments, both drugs suppressed the in vitro proliferation of leukemic cells in all patients with Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) ALL and Ph− ALL (obatoclax IC50: 0.01-5 μM; BEZ235, IC50: 0.01-1 μM). Both drugs were also found to produce growth-inhibitory effects in all Ph+ and all Ph− cell lines tested. Moreover, obatoclax and BEZ235 induced apoptosis in ALL cells. In drug-combination experiments, obatoclax and BEZ235 exerted synergistic growth-inhibitory effects on ALL cells. Finally, we confirmed that ALL cells, including CD34+/CD38− stem cells and all cell lines express transcripts for PI3-kinase, mTOR, BCL-2, MCL-1, and BCL-xL. Taken together, this data shows that combined targeting of the PI3-kinase/mTOR-pathway and BCL-2 family-members is a potent approach to counteract growth and survival of ALL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Stefanzl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,The Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Berger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Cerny-Reiterer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,The Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Blatt
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,The Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Eisenwort
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,The Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang R Sperr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,The Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Hoermann
- The Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Lind
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander W Hauswirth
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,The Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Bettelheim
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Elisabethinen Hospital Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Heinz Sill
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Junia V Melo
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ulrich Jäger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,The Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Valent
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Hematology & Hemostaseology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,The Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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14
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Morotti A, Panuzzo C, Crivellaro S, Carrà G, Fava C, Guerrasio A, Pandolfi PP, Saglio G. BCR-ABL inactivates cytosolic PTEN through Casein Kinase II mediated tail phosphorylation. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:973-9. [PMID: 25608112 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1006970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressive function of PTEN is exerted within 2 different cellular compartments. In the cytosol-membrane, it negatively regulates PI3K-AKT pathway through the de-phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-triphosphate (PIP3), therefore blocking one of the major signaling transduction pathways in tumorigenesis. In the nucleus, PTEN controls genomic stability and cellular proliferation through phosphatase independent mechanisms. Importantly, impairments in PTEN cellular compartmentalization, changes in protein levels and post-transductional modifications affect PTEN tumor suppressive functions. Targeting mechanisms that inactivate PTEN promotes apoptosis induction of cancer cells, without affecting normal cells, with appealing therapeutic implications. Recently, we have shown that BCR-ABL promotes PTEN nuclear exclusion by favoring HAUSP mediated PTEN de-ubiquitination in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Here, we show that nuclear exclusion of PTEN is associated with PTEN inactivation in the cytoplasm of CML cells. In particular, BCR-ABL promotes Casein Kinase II-mediated PTEN tail phosphorylation with consequent inhibition of the phosphatase activity toward PIP3. Targeting Casein Kinase II promotes PTEN reactivation with apoptosis induction. We therefore propose a novel BCR-ABL/CKII/PTEN pathway as a potential target to achieve synthetic lethality with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Morotti
- a Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences; San Luigi Hospital ; Orbassano - Turin University ; Turin , Italy
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15
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Activity of BKM120 and BEZ235 against Lymphoma Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:870918. [PMID: 26557706 PMCID: PMC4628710 DOI: 10.1155/2015/870918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas encompass a heterogeneous group of cancers, with 85–90% arising from B lymphocytes and the remainder deriving from T lymphocytes or NK lymphocytes. These tumors are molecularly and clinically heterogeneous, showing dramatically different responses and outcomes with standard therapies. Deregulated PI3K signaling is linked to oncogenesis and disease progression in hematologic malignancies and in a variety of solid tumors and apparently enhances resistance to antineoplastic therapy, resulting in a poor prognosis. Here, we have evaluated and compared the effects of the pan-PI3K inhibitor BKM120 and the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor BEZ235 on mantle, follicular, and T-cell lymphomas. Our results suggest that BKM120 and BEZ235 can effectively inhibit lymphoma cell proliferation by causing cell cycle arrest and can lead to cell death by inducing apoptosis and autophagy mediated by ROS accumulation. Despite great advances in lymphoma therapy after the introduction of monoclonal antibodies, many patients still die from disease progression. Therefore, novel treatment approaches are needed. BKM120 and BEZ235 alone and in combination are very effective against lymphoma cells in vitro. If further studies confirm their effectiveness in animal models, they may be promising candidates for development as new drugs.
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16
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Liu X, Li Y, Wen L, Tao K, Xiao Q, Cao W, Huang Z, Gao M, Li H, Wang F, Feng W. ABL SH3 mutant inhibits BCR-ABL activity and increases imatinib sensitivity by targeting RIN1 protein in CML cell. Cancer Lett 2015; 369:222-8. [PMID: 26321052 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SH3 domain plays an important role in maintaining autoinhibition of BCR-ABL protein. RIN1 interacts with BCR-ABL SH3 domain via PxxP motifs to promote autophosphorylation as well as activation of BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase, suggesting using exogenous SH3 domain which blocks the interaction of BCR-ABL and RIN1 could be an adjunct therapy for CML. Here, we reported a novel p-BCR-ABL inhibitor, designed as ABL SH3 mutant, and identified its effects on inhibiting the tyrosine kinase activity of BCR-ABL without or with imatinib (IM) in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrated that ABL SH3 mutant T79Y markedly repressed the expression of BCR-ABL signaling pathways in IM-resistant cell lines KCL22 and K562/G01 as well as IM-sensitive cell line K562. Moreover, combination of T79Y with IM considerably decreased the proliferation of leukemia cells in vivo. Inhibition of BCR-ABL and RIN1 interaction using exogenous modified BCR-ABL SH3 domain provides a feasible and alternative option of small molecule inhibitors for CML treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yajuan Li
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Liangxue Wen
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Kun Tao
- Department of Immunology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qing Xiao
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Weixi Cao
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhenglan Huang
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Miao Gao
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wenli Feng
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics Designated by the Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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17
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Leclerc GJ, DeSalvo J, Du J, Gao N, Leclerc GM, Lehrman MA, Lampidis TJ, Barredo JC. Mcl-1 downregulation leads to the heightened sensitivity exhibited by BCR-ABL positive ALL to induction of energy and ER-stress. Leuk Res 2015; 39:S0145-2126(15)30360-X. [PMID: 26346348 PMCID: PMC4783293 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BCR-ABL positive (+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) accounts for ∼30% of cases of ALL. We recently demonstrated that 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG), a dual energy (glycolysis inhibition) and ER-stress (N-linked-glycosylation inhibition) inducer, leads to cell death in ALL via ER-stress/UPR-mediated apoptosis. Among ALL subtypes, BCR-ABL+ ALL cells exhibited the highest sensitivity to 2-DG suggesting BCR-ABL expression may be linked to this increased vulnerability. To confirm the role of BCR-ABL, we constructed a NALM6/BCR-ABL stable cell line and found significant increase in 2-DG-induced apoptosis compared to control. We found that Mcl-1 was downregulated by agents inducing ER-stress and Mcl-1 levels correlated with ALL sensitivity. In addition, we showed that Mcl-1 expression is positively regulated by the MEK/ERK pathway, dependent on BCR-ABL, and further downregulated by combining ER-stressors with TKIs. We determined that energy/ER stressors led to translational repression of Mcl-1 via the AMPK/mTOR and UPR/PERK/eIF2α pathways. Taken together, our data indicate that BCR-ABL+ ALL exhibits heightened sensitivity to induction of energy and ER-stress through inhibition of the MEK/ERK pathway, and translational repression of Mcl-1 expression via AMPK/mTOR and UPR/PERK/eIF2α pathways. This study supports further consideration of strategies combining energy/ER-stress inducers with BCR-ABL TKIs for future clinical translation in BCR-ABL+ ALL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy J Leclerc
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Joanna DeSalvo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Jianfeng Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Ningguo Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Gilles M Leclerc
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Mark A Lehrman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Theodore J Lampidis
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Julio C Barredo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA.
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18
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Mancini M, Leo E, Takemaru KI, Campi V, Castagnetti F, Soverini S, De Benedittis C, Rosti G, Cavo M, Santucci MA, Martinelli G. 14-3-3 Binding and Sumoylation Concur to the Down-Modulation of β-catenin Antagonist chibby 1 in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131074. [PMID: 26147002 PMCID: PMC4492953 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The down-modulation of the β-catenin antagonist Chibby 1 (CBY1) associated with the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) contributes to the aberrant activation of β-catenin, particularly in leukemic stem cells (LSC) resistant to tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitors. It is, at least partly, driven by transcriptional events and gene promoter hyper-methylation. Here we demonstrate that it also arises from reduced protein stability upon binding to 14-3-3σ adapter protein. CBY1/14-3-3σ interaction in BCR-ABL1+ cells is mediated by the fusion protein TK and AKT phosphorylation of CBY1 at critical serine 20, and encompasses the 14-3-3σ binding modes I and II involved in the binding with client proteins. Moreover, it is impaired by c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation of 14-3-3σ at serine 186, which promotes dissociation of client proteins. The ubiquitin proteasome system UPS participates in reducing stability of CBY1 bound with 14-3-3σ through enhanced SUMOylation. Our results open new routes towards the research on molecular pathways promoting the proliferative advantage of leukemic hematopoiesis over the normal counterpart.
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MESH Headings
- 14-3-3 Proteins/metabolism
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Benzamides/pharmacology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carrier Proteins/biosynthesis
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Down-Regulation
- Exoribonucleases/metabolism
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic/genetics
- Humans
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins/biosynthesis
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Oncogene Protein p65(gag-jun)
- Phosphorylation
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Interaction Mapping
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Protein Stability
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Subcellular Fractions/metabolism
- Sumoylation
- beta Catenin/antagonists & inhibitors
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Mancini
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES—Institute of Hematology "L. and A. Seràgnoli". University of Bologna-Medical School, Bologna, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Elisa Leo
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES—Institute of Hematology "L. and A. Seràgnoli". University of Bologna-Medical School, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ken-Ichi Takemaru
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Virginia Campi
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES—Institute of Hematology "L. and A. Seràgnoli". University of Bologna-Medical School, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fausto Castagnetti
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES—Institute of Hematology "L. and A. Seràgnoli". University of Bologna-Medical School, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Soverini
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES—Institute of Hematology "L. and A. Seràgnoli". University of Bologna-Medical School, Bologna, Italy
| | - Caterina De Benedittis
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES—Institute of Hematology "L. and A. Seràgnoli". University of Bologna-Medical School, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianantonio Rosti
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES—Institute of Hematology "L. and A. Seràgnoli". University of Bologna-Medical School, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Cavo
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES—Institute of Hematology "L. and A. Seràgnoli". University of Bologna-Medical School, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Alessandra Santucci
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES—Institute of Hematology "L. and A. Seràgnoli". University of Bologna-Medical School, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Martinelli
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES—Institute of Hematology "L. and A. Seràgnoli". University of Bologna-Medical School, Bologna, Italy
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19
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Bibi S, Arslanhan MD, Langenfeld F, Jeanningros S, Cerny-Reiterer S, Hadzijusufovic E, Tchertanov L, Moriggl R, Valent P, Arock M. Co-operating STAT5 and AKT signaling pathways in chronic myeloid leukemia and mastocytosis: possible new targets of therapy. Haematologica 2015; 99:417-29. [PMID: 24598853 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2013.098442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia and systemic mastocytosis are myeloid neoplasms sharing a number of pathogenetic and clinical features. In both conditions, an aberrantly activated oncoprotein with tyrosine kinase activity, namely BCR-ABL1 in chronic myeloid leukemia, and mutant KIT, mostly KIT D816V, in systemic mastocytosis, is key to disease evolution. The appreciation of the role of such tyrosine kinases in these diseases has led to the development of improved therapies with tyrosine kinase-targeted inhibitors. However, most drugs, including new KIT D816V-blocking agents, have failed to achieve long-lasting remissions in advanced systemic mastocytosis, and there is a similar problem in chronic myeloid leukemia, where imatinib-resistant patients sometimes fail to achieve remission, even with second- or third-line BCR-ABL1 specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors. During disease progression, additional signaling pathways become activated in neoplastic cells, but most converge into major downstream networks. Among these, the AKT and STAT5 pathways appear most critical and may result in drug-resistant chronic myeloid leukemia and systemic mastocytosis. Inhibition of phosphorylation of these targets has proven their crucial role in disease-evolution in both malignancies. Together, these observations suggest that STAT5 and AKT are key drivers of oncogenesis in drug-resistant forms of the diseases, and that targeting STAT5 and AKT might be an interesting approach in these malignancies. The present article provides an overview of our current knowledge about the critical role of AKT and STAT5 in the pathophysiology of chronic myeloid leukemia and systemic mastocytosis and on their potential value as therapeutic targets in these neoplasms.
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20
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Disruption of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipases Cγ1 contributes to extracellular matrix synthesis of human osteoarthritis chondrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:13236-46. [PMID: 25073093 PMCID: PMC4159791 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150813236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by articular cartilage degradation including extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and cell loss. It is known that phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase γ1 (PLCγ1) can trigger several signaling pathways to regulate cell metabolism. However, whether this kinase is expressive and active in human OA chondrocytes and its role in the pathological progression of OA have not been investigated. The current study was designed to investigate the PLCγ1 expression in human OA cartilage, and whether PLCγ1 was involved in the ECM synthesis had been further explored using cultured human OA chondrocytes. Our results indicated that PLCγ1 was highly expressed in human OA chondrocytes. In our further study using the cultured human OA chondrocytes, the results demonstrated that the disruption of PLCγ1 by its inhibitor, U73122, and siRNA contributed to the ECM synthesis of human OA chondrocytes through regulating the expression of ECM-related signaling molecules, including MMP-13, Col II, TIMP1, Sox-9, and AGG. Furthermore, PLCγ1/IP3/Ca2+/CaMK II signaling axis regulated the ECM synthesis of human chondrocytes through triggering mTOR/P70S6K/S6 pathway. In summary, our results suggested that PLC-γ1 activities played an important role in the ECM synthesis of human OA chondrocytes, and may serve as a therapeutic target for treating OA.
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21
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Reinke EN, Ekoue DN, Bera S, Mahmud N, Diamond AM. Translational regulation of GPx-1 and GPx-4 by the mTOR pathway. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93472. [PMID: 24691473 PMCID: PMC3972146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione peroxidase activity was previously determined to be elevated in lymphocytes obtained from patients treated with the Bcr-Abl kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate. In order to expand upon this observation, the established chronic myelogenous leukemia cell lines KU812 and MEG-01 were treated with imatinib and the effect on several anti-oxidant proteins was determined. The levels of GPx-1 were significantly increased following treatment with imatinib. This increase was not due to altered steady-state mRNA levels, and appeared to be dependent on the expression of Bcr-Abl, as no increases were observed following imatinib treatment of cells that did not express the fusion protein. The nutrient-sensing signaling protein, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), can be activated by Bcr-Abl and its activity regulates the translation of many different proteins. Treatment of those same cells used in the imatinib studies with rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR, resulted in elevated GPx-1 and GPx-4 protein levels independent of Bcr-Abl expression. These proteins all belong to the selenoprotein family of peptides that contain the UGA-encoded amino acid selenocysteine. Collectively, these data provide evidence of a novel means of regulating anti-oxidants of the selenoprotein family via the mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily N. Reinke
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Dede N. Ekoue
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Soumen Bera
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Nadim Mahmud
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Alan M. Diamond
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yang X, He G, Gong Y, Zheng B, Shi F, Shi R, Yang X. Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor rapamycin enhances anti-leukemia effect of imatinib on Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Eur J Haematol 2014; 92:111-20. [PMID: 24112092 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BCR-ABL fusion gene typically causes a type of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), known as Ph+ ALL. Although imatinib (IM) treatment induced high rates of complete response (CR), serious acute and late complications are frequent, whereas more vexatiously resistance to chemotherapy and clinical relapse develops. Therefore, the efficacy of treatment in Ph+ ALL is still to be determined. In this study, we focused our attention on the potential benefit of rapamycin (RAPA), an mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, in combination with IM on a Ph+ ALL cell line SUP-B15 and a primary Ph+ ALL sample in vitro. Analysis of cell proliferation showed that RAPA (50 nm) plus IM exerted good synergistic effect on Ph+ ALL cells. Notably, we found that IM treatment induced the abnormal activation of the components of mTOR signaling pathway and p-BCR-ABL, whereas RAPA potently eliminated this deleterious side effect induced by IM and might overcome the resistance to IM. The synergistic effect was also associated with the increase in autophagy, which seemed to have an opposite role with apoptosis in Ph+ ALL cells, and cell cycle arrest in G1 phase. Altogether, our results suggested that IM in combination with RAPA was more effective for Ph+ ALL cells than IM alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yang
- Department of Hematology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
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23
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Differential effects of selective inhibitors targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80070. [PMID: 24244612 PMCID: PMC3828226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Aberrant PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling has been linked to oncogenesis and therapy resistance in various malignancies including leukemias. In Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) positive leukemias, activation of PI3K by dysregulated BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase (TK) contributes to the pathogenesis and development of resistance to ABL-TK inhibitors (TKI). The PI3K pathway thus is an attractive therapeutic target in BCR-ABL positive leukemias, but its role in BCR-ABL negative ALL is conjectural. Moreover, the functional contribution of individual components of the PI3K pathway in ALL has not been established. Experimental Design We compared the activity of the ATP-competitive pan-PI3K inhibitor NVP-BKM120, the allosteric mTORC1 inhibitor RAD001, the ATP-competitive dual PI3K/mTORC1/C2 inhibitors NVP-BEZ235 and NVP-BGT226 and the combined mTORC1 and mTORC2 inhibitors Torin 1, PP242 and KU-0063794 using long-term cultures of ALL cells (ALL-LTC) from patients with B-precursor ALL that expressed the BCR-ABL or TEL-ABL oncoproteins or were BCR-ABL negative. Results Dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors profoundly inhibited growth and survival of ALL cells irrespective of their genetic subtype and their responsiveness to ABL-TKI. Combined suppression of PI3K, mTORC1 and mTORC2 displayed greater antileukemic activity than selective inhibitors of PI3K, mTORC1 or mTORC1 and mTORC2. Conclusions Inhibition of the PI3K/mTOR pathway is a promising therapeutic approach in patients with ALL. Greater antileukemic activity of dual PI3K/mTORC1/C2 inhibitors appears to be due to the redundant function of PI3K and mTOR. Clinical trials examining dual PI3K/mTORC1/C2 inhibitors in patients with B-precursor ALL are warranted, and should not be restricted to particular genetic subtypes.
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Bartalucci N, Guglielmelli P, Vannucchi AM. Rationale for Targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2013; 13 Suppl 2:S307-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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25
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Genetic targets in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 779:327-40. [PMID: 23288647 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6176-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute leukemia represents 31% of all cancers diagnosed in children and 80% of it is of Lymphoblastic type. Multiple genetic lesions in the hematopoietic progenitor cells prior to or during differentiation to B and T cell lead to development of leukemia. There are several subtypes of Acute Leukemia based on chromosome number changes, the presence of certain translocations and gene mutations, each of which has different clinical, biological and prognostic features. High throughput genomic technologies like array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) and single nucleotide polymorphism microarrays (SNP arrays), have given us insight through a very detailed look at the genetic changes of leukemia, specifically, ALL. Here, we discuss various genetic mutations identified in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. We also explore various genetic targets and currently available as well as upcoming targeted therapies for ALL.
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Martelli AM, Chiarini F, Evangelisti C, Cappellini A, Buontempo F, Bressanin D, Fini M, McCubrey JA. Two hits are better than one: targeting both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin as a therapeutic strategy for acute leukemia treatment. Oncotarget 2012; 3:371-94. [PMID: 22564882 PMCID: PMC3380573 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) are two key components of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. This signal transduction cascade regulates a wide range of physiological cell processes, that include differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, metabolism, motility, and exocytosis. However, constitutively active PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling characterizes many types of tumors where it negatively influences response to therapeutic treatments. Hence, targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling with small molecule inhibitors may improve cancer patient outcome. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling cascade is overactive in acute leukemias, where it correlates with enhanced drug-resistance and poor prognosis. The catalytic sites of PI3K and mTOR share a high degree of sequence homology. This feature has allowed the synthesis of ATP-competitive compounds targeting the catalytic site of both kinases. In preclinical models, dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors displayed a much stronger cytotoxicity against acute leukemia cells than either PI3K inhibitors or allosteric mTOR inhibitors, such as rapamycin. At variance with rapamycin, dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors targeted both mTOR complex 1 and mTOR complex 2, and inhibited the rapamycin-resistant phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1, resulting in a marked inhibition of oncogenic protein translation. Therefore, they strongly reduced cell proliferation and induced an important apoptotic response. Here, we reviewed the evidence documenting that dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors may represent a promising option for future targeted therapies of acute leukemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto M Martelli
- Department of Human Anatomy, University of Bologna, Cellular Signalling Laboratory, Bologna, Italy.
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27
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Abstract
The BCR-ABL fusion oncoprotein accelerates differentiation and proliferation of myeloid cells during the chronic phase of chronic myeloid leukemia (CP-CML). Here, the role of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ), a regulator for 'emergency granulopoiesis,' in the pathogenesis of CP-CML was examined. C/EBPβ expression was upregulated in Lineage(-) CD34(+) CD38(-) hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and myeloid progenitors isolated from bone marrow of patients with CP-CML. In EML cells, a mouse HSC line, BCR-ABL upregulated C/EBPβ, at least in part, through the activation of STAT5. Myeloid differentiation and proliferation induced by BCR-ABL was significantly impaired in C/EBPβ-deficient bone marrow cells in vitro. Mice that were transplanted with BCR-ABL-transduced C/EBPβ knockout bone marrow cells survived longer than mice that received BCR-ABL-transduced wild-type (WT) bone marrow cells. Significantly higher levels of leukemic stem cells were maintained in BCR-ABL-transduced C/EBPβ-deficient cells than in BCR-ABL-transduced WT cells. These results suggest that C/EBPβ is involved in BCR-ABL-mediated myeloid expansion. Further elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the C/EBPβ-mediated stem cell loss might reveal a novel therapeutic strategy for eradication of CML stem cells.
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28
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Abstract
The abnormal BCR-ABL oncoprotein is a constitutively active tyrosine kinase driving aberrant proliferation of transformed hematopoietic cells. BCR-ABL regulates activation of many mitogenic and pro-survival pathways, including the PI 3'K/AKT/mTOR pathway that controls various effectors and regulates initiation of mRNA translation in mammalian cells. Although tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) that target the ABL kinase domain have remarkable clinical activity and have dramatically changed the natural history of Ph+ leukemias, resistance to these agents also develops via a wide range of mechanisms. Efforts to target the PI3'K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway using kinase inhibitors have been the focus of extensive ongoing investigations by several research groups. Here we review the effects of activation of the AMPK kinase, which regulates downstream targeting and inhibition of mTOR. The potential for future clinical-translational applications of AMPK activators such as AICAR, metformin and resveratrol for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are discussed.
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29
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Abstract
Melanoma is often considered one of the most aggressive and treatment-resistant human cancers. It is a disease that, due to the presence of melanin pigment, was accurately diagnosed earlier than most other malignancies and that has been subjected to countless therapeutic strategies. Aside from early surgical resection, no therapeutic modality has been found to afford a high likelihood of curative outcome. However, discoveries reported in recent years have revealed a near avalanche of breakthroughs in the melanoma field-breakthroughs that span fundamental understanding of the molecular basis of the disease all the way to new therapeutic strategies that produce unquestionable clinical benefit. These discoveries have been born from the successful fruits of numerous researchers working in many-sometimes-related, although also distinct-biomedical disciplines. Discoveries of frequent mutations involving BRAF(V600E), developmental and oncogenic roles for the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) pathway, clinical efficacy of BRAF-targeted small molecules, and emerging mechanisms underlying resistance to targeted therapeutics represent just a sample of the findings that have created a striking inflection in the quest for clinically meaningful progress in the melanoma field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hensin Tsao
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
- The Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Lynda Chin
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Levi A. Garraway
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - David E. Fisher
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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The AKT/NF-κB inhibitor xanthohumol is a potent anti-lymphocytic leukemia drug overcoming chemoresistance and cell infiltration. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:1634-42. [PMID: 22445931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although the vast majority of patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) attain remission with modern therapies, relapsed leukemia will continue to be a common malignancy both in childhood and in adults, until new treatments are available. Therapeutic options for advanced B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia are still limited and acquired drug resistance and extramedullary tissue infiltration are two major obstacles during treatment. The prenylflavonoid xanthohumol (XN) has shown in vitro and in vivo therapeutic potential against a range of tumors. In the present study we investigated the effects of XN on B-ALL cells in vitro and in an ALL-like xenograft mouse model. Treatment of ALL cell lines with XN resulted in growth arrest and apoptosis induction. XN retained its cytotoxicity when adriamycin resistant cells were examined while ALL cell clones adapted to long-term exposure to XN resulted highly responsive to cytotoxic drugs. Administration of 50μg XN/mouse (5 days/week) significantly increased animal life span by delaying the insurgence of neurological disorders due to leukemic cells dissemination. In agreement with a less invasive phenotype, cell migration and invasion were impaired by XN and basal levels of FAK, AKT and NF-κB signaling pathways were down-regulated in ALL cells upon XN exposure. Our data indicate that XN has significant antileukemic activity both in vitro and in vivo, which associates with impaired cell migration and invasion. Interestingly, this activity overcomes mechanisms leading to drug-resistance. XN represents a promising agent perspective for ALL therapy and recurrence prevention and would deserve clinical testing in the near future.
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31
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Kharas MG, Daley GQ. From Hen House to Bedside: Tracing Hanafusa's Legacy from Avian Leukemia Viruses to SRC to ABL and Beyond. Genes Cancer 2011; 1:1164-9. [PMID: 21779439 DOI: 10.1177/1947601911407327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the Src oncogene was the first step on a long journey toward improved cancer chemotherapy. In this review, we explore Src and BCR-ABL, signal transduction, and recent advances in oncogene addiction and celebrate Hidesaboro Hanafusa and the many researchers who ushered in the age of target-directed therapy against tyrosine kinase oncoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Kharas
- Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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32
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Paolini S, Gazzola A, Sabattini E, Bacci F, Pileri S, Piccaluga PP. Pathobiology of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Semin Diagn Pathol 2011; 28:124-34. [PMID: 21842698 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the present review, the authors described the pathobiological features of B- and T-ALL, which appear to be quite heterogeneous with regard to molecular pathogenesis. The last edition of the World Health Organization Classification considered this aspect by defining many entities based on genetic findings. This approach is not only important for prognostic stratification, but also in the near future will surely represent the basis for the definition of patient-specific therapeutic approaches. A striking example is Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), which until the advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) has been regarded as the most aggressive ALL. The use of imatinib, dasatinib, and possibly more recent inhibitors has dramatically changed the clinical scenario, offering new opportunities to patients, especially the elderly. Similarly, the use of FLT3 inhibitors in mixed lineage leukemia-positive cases, gamma-secretase inhibitors in T-ALL, novel TKI, and monoclonal antibodies may represent a successful approach in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Paolini
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Hematology Section, Department of Haematology and Oncology L. and A. Sernignoli, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Bcr-abl signals to desensitize chronic myeloid leukemia cells to IFNα via accelerating the degradation of its receptor. Blood 2011; 118:4179-87. [PMID: 21821707 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-12-325373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Constitutive activity of Bcr-abl fusion protein kinase causes chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Inhibitors of Bcr-abl such as imatinib mesylate have replaced the cytokine IFNα as the primary treatment for the management of patients with this malignancy. We found that pretreatment of CML cells with imatinib mesylate augments the antigrowth effects of IFNα. Furthermore, introduction of Bcr-abl into non-CML cells inhibits the cellular responses to IFNα. This inhibition is mediated via a mechanism that involves activation of protein kinase D2. The latter promotes an accelerated phosphorylation-dependent degradation of the interferon-α/β receptor 1 chain of the type I interferon receptor, leading to attenuation of IFNα signaling. We discuss the relationship between Bcr-abl activity and IFNα signaling as a molecular basis of the combination of inhibitors of Bcr-abl and IFNα for CML treatment.
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Forced expression of cyclin-dependent kinase 6 confers resistance of pro-B acute lymphocytic leukemia to Gleevec treatment. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:2566-76. [PMID: 21536647 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01349-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding c-ABL, a nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase, is involved in a chromosomal translocation resulting in expression of a BCR-Abl fusion protein that causes most chronic myelogenous and some acute lymphocytic leukemias (CML and ALL) in humans. The Abelson murine leukemia virus (A-MuLV) expresses an alternative form of c-Abl, v-Abl, that transforms murine pro-B cells, resulting in acute leukemia and providing an experimental model for human disease. Gleevec (STI571) inhibits the Abl kinase and has shown great utility against CML and ALL in humans, although its usefulness is limited by acquired resistance. Since STI571 is active against A-MuLV-transformed cells in vitro, we performed a retroviral cDNA library screen for genes that confer resistance to apoptosis induced by STI571. We found that forced expression of Cdk6 promotes continued cell division and decreased apoptosis of leukemic cells. We then determined that the transcription factor E2A negatively regulates Cdk6 transcription in leukemic pro-B cells and that the v-Abl kinase stimulates Cdk6 expression via an extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1-dependent pathway. Finally, we show that the cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitor PD0332991 can act synergistically with STI571 to enhance leukemic cell death, suggesting a potential role for CDK6 inhibitors in the treatment of STI571-resistant CML or ALL.
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35
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Donato NJ, Peterson LF. Chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells and developing therapies. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 52 Suppl 1:60-80. [PMID: 21299460 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2010.546921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia therapy has remarkably improved with the use of frontline BCR-ABL kinase inhibitors such that newly diagnosed patients have minimal disease manifestations or progression. Effective control of disease may also set the stage for eventual 'cure' of this leukemia. However, the existence of Philadelphia chromosome-positive leukemic cells that are unaffected by BCR-ABL inhibition represents a major barrier that may delay or prevent curative therapy with the current approaches. The most commonly reported mechanism of resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitor-based therapies involves BCR-ABL gene mutations and amplification, but these changes may not be solely responsible for disease relapse when inhibitor-based therapies are curtailed. Therefore new targets may need to be defined before significant advancement in curative therapies is possible. Emerging evidence suggests that persistence of chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells or acquisition of stem cell-like characteristics prevents complete elimination of chronic myeloid leukemia by tyrosine kinase inhibition alone. This review focuses on several recently emerging concepts regarding the existence and characteristics of chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells. Definitions based on human primary cells and animal model studies are highlighted as are the potential signaling pathways associated with disease repopulating cells. Finally, several recently defined therapeutic targets and active compounds that have emerged from stem cell studies are described. Our goal is to provide an unbiased report on the current state of discovery within the chronic myeloid leukemia stem cell field and to orient the reader to emerging therapeutic targets and strategies that may lead to elimination of this leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Donato
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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36
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Marfe G, Di Stefano C, Gambacurta A, Ottone T, Martini V, Abruzzese E, Mologni L, Sinibaldi-Salimei P, de Fabritis P, Gambacorti-Passerini C, Amadori S, Birge RB. Sphingosine kinase 1 overexpression is regulated by signaling through PI3K, AKT2, and mTOR in imatinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Exp Hematol 2011; 39:653-665.e6. [PMID: 21392556 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As a better understanding of the molecular basis of carcinogenesis has emerged, oncogene-specific cell-signaling pathways have been successfully targeted to treat human malignances. Despite impressive advances in oncogene-directed therapeutics, genetic instability in cancer cells often manifest acquired resistance. This is particularly noted in the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors therapies and not more evident than for chronic myeloid leukemia. Therefore, it is of great importance to understand the molecular mechanisms affecting cancer cell sensitivity and resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we used continuous exposure to stepwise increasing concentrations of imatinib (0.6-1 μM) to select imatinib-resistant K562 cells. RESULTS Expression of BCR-ABL increased both at RNA and protein levels in imatinib-resistant cell lines. Furthermore, expression levels of sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) were increased significantly in resistant cells, channeling sphingoid bases to the SphK1 pathway and activating sphingosine-1-phosphate-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation pathways that include the adaptor protein Crk. The partial inhibition of SphK1 activity by N,N-dimethylsphingosine or expression by small interfering RNA increased sensitivity to imatinib-induced apoptosis in resistant cells and returned BCR-ABL to baseline levels. To determine the resistance mechanism-induced SphK1 upregulation, we used pharmacological inhibitors of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway and observed robust downmodulation of SphK1 expression and activity when AKT2, but not AKT1 or AKT3, was suppressed. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that SphK1 is upregulated in imatinib-resistant K562 cells by a pathway contingent on a phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT2/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway. We propose that SphK1 plays an important role in development of acquired resistance to imatinib in chronic myeloid leukemia cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Marfe
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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Huang T, Xu Z, Chen L, Cai YD, Kong X. Computational analysis of HIV-1 resistance based on gene expression profiles and the virus-host interaction network. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17291. [PMID: 21394196 PMCID: PMC3048858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A very small proportion of people remain negative for HIV infection after repeated HIV-1 viral exposure, which is called HIV-1 resistance. Understanding the mechanism of HIV-1 resistance is important for the development of HIV-1 vaccines and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) therapies. In this study, we analyzed the gene expression profiles of CD4+ T cells from HIV-1-resistant individuals and HIV-susceptible individuals. One hundred eighty-five discriminative HIV-1 resistance genes were identified using the Minimum Redundancy-Maximum Relevance (mRMR) and Incremental Feature Selection (IFS) methods. The virus protein target enrichment analysis of the 185 HIV-1 resistance genes suggested that the HIV-1 protein nef might play an important role in HIV-1 infection. Moreover, we identified 29 infection information exchanger genes from the 185 HIV-1 resistance genes based on a virus-host interaction network analysis. The infection information exchanger genes are located on the shortest paths between virus-targeted proteins and are important for the coordination of virus infection. These proteins may be useful targets for AIDS prevention or therapy, as intervention in these pathways could disrupt communication with virus-targeted proteins and HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- Centre for Computational Systems Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- College of Information Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Dong Cai
- Centre for Computational Systems Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Systems Biology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, RuiJin Hospital, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Quentmeier H, Eberth S, Romani J, Zaborski M, Drexler HG. BCR-ABL1-independent PI3Kinase activation causing imatinib-resistance. J Hematol Oncol 2011; 4:6. [PMID: 21299849 PMCID: PMC3041785 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-4-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The BCR-ABL1 translocation occurs in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and in 25% of cases with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The advent of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) has fundamentally changed the treatment of CML. However, TKI are not equally effective for treating ALL. Furthermore, de novo or secondary TKI-resistance is a significant problem in CML. We screened a panel of BCR-ABL1 positive ALL and CML cell lines to find models for imatinib-resistance. RESULTS Five of 19 BCR-ABL1 positive cell lines were resistant to imatinib-induced apoptosis (KCL-22, MHH-TALL1, NALM-1, SD-1, SUP-B15). None of the resistant cell lines carried mutations in the kinase domain of BCR-ABL1 and all showed resistance to second generation TKI, nilotinib or dasatinib. STAT5, ERK1/2 and the ribosomal S6 protein (RPS6) are BCR-ABL1 downstream effectors, and all three proteins are dephosphorylated by imatinib in sensitive cell lines. TKI-resistant phosphorylation of RPS6, but responsiveness as regards JAK/STAT5 and ERK1/2 signalling were characteristic for resistant cell lines. PI3K pathway inhibitors effected dephosphorylation of RPS6 in imatinib-resistant cell lines suggesting that an oncogene other than BCR-ABL1 might be responsible for activation of the PI3K/AKT1/mTOR pathway, which would explain the TKI resistance of these cells. We show that the TKI-resistant cell line KCL-22 carries a PI3Kα E545G mutation, a site critical for the constitutive activation of the PI3K/AKT1 pathway. Apoptosis in TKI-resistant cells could be induced by inhibition of AKT1, but not of mTOR. CONCLUSION We introduce five Philadelphia-chromosome positive cell lines as TKI-resistance models. None of these cell lines carries mutations in the kinase domain of BCR-ABL1 or other molecular aberrations previously indicted in the context of imatinib-resistance. These cell lines are unique as they dephosphorylate ERK1/2 and STAT5 after treatment with imatinib, while PI3K/AKT1/mTOR activity remains unaffected. Inhibition of AKT1 leads to apoptosis in the imatinib-resistant cell lines. In conclusion, Ph+ cell lines show a form of imatinib-resistance attributable to constitutive activation of the PI3K/AKT1 pathway. Mutations in PIK3CA, as observed in cell line KCL-22, or PI3K activating oncogenes may undelie TKI-resistance in these cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilmar Quentmeier
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Perrotti D, Harb JG. BCR-ABL1 kinase-dependent alteration of mRNA metabolism: potential alternatives for therapeutic intervention. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 52 Suppl 1:30-44. [PMID: 21299458 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2010.546914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of first- and second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) significantly improves prognosis for patients with early chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and efficiently counteracts leukemia in most patients with CML bearing a disease characterized by the expression of BCR-ABL1 mutants. However, the so-called 'tinib' TKIs (e.g. imatinib, nilotinib, dasatinib, and bosutinib) are both ineffective in patients who undergo blastic transformation and unable to eradicate CML at the stem cell level. This raises a few important questions. Is BCR-ABL1 expression and/or activity essential for blastic transformation? Is blastic transformation the result of genetic or epigenetic events that occur at the stem cell level which only become apparent in the granulocyte-macrophage progenitor (GMP) cell pool, or does it arise directly at the GMP level? As altered mRNA metabolism contributes to the phenotype of blast crisis CML progenitors (decreased translation of tumor suppressor genes and transcription factors essential for terminal differentiation and increased translation of anti-apoptotic genes), one attractive concept is to restore levels of these essential molecules to their normal levels. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which mRNA processing, translation, and degradation are deregulated in BCR-ABL1 myeloid blast crisis CML progenitors, and present encouraging results from studies with pharmacologic inhibitors which support their inclusion in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Perrotti
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Depatment of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center and Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-2207, USA.
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Abstract
Although classical mutations in genes such as PIK3CA and PTEN occur at a relatively low frequency in haematological malignancies, activation of PI3K signalling is often detected in these tumours. In some conditions, for example acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), this is due to activating mutations of upstream regulators such as the FLT3 tyrosine kinase or RAS. Primary tumour cells taken from patients with AML, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and multiple myeloma show varying levels of sensitivity to PI3K and mTOR inhibitors. The challenge now is to conduct high quality trials with novel agents that target these pathways to establish the level of clinical response and to identify those subsets of patients that are more likely to respond.
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Altman BJ, Jacobs SR, Mason EF, Michalek RD, MacIntyre AN, Coloff JL, Ilkayeva O, Jia W, He YW, Rathmell JC. Autophagy is essential to suppress cell stress and to allow BCR-Abl-mediated leukemogenesis. Oncogene 2010; 30:1855-67. [PMID: 21151168 PMCID: PMC3081401 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic cells normally require cell extrinsic signals to maintain metabolism and survival. In contrast, cancer cells can express constitutively active oncogenic kinases such as BCR-Abl that promote these processes independent of extrinsic growth factors. When cells receive insufficient growth signals or when oncogenic kinases are inhibited, glucose metabolism decreases and the self-digestive process of autophagy is elevated to degrade bulk cytoplasm and organelles. While autophagy has been proposed to provide a cell-intrinsic nutrient supply for mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and to maintain cellular homeostasis through degradation of damaged organelles or protein aggregates, its acute role in growth factor deprivation or inhibition of oncogenic kinases remains poorly understood. We therefore developed a growth factor-dependent hematopoietic cell culture model in which autophagy can be acutely disrupted through conditional Cre-mediated excision of the autophagy-essential gene Atg3. Treated cells rapidly lost their ability to perform autophagy and underwent cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. While Atg3 was essential for optimal upregulation of mitochondrial oxidative pathways in growth factor withdrawal, this metabolic contribution of autophagy did not appear critical for cell survival, as provision of exogenous pyruvate or lipids could not completely rescue Atg3-deficiency. Instead, autophagy suppressed a stress response that otherwise led to p53 phosphorylation and upregulation of p21 and the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein Puma. Importantly, BCR-Abl-expressing cells had low basal levels of autophagy but were highly dependent on this process, and rapidly underwent apoptosis upon disruption of autophagy through Atg3 deletion or treatment with chemical autophagy inhibitors. This dependence on autophagy extended in vivo, as Atg3 deletion also prevented BCR-Abl-mediated leukemogenesis in a cell transfer model. Together these data demonstrate a critical role for autophagy to mitigate cell stress, and that cells expressing the oncogenic kinase BCR-Abl appear particularly dependent on autophagy for cell survival and leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Altman
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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42
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Wu YL, Zhou HC, Chen GQ. Molecular mechanisms of leukemia-associated protein degradation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 4:363-70. [PMID: 21104160 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-010-0210-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chemical biology, using small molecules as probes to study the cellular signaling network, has developed rapidly in recent years. The interaction between chemistry and biology not only provides new insight into the understanding of cellular activities, but also generates new lead compounds for the treatment of diseases. Transcription factors and kinases such as retinoic acid receptor-alpha (RARα), acute myeloid leukemia 1 (AML1), CAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), c-myc, and c-abl play important roles in the differentiation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Abnormalities in these proteins may cause the dysregulation of hematopoiesis and even the occurrence of leukemia. Ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation represents a critical mechanism in regulating the cellular levels and functions of these proteins. Thus, targeting protein degradation has been emerging as an important strategy to conquer malignant diseases. In this review, we will summarize the recent advances in the understanding of the roles of protein degradation in leukemia, with an emphasis on the mechanisms revealed by small molecules.
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MESH Headings
- CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha/genetics
- CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha/metabolism
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/genetics
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/metabolism
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid/physiopathology
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Protein Kinases/genetics
- Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc/metabolism
- RUNX1 Translocation Partner 1 Protein
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism
- Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Ubiquitin/genetics
- Ubiquitin/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Li Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology and Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
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Abstract
Abstract
Degradation of BCR-ABL oncoproteins by heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitors in chronic myelogenous leukemia is expected to overcome resistance to ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors. However, the precise mechanisms still remain to be uncovered. We found that while c-Cbl E3 ligase induced ubiquitin-dependent degradation of mature and phosphorylated BCR-ABL proteins, another E3 ligase CHIP (carboxyl terminus of the Hsc70-interacting protein) degraded immature BCR-ABL proteins and efficiently suppressed BCR-ABL–dependent leukemic growth. Interestingly, Bag1 (Bcl-2-associated athanogene-1), a nucleotide exchange factor for Hsc70, directly bound BCR-ABL with a high affinity, which was enhanced by CHIP and Hsp90 inhibitors, inhibited by imatinib and competed with Hsc70. Bag1 knockdown abrogated Hsp90 inhibitor-induced BCR-ABL degradation. Bag1 induced binding of immature BCR-ABL to proteasome. Expression of Bag1 induced BCR-ABL degradation and growth suppression in Ba/F3 cells when Hsc70 was knocked down with or without CHIP induction. CHIP appears to sort newly synthesized Hsp90-unchaperoned BCR-ABL to the proteasome not only by inhibiting Hsc70 and thereby promoting Bag1 to bind BCR-ABL, but also by ubiquitinating BCR-ABL. Bag1 may direct CHIP/Hsc70-regulated protein triage decisions on BCR-ABL immediately after translation to the degradation pathway.
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Yu W, Sun X, Tang H, Tao Y, Dai Z. Inhibition of class II phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma expression by p185(Bcr-Abl) contributes to impaired chemotaxis and aberrant homing of leukemic cells. Leuk Lymphoma 2010; 51:1098-107. [PMID: 20536348 DOI: 10.3109/10428191003754624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The expression of p185(Bcr-Abl) in Ba/F3 cells inhibits the chemotactic response of these cells to SDF1alpha. A mutant p185(Bcr-Abl) with deletion of amino acids from 176 to 426 (p185(Delta176-426)) is deficient in suppressing SDF1alpha-stimulated chemotaxis. Comparison of the gene expression profiles among parental Ba/F3 cells and cells transformed by p185(Bcr-Abl) and p185(Delta176-426) reveals that class II phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma (PI3KC2gamma) expression is markedly down-regulated by p185(Bcr-Abl) but not p185(Delta176-426). Furthermore, knockdown of PI3KC2gamma expression in p185(Delta176-426) cells is sufficient to suppress SDF1alpha-stimulated chemotaxis and to promote infiltration of these cells into the liver. Together, these studies suggest that inhibition of PI3KC2gamma expression may represent a mechanism by which Bcr-Abl suppresses SDF1alpha-induced chemotaxis and induces abnormal homing of leukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, USA
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45
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Mason EF, Rathmell JC. Cell metabolism: an essential link between cell growth and apoptosis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2010; 1813:645-54. [PMID: 20816705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Growth factor-stimulated or cancerous cells require sufficient nutrients to meet the metabolic demands of cell growth and division. If nutrients are insufficient, metabolic checkpoints are triggered that lead to cell cycle arrest and the activation of the intrinsic apoptotic cascade through a process dependent on the Bcl-2 family of proteins. Given the connections between metabolism and apoptosis, the notion of targeting metabolism to induce cell death in cancer cells has recently garnered much attention. However, the signaling pathways by which metabolic stresses induce apoptosis have not as of yet been fully elucidated. Thus, the best approach to this promising therapeutic avenue remains unclear. This review will discuss the intricate links between metabolism, growth, and intrinsic apoptosis and will consider ways in which manipulation of metabolism might be exploited to promote apoptotic cell death in cancer cells. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Mitochondria: the deadly organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F Mason
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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46
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Abstract
Growth factors and many oncogenes activate the lipid kinase phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), initiating a signaling cascade that includes the protein kinases AKT and target of rapamycin (TOR). The PI3K/AKT/TOR signaling pathway is a significant contributor to disease in various human cancers, including hematologic malignancies. Here we discuss different strategies to inhibit TOR for the treatment of leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma. The TOR enzyme exists in two complexes in cells, TORC1 and TORC2. The majority of preclinical and clinical efforts to target TOR have involved using rapamycin and its analogs (rapalogs), which suppress TORC1 only partially and do not acutely inhibit TORC2. A new class of small molecules targeting the ATP-binding site of the TOR kinase, termed active-site TOR inhibitors (asTORi), achieves greater inhibition of both TOR complexes, resulting in broader suppression of the PI3K/AKT/TOR signaling network. Preclinical evidence suggests that asTORi have greater efficacy than rapalogs in Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia and in T-cell lymphoma. These agents also show greater tolerability in animal models relative to rapalogs or inhibitors of PI3K. These findings encourage broader evaluation of asTORi efficacy in acute myeloid leukemia, B-cell lymphoma, myeloma, and other blood cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin Vu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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47
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Critical roles for mTORC2- and rapamycin-insensitive mTORC1-complexes in growth and survival of BCR-ABL-expressing leukemic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 6:966-7. [PMID: 20616057 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1005114107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
mTOR-generated signals play critical roles in growth of leukemic cells by controlling mRNA translation of genes that promote mitogenic responses. Despite extensive work on the functional relevance of rapamycin-sensitive mTORC1 complexes, much less is known on the roles of rapamycin-insensitive (RI) complexes, including mTORC2 and RI-mTORC1, in BCR-ABL-leukemogenesis. We provide evidence for the presence of mTORC2 complexes in BCR-ABL-transformed cells and identify phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 on Thr37/46 and Ser65 as RI-mTORC1 signals in primary chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cells. Our studies establish that a unique dual mTORC2/mTORC1 inhibitor, OSI-027, induces potent suppressive effects on primitive leukemic progenitors from CML patients and generates antileukemic responses in cells expressing the T315I-BCR-ABL mutation, which is refractory to all BCR-ABL kinase inhibitors currently in clinical use. Induction of apoptosis by OSI-027 appears to negatively correlate with induction of autophagy in some types of BCR-ABL transformed cells, as shown by the induction of autophagy during OSI-027-treatment and the potentiation of apoptosis by concomitant inhibition of such autophagy. Altogether, our studies establish critical roles for mTORC2 and RI-mTORC1 complexes in survival and growth of BCR-ABL cells and suggest that dual therapeutic targeting of such complexes may provide an approach to overcome leukemic cell resistance in CML and Ph+ ALL.
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Guo G, Qiu X, Wang S, Chen Y, Rothman PB, Wang Z, Chen Y, Wang G, Chen JL. Oncogenic E17K mutation in the pleckstrin homology domain of AKT1 promotes v-Abl-mediated pre-B-cell transformation and survival of Pim-deficient cells. Oncogene 2010; 29:3845-53. [PMID: 20440266 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abl-mediated transformation requires the activation of multiple pathways involved in the cellular proliferation and survival, including PI3K/AKT and JAK/STAT-dependent Pim kinases. Recently, the E17K mutation in the AKT1 has been associated with multiple human malignancies and leukemia in mice. However, this mutation has not been identified in Abl-transformed cells. We investigated the presence of the AKT1(E17K) mutation in v-Abl-transformed cell clones. AKT1(E17K) was detected in 3 (2.6%) of 116 specimens examined. To show the involvement of AKT1(E17K) directly in v-Abl-mediated tumorigenesis, we infected bone marrow cells from mice with bicistronic retroviruses encoding v-Abl and either wild-type or the mutant AKT1. Interestingly, we found that E17K mutant greatly increased the v-Abl transformation efficiency as compared with wild-type AKT1. Ectopic expression of E17K mutant increased the expression levels of antiapoptotic protein BCL2 and phosphorylation levels of proapoptotic protein BAD. This correlated with an increased protection from imatinib-induced apoptosis in Abl transformants. Furthermore, AKT1(E17K) promotes survival of the Pim-deficient cells, indicating a functional link between AKT and Pim in v-Abl transformation. In addition, AKT1(E17K) delays loss of Pim-1 and Pim-2 protein levels on v-Abl inactivation, which suggests that there exists reciprocal signaling between AKT and Pim in v-Abl transformants.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
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Di Stefano C, Marfe G, Trawinska MM, Sinibaldi-Salimei P, Silvestri R, Amadori S, Abruzzese E. Pyrrolo[1,2-b][1,2,5]benzothiadiazepines (PBTDs) exert their anti-proliferative activity by interfering with Akt-mTOR signaling and bax:bcl-2 ratio modulation in cells from chronic myeloid leukemic patients. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:991-1000. [PMID: 20704577 PMCID: PMC11158186 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01490.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In our study we found that pyrrolo[1,2-b][1,2,5]benzothiadiazepines (PBTDs) mediated apoptosis in primary leukemia cells from 27 chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients at onset through the activation of the caspase-9 and -3, and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). The bax:bcl-2 ratio was increased as a consequence of down-regulation of bcl-2 and up-regulation of bax proteins in response to treatment with PBTDs. In addition, PBTDs were able to induce cell death in primary leukemia cells derived from 23 CML-chemoresistant patients. Furthermore, the effects of PBTDs on the Akt-mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway were determined by Western blot. PBTDs possessed inhibitory activity against mTOR and also impeded hyper-phosphorylation of Akt as a feedback of inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin. The results presented in this study demonstrate that we have identified the PBTDs as restoring the apoptotic pathways both in primary leukemia cells derived from CML patients at onset and in primary leukemia cells derived from CML-chemoresistant patients, thus showing their ability to undergo apoptosis. These compounds constitute a promising therapeutic approach for patients with leukemia. They provide the basis for new strategies for an additional anticancer drug in leukemia therapies, especially when conventional ones fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Di Stefano
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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50
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Dumka D, Puri P, Carayol N, Lumby C, Balachandran H, Schuster K, Verma AK, Terada LS, Platanias LC, Parmar S. Activation of the p38 Map kinase pathway is essential for the antileukemic effects of dasatinib. Leuk Lymphoma 2010; 50:2017-29. [PMID: 19672773 DOI: 10.3109/10428190903147637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Dasatinib, a dual Src/Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has significant antileukemic effects against various imatinib mesylate-resistant BCR/ABL mutants. Despite well-documented inhibitory effects of dasatinib on BCR/ABL kinase, the exact downstream cellular events leading to generation of its potent antileukemic effects remain to be defined. We provide evidence that p38 Map kinase (MAPK) pathway is activated leading to increased upregulation of mixed lineage kinase 3, MKK3/6, MSK1, and Mapkapk2, upon treatment of BCR/ABL expressing cells with dasatinib, including cells expressing various imatinib-resistant mutants, except for T315I. Our data demonstrate that such dasatinib-dependent activation of p38 MAPK and its effectors plays a critical role in the generation of antileukemic responses, since pharmacological inhibition of p38 or siRNA-mediated knockdown of its expression reverse dasatinib-mediated apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and anti-proliferative effects. p38 MAPK inhibition also reversed dasatinib-induced suppression of CML patient-derived leukemic colony-forming units progenitor growth in vitro, as well as BCR/ABL expressing KT-1 cell-derived leukemic progenitor growth. Altogether, our findings suggest a critical role for p38 MAPK pathway in the generation of antileukemic effects of dasatinib, and raise the possibility that development of novel means to enhance p38 MAPK activation in BCR/ABL expressing cells may be an approach to promote antileukemic responses and, possibly, reverse T315I mutation-mediated resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Disha Dumka
- Dallas VAMedical Center and UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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