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Gopinatha Pillai MS, Aiswarya SU, Keerthana CK, Rayginia TP, Anto RJ. Targeting receptor tyrosine kinase signaling: Avenues in the management of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. iScience 2023; 26:106816. [PMID: 37235052 PMCID: PMC10206193 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide. Among the various types of NMSCs, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) exhibits more aggressive phenotype and is also the second-most prevalent type. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) triggers key signaling events that play critical roles in the development of various cancers including cSCC. Unsurprisingly, for this reason, this family of proteins has become the cynosure of anti-cancer drug discovery pipelines and is also being considered as attractive targets against cSCC. Though inhibition of RTKs in cSCC has yielded favourable results, there is still scope for bettering the therapeutic outcome. In this review, we discuss the relevance of RTK signaling in the progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, and observations from clinical trials that used RTK inhibitors against cSCC. Backed by results from preclinical studies, including those from our lab, we also give insights into the scope of using some natural products as effective suppressors of RTK signaling and skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sreekumar U. Aiswarya
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Chenicheri K. Keerthana
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Tennyson P. Rayginia
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Ruby John Anto
- Division of Cancer Research, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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2
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Ramchatesingh B, Martínez Villarreal A, Arcuri D, Lagacé F, Setah SA, Touma F, Al-Badarin F, Litvinov IV. The Use of Retinoids for the Prevention and Treatment of Skin Cancers: An Updated Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012622. [PMID: 36293471 PMCID: PMC9603842 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoids are natural and synthetic vitamin A derivatives that are effective for the prevention and the treatment of non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC). NMSCs constitute a heterogenous group of non-melanocyte-derived skin cancers that impose substantial burdens on patients and healthcare systems. They include entities such as basal cell carcinoma and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (collectively called keratinocyte carcinomas), cutaneous lymphomas and Kaposi’s sarcoma among others. The retinoid signaling pathway plays influential roles in skin physiology and pathology. These compounds regulate diverse biological processes within the skin, including proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis and immune regulation. Collectively, retinoids can suppress skin carcinogenesis. Both topical and systemic retinoids have been investigated in clinical trials as NMSC prophylactics and treatments. Desirable efficacy and tolerability in clinical trials have prompted health regulatory bodies to approve the use of retinoids for NMSC management. Acceptable off-label uses of these compounds as drugs for skin cancers are also described. This review is a comprehensive outline on the biochemistry of retinoids, their activities in the skin, their effects on cancer cells and their adoption in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Domenico Arcuri
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - François Lagacé
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Samy Abu Setah
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Fadi Touma
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Faris Al-Badarin
- Faculté de Médicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0V6, Canada
| | - Ivan V. Litvinov
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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3
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Asare O, Ayala Y, Hafeez BB, Ramirez-Correa GA, Cho YY, Kim DJ. Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure and its Impacts on Cutaneous Phosphorylation Signaling in Carcinogenesis: Focusing on Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases †. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 99:344-355. [PMID: 36029171 DOI: 10.1111/php.13703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Sunlight exposure is a significant risk factor for UV-induced deteriorating transformations of epidermal homeostasis leading to skin carcinogenesis. The ability of UVB radiation to cause melanoma, as well as basal and squamous cell carcinomas, makes UVB the most harmful among the three known UV ranges. UVB-induced DNA mutations and dysregulation of signaling pathways contribute to skin cancer formation. Among various signaling pathways modulated by UVB, tyrosine phosphorylation signaling which is mediated by the action of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) on specific tyrosine residues is highly implicated in photocarcinogenesis. Following UVB irradiation, PTKs get activated and their downstream signaling pathways contribute to photocarcinogenesis by promoting the survival of damaged keratinocytes and increasing cell proliferation. While UVB activates oncogenic signaling pathways, it can also activate tumor suppressive signaling pathways as initial protective mechanisms to maintain epidermal homeostasis. Tyrosine dephosphorylation is one of the protective mechanisms and is mediated by the action of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTP can counteract UVB-mediated PTK activation and downregulate oncogenic signaling pathways. However, PTPs have not been studied extensively in photocarcinogenesis with previous studies regarding their inactivation induced by UVB. This current review will summarize the recent progress in the protective function of PTPs in epidermal photocarcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obed Asare
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX
| | - Yasmin Ayala
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX
| | - Bilal Bin Hafeez
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX.,South Texas Center for Excellence in Cancer Research, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX
| | - Genaro A Ramirez-Correa
- Department of Molecular Science, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon-si, Korea
| | - Dae Joon Kim
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX.,South Texas Center for Excellence in Cancer Research, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX.,Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX
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4
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Fetoni AR, Paciello F, Troiani D. Cisplatin Chemotherapy and Cochlear Damage: Otoprotective and Chemosensitization Properties of Polyphenols. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:1229-1245. [PMID: 34731023 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Cisplatin is an important component of treatment regimens for different cancers. Notwithstanding that therapeutic success often results from partial efficacy or stabilizing the disease, chemotherapy failure is driven by resistance to drug treatment and occurrence of side effects, such as progressive irreversible ototoxicity. Cisplatin's side effects, including ototoxicity, are often dose limiting. Recent Advances: Cisplatin ototoxicity results from several mechanisms, including redox imbalance caused by reactive oxygen species production and lipid peroxidation, activation of inflammation, and p53 and its downstream pathways that culminate in apoptosis. Considerable efforts in research have targeted development of molecular interventions that can be concurrently administered with cisplatin or other chemotherapies to reduce side effect toxicities while preserving or enhancing the antineoplastic effects. Evidence from studies has indicated some polyphenols, such as curcumin, can help to regulate redox signaling and inflammatory effects. Furthermore, polyphenols can exert opposing effects in different types of tissues, that is, normal cells undergoing stressful conditions versus cancer cells. Critical Issues: This review article summarizes evidence of curcumin antioxidant effect against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity that is converted to a pro-oxidant activity in cisplatin-treated cancer cells, thus providing an ideal chemosensitivity combined with otoprotection. Polyphenols can modulate the adaptive responses to stress in the cisplatin-exposed cochlea. These adaptive effects can result from the interaction/cross talk between the cell's defenses, inflammatory molecules, and the key signaling molecules of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT-3), nuclear factor κ-B (NF-κB), p53, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2). Future Directions: We provide molecular evidence for alternative strategies for chemotherapy with cisplatin addressing the otoprotection and chemosensitization properties of polyphenols. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 1229-1245.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rita Fetoni
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiola Paciello
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Diana Troiani
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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5
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Piipponen M, Riihilä P, Nissinen L, Kähäri VM. The Role of p53 in Progression of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184507. [PMID: 34572732 PMCID: PMC8466956 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancers are the most common types of cancer worldwide, and their incidence is increasing. Melanoma, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) are the three major types of skin cancer. Melanoma originates from melanocytes, whereas BCC and cSCC originate from epidermal keratinocytes and are therefore called keratinocyte carcinomas. Chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a common risk factor for skin cancers, but they differ with respect to oncogenic mutational profiles and alterations in cellular signaling pathways. cSCC is the most common metastatic skin cancer, and it is associated with poor prognosis in the advanced stage. An important early event in cSCC development is mutation of the TP53 gene and inactivation of the tumor suppressor function of the tumor protein 53 gene (TP53) in epidermal keratinocytes, which then leads to accumulation of additional oncogenic mutations. Additional genomic and proteomic alterations are required for the progression of premalignant lesion, actinic keratosis, to invasive and metastatic cSCC. Recently, the role of p53 in the invasion of cSCC has also been elucidated. In this review, the role of p53 in the progression of cSCC and as potential new therapeutic target for cSCC will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Piipponen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (M.P.); (P.R.); (L.N.)
- FICAN West Cancer Centre Research Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Dermatology and Venereology Division, Karolinska Institute, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pilvi Riihilä
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (M.P.); (P.R.); (L.N.)
- FICAN West Cancer Centre Research Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Liisa Nissinen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (M.P.); (P.R.); (L.N.)
- FICAN West Cancer Centre Research Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Veli-Matti Kähäri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11 TE6, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (M.P.); (P.R.); (L.N.)
- FICAN West Cancer Centre Research Laboratory, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-2-3131600
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6
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MiR-944/CISH mediated inflammation via STAT3 is involved in oral cancer malignance by cigarette smoking. Neoplasia 2020; 22:554-565. [PMID: 32961483 PMCID: PMC7505767 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Down-regulation of CISH in OSCC tissues and cell lines. CISH mediates cellular functions through STAT3 inhibition. MiR-944 regulates cellular functions through direct binding of CISH. Cigarette smoking-mediated miR-944/CISH/STAT3 axis plays a role in oral carcinogenesis.
The cytokine-inducible Src homology 2-containing protein (CISH) is an endogenous suppressors of signal transduction and activator of transcription (STAT) and acts as a key negative regulator of inflammatory cytokine responses. Downregulation of CISH has been reported to associate with increased activation of STAT and enhanced inflammatory pathways. However, whether microRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in CISH/STAT regulation in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains unknown. The expression of CISH on OSCC patients was determine by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. Specific targeting by miRNAs was determined by software prediction, luciferase reporter assay, and correlation with target protein expression. The functions of miR-944 and CISH were accessed by transwell migration and invasion analyses using gain- and loss-of-function approaches. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and qRT-PCR were used to evaluate the pro-inflammation cytokines expression under the miR-944, CISH, NNK or combinations treatment. We found that the CISH protein, which modulates STAT3 activity, as a direct target of miR-944. CISH protein was significantly down-regulated in OSCC patients and cell lines and its level was inversely correlated with miR-944 expression. The miR-944-induced STAT3 phosphorylation, pro-inflammation cytokines secretion, migration and invasion were abolished by CISH restoration, suggesting that the oncogenic activity of miR-944 is CISH dependent. Furthermore, tobacco extract (NNK) may contribute to miR-944 induction and STAT3 activation. Antagomir-mediated inactivation of miR-944 prevented the NNK-induced STAT3 phosphorylation and pro-inflammation cytokines secretion. Altogether, these data demonstrate that NNK-induced miR944 expression plays an important role in CISH/STAT3-mediated inflammatory response and activation of tumor malignancy.
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7
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Morales LD, Archbold AK, Olivarez S, Slaga TJ, DiGiovanni J, Kim DJ. The role of T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase in epithelial carcinogenesis. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:1640-1647. [PMID: 31264291 PMCID: PMC6692238 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TC-PTP, encoded by PTPN2) is a nonreceptor PTP that is most highly expressed in hematopoietic tissues. TC-PTP modulates a variety of physiological functions including cell cycle progression, cell survival and proliferation, and hematopoiesis through tyrosine dephosphorylation of its target substrates, such as EGFR, JAK1, JAK3, STAT1, and STAT3. Studies with whole or tissue-specific loss of TC-PTP function transgenic mice have shown that TC-PTP has crucial roles in the regulation of the immune response, insulin signaling, and oncogenic signaling. More recently, the generation of epidermal-specific TC-PTP-deficient mice for use in multistage skin carcinogenesis bioassays demonstrated that TC-PTP suppresses skin tumor formation by negatively regulating STAT3 and AKT signaling. Further investigation showed that TC-PTP also minimizes UVB-induced epidermal cell damage by promoting apoptosis through the negative regulation of Flk-1/JNK signaling. These findings provide major evidence for a tumor suppressive function for TC-PTP against environment-induced skin cancer. Here, we will discuss TC-PTP, its substrates, and its functions with an emphasis on its role in skin carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza D. Morales
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78541, USA
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78541, USA
| | - Anna K. Archbold
- Department of Molecular Science, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78541, USA
| | - Serena Olivarez
- Department of Molecular Science, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78541, USA
| | - Thomas J. Slaga
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - John DiGiovanni
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Dae Joon Kim
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78541, USA
- Department of Molecular Science, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78541, USA
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8
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Loh CY, Arya A, Naema AF, Wong WF, Sethi G, Looi CY. Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STATs) Proteins in Cancer and Inflammation: Functions and Therapeutic Implication. Front Oncol 2019; 9:48. [PMID: 30847297 PMCID: PMC6393348 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) pathway is connected upstream with Janus kinases (JAK) family protein and capable of integrating inputs from different signaling pathways. Each family member plays unique functions in signal transduction and crucial in mediating cellular responses to different kind of cytokines. STAT family members notably STAT3 and STAT5 have been involved in cancer progression whereas STAT1 plays opposite role by suppressing tumor growth. Persistent STAT3/5 activation is known to promote chronic inflammation, which increases susceptibility of healthy cells to carcinogenesis. Here, we review the role of STATs in cancers and inflammation while discussing current therapeutic implications in different cancers and test models, especially the delivery of STAT3/5 targeting siRNA using nanoparticulate delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Yap Loh
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Aditya Arya
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Ahmed Fadhil Naema
- Center of Biotechnology Researches, University of Al-Nahrain, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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9
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Kim M, Baek M, Kim DJ. Protein Tyrosine Signaling and its Potential Therapeutic Implications in Carcinogenesis. Curr Pharm Des 2018. [PMID: 28625132 DOI: 10.2174/1381612823666170616082125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a crucial signaling mechanism that plays a role in epithelial carcinogenesis. Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) control various cellular processes including growth, differentiation, metabolism, and motility by activating major signaling pathways including STAT3, AKT, and MAPK. Genetic mutation of PTKs and/or prolonged activation of PTKs and their downstream pathways can lead to the development of epithelial cancer. Therefore, PTKs became an attractive target for cancer prevention. PTK inhibitors are continuously being developed, and they are currently used for the treatment of cancers that show a high expression of PTKs. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), the homeostatic counterpart of PTKs, negatively regulate the rate and duration of phosphotyrosine signaling. PTPs initially were considered to be only housekeeping enzymes with low specificity. However, recent studies have demonstrated that PTPs can function as either tumor suppressors or tumor promoters, depending on their target substrates. Together, both PTK and PTP signal transduction pathways are potential therapeutic targets for cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihwa Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Minwoo Baek
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Dae Joon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
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10
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Baek M, Kim M, Lim JS, Morales LD, Hernandez J, Mummidi S, Williams-Blangero S, Jang IS, Tsin AT, Kim DJ. Epidermal-specific deletion of TC-PTP promotes UVB-induced epidermal cell survival through the regulation of Flk-1/JNK signaling. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:730. [PMID: 29955047 PMCID: PMC6023867 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0781-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
UVB exposure can contribute to the development of skin cancer by modulating protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) signaling. It has been suggested that UVB radiation increases the ligand-dependent activation of PTKs and induces PTP inactivation. Our recent studies have shown that T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TC-PTP) attenuates skin carcinogenesis induced by chemical regimens, which indicates its critical role in the prevention of skin cancer. In the current work, we report that TC-PTP increases keratinocyte susceptibility to UVB-induced apoptosis via the downregulation of Flk-1/JNK signaling. We showed that loss of TC-PTP led to resistance to UVB-induced apoptosis in vivo epidermis. We established immortalized primary keratinocytes (IPKs) from epidermal-specific TC-PTP-deficient (K14Cre.Ptpn2fl/fl) mice. Immortalized TC-PTP-deficient keratinocytes (TC-PTP/KO IPKs) showed increased cell survival against UVB-induced apoptosis which was concomitant with a UVB-mediated increase in Flk-1 phosphorylation, especially on tyrosine residue 1173. Inhibition of Flk-1 by either its specific inhibitors or siRNA in TC-PTP/KO IPKs reversed this effect and significantly increased cell death after UVB irradiation in comparison with untreated TC-PTP/KO IPKs. Immunoprecipitation analysis using the TC-PTP substrate-trapping mutant TCPTP-D182A indicated that TC-PTP directly interacts with Flk-1 to dephosphorylate it and their interaction was stimulated by UVB. Following UVB-mediated Flk-1 activation, the level of JNK phosphorylation was also significantly increased in TC-PTP/KO IPKs compared to control IPKs. Similar to our results with Flk-1, treatment of TC-PTP/KO IPKs with the JNK inhibitor SP600125 significantly increased apoptosis after UVB irradiation, confirming that the effect of TC-PTP on UVB-mediated apoptosis is regulated by Flk-1/JNK signaling. Western blot analysis showed that both phosphorylated Flk-1 and phosphorylated JNK were significantly increased in the epidermis of TC-PTP-deficient mice compared to control mice following UVB. Our results suggest that TC-PTP plays a protective role against UVB-induced keratinocyte cell damage by promoting apoptosis via negative regulation of Flk-1/JNK survival signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwoo Baek
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA.,College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Mihwa Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Jae Sung Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Liza D Morales
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA.,South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Joselin Hernandez
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA.,South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Srinivas Mummidi
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA.,South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Sarah Williams-Blangero
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA.,South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Ik-Soon Jang
- Division of Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, 305-333, Republic of Korea
| | - Andrew T Tsin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Dae Joon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA. .,Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA.
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11
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Morgan EL, Wasson CW, Hanson L, Kealy D, Pentland I, McGuire V, Scarpini C, Coleman N, Arthur JSC, Parish JL, Roberts S, Macdonald A. STAT3 activation by E6 is essential for the differentiation-dependent HPV18 life cycle. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006975. [PMID: 29630659 PMCID: PMC5908086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) activate a number of host factors to control their differentiation-dependent life cycles. The transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3 is important for cell cycle progression and cell survival in response to cytokines and growth factors. STAT3 requires phosphorylation on Ser727, in addition to phosphorylation on Tyr705 to be transcriptionally active. In this study, we show that STAT3 is essential for the HPV life cycle in undifferentiated and differentiated keratinocytes. Primary human keratinocytes containing high-risk HPV18 genomes display enhanced STAT3 phosphorylation compared to normal keratinocytes. Expression of the E6 oncoprotein is sufficient to induce the dual phosphorylation of STAT3 at Ser727 and Tyr705 by a mechanism requiring Janus kinases and members of the MAPK family. E6-mediated activation of STAT3 induces the transcription of STAT3 responsive genes including cyclin D1 and Bcl-xL. Silencing of STAT3 protein expression by siRNA or inhibition of STAT3 activation by small molecule inhibitors, or by expression of dominant negative STAT3 phosphorylation site mutants, results in blockade of cell cycle progression. Loss of active STAT3 impairs HPV gene expression and prevents episome maintenance in undifferentiated keratinocytes and upon differentiation, lack of active STAT3 abolishes virus genome amplification and late gene expression. Organotypic raft cultures of HPV18 containing keratinocytes expressing a phosphorylation site STAT3 mutant display a profound reduction in suprabasal hyperplasia, which correlates with a loss of cyclin B1 expression and increased differentiation. Finally, increased STAT3 expression and phosphorylation is observed in HPV positive cervical disease biopsies compared to control samples, highlighting a role for STAT3 activation in cervical carcinogenesis. In summary, our data provides evidence of a critical role for STAT3 in the HPV18 life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan L. Morgan
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher W. Wasson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Hanson
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David Kealy
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ieisha Pentland
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria McGuire
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, College of Life Sciences, Sir James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Cinzia Scarpini
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Coleman
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - J. Simon C. Arthur
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, College of Life Sciences, Sir James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna L. Parish
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Roberts
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Macdonald
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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12
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Nakajima K, Sano S. Mouse models of psoriasis and their relevance. J Dermatol 2018; 45:252-263. [PMID: 29226571 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.14112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disorder that includes dynamic interactions between the immune system and skin and is clinically characterized by keratinocyte proliferation and distinct inflammatory cell infiltrates. Cross-talk between keratinocytes and immunocytes is essential for the development of psoriasis given that it mediates the production of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors. To resolve the pathogenesis of psoriasis, numerous experimental animal models have been generated. In this review, we discuss recent findings from mouse models, their relevancy to psoriasis and use, including the discovery of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Nakajima
- Department of Dermatology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Sano
- Department of Dermatology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
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13
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Yum HW, Park J, Park HJ, Shin JW, Cho YY, Kim SJ, Kang JX, Surh YJ. Endogenous ω-3 Fatty Acid Production by fat-1 Transgene and Topically Applied Docosahexaenoic Acid Protect against UVB-induced Mouse Skin Carcinogenesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11658. [PMID: 28912452 PMCID: PMC5599646 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was intended to explore the effects of endogenously produced ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced skin inflammation and photocarcinogenesis using hairless fat-1 transgenic mice harboring ω-3 desaturase gene capable of converting ω-6 to ω-3 PUFAs. Upon exposure to UVB irradiation, fat-1 transgenic mice exhibited a significantly reduced epidermal hyperplasia, oxidative skin damage, and photocarcinogenesis as compared to wild type mice. The transcription factor, Nrf2 is a master regulator of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant gene expression. While the protein expression of Nrf2 was markedly enhanced, the level of its mRNA transcript was barely changed in the fat-1 transgenic mouse skin. Topical application of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a representative ω-3 PUFA, in wild type hairless mice induced expression of the Nrf2 target protein, heme oxygenase-1 in the skin and protected against UVB-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and papillomagenesis. Furthermore, transient overexpression of fat-1 gene in mouse epidermal JB6 cells resulted in the enhanced accumulation of Nrf2 protein. Likewise, DHA treated to JB6 cells inhibited Nrf2 ubiquitination and stabilized it. Taken together, our results indicate that functional fat-1 and topically applied DHA potentiate cellular defense against UVB-induced skin inflammation and photocarcinogenesis through elevated activation of Nrf2 and upregulation of cytoprotective gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Won Yum
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jin Park
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Sciences and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Park
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, South Korea
| | - Jun Wan Shin
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, 420-743, South Korea
| | - Su-Jung Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Sciences and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jing X Kang
- Laboratory for Lipid Medicine and Technology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea. .,Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea. .,Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Sciences and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, South Korea. .,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, South Korea.
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14
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Molecular signaling cascades involved in nonmelanoma skin carcinogenesis. Biochem J 2017; 473:2973-94. [PMID: 27679857 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20160471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common cancer worldwide and the incidence continues to rise, in part due to increasing numbers in high-risk groups such as organ transplant recipients and those taking photosensitizing medications. The most significant risk factor for NMSC is ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from sunlight, specifically UVB, which is the leading cause of DNA damage, photoaging, and malignant transformation in the skin. Activation of apoptosis following UVR exposure allows the elimination of irreversibly damaged cells that may harbor oncogenic mutations. However, UVR also activates signaling cascades that promote the survival of these potentially cancerous cells, resulting in tumor initiation. Thus, the UVR-induced stress response in the skin is multifaceted and requires coordinated activation of numerous pathways controlling DNA damage repair, inflammation, and kinase-mediated signal transduction that lead to either cell survival or cell death. This review focuses on the central signaling mechanisms that respond to UVR and the subsequent cellular changes. Given the prevalence of NMSC and the resulting health care burden, many of these pathways provide promising targets for continued study aimed at both chemoprevention and chemotherapy.
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15
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He M, Yang Z, Zhang L, Song C, Li Y, Zhang X. Additive effects of cherlerythrine chloride combination with erlotinib in human non-small cell lung cancer cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175466. [PMID: 28399187 PMCID: PMC5388488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies implicate that lung cancer progression is governed by the interaction between epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling and protein kinase C (PKC) pathways. Combined the targeting of EGFR and PKC may have an additive or synergistic effects in lung cancer treatment. The aim of this study is to explore the potential utility by inhibiting these two pathways with the combination of erlotinib and chelerythrine chloride in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. The erlotinib-less sensitive cell lines SK-MES-1 and A549 were treated with erlotinib or chelerythrine by themselves or in combination with each other. The cell viability, clonogenic survival, cell migration, invasion, cell apoptosis effects and immunoblotting were accessed in vitro. Tumor growth was evaluated in vivo. There were additive effects of chelerythrine combined with erlotinib treatment in all NSCLC cell lines, resulting in a significant decrease in cell viability, clonogenicity, migratory and invasive capabilities as well as in the induction of apoptosis. Concordantly, the combined treatment caused a significant delay in tumor growth. The treatment effectively blocked EGFR signaling through decreasing phosphorylation of downstream targets such as STAT3, ERK1/2, p38 MAPK and Bad proteins. Our study supports the functional interaction between the EGFR and PKC pathways in lung cancer and provides a clinically exploitable strategy for erlotinib-less sensitive non-small cell lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao He
- Department of anesthesia, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaoying Yang
- Department of breast surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of breast surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Changlong Song
- Department of breast surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Youjun Li
- Department of anatomy, Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail: (XZ); (YL)
| | - Xingyi Zhang
- Department of thorax surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail: (XZ); (YL)
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16
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Targeted disruption of TC-PTP in the proliferative compartment augments STAT3 and AKT signaling and skin tumor development. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45077. [PMID: 28322331 PMCID: PMC5359614 DOI: 10.1038/srep45077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation is a vital mechanism that contributes to skin carcinogenesis. It is regulated by the counter-activities of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Here, we report the critical role of T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TC-PTP), encoded by Ptpn2, in chemically-induced skin carcinogenesis via the negative regulation of STAT3 and AKT signaling. Using epidermal specific TC-PTP knockout (K14Cre.Ptpn2fl/fl) mice, we demonstrate loss of TC-PTP led to a desensitization to tumor initiator 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced apoptosis both in vivo epidermis and in vitro keratinocytes. TC-PTP deficiency also resulted in a significant increase in epidermal thickness and hyperproliferation following exposure to the tumor promoter, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Western blot analysis showed that both phosphorylated STAT3 and phosphorylated AKT expressions were significantly increased in epidermis of TC-PTP-deficient mice compared to control mice following TPA treatment. Inhibition of STAT3 or AKT reversed the effects of TC-PTP deficiency on apoptosis and proliferation. Finally, TC-PTP knockout mice showed a shortened latency of tumorigenesis and significantly increased numbers of tumors during two-stage skin carcinogenesis. Our findings reveal that TC-PTP has potential as a novel target for the prevention of skin cancer through its role in the regulation of STAT3 and AKT signaling.
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17
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STAT3 Controls the Long-Term Survival and Phenotype of Repair Schwann Cells during Nerve Regeneration. J Neurosci 2017; 37:4255-4269. [PMID: 28320842 PMCID: PMC5413174 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3481-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
After nerve injury, Schwann cells convert to a phenotype specialized to promote repair. But during the slow process of axonal regrowth, these repair Schwann cells gradually lose their regeneration-supportive features and eventually die. Although this is a key reason for the frequent regeneration failures in humans, the transcriptional mechanisms that control long-term survival and phenotype of repair cells have not been studied, and the molecular signaling underlying their decline is obscure. We show, in mice, that Schwann cell STAT3 has a dual role. It supports the long-term survival of repair Schwann cells and is required for the maintenance of repair Schwann cell properties. In contrast, STAT3 is less important for the initial generation of repair Schwann cells after injury. In repair Schwann cells, we find that Schwann cell STAT3 activation by Tyr705 phosphorylation is sustained during long-term denervation. STAT3 is required for maintaining autocrine Schwann cell survival signaling, and inactivation of Schwann cell STAT3 results in a striking loss of repair cells from chronically denervated distal stumps. STAT3 inactivation also results in abnormal morphology of repair cells and regeneration tracks, and failure to sustain expression of repair cell markers, including Shh, GDNF, and BDNF. Because Schwann cell development proceeds normally without STAT3, the function of this factor appears restricted to Schwann cells after injury. This identification of transcriptional mechanisms that support long-term survival and differentiation of repair cells will help identify, and eventually correct, the failures that lead to the deterioration of this important cell population. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Although injured peripheral nerves contain repair Schwann cells that provide signals and spatial clues for promoting regeneration, the clinical outcome after nerve damage is frequently poor. A key reason for this is that, during the slow growth of axons through the proximal parts of injured nerves repair, Schwann cells gradually lose regeneration-supporting features and eventually die. Identification of signals that sustain repair cells is therefore an important goal. We have found that in mice the transcription factor STAT3 protects these cells from death and contributes to maintaining the molecular and morphological repair phenotype that promotes axonal regeneration. Defining the molecular mechanisms that maintain repair Schwann cells is an essential step toward developing therapeutic strategies that improve nerve regeneration and functional recovery.
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18
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Liao Y, Feng J, Zhang Y, Tang L, Wu S. The mechanism of CIRP in inhibition of keratinocytes growth arrest and apoptosis following low dose UVB radiation. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:1554-1569. [PMID: 27864909 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
UV induces CIRP expression and subsequent Stat3 activation, but the biological function and mechanism of CIRP and Stat3 in mediating UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate that CIRP is elevated in all tested melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer cell lines; and the expression of CIRP is upregulated in keratinocytes after being irradiated with relatively low dose (<5 mJ/cm2 ), but not high dose (50 mJ/cm2 ), UVB acutely and chronically. The increased expression of CIRP, either induced by UVB or through overexpression, leads to resistance of keratinocytes to UVB-induced growth arrest and death; and reduced expression of CIRP by RNA knockdown sensitizes keratinocyte cells to the low dose UVB radiation. We also demonstrated that CIRP expression is required for the low dose UVB-induced Tyr705-phosphorylation, but not total amount, of Stat3. The p-Stat3 level is correlated with the expression levels of cyclin D1 and VEGF, two known downstream cell growth regulators of Stat3, as well as Bag-1/S, an apoptosis regulator. Inhibition of Stat3 DNA-binding activity by S3I-201 leads to a reduction of the p-Stat3 and Bag-1/S along with growth and survival of keratinocytes post-UVB; and the effect of S3I-201 on the UVB-irradiated cells can be partially inhibited by overexpression of CIRP or Bag-1/S. Furthermore, the overexpression of Bag-1/S can totally inhibit UVB-induced PARP cleavage and caspase 3 activation. The results presented above led us to propose that CIRP-p(705)Stat3 cascade promotes cell proliferation and survival post-UVB via upregulating the expression of cyclin D1 and Bag-1/S, respectively. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liao
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 101 Konneker Laboratories, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Athens, Ohio.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianguo Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liling Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiyong Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 101 Konneker Laboratories, Edison Biotechnology Institute, Athens, Ohio
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19
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Srivastava J, DiGiovanni J. Non-canonical Stat3 signaling in cancer. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:1889-1898. [PMID: 26649644 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Stat3 is a member of the signal transducers and activators of transcription family and is a known regulator of essential biologic processes including angiogenesis, apoptosis, cell cycle progression, and cell migration. Canonical Stat3-mediated signaling involves tyrosine phosphorylation on specific residues that leads to homodimerization and translocation to the nucleus. For many years it was presumed that most, if not all, of the functions of Stat3, both normal and aberrant, were due to the canonical cytokine and growth factor signaling mechanisms. Recent studies suggest that Stat3 functions through alternate non-canonical pathways to bring about some of these biological functions both in normal cells as well as during cancer development and progression. A number of studies have now shown that Stat3 has a function in mitochondria and that unphosphorylated Stat3 (uStat3) can also function as a transcription factor broadening the potential mechanisms involved in Stat3 action. In this review article, we discuss these two main non-canonical functions of Stat3 and their potential roles in oncogenesis. Given the many facets of Stat3 signaling, additional comprehensive investigations are required to fully understand the role of non-canonical Stat3 signaling in cancer and whether these pathways can be targeted for cancer prevention and treatment. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Srivastava
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - John DiGiovanni
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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20
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Liao XH, Zheng L, He HP, Zheng DL, Wei ZQ, Wang N, Dong J, Ma WJ, Zhang TC. STAT3 regulated ATR via microRNA-383 to control DNA damage to affect apoptosis in A431 cells. Cell Signal 2015; 27:2285-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Fetoni AR, Paciello F, Mezzogori D, Rolesi R, Eramo SLM, Paludetti G, Troiani D. Molecular targets for anticancer redox chemotherapy and cisplatin-induced ototoxicity: the role of curcumin on pSTAT3 and Nrf-2 signalling. Br J Cancer 2015; 113:1434-44. [PMID: 26469832 PMCID: PMC4815880 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In oncology, an emerging paradigm emphasises molecularly targeted approaches for cancer prevention and therapy and the use of adjuvant chemotherapeutics to overcome cisplatin limitations. Owing to their safe use, some polyphenols, such as curcumin, modulate important pathways or molecular targets in cancers. This paper focuses on curcumin as an adjuvant molecule to cisplatin by analysing its potential implications on the molecular targets, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and NF-E2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf-2), in tumour progression and cisplatin resistance in vitro and the adverse effect ototoxicity in vivo. METHODS The effects of curcumin and/or cisplatin treatment have been evaluated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma as well as in a rat model of cisplatin-induced ototoxicity by using immunofluorescence, western blot, and functional and morphological analysis. RESULTS This study demonstrates that curcumin attenuates all stages of tumour progression (survival, proliferation) and, by targeting pSTAT3 and Nrf-2 signalling pathways, provides chemosensitisation to cisplatin in vitro and protection from its ototoxic adverse effects in vivo. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that curcumin can be used as an efficient adjuvant to cisplatin cancer therapy. This treatment strategy in head and neck cancer could mediate cisplatin chemoresistance by modulating therapeutic targets (STAT3 and Nrf2) and, at the same time, reduce cisplatin-related ototoxic adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Fetoni
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Università Cattolica, School of Medicine, Largo F Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - F Paciello
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Università Cattolica, School of Medicine, Largo F Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - D Mezzogori
- Institute of Human Physiology, Università Cattolica, School of Medicine, Largo F Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - R Rolesi
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Università Cattolica, School of Medicine, Largo F Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - S L M Eramo
- Institute of Human Physiology, Università Cattolica, School of Medicine, Largo F Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - G Paludetti
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Università Cattolica, School of Medicine, Largo F Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - D Troiani
- Institute of Human Physiology, Università Cattolica, School of Medicine, Largo F Vito 1, Rome 00168, Italy
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22
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Protein Tyrosine Kinase 6 Regulates UVB-Induced Signaling and Tumorigenesis in Mouse Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2492-2501. [PMID: 25938342 PMCID: PMC4567952 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein Tyrosine Kinase 6 (PTK6, also called BRK) is an intracellular tyrosine kinase expressed in the epithelial linings of the gastrointestinal tract and skin, where it is expressed in nondividing differentiated cells. We found PTK6 expression increases in the epidermis following UVB treatment. To evaluate the roles of PTK6 in the skin following UVB-induced damage, we exposed back skin of Ptk6 +/+ and Ptk6−/− SENCAR mice to incremental doses of UVB for thirty weeks. Wild type mice were more sensitive to UVB and exhibited increased inflammation and greater activation of STAT3 than Ptk6−/− mice. Disruption of Ptk6 did not have an impact on proliferation, although PTK6 was expressed and activated in basal epithelial cells in wild type mice following UVB treatment. However, wild type mice exhibited shortened tumor latency and increased tumor load compared with Ptk6−/− mice, and STAT3 activation was increased in these tumors. PTK6 activation was detected in UVB-induced tumors, and this correlated with increased activating phosphorylation of FAK and BCAR1. Activation of PTK6 was also detected in human squamous cell carcinomas of the skin. Although PTK6 plays roles in normal differentiation, it also contributes to UVB induced injury and tumorigenesis in vivo.
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23
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Orecchia V, Regis G, Tassone B, Valenti C, Avalle L, Saoncella S, Calautti E, Poli V. Constitutive STAT3 activation in epidermal keratinocytes enhances cell clonogenicity and favours spontaneous immortalization by opposing differentiation and senescence checkpoints. Exp Dermatol 2014; 24:29-34. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Orecchia
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences; Molecular Biotechnology Center; University of Turin; Turin Italy
| | - Gabriella Regis
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences; Molecular Biotechnology Center; University of Turin; Turin Italy
| | - Beatrice Tassone
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences; Molecular Biotechnology Center; University of Turin; Turin Italy
| | - Chiara Valenti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences; Molecular Biotechnology Center; University of Turin; Turin Italy
| | - Lidia Avalle
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences; Molecular Biotechnology Center; University of Turin; Turin Italy
| | - Stefania Saoncella
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences; Molecular Biotechnology Center; University of Turin; Turin Italy
| | - Enzo Calautti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences; Molecular Biotechnology Center; University of Turin; Turin Italy
| | - Valeria Poli
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences; Molecular Biotechnology Center; University of Turin; Turin Italy
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24
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Lee H, Morales LD, Slaga TJ, Kim DJ. Activation of T-cell protein-tyrosine phosphatase suppresses keratinocyte survival and proliferation following UVB irradiation. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:13-24. [PMID: 25406309 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.611681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exposure to UV radiation can contribute to the development of skin cancer by promoting protein-tyrosine kinase (PTK) signaling. Studies show that exposure to UV radiation increases the ligand-independent activation of PTKs and induces protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) inactivation. In the present work, we report that T-cell PTP (TC-PTP) activity is stimulated during the initial response to UVB irradiation, which leads to suppression of keratinocyte cell survival and proliferation via the down-regulation of STAT3 signaling. Our results show that TC-PTP-deficient keratinocyte cell lines expressed a significantly increased level of phosphorylated STAT3 after exposure to low dose UVB. This increase corresponded with increased cell proliferation in TC-PTP-deficient keratinocytes following UVB irradiation. Loss of TC-PTP also reduced UVB-induced apoptosis. Corroborating with these results, overexpression of TC-PTP in keratinocyte cell lines yielded a decrease in phosphorylated STAT3 levels, which corresponded with a significant decrease in cell proliferation in response to low dose UVB. We demonstrate that TC-PTP activity was increased upon UVB exposure, and overexpression of TC-PTP in keratinocyte cell lines further increased its activity in the presence of UVB. Treatment of TC-PTP-deficient keratinocytes with the STAT3 inhibitor STA21 significantly reduced cell viability following UVB exposure in comparison with untreated TC-PTP-deficient keratinocytes, confirming that the effect of TC-PTP on cell viability is mediated by STAT3 dephosphorylation. Combined, our results indicate that UVB-mediated activation of TC-PTP plays an important role in the STAT3-dependent regulation of keratinocyte cell proliferation and survival. Furthermore, these results suggest that TC-PTP may be a novel potential target for the prevention of UVB-induced skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunseung Lee
- From the Edinburg Regional Academic Health Center, Medical Research Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Edinburg, Texas 78541 and the Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Liza D Morales
- From the Edinburg Regional Academic Health Center, Medical Research Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Edinburg, Texas 78541 and
| | - Thomas J Slaga
- the Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Dae Joon Kim
- From the Edinburg Regional Academic Health Center, Medical Research Division, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Edinburg, Texas 78541 and the Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
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25
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Sato K, Takaishi M, Tokuoka S, Sano S. Involvement of TNF-α converting enzyme in the development of psoriasis-like lesions in a mouse model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112408. [PMID: 25384035 PMCID: PMC4226544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
TNF-α plays a crucial role in psoriasis; therefore, TNF inhibition has become a gold standard for the treatment of psoriasis. TNF-α is processed from a membrane-bound form by TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE) to soluble form, which exerts a number of biological activities. EGF receptor (EGFR) ligands, including heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), amphiregulin and transforming growth factor (TGF)-α are also TACE substrates and are psoriasis-associated growth factors. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), one of the downstream molecules of EGFR and TNF signaling, plays a key role in angiogenesis for developing psoriasis. In the present study, to assess the possible role of TACE in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, we investigated the involvement of TACE in TPA-induced psoriasis-like lesions in K5.Stat3C mice, which represent a mouse model of psoriasis. In this mouse model, TNF-α, amphiregulin, HB-EGF and TGF-α were significantly up-regulated in the skin lesions, similar to human psoriasis. Treatment of K5.Stat3C mice with TNF-α or EGFR inhibitors attenuated the skin lesions, suggesting the roles of TACE substrates in psoriasis. Furthermore, the skin lesions of K5.Stat3C mice showed down-regulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3, an endogenous inhibitor of TACE, and an increase in soluble TNF-α. A TACE inhibitor abrogated EGFR ligand-dependent keratinocyte proliferation and VEGF production in vitro, suggesting that TACE was involved in both epidermal hyperplasia and angiogenesis during psoriasis development. These results strongly suggest that TACE contributes to the development of psoriatic lesions through releasing two kinds of psoriasis mediators, TNF-α and EGFR ligands. Therefore, TACE could be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Sato
- Department of Dermatology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
- Pharmacology Department, Drug Research Center, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mikiro Takaishi
- Department of Dermatology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
| | - Shota Tokuoka
- Pharmacology Department, Drug Research Center, Kaken Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Sano
- Department of Dermatology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Spitzner M, Ebner R, Wolff HA, Ghadimi BM, Wienands J, Grade M. STAT3: A Novel Molecular Mediator of Resistance to Chemoradiotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:1986-2011. [PMID: 25268165 PMCID: PMC4276953 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6041986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemoradiotherapy (CRT) represents a standard treatment for many human cancers, frequently combined with radical surgical resection. However, a considerable percentage of primary cancers are at least partially resistant to CRT, which represents a substantial clinical problem, because it exposes cancer patients to the potential side effects of both irradiation and chemotherapy. It is therefore exceedingly important to determine the molecular characteristics underlying CRT-resistance and to identify novel molecular targets that can be manipulated to re-sensitize resistant tumors to CRT. In this review, we highlight much of the recent evidence suggesting that the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) plays a prominent role in mediating CRT-resistance, and we outline why inhibition of STAT3 holds great promise for future multimodal treatment concepts in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Spitzner
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medicine Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Göttingen 37075, Germany.
| | - Reinhard Ebner
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Hendrik A Wolff
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, University Medicine Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Göttingen 37075, Germany.
| | - B Michael Ghadimi
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medicine Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Göttingen 37075, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Wienands
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medicine Göttingen, Humboldtallee 34, Göttingen 37073, Germany.
| | - Marian Grade
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medicine Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Göttingen 37075, Germany.
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The Role of STAT3 in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:708-22. [PMID: 24675568 PMCID: PMC4074799 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6020708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) has been demonstrated in 22%~65% of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). STAT3 activation is mediated by receptor tyrosine kinases, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and MET, cytokine receptors, such as IL-6, and non-receptor kinases, such as Src. Overexpression of total or phosphorylated STAT3 in resected NSCLC leads to poor prognosis. In a preclinical study, overexpression of STAT3 was correlated with chemoresistance and radioresistance in NSCLC cells. Here, we review the role of STAT3 and the mechanisms of treatment resistance in malignant diseases, especially NSCLC. As STAT3 is a critical mediator of the oncogenic effects of EGFR mutations, we discuss STAT3 pathways in EGFR-mutated NSCLC, referring to mechanisms of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance.
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Chiricozzi A, Chimenti S. Effective topical agents and emerging perspectives in the treatment of psoriasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/edm.12.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Yamamoto K, Uda A, Mukai A, Yamashita K, Kume M, Makimoto H, Bito T, Nishigori C, Hirano T, Hirai M. Everolimus-induced human keratinocytes toxicity is mediated by STAT3 inhibition. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2013; 32:83. [PMID: 24423131 PMCID: PMC3874739 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-32-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors are associated with dermatological adverse events. The chief aim of this study was to examine the relation between the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) protein and the dermatological adverse events associated with the mTOR inhibitor everolimus. Methods We evaluated the effects of STAT3 activity and related signal transduction activities on everolimus-induced cell growth inhibition in the human keratinocyte HaCaT cell line via a WST-8 assay, and on signal transduction mechanisms involved in everolimus treatments via a western blot analysis. Apoptosis was evaluated using an imaging cytometric assay. Results The cell growth inhibitory effects of everolimus were enhanced by stattic or STA-21, which are selective inhibitors of STAT3, treatment in HaCaT cells, although such effects were not observed in Caki-1 and HepG2 cells. Phosphorylation at tyrosine 705 of STAT3 was decreased by treatment with everolimus in a dose-dependent manner in HaCaT cells; in contrast, phosphorylation at serine 727 was not decreased by everolimus, but slightly increased. Furthermore, we found that pretreatment of p38 MAPK inhibitor and transfection with constitutively active form of STAT3 in HaCaT cells resisted the cytostatic activity of everolimus. Conclusions These findings suggest that STAT3 activity may be a biomarker of everolimus-induced dermatological toxicity.
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Zhang S, Fujita H, Mitsui H, Yanofsky VR, Fuentes-Duculan J, Pettersen JS, Suárez-Fariñas M, Gonzalez J, Wang CQF, Krueger JG, Felsen D, Carucci JA. Increased Tc22 and Treg/CD8 ratio contribute to aggressive growth of transplant associated squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62154. [PMID: 23667456 PMCID: PMC3646982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune suppressed organ transplant recipients suffer increased morbidity and mortality from primary cutaneous SCC. We studied tumor microenvironment in transplant-associated SCC (TSCC), immune-competent SCC and normal skin by IHC, IF and RT-PCR on surgical discard. We determined T cell polarization in TSCC and SCC by intracellular cytokine staining of T cell crawl outs from human skin explants. We studied the effects of IL-22, an inducer of keratinocyte proliferation, on SCC proliferation in vitro. SCC and TSCC are both associated with significantly higher numbers of CD3(+) and CD8(+) T cells compared to normal skin. TSCC showed a higher proportion of Foxp3(+) T regs to CD8(+) T cells compared to SCC and a lower percentage of IFN-γ producing CD4(+) T cells. TSCC, however, had a higher percentage of IL-22 producing CD8(+) T cells compared to SCC. TSCC showed more diffuse Ki67 and IL-22 receptor (IL-22R) expression by IHC. IL-22 induced SCC proliferation in vitro despite serum starvation. Diminished cytotoxic T cell function in TSCC due to decreased CD8/T-reg ratio may permit tumor progression. Increased IL-22 and IL-22R expression could accelerate tumor growth in transplant patients. IL-22 may be an attractive candidate for targeted therapy of SCC without endangering allograft survival.
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MESH Headings
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/etiology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Count
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Humans
- Immunocompetence/immunology
- Interleukins/pharmacology
- Organ Transplantation/adverse effects
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Skin/cytology
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Th1 Cells/cytology
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Tumor Microenvironment/drug effects
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/immunology
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- Shali Zhang
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hideki Fujita
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hiroshi Mitsui
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Valerie R. Yanofsky
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Judilyn Fuentes-Duculan
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Julia S. Pettersen
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mayte Suárez-Fariñas
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Juana Gonzalez
- Translational Immunomonitoring Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Claire Q. F. Wang
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - James G. Krueger
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Diane Felsen
- Institute for Pediatric Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John A. Carucci
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
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Hirai T, Kanda T, Sato K, Takaishi M, Nakajima K, Yamamoto M, Kamijima R, DiGiovanni J, Sano S. Cathepsin K Is Involved in Development of Psoriasis-like Skin Lesions through TLR-Dependent Th17 Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4805-11. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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32
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Role of stat3 in skin carcinogenesis: insights gained from relevant mouse models. J Skin Cancer 2013; 2013:684050. [PMID: 23577258 PMCID: PMC3618941 DOI: 10.1155/2013/684050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) is a cytoplasmic protein that is activated in response to cytokines and growth factors and acts as a transcription factor. Stat3 plays critical roles in various biological activities including cell proliferation, migration, and survival. Studies using keratinocyte-specific Stat3-deficient mice have revealed that Stat3 plays an important role in skin homeostasis including keratinocyte migration, wound healing, and hair follicle growth. Use of both constitutive and inducible keratinocyte-specific Stat3-deficient mouse models has demonstrated that Stat3 is required for both the initiation and promotion stages of multistage skin carcinogenesis. Further studies using a transgenic mouse model with a gain of function mutant of Stat3 (Stat3C) expressed in the basal layer of the epidermis revealed a novel role for Stat3 in skin tumor progression. Studies using similar Stat3-deficient and gain-of-function mouse models have indicated its similar roles in ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation-mediated skin carcinogenesis. This paper summarizes the use of these various mouse models for studying the role and underlying mechanisms for the function of Stat3 in skin carcinogenesis. Given its significant role throughout the skin carcinogenesis process, Stat3 is an attractive target for skin cancer prevention and treatment.
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Batra V, Syed Z, Gill JN, Coburn MA, Adegboyega P, DiGiovanni J, Mathis JM, Shi R, Clifford JL, Kleiner-Hancock HE. Effects of the tropical ginger compound,1'-acetoxychavicol acetate, against tumor promotion in K5.Stat3C transgenic mice. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2012; 31:57. [PMID: 22704648 PMCID: PMC3511812 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-31-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to determine whether a tropical ginger derived compound 1'-acetoxychavicol acetate (ACA), suppresses skin tumor promotion in K5.Stat3C mice. In a two-week study in which wild-type (WT) and K5.Stat3C mice were co-treated with either vehicle, ACA, galanga extract, or fluocinolone acetonide (FA) and tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA), only the galanga extract and FA suppressed TPA-induced skin hyperproliferation and wet weight. None of these agents were effective at suppressing p-Tyr705Stat3 expression. However, ACA and FA showed promising inhibitory effects against skin tumorigenesis in K5.Stat3C mice. ACA also suppressed phospho-p65 NF-κB activation, suggesting a potential mechanism for its action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinita Batra
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Zanobia Syed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Jennifer N Gill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Malari A Coburn
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Patrick Adegboyega
- Department of Pathology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - John DiGiovanni
- School of Human Ecology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - J Michael Mathis
- Department of Cellular Biology & Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Runhua Shi
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - John L Clifford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Heather E Kleiner-Hancock
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
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Bruzzone S, Basile G, Mannino E, Sturla L, Magnone M, Grozio A, Salis A, Fresia C, Vigliarolo T, Guida L, De Flora A, Tossi V, Cassia R, Lamattina L, Zocchi E. Autocrine abscisic acid mediates the UV-B-induced inflammatory response in human granulocytes and keratinocytes. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:2502-10. [PMID: 21898394 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
UV-B is an abiotic environmental stress in both plants and animals. Abscisic acid (ABA) is a phytohormone regulating fundamental physiological functions in plants, including response to abiotic stress. We previously demonstrated that ABA is an endogenous stress hormone also in animal cells. Here, we investigated whether autocrine ABA regulates the response to UV-B of human granulocytes and keratinocytes, the cells involved in UV-triggered skin inflammation. The intracellular ABA concentration increased in UV-B-exposed granulocytes and keratinocytes and ABA was released into the supernatant. The UV-B-induced production of NO and of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytosis, and cell migration were strongly inhibited in granulocytes irradiated in the presence of a monoclonal antibody against ABA. Moreover, presence of the same antibody strongly inhibited release of NO, prostaglandin E2 (PGE(2)), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) by UV-B irradiated keratinocytes. Lanthionine synthetase C-like protein 2 (LANCL2) is required for the activation of the ABA signaling pathway in human granulocytes. Silencing of LANCL2 in human keratinocytes by siRNA was accompanied by abrogation of the UV-B-triggered release of PGE(2), TNF-α, and NO and ROS production. These results indicate that UV-B irradiation induces ABA release from human granulocytes and keratinocytes and that autocrine ABA stimulates cell functions involved in skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santina Bruzzone
- Department of Experimental Medicine and CEBR, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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35
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Yokogawa M, Takaishi M, Nakajima K, Kamijima R, Digiovanni J, Sano S. Imiquimod attenuates the growth of UVB-induced SCC in mice through Th1/Th17 cells. Mol Carcinog 2012; 52:760-9. [PMID: 22431065 DOI: 10.1002/mc.21901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Imiquimod (IMQ), a Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 agonist, has been used to treat various skin neoplasms, including genital warts, actinic keratoses, and superficial basal cell carcinomas. Although IMQ has been recognized to activate both innate and adaptive immunity, the underlying mechanism(s) by which IMQ exerts its anti-tumor activity in vivo remains largely unknown. In this study, we took advantage of skin cancer-prone mice to characterize the effects of IMQ on ultraviolet irradiation (UV)-induced de novo carcinogenesis. Transgenic mice with keratinocytes expressing constitutively activated Stat3 (K5.Stat3C mice) developed squamous cell carcinomas (SCC in situ) as early as after 14 wk of UVB irradiation, while wild-type mice required much higher doses of UVB with more than 25 wk of UVB irradiation to produce SCC. Topical treatment of K5.Stat3C mice with IMQ attenuated UVB-induced epidermal dysplasia (SCC in situ). In addition, SCC growth due to increased total irradiation doses was significantly attenuated by IMQ treatment. Topical IMQ treatment induced T cell and plasmacytoid dendritic cell infiltrates at the tumor sites, where levels of IL-12/23p40, IL-12p35, IL-23p19, IL-17A, and IFN-γ mRNAs were up-regulated. Immunohistochemistry revealed T cell infiltrates consisting of T1, Th17, and CD8(+) T cells. We speculate that topical IMQ treatment attenuates the de novo growth of UVB-induced SCC through activation of Th17/Th1 cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Yokogawa
- Department of Dermatology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Japan
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Abstract
Increasing evidence from epidemiological, preclinical and clinical studies suggests that dysregulated inflammatory response plays a pivotal role in a multitude of chronic ailments including cancer. The molecular mechanism(s) by which chronic inflammation drives cancer initiation and promotion include increased production of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen intermediates, increased expression of oncogenes, COX-2 (cyclo-oxygenase-2), 5-LOX (5-lipoxygenase) and MMPs (matrix metalloproteinases), and pro-inflammatory transcription factors such as NF-κB (nuclear factor κB), STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3), AP-1 (activator protein 1) and HIF-1α (hypoxia-inducible factor 1α) that mediate tumour cell proliferation, transformation, metastasis, survival, invasion, angiogenesis, chemoresistance and radioresistance. These inflammation-associated molecules are activated by a number of environmental and lifestyle-related factors including infectious agents, tobacco, stress, diet, obesity and alcohol, which together are thought to drive as much as 90% of all cancers. The present review will focus primarily on the role of various inflammatory intermediates responsible for tumour initiation and progression, and discuss in detail the critical link between inflammation and cancer.
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Induction of cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in glioblastoma stem-like cells by WP1193, a novel small molecule inhibitor of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. J Neurooncol 2012; 107:487-501. [PMID: 22249692 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0786-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glioma stem-like cells (GSCs) may be the initiating cells in glioblastoma (GBM) and contribute to the resistance of these tumors to conventional therapies. Development of novel chemotherapeutic agents and treatment approaches against GBM, especially those specifically targeting GSCs are thus necessary. In the present study, we found that a novel Janus kinase 2/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) pathway inhibitor (WP1193) significantly decreased the proliferation of established glioma cell lines in vitro and inhibit the growth of glioma in vivo. To test the efficacy of WP1193 against GSCs, we then administrated WP1193 to GSCs isolated and expanded from multiple human GBM tumors. We revealed that WP1193 suppressed phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3 with high potency and demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation and neurosphere formation of GSCs. These effects were at least due in part to G1 arrest associated with down-regulation of cyclin D1 and up-regulation of p21( Cip1/Waf-1 ). Furthermore, WP1193 exposure decreased expression of stem cell markers including CD133 and c-myc, and induced cell death in GSCs through apoptosis. Taken together, our data indicate that WP1193 is a potent small molecule inhibitor of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway that shows promise as a therapeutic agent against GBM by targeting GSCs.
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Siiskonen H, Törrönen K, Kumlin T, Rilla K, Tammi MI, Tammi RH. Chronic UVR causes increased immunostaining of CD44 and accumulation of hyaluronan in mouse epidermis. J Histochem Cytochem 2011; 59:908-17. [PMID: 21832148 DOI: 10.1369/0022155411417874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic intense UV radiation is the main cause of epidermal tumors. Because hyaluronan (HA), a large extracellular polysaccharide, is known to promote malignant growth, hyaluronan expression was studied in a model in which long-term UV radiation (UVR) induces epidermal tumors. Mouse back skin was exposed three times a week for 10.5 months to UVR corresponding to one minimal erythema dose, processed for histology, and stained for hyaluronan and the hyaluronan receptor CD44. This exposure protocol caused epidermal hyperplasia in most of the animals; tumors, mainly squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), were found in ~20% of the animals. Specimens exposed to UVR showed increased hyaluronan and CD44 staining throughout the epidermal tissue. In hyperplastic areas, hyaluronan and CD44 stainings correlated positively with the degree of hyperplasia. Well-differentiated SCCs showed increased hyaluronan and CD44 staining intensities, whereas poorly differentiated tumors and dysplastic epidermis showed areas where HA and CD44 were locally reduced. The findings indicate that HA and CD44 increase in epidermal keratinocytes in the premalignant hyperplasia induced by UV irradiation and stay elevated in dysplasia and SCC, suggesting that the accumulation of hyaluronan and CD44 is an early marker for malignant transformation and may be a prerequisite for tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Siiskonen
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Biomedicine, Anatomy, Finland.
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Mankan AK, Greten FR. Inhibiting signal transducer and activator of transcription 3: rationality and rationale design of inhibitors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 20:1263-75. [PMID: 21751940 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2011.601739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) controls a key signaling pathway in the development of many malignant diseases. Several genetic studies have proven its central role in the regulation of apoptosis, proliferation, angiogenesis and immune responses making it an attractive target for cancer therapy. AREAS COVERED This article addresses the role of STAT3 in immune response modulation and highlights the contribution of STAT3 in inflammation-mediated tumorigenesis. We also review the rationale to use novel STAT3 inhibitors and list some of these inhibitors such as STA-21, IS3 295, S3I- M2001 and small molecule JAK2 inhibitors AZD1480 and AZ960 that have been found to be efficient against tumors. We summarize the efforts that have been made so far in identifying promising compounds and mention the barriers that need to be overcome for successful application of STAT3 inhibitors in clinics. EXPERT OPINION STAT3 is an important target in tumor biology based on its frequent activation in various tumors and its pleiotropic effects on different cell types. Screening large libraries of logically synthesized small molecule inhibitors is one way to rapidly generate many potential molecules, which can then be tested in different biologically relevant models. The stage is, therefore, set for the identification and development of novel STAT3 inhibitors that will, in the very near future, enter the clinical realm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Mankan
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 München, Germany.
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Cooperation between Stat3 and Akt signaling leads to prostate tumor development in transgenic mice. Neoplasia 2011; 13:254-65. [PMID: 21390188 DOI: 10.1593/neo.101388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we describe the development of a transgenic mouse in which a rat probasin promoter (ARR(2)Pb) was used to direct prostate specific expression of a constitutively active form of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (i.e., Stat3C). ARR(2)Pb.Stat3C mice exhibited hyperplasia and prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) lesions in both ventral and dorsolateral prostate lobes at 6 and 12 months; however, no adenocarcinomas were detected. The effect of combined loss of PTEN was examined by crossing ARR(2)Pb.Stat3C mice with PTEN(+/-) null mice. PTEN(+/-) null mice on an ICR genetic background developed only hyperplasia and PIN at 6 and 12 months, respectively. ARR(2)Pb.Stat3C x PTEN(+/-) mice exhibited a more severe prostate phenotype compared with ARR(2)Pb.Stat3C and PTEN(+/-) mice. ARR(2)Pb.Stat3C x PTEN(+/-) mice developed adenocarcinomas in the ventral prostate as early as 6 months (22% incidence) that reached an incidence of 61% by 12 months. Further evaluations indicated that phospho-Stat3, phospho-Akt, phospho-nuclear factor κB, cyclin D1, and Ki67 were upregulated in adenocarcinomas from ARR(2)Pb.Stat3C x PTEN(+/-) mice. In addition, membrane staining for β-catenin and E-cadherin was reduced. The changes in Stat3 and nuclear factor κB phosphorylation correlated most closely with tumor progression. Collectively, these data provide evidence that Stat3 and Akt signaling cooperate in prostate cancer development and progression and that ARR(2)Pb.Stat3C x PTEN(+/-) mice represent a novel mouse model of prostate cancer to study these interactions.
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Chen CF, Chu CY, Chen TH, Lee SJ, Shen CN, Hsiao CD. Establishment of a transgenic zebrafish line for superficial skin ablation and functional validation of apoptosis modulators in vivo. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20654. [PMID: 21655190 PMCID: PMC3105106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Zebrafish skin is composed of enveloping and basal layers which form a first-line defense system against pathogens. Zebrafish epidermis contains ionocytes and mucous cells that aid secretion of acid/ions or mucous through skin. Previous studies demonstrated that fish skin is extremely sensitive to external stimuli. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that modulate skin cell apoptosis in zebrafish. Methodology/Principal Findings This study aimed to create a platform to conduct conditional skin ablation and determine if it is possible to attenuate apoptotic stimuli by overexpressing potential apoptosis modulating genes in the skin of live animals. A transgenic zebrafish line of Tg(krt4:NTR-hKikGR)cy17 (killer line), which can conditionally trigger apoptosis in superficial skin cells, was first established. When the killer line was incubated with the prodrug metrodinazole, the superficial skin displayed extensive apoptosis as judged by detection of massive TUNEL- and active caspase 3-positive signals. Great reductions in NTR-hKikGR+ fluorescent signals accompanied epidermal cell apoptosis. This indicated that NTR-hKikGR+ signal fluorescence can be utilized to evaluate apoptotic events in vivo. After removal of metrodinazole, the skin integrity progressively recovered and NTR-hKikGR+ fluorescent signals gradually restored. In contrast, either crossing the killer line with testing lines or transiently injecting the killer line with testing vectors that expressed human constitutive active Akt1, mouse constitutive active Stat3, or HPV16 E6 element displayed apoptosis-resistant phenotypes to cytotoxic metrodinazole as judged by the loss of reduction in NTR-hKikGR+ fluorescent signaling. Conclusion/Significance The killer/testing line binary system established in the current study demonstrates a nitroreductase/metrodinazole system that can be utilized to conditionally perform skin ablation in a real-time manner, and provides a valuable tool to visualize and quantify the anti-apoptotic potential of interesting target genes in vivo. The current work identifies a potential use for transgenic zebrafish as a high-throughput platform to validate potential apoptosis modulators in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Fang Chen
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
| | - Che-Yu Chu
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
| | - Te-Hao Chen
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Jye Lee
- Institute of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ning Shen
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- Genome Research Center, Academia Sinica, NanKang, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (C-NS); (C-DH)
| | - Chung-Der Hsiao
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
- Center for Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (C-NS); (C-DH)
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Litvinov IV, Bizet AA, Binamer Y, Jones DA, Sasseville D, Philip A. CD109 release from the cell surface in human keratinocytes regulates TGF-β receptor expression, TGF-β signalling and STAT3 activation: relevance to psoriasis. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:627-32. [PMID: 21539622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is an important cytokine that negatively regulates keratinocyte proliferation. Deregulation of TGF-β signalling has been reported in psoriasis, where despite increased expression of TGF-β, psoriatic keratinocytes continue to hyperproliferate. Recently, we have identified CD109, a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein, as a novel co-receptor and negative regulator of TGF-β signalling. In the current work, we demonstrate that release of CD109 from the cell surface or the addition of CD109 protein results in downregulation of TGF-β signalling and TGF-β receptor expression in human keratinocytes. Moreover, these effects are associated with an increase in phospho-STAT3 levels, enhanced total STAT3 and Bcl-2 expression and an increase in cell growth and survival, suggesting that released/soluble CD109 is able to induce molecular changes that are known to occur in psoriasis. Analysis of CD109 expression in psoriasis patients reveals that CD109 protein expression is markedly decreased in psoriatic epidermis as compared to adjacent uninvolved skin. In contrast, CD109 mRNA expression is unchanged in psoriatic plaques in comparison with normal skin. This raises a possibility that CD109 protein release is enhanced in psoriatic keratinocytes. Furthermore, psoriatic epidermis displays decreased expression of TGF-β receptors, consistent with the results obtained in vitro in keratinocytes with CD109 release or addition of CD109 recombinant protein. Together our findings suggest that aberrant CD109 release from the cell surface in human keratinocytes may induce molecular changes that are usually observed in psoriasis and may explain TGF-β receptor downregulation and decrease in TGF-β signalling in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan V Litvinov
- Department of Plastic Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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43
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Oka M, Edamatsu H, Kunisada M, Hu L, Takenaka N, Sakaguchi M, Kataoka T, Nishigori C. Phospholipase Cɛ has a crucial role in ultraviolet B-induced neutrophil-associated skin inflammation by regulating the expression of CXCL1/KC. J Transl Med 2011; 91:711-8. [PMID: 21321537 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) ɛ is a phosphoinositide-specific PLC regulated by small GTPases including Ras and Rap. We previously demonstrated that PLCɛ has an important role in the development of phorbol ester-induced skin inflammation. In this study, we investigated the role of PLCɛ in ultraviolet (UV) B-induced acute inflammatory reactions in the skin. Wild-type (PLCɛ+/+) and PLCɛ gene knockout (PLCɛ⁻/⁻) mice were irradiated with a single dose of UVB at 1, 2.5, and 10 kJ/m² on the dorsal area of the skin, and inflammatory reactions in the skin were histologically evaluated up to 168 h after irradiation. In PLCɛ+/+ mice, irradiation with 1 and 2.5 kJ/m² UVB resulted in dose-dependent neutrophil infiltration in the epidermis at 24 and 48 h after irradiation. When mice were irradiated with 10 kJ/m² of UVB, most mice developed skin ulcers by 48 h and these ulcers became more severe at 168 h. In PLCɛ⁻/⁻ mice, UVB (1 or 2.5 kJ/m²)-induced neutrophil infiltration was markedly suppressed compared with PLCɛ+/+ mice. The suppression of neutrophil infiltration in PLCɛ⁻/⁻ mice was accompanied by attenuation of UVB-induced production of CXCL1/keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), a potent chemokine for neutrophils, in the whole skin. Cultured epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts produced CXCL1/KC in a PLCɛ-dependent manner after UVB irradiation, and the UVB-induced upregulation of CXCL1/KC in these cells was significantly abolished by a PLC inhibitor. Furthermore, UVB-induced epidermal thickening was noticeably reduced in the skin of PLCɛ⁻/⁻ mice. These results indicate that PLCɛ has a crucial role in UVB-induced acute inflammatory reactions such as neutrophil infiltration and epidermal thickening by at least in part regulating the expression of CXCL1/KC in skin cells such as keratinocytes and fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Oka
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
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Sand JM, Bin Hafeez B, Aziz MH, Siebers EM, Dreckschmidt NE, Verma AK. Ultraviolet radiation and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced interaction of mouse epidermal protein kinase Cε with Stat3 involve integration with ERK1/2. Mol Carcinog 2011; 51:291-302. [PMID: 21480396 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We have reported that protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) expression level in epidermis dictates the susceptibility of mice to the development of squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) elicited either by repeated exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) or by the DMBA-TPA tumor promotion protocol. To find clues about the mechanism by which PKCε mediates susceptibility to UVR-induced development of SCC, we found that PKCε-over-expressing transgenic mice, as compared to their wild-type littermates, when exposed to UVR, elicit enhanced phosphorylation of Stat3 at Ser727 residues. Stat3 is constitutively activated in SCC and UVR fails to induce SCC in Stat3 mutant mice. Stat3Ser727 phosphorylation is essential for Stat3 transcriptional activity (Cancer Res. 67: 1385, 2007). We now present several novel findings including that PKCε integrates with its downstream partner ERK1/2 to phosphorylate Stat3Ser727. In these experiments, mice were either exposed to UVR (2 kJ/m(2)/dose) emitted by Kodacel-filtered FS-40 sun lamps or treated with TPA (5 nmol). Both UVR and TPA treatment stimulated PKCε-Stat3 interaction, Stat3Ser727 phosphorylation and Stat3-regulated gene COX-2 expression. PKCε-Stat3 interaction and Stat3Ser727 phosphorylation was also observed in SCC elicited by repeated UVR exposures of mice. PKCε-Stat3 interaction was PKCε specific. UVR or TPA-stimulated Stat3Ser727 phosphorylation accompanied interaction of PKCε with ERK1/2 in intact mouse skin in vivo. Deletion of PKCε in wild-type mice attenuated both TPA and UVR-induced expression of phosphoforms of ERK1/2 and Stat3Ser727. These results indicate that PKCε integrates with ERK1/2 to mediate both TPA and UVR-induced epidermal Stat3Ser727 phosphorylation. PKCε and Stat3 may be potential molecular targets for SCC prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Marshall Sand
- Department of Human Oncology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53705; Department of Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53705
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Ishdorj G, Johnston JB, Gibson SB. Inhibition of constitutive activation of STAT3 by curcurbitacin-I (JSI-124) sensitized human B-leukemia cells to apoptosis. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 9:3302-14. [PMID: 21159613 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of STAT3 on serine 727 regulates gene expression and is found to be elevated in many B-leukemia cells including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). It is, however, unclear whether targeting STAT3 will be an effective antileukemia therapy. In this study, we assessed in vitro antileukemia activity of the STAT3 inhibitor JSI-124 (cucurbitacin I). JSI-124 potently induces apoptosis in 3 B-leukemia cell lines (BJAB, I-83, and NALM-6) and in primary CLL cells and was associated with a reduction in serine 727 phosphorylation of STAT3. Similarly, knockdown of STAT3 expression induced apoptosis in these leukemia cells. In addition, we found that JSI-124 and knockdown of STAT3 decreased antiapoptotic protein XIAP expression and overexpression of XIAP blocked JSI-124-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, we found that combined treatment of JSI-124 and TRAIL increased apoptosis associated with an increase in death receptor 4 expression. Besides apoptosis, we found that JSI-124 also induced cell-cycle arrest prior to apoptosis in B-leukemia cells. This corresponded with reduced expression of the cell-cycle regulatory gene, cdc-2. Thus, we present here for the first time that JSI-124 induced suppression of serine 727 phosphorylation of STAT3, leading to apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest through alterations in gene transcription in B-leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganchimeg Ishdorj
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Rácz E, Prens EP, Kurek D, Kant M, de Ridder D, Mourits S, Baerveldt EM, Ozgur Z, van IJcken WFJ, Laman JD, Staal FJ, van der Fits L. Effective treatment of psoriasis with narrow-band UVB phototherapy is linked to suppression of the IFN and Th17 pathways. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:1547-58. [PMID: 21412260 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Narrow-band ultraviolet-B (NB-UVB) phototherapy is an effective treatment for psoriasis. The molecular mechanisms underlying its efficacy are incompletely understood. To identify NB-UVB-induced molecular pathways that may account for its anti-inflammatory efficacy, gene expression profiling was performed using epidermal RNA from lesional and nonlesional skin from patients with psoriasis undergoing NB-UVB therapy. Downregulation of Th17 signaling pathway was observed during NB-UVB therapy in psoriatic epidermis. Strong inhibition of the Th17 pathway by UVB was confirmed in an ex vivo organ culture system by demonstrating reduced signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation and β-defensin-2 production. These results were further substantiated by demonstrating that NB-UVB inhibited the Th17-dependent psoriasis-like dermatitis in mice. Other pathways affected by NB-UVB therapy include the IFN signaling pathway, epidermal differentiation, and other well-known therapeutic targets in psoriasis, such as the glucocorticoid, vitamin D, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, and IL-4 signaling pathways. In conclusion, clinical improvement of psoriasis by NB-UVB is linked to suppression of Th17 and type I and type II IFN signaling pathways, which are critical in the pathogenesis of the disease. Our results show that clinically effective NB-UVB therapy is based on suppression of a broad range of important molecular pathways in psoriatic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emoke Rácz
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Stat3 as a Therapeutic Target for the Treatment of Psoriasis: A Clinical Feasibility Study with STA-21, a Stat3 Inhibitor. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:108-17. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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48
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Abstract
IL-20 was discovered 10 years ago as a new member of the IL-10 family of cytokines. IL-20 shares the highest amino-acid sequence identity with IL-10, IL-24 and IL-19. IL-20 is secreted by immune cells and activated epithelial cells like keratinocytes. A high expression of the corresponding IL-20 receptor chains is detected on epithelial cells. In terms of function, IL-20 might therefore mediate a crosstalk between epithelial cells and tissue-infiltrating immune cells under inflammatory conditions. Transgenic and knockout mouse models for some cytokines and receptors of the IL-10-type cytokines have provided new insights into the biology of this family. This review will focus on the biological functions of IL-20 and its receptors within the IL-10 cytokine network.
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De Andrea M, Rittà M, Landini MM, Borgogna C, Mondini M, Kern F, Ehrenreiter K, Baccarini M, Marcuzzi GP, Smola S, Pfister H, Landolfo S, Gariglio M. Keratinocyte-specific stat3 heterozygosity impairs development of skin tumors in human papillomavirus 8 transgenic mice. Cancer Res 2010; 70:7938-48. [PMID: 20876801 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) of the genus β are thought to play a role in human skin cancers, but this has been difficult to establish using epidemiologic approaches. To gain insight into the transforming activities of β-HPV, transgenic mouse models have been generated that develop skin tumors. Recent evidence suggests a central role of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) as a transcriptional node for cancer cell-autonomous initiation of a tumor-promoting gene signature associated with cell proliferation, cell survival, and angiogenesis. Moreover, high levels of phospho-Stat3 have been detected in tumors arising in HPV8-CER transgenic mice. In this study, we investigate the in vivo role of Stat3 in HPV8-induced skin carcinogenesis by combining our established experimental model of HPV8-induced skin cancer with epidermis-restricted Stat3 ablation. Stat3 heterozygous epidermis was less prone to tumorigenesis than wild-type epidermis. Three of the 23 (13%) Stat3(+/-):HPV8 animals developed tumors within 12 weeks of life, whereas 54.3% of Stat3(+/+):HPV8 mice already exhibited tumors in the same observation period (median age for tumor appearance, 10 weeks). The few tumors that arose in the Stat3(+/-):HPV8 mice were benign and never progressed to a more malignant phenotype. Collectively, these results offer direct evidence of a critical role for Stat3 in HPV8-driven epithelial carcinogenesis. Our findings imply that targeting Stat3 activity in keratinocytes may be a viable strategy to prevent and treat HPV-induced skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco De Andrea
- Department of Public Health and Microbiology, Medical School of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Rho O, Kim DJ, Kiguchi K, Digiovanni J. Growth factor signaling pathways as targets for prevention of epithelial carcinogenesis. Mol Carcinog 2010; 50:264-79. [PMID: 20648549 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Growth factor receptor (GFR) signaling controls epithelial cell growth by responding to various endogenous or exogenous stimuli and subsequently activating downstream signaling pathways including Stat3, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, MAPK, and c-Src. Environmental chemical toxicants and UVB irradiation cause enhanced and prolonged activation of GFR signaling and downstream pathways that contributes to epithelial cancer development including skin cancer. Recent studies, especially those with tissue-specific transgenic mouse models, have demonstrated that GFRs and their downstream signaling pathways contribute to all three stages of epithelial carcinogenesis by regulating a wide variety of biological functions including proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell adhesion, and migration. Inhibiting these signaling pathways early in the carcinogenic process results in reduced cell proliferation and survival, leading to decreased tumor formation. Collectively, these studies suggest that GFR signaling and subsequent downstream signaling pathways are potential targets for the prevention of epithelial cancers including skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okkyung Rho
- Division of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78723-3092, USA
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