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Dobrica MO, Varghese CS, Harris JM, Ferguson J, Magri A, Arnold R, Várnai C, Parish JL, McKeating JA. CTCF regulates hepatitis B virus cccDNA chromatin topology. J Gen Virol 2024; 105. [PMID: 38175123 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is a small DNA virus that replicates via an episomal covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) that serves as the transcriptional template for viral mRNAs. The host protein, CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), is a key regulator of cellular transcription by maintaining epigenetic boundaries, nucleosome phasing, stabilisation of long-range chromatin loops and directing alternative exon splicing. We previously reported that CTCF binds two conserved motifs within Enhancer I of the HBV genome and represses viral transcription, however, the underlying mechanisms were not identified. We show that CTCF depletion in cells harbouring cccDNA-like HBV molecules and in de novo infected cells resulted in an increase in spliced transcripts, which was most notable in the abundant SP1 spliced transcript. In contrast, depletion of CTCF in cell lines with integrated HBV DNA had no effect on the abundance of viral transcripts and in line with this observation there was limited evidence for CTCF binding to viral integrants, suggesting that CTCF-regulation of HBV transcription is specific to episomal cccDNA. Analysis of HBV chromatin topology by Assay for Transposase Accessible Chromatin Sequencing (ATAC-Seq) revealed an accessible region spanning Enhancers I and II and the basal core promoter (BCP). Mutating the CTCF binding sites within Enhancer I resulted in a dramatic rearrangement of chromatin accessibility where the open chromatin region was no longer detected, indicating loss of the phased nucleosome up- and down-stream of the HBV enhancer/BCP. These data demonstrate that CTCF functions to regulate HBV chromatin conformation and nucleosomal positioning in episomal maintained cccDNA, which has important consequences for HBV transcription regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Olivia Dobrica
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Present address: Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Christy Susan Varghese
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Jack Ferguson
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Present address: Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrea Magri
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Roland Arnold
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Csilla Várnai
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Joanna L Parish
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Jane A McKeating
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Varghese CS, Parish JL, Ferguson J. Lying low-chromatin insulation in persistent DNA virus infection. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 55:101257. [PMID: 35998396 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Persistent virus infections are achieved when the intricate balance of virus replication, host-cell division and successful immune evasion is met. The genomes of persistent DNA viruses are either maintained as extrachromosomal episomes or can integrate into the host genome. Common to both these strategies of persistence is the chromatinisation of viral DNA by cellular histones which, like host DNA, are subject to epigenetic modification. Epigenetic repression of viral genes required for lytic replication occurs, while genes required for latent or persistent infection are maintained in an active chromatin state. Viruses utilise host-cell chromatin insulators, which function to maintain epigenetic boundaries and enforce this strict transcriptional programme. Here, we review insulator protein function in virus transcription control, focussing on CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) and cofactors. We describe CTCF-dependent activities in virus transcription regulation through epigenetic and promoter-enhancer insulation, three-dimensional chromatin looping and manipulation of transcript splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy S Varghese
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Joanna L Parish
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Jack Ferguson
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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Ferguson J, Campos-León K, Pentland I, Stockton JD, Günther T, Beggs AD, Grundhoff A, Roberts S, Noyvert B, Parish JL. The chromatin insulator CTCF regulates HPV18 transcript splicing and differentiation-dependent late gene expression. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010032. [PMID: 34735550 PMCID: PMC8594839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous host protein, CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), is an essential regulator of cellular transcription and functions to maintain epigenetic boundaries, stabilise chromatin loops and regulate splicing of alternative exons. We have previously demonstrated that CTCF binds to the E2 open reading frame (ORF) of human papillomavirus (HPV) 18 and functions to repress viral oncogene expression in undifferentiated keratinocytes by co-ordinating an epigenetically repressed chromatin loop within HPV episomes. Keratinocyte differentiation disrupts CTCF-dependent chromatin looping of HPV18 episomes promoting induction of enhanced viral oncogene expression. To further characterise CTCF function in HPV transcription control we utilised direct, long-read Nanopore RNA-sequencing which provides information on the structure and abundance of full-length transcripts. Nanopore analysis of primary human keratinocytes containing HPV18 episomes before and after synchronous differentiation allowed quantification of viral transcript species, including the identification of low abundance novel transcripts. Comparison of transcripts produced in wild type HPV18 genome-containing cells to those identified in CTCF-binding deficient genome-containing cells identifies CTCF as a key regulator of differentiation-dependent late promoter activation, required for efficient E1^E4 and L1 protein expression. Furthermore, our data show that CTCF binding at the E2 ORF promotes usage of the downstream weak splice donor (SD) sites SD3165 and SD3284, to the dominant E4 splice acceptor site at nucleotide 3434. These findings demonstrate that in the HPV life cycle both early and late virus transcription programmes are facilitated by recruitment of CTCF to the E2 ORF. Oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the cause of a subset of epithelial cancers of the uterine cervix, other anogenital areas and the oropharynx. HPV infection is established in the basal cells of epithelia where a restricted programme of viral gene expression is required for replication and maintenance of the viral episome. Completion of the HPV life cycle is dependent on the maturation (differentiation) of infected cells which induces enhanced viral gene expression and induction of capsid production. We previously reported that the host cell transcriptional regulator, CTCF, is hijacked by HPV to control viral gene expression. In this study, we use long-read mRNA sequencing to quantitatively map the variety and abundance of HPV transcripts produced in early and late stages of the HPV life cycle and to dissect the function of CTCF in controlling HPV gene expression and transcript processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Ferguson
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Campos-León
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Ieisha Pentland
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne D. Stockton
- Genomics Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Günther
- Heinrich-Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrew D. Beggs
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
- Genomics Birmingham, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Grundhoff
- Heinrich-Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sally Roberts
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Boris Noyvert
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
- CRUK Birmingham Centre and Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna L. Parish
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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4
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Gleneadie HJ, Baker AH, Batis N, Bryant J, Jiang Y, Clokie SJH, Mehanna H, Garcia P, Gendoo DMA, Roberts S, Burley M, Molinolo AA, Gutkind JS, Scheven BA, Cooper PR, Parish JL, Khanim FL, Wiench M. The anti-tumour activity of DNA methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine is enhanced by the common analgesic paracetamol through induction of oxidative stress. Cancer Lett 2021; 501:172-186. [PMID: 33359448 PMCID: PMC7845757 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The DNA demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (DAC, decitabine) has anti-cancer therapeutic potential, but its clinical efficacy is hindered by DNA damage-related side effects and its use in solid tumours is debated. Here we describe how paracetamol augments the effects of DAC on cancer cell proliferation and differentiation, without enhancing DNA damage. Firstly, DAC specifically upregulates cyclooxygenase-2-prostaglandin E2 pathway, inadvertently providing cancer cells with survival potential, while the addition of paracetamol offsets this effect. Secondly, in the presence of paracetamol, DAC treatment leads to glutathione depletion and finally to accumulation of ROS and/or mitochondrial superoxide, both of which have the potential to restrict tumour growth. The benefits of combined treatment are demonstrated here in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and acute myeloid leukaemia cell lines, further corroborated in a HNSCC xenograft mouse model and through mining of publicly available DAC and paracetamol responses. The sensitizing effect of paracetamol supplementation is specific to DAC but not its analogue 5-azacitidine. In summary, the addition of paracetamol could allow for DAC dose reduction, widening its clinical usability and providing a strong rationale for consideration in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Gleneadie
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B5 7EG, UK; Present Address: MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Amy H Baker
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B5 7EG, UK
| | - Nikolaos Batis
- Institute of Head and Neck Studies and Education (InHANSE), The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jennifer Bryant
- Institute of Head and Neck Studies and Education (InHANSE), The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Yao Jiang
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Samuel J H Clokie
- West Midlands Regional Genetics Laboratory, Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital, Birmingham, B15 2TG, UK
| | - Hisham Mehanna
- Institute of Head and Neck Studies and Education (InHANSE), The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Paloma Garcia
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Deena M A Gendoo
- Centre for Computational Biology, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sally Roberts
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Megan Burley
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alfredo A Molinolo
- Moores Cancer Center and Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ben A Scheven
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B5 7EG, UK
| | - Paul R Cooper
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B5 7EG, UK; Present Address: Sir John Walsh Research Institute, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Joanna L Parish
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Farhat L Khanim
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Malgorzata Wiench
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B5 7EG, UK; Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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5
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Magon KL, Parish JL. From infection to cancer: how DNA tumour viruses alter host cell central carbon and lipid metabolism. Open Biol 2021; 11:210004. [PMID: 33653084 PMCID: PMC8061758 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections cause 13% of all cancers globally, and DNA tumour viruses account for almost 60% of these cancers. All viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and hijack host cell functions to replicate and complete their life cycles to produce progeny virions. While many aspects of viral manipulation of host cells have been studied, how DNA tumour viruses manipulate host cell metabolism and whether metabolic alterations in the virus life cycle contribute to carcinogenesis are not well understood. In this review, we compare the differences in central carbon and fatty acid metabolism in host cells following infection, oncogenic transformation, and virus-driven cancer of DNA tumour viruses including: Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis B virus, human papillomavirus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and Merkel cell polyomavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamini L. Magon
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Joanna L. Parish
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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6
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D’Arienzo V, Ferguson J, Giraud G, Chapus F, Harris JM, Wing PAC, Claydon A, Begum S, Zhuang X, Balfe P, Testoni B, McKeating JA, Parish JL. The CCCTC-binding factor CTCF represses hepatitis B virus enhancer I and regulates viral transcription. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13274. [PMID: 33006186 PMCID: PMC7116737 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is of global importance with over 2 billion people exposed to the virus during their lifetime and at risk of progressive liver disease, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV is a member of the Hepadnaviridae family that replicates via episomal copies of a covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) genome. The chromatinization of this small viral genome, with overlapping open reading frames and regulatory elements, suggests an important role for epigenetic pathways to regulate viral transcription. The chromatin-organising transcriptional insulator protein, CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), has been reported to regulate transcription in a diverse range of viruses. We identified two conserved CTCF binding sites in the HBV genome within enhancer I and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis demonstrated an enrichment of CTCF binding to integrated or episomal copies of the viral genome. siRNA knock-down of CTCF results in a significant increase in pre-genomic RNA levels in de novo infected HepG2 cells and those supporting episomal HBV DNA replication. Furthermore, mutation of these sites in HBV DNA minicircles abrogated CTCF binding and increased pre-genomic RNA levels, providing evidence of a direct role for CTCF in repressing HBV transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jack Ferguson
- institute of Cancer and Genomic sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Guillaume Giraud
- CRCL INSERM and Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
| | - Fleur Chapus
- CRCL INSERM and Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
| | - James M. Harris
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter A. C. Wing
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam Claydon
- institute of Cancer and Genomic sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sophia Begum
- institute of Cancer and Genomic sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Xiaodong Zhuang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Balfe
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Barbara Testoni
- CRCL INSERM and Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon, France
| | | | - Joanna L. Parish
- institute of Cancer and Genomic sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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7
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van Schie JJM, Faramarz A, Balk JA, Stewart GS, Cantelli E, Oostra AB, Rooimans MA, Parish JL, de Almeida Estéves C, Dumic K, Barisic I, Diderich KEM, van Slegtenhorst MA, Mahtab M, Pisani FM, Te Riele H, Ameziane N, Wolthuis RMF, de Lange J. Warsaw Breakage Syndrome associated DDX11 helicase resolves G-quadruplex structures to support sister chromatid cohesion. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4287. [PMID: 32855419 PMCID: PMC7452896 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18066-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Warsaw Breakage Syndrome (WABS) is a rare disorder related to cohesinopathies and Fanconi anemia, caused by bi-allelic mutations in DDX11. Here, we report multiple compound heterozygous WABS cases, each displaying destabilized DDX11 protein and residual DDX11 function at the cellular level. Patient-derived cell lines exhibit sensitivity to topoisomerase and PARP inhibitors, defective sister chromatid cohesion and reduced DNA replication fork speed. Deleting DDX11 in RPE1-TERT cells inhibits proliferation and survival in a TP53-dependent manner and causes chromosome breaks and cohesion defects, independent of the expressed pseudogene DDX12p. Importantly, G-quadruplex (G4) stabilizing compounds induce chromosome breaks and cohesion defects which are strongly aggravated by inactivation of DDX11 but not FANCJ. The DNA helicase domain of DDX11 is essential for sister chromatid cohesion and resistance to G4 stabilizers. We propose that DDX11 is a DNA helicase protecting against G4 induced double-stranded breaks and concomitant loss of cohesion, possibly at DNA replication forks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne J M van Schie
- Section of Oncogenetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Atiq Faramarz
- Section of Oncogenetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jesper A Balk
- Section of Oncogenetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Grant S Stewart
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Erika Cantelli
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke B Oostra
- Section of Oncogenetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin A Rooimans
- Section of Oncogenetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joanna L Parish
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Katja Dumic
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ingeborg Barisic
- Children's Hospital Zagreb, Center of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, Medical School University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Karin E M Diderich
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mohammad Mahtab
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biologia Cellulare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca M Pisani
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biologia Cellulare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Hein Te Riele
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Najim Ameziane
- Section of Oncogenetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Centogene, Am Strande 7, 18055, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rob M F Wolthuis
- Section of Oncogenetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Job de Lange
- Section of Oncogenetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Burley M, Roberts S, Parish JL. Epigenetic regulation of human papillomavirus transcription in the productive virus life cycle. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:159-171. [PMID: 31919577 PMCID: PMC7174255 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-019-00773-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are a large family of viruses which contain a circular, double-stranded DNA genome of approximately 8000 base pairs. The viral DNA is chromatinized by the recruitment of cellular histones which are subject to host cell-mediated post-translational epigenetic modification recognized as an important mechanism of virus transcription regulation. The HPV life cycle is dependent on the terminal differentiation of the target cell within epithelia-the keratinocyte. The virus life cycle begins in the undifferentiated basal compartment of epithelia where the viral chromatin is maintained in an epigenetically repressed state, stabilized by distal chromatin interactions between the viral enhancer and early gene region. Migration of the infected keratinocyte towards the surface of the epithelium induces cellular differentiation which disrupts chromatin looping and stimulates epigenetic remodelling of the viral chromatin. These epigenetic changes result in enhanced virus transcription and activation of the virus late promoter facilitating transcription of the viral capsid proteins. In this review article, we discuss the complexity of virus- and host-cell-mediated epigenetic regulation of virus transcription with a specific focus on differentiation-dependent remodelling of viral chromatin during the HPV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Burley
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sally Roberts
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK
| | - Joanna L Parish
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, B152TT, Birmingham, UK.
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9
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Abstract
Most human papillomavirus (HPV) positive head and neck cancers arise in the tonsil crypts; deep invaginations at the tonsil surface that are lined with reticulated epithelium infiltrated by immune cells. As in cervical HPV infections, HPV16 is the most prevalent high-risk type in the oropharyngeal cancers, and a genital-oral route of infection is most likely. However, the natural history of HPV-driven oropharyngeal pathogenesis is an enigma, although there is evidence that it is different to that of cervical disease. It is not known if the virus establishes a productive or abortive infection in keratinocytes of the tonsil crypt, or if viral infections progress to cancer via a neoplastic phase, as in cervical HPV infection. The HPV DNA is more frequently found unintegrated in the cancers of the oropharynx compared to those that arise in the cervix, and may include novel HPV-human DNA hybrids episomes. Here, we review current understanding of HPV biology in the oropharynx and discuss the cell-based systems being used to model the HPV life cycle in tonsil keratinocytes and how they can be used to inform on HPV-driven neoplastic progression in the oropharynx. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Silent cancer agents: multi-disciplinary modelling of human DNA oncoviruses’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Roberts
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT , UK
| | - Dhananjay Evans
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT , UK
| | - Hisham Mehanna
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT , UK
| | - Joanna L Parish
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT , UK
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10
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Wing PA, Davenne T, Wettengel J, Lai AG, Zhuang X, Chakraborty A, D'Arienzo V, Kramer C, Ko C, Harris JM, Schreiner S, Higgs M, Roessler S, Parish JL, Protzer U, Balfe P, Rehwinkel J, McKeating JA. A dual role for SAMHD1 in regulating HBV cccDNA and RT-dependent particle genesis. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:e201900355. [PMID: 30918010 PMCID: PMC6438393 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B is one of the world's unconquered diseases with more than 240 million infected subjects at risk of developing liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatitis B virus reverse transcribes pre-genomic RNA to relaxed circular DNA (rcDNA) that comprises the infectious particle. To establish infection of a naïve target cell, the newly imported rcDNA is repaired by host enzymes to generate covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), which forms the transcriptional template for viral replication. SAMHD1 is a component of the innate immune system that regulates deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate levels required for host and viral DNA synthesis. Here, we show a positive role for SAMHD1 in regulating cccDNA formation, where KO of SAMHD1 significantly reduces cccDNA levels that was reversed by expressing wild-type but not a mutated SAMHD1 lacking the nuclear localization signal. The limited pool of cccDNA in infected Samhd1 KO cells is transcriptionally active, and we observed a 10-fold increase in newly synthesized rcDNA-containing particles, demonstrating a dual role for SAMHD1 to both facilitate cccDNA genesis and to restrict reverse transcriptase-dependent particle genesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Ac Wing
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tamara Davenne
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jochen Wettengel
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alvina G Lai
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xiaodong Zhuang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anindita Chakraborty
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Catharina Kramer
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chunkyu Ko
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - James M Harris
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sabrina Schreiner
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Higgs
- Institutes of Cancer and Genomic Sciences and Immunity and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Stephanie Roessler
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joanna L Parish
- Institutes of Cancer and Genomic Sciences and Immunity and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Balfe
- Institutes of Cancer and Genomic Sciences and Immunity and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Jan Rehwinkel
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jane A McKeating
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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11
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Pentland I, Campos-León K, Cotic M, Davies KJ, Wood CD, Groves IJ, Burley M, Coleman N, Stockton JD, Noyvert B, Beggs AD, West MJ, Roberts S, Parish JL. Disruption of CTCF-YY1-dependent looping of the human papillomavirus genome activates differentiation-induced viral oncogene transcription. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2005752. [PMID: 30359362 PMCID: PMC6219814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2005752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex life cycle of oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) initiates in undifferentiated basal epithelial keratinocytes where expression of the E6 and E7 oncogenes is restricted. Upon epithelial differentiation, E6/E7 transcription is increased through unknown mechanisms to drive cellular proliferation required to support virus replication. We report that the chromatin-organising CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) promotes the formation of a chromatin loop in the HPV genome that epigenetically represses viral enhancer activity controlling E6/E7 expression. CTCF-dependent looping is dependent on the expression of the CTCF-associated Yin Yang 1 (YY1) transcription factor and polycomb repressor complex (PRC) recruitment, resulting in trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine 27. We show that viral oncogene up-regulation during cellular differentiation results from YY1 down-regulation, disruption of viral genome looping, and a loss of epigenetic repression of viral enhancer activity. Our data therefore reveal a key role for CTCF-YY1-dependent looping in the HPV life cycle and identify a regulatory mechanism that could be disrupted in HPV carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieisha Pentland
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Campos-León
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Marius Cotic
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Kelli-Jo Davies
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - C. David Wood
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J. Groves
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Burley
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Coleman
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne D. Stockton
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Boris Noyvert
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Beggs
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle J. West
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Roberts
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna L. Parish
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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12
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Morgan EL, Wasson CW, Hanson L, Kealy D, Pentland I, McGuire V, Scarpini C, Coleman N, Arthur JSC, Parish JL, Roberts S, Macdonald A. STAT3 activation by E6 is essential for the differentiation-dependent HPV18 life cycle. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006975. [PMID: 29630659 PMCID: PMC5908086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) activate a number of host factors to control their differentiation-dependent life cycles. The transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3 is important for cell cycle progression and cell survival in response to cytokines and growth factors. STAT3 requires phosphorylation on Ser727, in addition to phosphorylation on Tyr705 to be transcriptionally active. In this study, we show that STAT3 is essential for the HPV life cycle in undifferentiated and differentiated keratinocytes. Primary human keratinocytes containing high-risk HPV18 genomes display enhanced STAT3 phosphorylation compared to normal keratinocytes. Expression of the E6 oncoprotein is sufficient to induce the dual phosphorylation of STAT3 at Ser727 and Tyr705 by a mechanism requiring Janus kinases and members of the MAPK family. E6-mediated activation of STAT3 induces the transcription of STAT3 responsive genes including cyclin D1 and Bcl-xL. Silencing of STAT3 protein expression by siRNA or inhibition of STAT3 activation by small molecule inhibitors, or by expression of dominant negative STAT3 phosphorylation site mutants, results in blockade of cell cycle progression. Loss of active STAT3 impairs HPV gene expression and prevents episome maintenance in undifferentiated keratinocytes and upon differentiation, lack of active STAT3 abolishes virus genome amplification and late gene expression. Organotypic raft cultures of HPV18 containing keratinocytes expressing a phosphorylation site STAT3 mutant display a profound reduction in suprabasal hyperplasia, which correlates with a loss of cyclin B1 expression and increased differentiation. Finally, increased STAT3 expression and phosphorylation is observed in HPV positive cervical disease biopsies compared to control samples, highlighting a role for STAT3 activation in cervical carcinogenesis. In summary, our data provides evidence of a critical role for STAT3 in the HPV18 life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan L. Morgan
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher W. Wasson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Hanson
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David Kealy
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ieisha Pentland
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria McGuire
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, College of Life Sciences, Sir James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Cinzia Scarpini
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Coleman
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - J. Simon C. Arthur
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, College of Life Sciences, Sir James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna L. Parish
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Roberts
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Macdonald
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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13
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Anayannis NV, Schlecht NF, Ben-Dayan M, Smith RV, Belbin TJ, Ow TJ, Blakaj DM, Burk RD, Leonard SM, Woodman CB, Parish JL, Prystowsky MB. Association of an intact E2 gene with higher HPV viral load, higher viral oncogene expression, and improved clinical outcome in HPV16 positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191581. [PMID: 29451891 PMCID: PMC5815588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the relationship of E2 gene disruption with viral gene expression and clinical outcome in human papillomavirus (HPV) positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, we evaluated 31 oropharyngeal and 17 non-oropharyngeal HPV16 positive carcinomas using two PCR-based methods to test for disruption of E2, followed by Sanger sequencing. Expression of HPV16 E6, E7 and E2 transcripts, along with cellular ARF and INK4A, were also assessed by RT-qPCR. Associations between E2 disruption, E2/E6/E7 expression, and clinical outcome were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier analysis for loco-regional recurrence and disease-specific survival. The majority (n = 21, 68%) of HPV16 positive oropharyngeal carcinomas had an intact E2 gene, whereas the majority of HPV16 positive non-oropharyngeal carcinomas (n = 10, 59%) had a disrupted E2 gene. Three of the oropharyngeal tumors and two of the non-oropharyngeal tumors had deletions within E2. Detection of an intact E2 gene was associated with a higher DNA viral load and increased E2/E6/E7, ARF and INK4A expression in oropharyngeal tumors. Oropharyngeal carcinomas with an intact E2 had a lower risk of loco-regional recurrence (log-rank p = 0.04) and improved disease-specific survival (p = 0.03) compared to tumors with disrupted E2. In addition, high E7 expression was associated with lower risk of loco-regional recurrence (p = 0.004) as was high E6 expression (p = 0.006). In summary, an intact E2 gene is more common in HPV16 positive oropharyngeal than non-oropharyngeal carcinomas; the presence of an intact E2 gene is associated with higher HPV viral load, higher viral oncogene expression, and improved clinical outcome compared to patients with a disrupted E2 gene in oropharyngeal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole V. Anayannis
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, United States of America
| | - Nicolas F. Schlecht
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, United States of America
- Department of Medicine (Oncology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, United States of America
| | - Miriam Ben-Dayan
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, United States of America
| | - Richard V. Smith
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, United States of America
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Belbin
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, United States of America
- Discipline of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Thomas J. Ow
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, United States of America
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, United States of America
| | - Duk M. Blakaj
- The James Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Robert D. Burk
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics (Genetics), Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Women’s Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, United States of America
| | - Sarah M. Leonard
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ciaran B. Woodman
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna L. Parish
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael B. Prystowsky
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, United States of America
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14
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Pentland I, Parish JL. Targeting CTCF to Control Virus Gene Expression: A Common Theme amongst Diverse DNA Viruses. Viruses 2015; 7:3574-85. [PMID: 26154016 PMCID: PMC4517120 DOI: 10.3390/v7072791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
All viruses target host cell factors for successful life cycle completion. Transcriptional control of DNA viruses by host cell factors is important in the temporal and spatial regulation of virus gene expression. Many of these factors are recruited to enhance virus gene expression and thereby increase virus production, but host cell factors can also restrict virus gene expression and productivity of infection. CCCTC binding factor (CTCF) is a host cell DNA binding protein important for the regulation of genomic chromatin boundaries, transcriptional control and enhancer element usage. CTCF also functions in RNA polymerase II regulation and in doing so can influence co-transcriptional splicing events. Several DNA viruses, including Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) utilize CTCF to control virus gene expression and many studies have highlighted a role for CTCF in the persistence of these diverse oncogenic viruses. CTCF can both enhance and repress virus gene expression and in some cases CTCF increases the complexity of alternatively spliced transcripts. This review article will discuss the function of CTCF in the life cycle of DNA viruses in the context of known host cell CTCF functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieisha Pentland
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Joanna L Parish
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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15
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Siddiqa A, Léon KC, James CD, Bhatti MF, Roberts S, Parish JL. The human papillomavirus type 16 L1 protein directly interacts with E2 and enhances E2-dependent replication and transcription activation. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2274-2285. [PMID: 25911730 PMCID: PMC4681068 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human papillomavirus (HPV) E2 protein is a multifunctional protein essential for the control of virus gene expression, genome replication and persistence. E2 is expressed throughout the differentiation-dependent virus life cycle and is functionally regulated by association with multiple viral and cellular proteins. Here, we show for the first time to our knowledge that HPV16 E2 directly associates with the major capsid protein L1, independently of other viral or cellular proteins. We have mapped the L1 binding region within E2 and show that the α-2 helices within the E2 DNA-binding domain mediate L1 interaction. Using cell-based assays, we show that co-expression of L1 and E2 results in enhanced transcription and virus origin-dependent DNA replication. Upon co-expression in keratinocytes, L1 reduces nucleolar association of E2 protein, and when co-expressed with E1 and E2, L1 is partially recruited to viral replication factories. Furthermore, co-distribution of E2 and L1 was detected in the nuclei of upper suprabasal cells in stratified epithelia of HPV16 genome-containing primary human keratinocytes. Taken together, our findings suggest that the interaction between E2 and L1 is important for the regulation of E2 function during the late events of the HPV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abida Siddiqa
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.,Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Kashmir Highway, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Karen Campos Léon
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Claire D James
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Muhammad Faraz Bhatti
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Kashmir Highway, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Sally Roberts
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Joanna L Parish
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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16
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Siddiqa A, Zainab M, Qadri I, Bhatti MF, Parish JL. Prevalence and genotyping of high risk human papillomavirus in cervical cancer samples from Punjab, Pakistan. Viruses 2014; 6:2762-77. [PMID: 25036463 PMCID: PMC4113792 DOI: 10.3390/v6072762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the third most common cause of cancer-related death in women worldwide. Infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is established as the cause of cervical carcinoma, therefore, high risk HPV detection may have prognostic significance for the women who are at increased risk of disease progression. The paucity of data on the incidence of cervical cancer in Pakistan makes it difficult to determine disease burden. Even less information is available regarding the prevalent HPV strains in cervical specimens collected from this region. Cervical cancer is a neglected disease in Pakistan in terms of screening, prevention, and vaccination. Identification and accurate genotyping of the virus burden in cancer specimens is important to inform intervention policies for future management of HPV associated disease and to potentially stratify patients dependent on HPV status. In this study, detection and genotyping of HPV types 16 and 18 from 77 cervical specimens were carried out. Consensus primers GP5+/GP6+, which detect 44 genital HPV types, and type specific primers (TS16 and TS18) were used in conjunction with newly designed type specific primers. Using a combination of these methods of detection, a total of 94.81% (95% CI ±4.95) of cervical lesions were positive for HPV. Single infections of HPV16 were detected in 24.68% (95% CI ±9.63) of total samples and HPV18 was found in 25.97% (95% CI ±9.79) samples. Interestingly, a high proportion of samples (40.26%, 95% CI ±10.95) was positive for both HPV16 and 18, indicating a higher incidence of co-infection than previously reported for similar ethnic regions. The HPV genotype of 3.90% of HPV positive samples remained undetected, although these samples were positive with the GP5+/GP6+ primer set indicating infection with an HPV type other than 16 or 18. These data indicate that the overall incidence of high risk HPV infection in cervical cancer and intraepithelial neoplasia specimens in Punjab, Pakistan is in line with the worldwide prevalence, but that the incidence of HPV16 and 18 co-infections in our cohort is higher than that previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abida Siddiqa
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Kashmir Highway, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Maidah Zainab
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Kashmir Highway, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Ishtiaq Qadri
- National Center of Virology and Immunology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Faraz Bhatti
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Kashmir Highway, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Joanna L Parish
- School of Cancer Sciences, Cancer Research UK Birmingham Cancer Centre, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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17
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Feeney KM, McFarlane-Majeed L, Parish JL. Analyzing sister chromatid cohesion in mammalian cells. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1170:563-9. [PMID: 24906337 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0888-2_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The metaphase chromosome spread technique and subsequent analysis of sister chromatid cohesion is used for (clinical) diagnosis of genetic abnormalities that can cause aberrant sister chromatid cohesion. In addition, the technique can be used to assess the contribution of novel genes to the cohesion establishment and maintenance pathways. Cells are swelled in a hypotonic solution and fixed in Carnoy's solution. Samples are then dropped onto glass slides, and the spread chromosomes are stained and visualized by microscopy. Defects in sister chromatid cohesion can be easily assessed using this method, examples of which are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Feeney
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, IBR West Extension WX1.24, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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18
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Abstract
Following DNA replication, chromatid pairs are held together by a proteinacious complex called cohesin until separation during the metaphase-to-anaphase transition. Accurate segregation is achieved by regulation of both sister chromatid cohesion establishment and removal, mediated by post-translational modification of cohesin and interaction with numerous accessory proteins. Recent evidence has led to the conclusion that cohesin is also vitally important in the repair of DNA lesions and control of gene expression. It is now clear that chromosome segregation is not the only important function of cohesin in the maintenance of genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Feeney
- Bute Medical School, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TS, Scotland, U.K
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19
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Abstract
Cervical cancer is a major cause of death in women worldwide and is strongly associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Integration of HPV is thought to be a key step in malignant progression, and is associated with loss of regulation of the viral E6 and E7 oncogenes. Leptomycin B (LMB), a nuclear export inhibitor, has previously been shown to induce apoptosis in primary keratinocytes transduced with the HPV 16 E7 or E6/E7 genes, but not in normal cells. We show here that LMB can also induce apoptosis in derivatives of the W12 cell line that contain either episomal or integrated HPV 16. Cells transduced with HPV 16 E7 or E6/E7, and the episomal and integrated W12 derivatives showed distinct temporal expression patterns of the apoptotic markers activated caspase-3 and M30. The expression of both markers occurred later in the episomal derivatives than in either transduced cells or W12 derivatives containing integrated HPV. These findings suggest that, although LMB can induce apoptosis in keratinocytes containing episomal or integrated HPV 16, genome status is likely to influence the response of HPV-associated anogenital lesions to LMB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol E Jolly
- Bute Medical School, University of St Andrews, Westburn Lane, St Andrews, Fife, UK
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20
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Prystowsky MB, Adomako A, Smith RV, Kawachi N, McKimpson W, Atadja P, Chen Q, Schlecht NF, Parish JL, Childs G, Belbin TJ. The histone deacetylase inhibitor LBH589 inhibits expression of mitotic genes causing G2/M arrest and cell death in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. J Pathol 2009; 218:467-77. [PMID: 19402126 DOI: 10.1002/path.2554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma represents a complex set of neoplasms arising in diverse anatomical locations. The site and stage of the cancer determine whether patients will be treated with single or multi-modality therapy. The HDAC inhibitor LBH589 is effective in treating some haematological neoplasms and shows promise for certain epithelial neoplasms. As with other human cancer cell lines, LBH589 causes up-regulation of p21, G2/M cell cycle arrest, and cell death of human HNSCC cell lines, as measured using flow cytometry and cDNA microarrays. Global RNA expression studies following treatment of the HNSCC cell line FaDu with LBH589 reveal down-regulation of genes required for chromosome congression and segregation (SMC2L1), sister chromatid cohesion (DDX11), and kinetochore structure (CENP-A, CENP-F, and CENP-M); these LBH589-induced changes in gene expression coupled with the down-regulation of MYC and BIRC5 (survivin) provide a plausible explanation for the early mitotic arrest and cell death observed. When LBH589-induced changes in gene expression were compared with gene expression profiles of 41 primary HNSCC samples, many of the genes that were down-regulated by LBH589 showed increased expression in primary HNSCC, suggesting that some patients with HNSCC may respond to treatment with LBH589.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Prystowsky
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Viruses that maintain their genomes as extrachromosomal circular DNA molecules and establish infection in actively dividing cells must ensure retention of their genomes within the nuclear envelope in order to prevent genome loss. The loss of nuclear membrane integrity during mitosis dictates that paired host cell chromosomes are captured and organized by the mitotic spindle apparatus before segregation to daughter cells. This prevents inaccurate chromosomal segregation and loss of genetic material. A similar mechanism may also exist for the nuclear retention of extrachromosomal viral genomes or episomes during mitosis, particularly for genomes maintained at a low copy number in latent infections. It has been heavily debated whether such a mechanism exists and to what extent this mechanism is conserved among diverse viruses. Research over the last two decades has provided a wealth of information regarding the mechanisms by which specific tumour viruses evade mitotic and DNA damage checkpoints. Here, we discuss the similarities and differences in how specific viruses tether episomal genomes to host cell chromosomes during mitosis to ensure long-term persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Feeney
- Bute Medical School, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TS, UK
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22
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Parish JL, Bean AM, Park RB, Androphy EJ. ChlR1 is required for loading papillomavirus E2 onto mitotic chromosomes and viral genome maintenance. Mol Cell 2007; 24:867-76. [PMID: 17189189 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Revised: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autonomously replicating DNA viruses must evade mitotic checkpoints and actively partition their genomes to maintain persistent infection. The E2 protein serves these functions by tethering papillomavirus episomes to mitotic chromosomes; however, the mechanism remains unresolved. We show that E2 binds ChlR1, a DNA helicase that plays a role in sister chromatid cohesion. The E2 mutation W130R fails to bind ChlR1 and correspondingly does not associate with mitotic chromosomes. Viral genomes encoding this E2 mutation are not episomally maintained in cell culture. Notably, E2 W130R binds Brd4, which reportedly acts as a mitotic tether, indicating this interaction is insufficient for E2 association with mitotic chromosomes. RNAi-induced depletion of ChlR1 significantly reduced E2 localization to mitotic chromosomes. These studies provide compelling evidence that ChlR1 association is required for loading the papillomavirus E2 protein onto mitotic chromosomes and represents a kinetochore-independent mechanism for viral genome maintenance and segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Parish
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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Parish JL, Rosa J, Wang X, Lahti JM, Doxsey SJ, Androphy EJ. The DNA helicase ChlR1 is required for sister chromatid cohesion in mammalian cells. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:4857-65. [PMID: 17105772 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has recently been suggested that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein Chl1p plays a role in cohesion establishment. Here, we show that the human ATP-dependent DNA helicase ChlR1 is required for sister chromatid cohesion in mammalian cells. Localization studies show that ChlR1 diffusely coats mitotic chromatin in prophase and then translocates from the chromatids to concentrate at the spindle poles during the transition to metaphase. Depletion of ChlR1 protein by RNA interference results in mitotic failure with replicated chromosomes failing to segregate after a pro-metaphase arrest. We show that depletion also results in abnormal sister chromatid cohesion, determined by increased separation of chromatid pairs at the centromere. Furthermore, biochemical studies show that ChlR1 is in complex with cohesin factors Scc1, Smc1 and Smc3. We conclude that human ChlR1 is required for sister chromatid cohesion and, hence, normal mitotic progression. These functions are important to maintain genetic fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Parish
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, and Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Parish JL, Kowalczyk A, Chen HT, Roeder GE, Sessions R, Buckle M, Gaston K. E2 proteins from high- and low-risk human papillomavirus types differ in their ability to bind p53 and induce apoptotic cell death. J Virol 2006; 80:4580-90. [PMID: 16611918 PMCID: PMC1472007 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.9.4580-4590.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The E2 proteins from oncogenic (high-risk) human papillomaviruses (HPVs) can induce apoptotic cell death in both HPV-transformed and non-HPV-transformed cells. Here we show that the E2 proteins from HPV type 6 (HPV6) and HPV11, two nononcogenic (low-risk) HPV types, fail to induce apoptosis. Unlike the high-risk HPV16 E2 protein, these low-risk E2 proteins fail to bind p53 and fail to induce p53-dependent transcription activation. Interestingly, neither the ability of p53 to activate transcription nor the ability of p53 to bind DNA, are required for HPV16 E2-induced apoptosis in non-HPV-transformed cells. However, mutations that reduce the binding of the HPV16 E2 protein to p53 inhibit E2-induced apoptosis in non-HPV-transformed cells. In contrast, the interaction between HPV16 E2 and p53 is not required for this E2 protein to induce apoptosis in HPV-transformed cells. Thus, our data suggest that this high-risk HPV E2 protein induces apoptosis via two pathways. One pathway involves the binding of E2 to p53 and can operate in both HPV-transformed and non-HPV-transformed cells. The second pathway requires the binding of E2 to the viral genome and can only operate in HPV-transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L Parish
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
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Roeder GE, Parish JL, Stern PL, Gaston K. Herpes simplex virus VP22-human papillomavirus E2 fusion proteins produced in mammalian or bacterial cells enter mammalian cells and induce apoptotic cell death. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2005; 40:157-65. [PMID: 14709162 DOI: 10.1042/ba20030172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2003] [Accepted: 01/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Infection by high-risk HPV (human papillomavirus) is supposed to be the primary cause of cervical cancer. The HPV E2 protein (E2) is a DNA-binding protein that regulates viral gene expression and is required for efficient viral replication. Overexpression of the E2 protein in cervical cancer cells can induce growth arrest and/or apoptotic cell death, suggesting that E2 might be useful in the treatment of this disease. In the present study, we show that VP22 (herpes simplex virus VP22 protein) can be used to deliver E2 to target cells. VP22-E2 fusion proteins induce apoptosis in transiently transfected HPV-transformed cervical carcinoma cell lines. However, VP22-E2 fusion proteins do not kill COS-7 cells, probably because these cells constitutively express the simian-virus-40 T antigen and this protein sequesters the tumour suppressor protein p53. When COS-7 cells producing VP22-E2 are seeded into cultures of HPV-transformed cells, VP22-E2 enters the non-producing cells and induces apoptosis. VP22-E2 proteins produced in bacterial cells can also enter cervical cancer cells and induce apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Our results suggest that local delivery of VP22-E2 fusion proteins could be used to treat cervical cancer and other HPV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine E Roeder
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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Davidson EJ, Sehr P, Faulkner RL, Parish JL, Gaston K, Moore RA, Pawlita M, Kitchener HC, Stern PL. Human papillomavirus type 16 E2- and L1-specific serological and T-cell responses in women with vulval intraepithelial neoplasia. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:2089-2097. [PMID: 12867639 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19095-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16)-associated vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) is frequently a chronic, multifocal high-grade condition with an appreciable risk of progression to vulval cancer. The requirement to treat women with VIN has recently stimulated the use of immunotherapy with E6/E7 oncogene vaccines. Animal models have shown that E2 may also be a useful vaccine target for HPV-associated disease; however, little is known about E2 immunity in humans. This study investigated the prevalence of HPV-16 E2-specific serological and T-cell responses in 18 women with HPV-16-associated VIN and 17 healthy volunteers. E2 responses were determined by full-length E2-GST ELISA with ELISPOT and proliferation assays using E2 C-terminal protein. As positive controls, HPV-16 L1 responses were measured using virus-like particles (VLPs) and L1-GST ELISA with ELISPOT and proliferation using VLPs as antigen. The VIN patients all showed a strong serological response to L1 compared with the healthy volunteers by VLP (15/18 vs 1/17, P<0.001) and L1-GST ELISA (18/18 vs 1/17, P<0.001). In contrast, L1-specific cellular immune responses were detected in a significant proportion of controls but were more prevalent in the VIN patients by proliferation assay (9/17 vs 17/18, P<0.02) and interferon-gamma ELISPOT (9/17 vs 13/18, P=not significant). Similar and low numbers of patients and controls were seropositive for E2-specific Ig (2/18 vs 1/17). In spite of previous studies showing the immunogenicity of E2 in eliciting primary T-cell responses in vitro, there was a low prevalence of E2 responses in the VIN patients and controls (2/18 vs 0/17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Davidson
- Academic Unit of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, St Mary's Hospital, Whitworth Park, Manchester M13 0JH, UK
- Immunology Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Peter Sehr
- Applied Tumorvirology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rebecca L Faulkner
- Academic Unit of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, St Mary's Hospital, Whitworth Park, Manchester M13 0JH, UK
- Immunology Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Joanna L Parish
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kevin Gaston
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard A Moore
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Michael Pawlita
- Applied Tumorvirology, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Henry C Kitchener
- Academic Unit of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, St Mary's Hospital, Whitworth Park, Manchester M13 0JH, UK
| | - Peter L Stern
- Immunology Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
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Davidson EJ, Brown MD, Burt DJ, Parish JL, Gaston K, Kitchener HC, Stacey SN, Stern PL. Human T cell responses to HPV 16 E2 generated with monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Int J Cancer 2001; 94:807-12. [PMID: 11745482 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.1558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Persistent infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 has been implicated in the etiology of cervical cancer. The E2 protein is required early in viral infection and therefore may serve as a useful immune target for a vaccine aimed at prevention or therapy of premalignant lesions. Dendritic cells (DC) prepared from monocytes and pulsed with bacterially produced HPV 16 E2 C-terminus protein were used to stimulate autologous T cells over several rounds of stimulation. T cells were tested for gamma-interferon release by ELISPOT and for cytotoxic activity by (51)chromium release assays. To generate E2-expressing target cells for cytotoxicity assays, we constructed a recombinant vaccinia virus encoding HPV 16 E2, which was used to infect autologous Epstein-Barr virus-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL). The results show that DC pulsed with E2 C-terminus protein induce gamma-interferon-releasing T cells as demonstrated by ELISPOT. Furthermore, we demonstrate E2-specific lysis of vaccinia-E2 infected autologous LCL by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). E2-specific CTL did not lyse untreated autologous LCL or LCL infected with wild-type vaccinia and showed low levels of cytotoxicity against natural killer cell-sensitive K562 cells. In addition, T cells stimulated with DC in the absence of E2 failed to demonstrate lysis of vaccinia-E2-labeled targets. Phenotypically, CTL populations were CD3+/CD8+. These results will facilitate the study of naturally occurring T-cell responses to HPV E2 in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and the development of immunotherapeutic strategies designed to treat this and other HPV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Davidson
- CRC Immunology Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Parish LC, Crissey JT, Parish JL. Bibliography of secondary sources on the history of dermatology. III. Books, monographs, and chapters in English supplemented through 2000. Clin Dermatol 2001; 19:788-9. [PMID: 11732502 DOI: 10.1016/s0738-081x(01)00218-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Parish LC, Crissey JT, Parish JL. Bibliography of secondary sources on the history of dermatology. II. Obituaries and biographies in English: supplemented through 2000. Clin Dermatol 2001; 19:650-3. [PMID: 11686138 DOI: 10.1016/s0738-081x(01)00212-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L C Parish
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Parish LC, Crissey JT, Parish JL. Bibliography of secondary sources on the history of dermatology. 1. Journal articles in English: supplemented through 2000. Clin Dermatol 2001; 19:526-33. [PMID: 12180468 DOI: 10.1016/s0738-081x(01)00206-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Parish
- Department of Dermatology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Routh
- Paddington Testing Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Parish LC, Crissey JT, Parish JL. Bibliography of secondary sources on the history of dermatology. III. Books, monographs, and chapters in English, supplemented through 1995. Int J Dermatol 1996; 35:585-6. [PMID: 8854162 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1996.tb03665.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L C Parish
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Parish LC, Crissey JT, Parish JL. Bibliography of secondary sources on the history of dermatology. II. Obituaries and biographies in English, supplemented through 1995. Int J Dermatol 1996; 35:510-4. [PMID: 8809609 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1996.tb01670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L C Parish
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Parish
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Parish JL, Hughes MA, Cherry GW, Ferguson DJ. The effect of minoxidil analogues and metabolites on the contraction of collagen lattices by human skin fibroblasts. Br J Plast Surg 1995; 48:154-60. [PMID: 7735678 DOI: 10.1016/0007-1226(95)90147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Minoxidil, in addition to its effect on hypertension and hair growth, has been proposed as a potential antifibrotic agent. Minoxidil inhibits the contraction of collagen lattices by human fibroblasts in vitro. However, the mechanism of inhibition is unknown. As minoxidil is metabolised in the body to minoxidil glucuronide and minoxidil sulphate, we investigated the potencies of these metabolites to inhibit collagen lattice contraction. We also studied selected analogues of minoxidil to assess the influence of certain functional groups in the inhibition. The major metabolite, minoxidil glucuronide, proved to be inactive, whereas minoxidil sulphate was considerably more active than minoxidil. In terms of the structural analogues, the substitution of one amino group by a methyl group resulted in loss of the inhibitory activity; removal of the nitroxide oxygen led to stronger inhibition than with minoxidil. Further studies are planned to learn more about a possible role for minoxidil in wound contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Parish
- Department of Dermatology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
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Parish LC, Crissey JT, Parish JL. Bibliography of secondary sources on the history of dermatology. III. Books, monographs, and chapters in English supplemented through 1990. Int J Dermatol 1991; 30:581-3. [PMID: 1938059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L C Parish
- Department of Dermatology, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Parish LC, Crissey JT, Parish JL. Bibliography of secondary sources on the history of dermatology. II. Obituaries and biographies in English supplemented through 1990. Int J Dermatol 1991; 30:509-15. [PMID: 1955240 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1991.tb04876.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L C Parish
- Department of Dermatology, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Parish
- Department of Dermatology, Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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