1
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Roth D, Safi M, Vilhelmsson Timmermand O, Sereti E, Molendowska M, Gottschalk M, Bjartell A, Ceberg C, Szczepankiewicz F, Strand J. Evaluation of superficial xenograft volume estimation by ultrasound and caliper against MRI in a longitudinal pre-clinical radiotherapeutic setting. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307558. [PMID: 39052663 PMCID: PMC11271909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate tumor volume estimation is important for evaluating the response to radionuclide therapy and external beam radiotherapy as well as to other pharmaceuticals. A common method for monitoring the growth of subcutaneous tumors in pre-clinical models and assessing the treatment response is to measure the tumor length and width by external calipers to estimate its volume. This procedure relies on an assumption of a spheroidal tumor shape wherein the tumor depth equals the width and can yield considerably inaccuracies. Ultrasound imaging is a non-invasive technique that can measure all three axes of the tumor and might be an alternative to caliper measurement with potentially greater accuracy and comparable ease-of-use and throughput. Both 2D and 3D ultrasound imaging are possible, the former offering short scan times without the need for anesthesia and heating-valuable factors for longitudinal studies in large animal cohorts. Nevertheless, tumor volume estimation accuracy by 2D ultrasound imaging has seen limited investigation. In this study we have evaluated the accuracy of tumor volume estimation by caliper and 2D ultrasound with comparisons to reference measurements by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a pre-clinical model of prostate cancer treated with either external beam radiotherapy, radionuclide therapy, or no treatment. RESULTS Tumor volumes were measured longitudinally in 29 mice by caliper, ultrasound, and MRI before and after external beam radiotherapy, [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 radionuclide therapy, or no treatment. Caliper measurements had a marked bias, overestimating the tumor volumes by a median of 150% compared to MRI. Ultrasound measurements were markedly more accurate, with a median bias of -21% compared to MRI. CONCLUSION Ultrasound imaging is a reliable and accurate method for tumor volume estimation in pre-clinical models of radiotherapy, whereas caliper measurements are prone to overestimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Roth
- Medical Radiation Physics, Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marcella Safi
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Evangelia Sereti
- Dept of Translational Medicine, Medical Faculty, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Michael Gottschalk
- Lund University Bioimaging Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Bjartell
- Dept of Translational Medicine, Medical Faculty, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Crister Ceberg
- Medical Radiation Physics, Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Joanna Strand
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Radiation Physics, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Berg FM, Correia ETO, Abenojar EC, Basilion JP, Rosol TJ, Baroni RH, Exner AA, Bittencourt LK. Multispecies comparative prostate anatomy by imaging: Implications for experimental models of prostatic disease. Prostate 2024; 84:682-693. [PMID: 38477025 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an increasing interest in using preclinical models for development and assessment of medical devices and imaging techniques for prostatic disease care. Still, a comprehensive assessment of the prostate's radiological anatomy in primary preclinical models such as dogs, rabbits, and mice utilizing human anatomy as a reference point remains necessary with no optimal model for each purpose being clearly defined in the literature. Therefore, this study compares the anatomical characteristics of different animal models to the human prostatic gland from the imaging perspective. METHODS We imaged five Beagle laboratory dogs, five New Zealand White rabbits, and five mice, all sexually mature males, under Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) approval. Ultrasonography (US) was performed using the Vevo® F2 for mice (57 MHz probe). Rabbits and dogs were imaged using the Siemens® Acuson S3000 (17 MHz probe) and endocavitary (8 MHz) probes, respectively. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was also conducted with a 7T scanner in mice and 3T scanner in rabbits and dogs. RESULTS Canine transrectal US emerged as the optimal method for US imaging, depicting a morphologically similar gland to humans but lacking echoic zonal differentiation. MRI findings in canines indicated a homogeneously structured gland similar to the human peripheral zone on T2-weighted images (T2W) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). In rabbits, US imaging faced challenges due to the pubic symphysis, whereas MRI effectively visualized all structures with the prostate presenting a similar aspect to the human peripheral gland on T2W and ADC maps. Murine prostate assessment revealed poor visualization of the prostate glands in ultrasound due to its small size, while 7T MRI delineated the distinct prostates and its lobes, with the lateral and dorsal prostate resembling the peripheral zone and the anterior prostate the central zone of the human gland. CONCLUSION Dogs stand out as superior models for advanced preclinical studies in prostatic disease research. However, mice present as a good model for early stage studies and rabbits are a cost-effective alternative and serve as valuable tools in specific research domains when canine research is not feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe M Berg
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo T O Correia
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Eric C Abenojar
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - James P Basilion
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas J Rosol
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Ronaldo H Baroni
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Agata A Exner
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Coppola A, Zorzetto G, Piacentino F, Bettoni V, Pastore I, Marra P, Perani L, Esposito A, De Cobelli F, Carcano G, Fontana F, Fiorina P, Venturini M. Imaging in experimental models of diabetes. Acta Diabetol 2022; 59:147-161. [PMID: 34779949 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-021-01826-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Translational medicine, experimental medicine and experimental animal models, in particular mice and rats, represent a multidisciplinary field that has made it possible to achieve, in the last decades, important scientific progress. In this review, we have summarized the most frequently used imaging animal models, such as ultrasound (US), micro-CT, MRI and the optical imaging methods, and their main implications in diagnostic and therapeutic fields, with a particular focus on diabetes mellitus, a multifactorial disease extremely widespread among the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Coppola
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, ASST Settelaghi, Varese, Italy.
| | | | - Filippo Piacentino
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, ASST Settelaghi, Varese, Italy
- Insubria University, Varese, Italy
| | - Valeria Bettoni
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, ASST Settelaghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Ida Pastore
- Division of Endocrinology, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Marra
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Milano-Bicocca University, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Laura Perani
- Experimental Imaging Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Esposito
- Experimental Imaging Center, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Radiology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco De Cobelli
- Radiology Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Carcano
- Insubria University, Varese, Italy
- General, Emergency, and Transplant Surgery Unit, ASST Settelaghi, Varese, Italy
| | - Federico Fontana
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, ASST Settelaghi, Varese, Italy
- Insubria University, Varese, Italy
| | - Paolo Fiorina
- International Center for T1D, Centro di Ricerca Pediatrica Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche "L. Sacco", Università di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Nephrology Division, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Endocrinology Division, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Venturini
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, ASST Settelaghi, Varese, Italy
- Insubria University, Varese, Italy
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Rowles JL, Wallig MA, Selting KA, Fan TM, Miller RJ, O'Brien WD, Erdman JW. A 10% Tomato Diet Selectively Reduces Radiation-Induced Damage in TRAMP Mice. J Nutr 2021; 151:3421-3430. [PMID: 34386819 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tomatoes contain carotenoids that have the potential to alter the effects of external beam radiation therapy (EBRT). OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that dietary lyophilized tomato paste (TP) would reduce apoptosis within carotenoid-containing nonneoplastic tissues in EBRT-treated TRansgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) mice. METHODS Male TRAMP mice (n = 73) were provided an AIN-93G diet or a modified AIN-93G diet containing 10% TP (wt:wt) at 4 wk of age. Prostate tumor growth was monitored by ultrasound. The caudal half of the mouse was irradiated with 7.5 Gy (Rad) or 0 Gy (sham) at 24 wk of age or after the tumor volume exceeded 1000 mm3 with a Cobalt-60 source. Mice were euthanized 24 h postradiation. Carotenoids and α-tocopherol were measured by HPLC and compared by a t test. Tissues were assessed for radiation-induced changes (hematoxylin and eosin) and apoptosis [cleaved caspase-3 (CC3)] and compared by Kruskal-Wallis test or Freedman-Lane's permutation test. RESULTS Serum concentrations of lycopene (52% lower), phytoene (26% lower), and α-tocopherol (22% lower) were decreased in TP-fed irradiated mice (TP-Rad) compared with TP-fed sham mice (P < 0.05). CC3 scores increased within the prostate tumor with radiation treatments (P < 0.05), but were not affected by tomato consumption. In nonneoplastic tissues, TP-Rad had a lower percentage of CC3-positive cells within the cranial (67% lower) and caudal (75% lower) duodenum than irradiated mice on the control diet (Rad) (P < 0.005). Likewise, CC3 scores within the dorsolateral prostate of TP-Rad trended toward lower scores than for Rad (P = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS TP selectively reduces radiation-induced apoptosis in extratumoral tissues without decreasing radiation-induced apoptosis within the prostate tumor in TRAMP mice. Additional studies are needed to confirm and expand upon these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe L Rowles
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Matthew A Wallig
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kimberly A Selting
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Timothy M Fan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Rita J Miller
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - William D O'Brien
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - John W Erdman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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5
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Applegate CC, Lowerison MR, Hambley E, Song P, Wallig MA, Erdman JW. Dietary tomato inhibits angiogenesis in TRAMP prostate cancer but is not protective with a Western-style diet in this pilot study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18548. [PMID: 34535690 PMCID: PMC8448771 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97539-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) remains the second most diagnosed cancer worldwide. Higher body weight is associated with chronic inflammation, increased angiogenesis, and treatment-resistant tumor phenotypes. Dietary tomato reduces PCa risk, which may be due to tomato inhibition of angiogenesis and disruption of androgen signaling. This pilot study investigated the interplay between tomato powder (TP), incorporated into control (CON) and obesogenic (OB) diets, and PCa tumor growth and blood perfusion over time in a transgenic model of PCa (TRAMP). Ultrasound microvessel imaging (UMI) results showed good agreement with gold-standard immunohistochemistry quantification of endothelial cell density, indicating that this technique can be applied to non-invasively monitor tumor blood perfusion in vivo. Greater body weight was positively associated with tumor growth. We also found that TP significantly inhibited prostate tumor angiogenesis but that this inhibition differentially affected measured outcomes depending on CON or OB diets. TP led to reduced tumor growth, intratumoral inflammation, and intratumoral androgen-regulated gene expression (srd5a1, srd5a2) when incorporated with the CON diet but greater tumor growth and intratumoral gene expression when incorporated with the OB diet. Results from this study show that protective benefits from dietary tomato are lost, or may become deleterious, when combined with a Western-style diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C Applegate
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Matthew R Lowerison
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Emma Hambley
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Pengfei Song
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Matthew A Wallig
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - John W Erdman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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6
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Rowles JL, Smith JW, Applegate CC, Miller RJ, Wallig MA, Kaur A, Sarol JN, Musaad S, Clinton SK, O'Brien WD, Erdman JW. Dietary Tomato or Lycopene Do Not Reduce Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Progression in a Murine Model. J Nutr 2020; 150:1808-1817. [PMID: 32369574 PMCID: PMC7330476 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary tomato products or lycopene protect against prostate carcinogenesis, but their impact on the emergence of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is unknown. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that tomato or lycopene products would reduce the emergence of CRPC. METHODS Transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice were castrated at 12-13 wk and the emergence of CRPC was monitored by ultrasound in each study. In Study 1, TRAMP mice (n = 80) were weaned onto an AIN-93G-based control diet (Con-L, n = 28), a 10% tomato powder diet (TP-L, 10% lyophilized w/w, n = 26), or a control diet followed by a tomato powder diet after castration (TP-Int1, n = 26). In Study 2, TRAMP mice (n = 85) were randomized onto a control diet with placebo beadlets (Con-Int, n = 29), a tomato diet with placebo beadlets (TP-Int2, n = 29), or a control diet with lycopene beadlets (Lyc-Int, n = 27) following castration (aged 12 wk). Tumor incidence and growth were monitored by ultrasound beginning at an age of 10 wk. Mice were euthanized 4 wk after tumor detection or aged 30 wk if no tumor was detected. Tissue weights were compared by ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test. Tumor volumes were compared using generalized linear mixed model regression. RESULTS Ultrasound estimates for the in vivo tumor volume were strongly correlated with tumor weight at necropsy (R2 = 0.75 and 0.94, P <0.001 for both Studies 1 and 2, respectively). Dietary treatments after castration did not significantly impact cancer incidence, time to tumor detection, or final tumor weight. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to studies of de novo carcinogenesis in multiple preclinical models, tomato components had no significant impact on the emergence of CRPC in the TRAMP model. It is possible that specific mutant subclones of prostate cancer may continue to show some antiproliferative response to tomato components, but further studies are needed to confirm this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe L Rowles
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Joshua W Smith
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Catherine C Applegate
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Rita J Miller
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Matthew A Wallig
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Amandeep Kaur
- Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jesus N Sarol
- Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Salma Musaad
- Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Steven K Clinton
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention Program, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - William D O'Brien
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - John W Erdman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA
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Fagerland SMT, Hill DK, van Wamel A, de Lange Davies C, Kim J. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging for group stratification and treatment monitoring in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate model. Prostate 2020; 80:186-197. [PMID: 31763715 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) is a widely used genetically engineered spontaneous prostate cancer model. However, both the degree of malignancy and time of cancer onset vary. While most mice display slowly progressing cancer, a subgroup develops fast-growing poorly differentiated (PD) tumors, making the model challenging to use. We investigated the feasibility of using ultrasound (US) imaging to screen for PD tumors and compared the performances of US and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in providing reliable measurements of disease burden. METHODS TRAMP mice (n = 74) were screened for PD tumors with US imaging and findings verified with MRI, or in two cases with gross pathology. PD tumor volume was estimated with US and MR imaging and the methods compared (n = 11). For non-PD mice, prostate volume was used as a marker for disease burden and estimated with US imaging, MRI, and histology (n = 11). The agreement between the measurements obtained by the various methods and the intraobserver variability (IOV) was assessed using Bland-Altman analysis. RESULTS US screening showed 81% sensitivity, 91% specificity, 72% positive predictive value, and 91% negative predictive value. The smallest tumor detected by US screening was 14 mm3 and had a maximum diameter of 2.6 mm. MRI had the lowest IOV for both PD tumor and prostate volume estimation. US IOV was almost as low as MRI for PD tumor volumes but was considerably higher for prostate volumes. CONCLUSIONS US imaging was found to be a good screening method for detecting PD tumors and estimating tumor volume in the TRAMP model. MRI had better repeatability than US, especially when estimating prostate volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stein-Martin T Fagerland
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Deborah K Hill
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Annemieke van Wamel
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Jana Kim
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Deng Z, Xu X, Garzon-Muvdi T, Xia Y, Kim E, Belcaid Z, Luksik A, Maxwell R, Choi J, Wang H, Yu J, Iordachita I, Lim M, Wong JW, Wang KKH. In Vivo Bioluminescence Tomography Center of Mass-Guided Conformal Irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019; 106:612-620. [PMID: 31738948 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT)-guided small animal radiation research platform (SARRP) has provided unique opportunities to test radiobiologic hypotheses. However, CBCT is less adept to localize soft tissue targets growing in a low imaging contrast environment. Three-dimensional bioluminescence tomography (BLT) provides strong image contrast and thus offers an attractive solution. We introduced a novel and efficient BLT-guided conformal radiation therapy and demonstrated it in an orthotopic glioblastoma (GBM) model. METHODS AND MATERIALS A multispectral BLT system was integrated with SARRP for radiation therapy (RT) guidance. GBM growth curve was first established by contrast CBCT/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to derive equivalent sphere as approximated gross target volume (aGTV). For BLT, mice were subject to multispectral bioluminescence imaging, followed by SARRP CBCT imaging and optical reconstruction. The CBCT image was acquired to generate anatomic mesh for the reconstruction and RT planning. To ensure high accuracy of the BLT-reconstructed center of mass (CoM) for target localization, we optimized the optical absorption coefficients μa by minimizing the distance between the CoMs of BLT reconstruction and contrast CBCT/MRI-delineated GBM volume. The aGTV combined with the uncertainties of BLT CoM localization and target volume determination was used to generate estimated target volume (ETV). For conformal irradiation procedure, the GBM was first localized by the predetermined ETV centered at BLT-reconstructed CoM, followed by SARRP radiation. The irradiation accuracy was qualitatively confirmed by pathologic staining. RESULTS Deviation between CoMs of BLT reconstruction and contrast CBCT/MRI-imaged GBM is approximately 1 mm. Our derived ETV centered at BLT-reconstructed CoM covers >95% of the tumor volume. Using the second-week GBM as an example, the ETV-based BLT-guided irradiation can cover 95.4% ± 4.7% tumor volume at prescribed dose. The pathologic staining demonstrated the BLT-guided irradiated area overlapped well with the GBM location. CONCLUSIONS The BLT-guided RT enables 3-dimensional conformal radiation for important orthotopic tumor models, which provides investigators a new preclinical research capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Deng
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xiangkun Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tomas Garzon-Muvdi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Yuanxuan Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Eileen Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Zineb Belcaid
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andrew Luksik
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Russell Maxwell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hailun Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jingjing Yu
- School of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Shanxi, China
| | - Iulian Iordachita
- Laboratory for Computational Sensing and Robotics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John W Wong
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ken Kang-Hsin Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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9
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Three-Dimensional Ultrasound Versus Computerized Tomography in Fat Graft Volumetric Analysis. Ann Plast Surg 2019; 80:293-296. [PMID: 28678028 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000001183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Studies evaluating fat grafting in mice have frequently used micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) as an accurate radiographic tool to measure longitudinal volume retention without killing the animal. Over the past decade, however, microultrasonography has emerged as an equally powerful preclinical imaging tool. Given their respective strengths in 3-dimensional reconstruction, there is no study to our knowledge that directly compares micro-CT with microultrasound in volumetric analysis. In this study, we compared the performance of micro-CT with microultrasound in the evaluation of adipose tissue graft volume in a murine model. Fifteen immunodeficient mice were given 200 μL of adipose tissue grafts. In vivo volumetric analysis of the grafts by micro-CT and microultrasound was conducted at discrete time points up to postoperative day 105. Three mice were killed at multiple time points, and explanted grafts were reimaged by CT and ultrasound, as mentioned previously. Analysis revealed that in vivo graft volumes measured by micro-CT do not differ significantly from those of microultrasound. Furthermore, both micro-CT and microultrasound were capable of accurately measuring fat grafts as in vivo volumes closely correlated with explanted volumes. Finally, ultrasound was found to yield improved soft tissue contrast compared with micro-CT. Therefore, either modality may be used, depending on experimental needs.
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Zhu L, Gangadaran P, Kalimuthu S, Oh JM, Baek SH, Jeong SY, Lee SW, Lee J, Ahn BC. Novel alternatives to extracellular vesicle-based immunotherapy - exosome mimetics derived from natural killer cells. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:S166-S179. [PMID: 30092165 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1489824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are endogenous nanocarriers that can deliver biological information between cells. They are secreted by all cell types, including immune cells such as natural killer (NK) cells. However, mammalian cells release low quantities of exosomes, and the purification of exosomes is difficult. Here, nanovesicles were developed by extrusion of NK cells through filters with progressively smaller pore sizes to obtain exosome mimetics (NK-EM). The anti-tumour effect of the NK-EM was confirmed in vitro and in vivo. The morphological features of the NK-EM were revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and Western blot. In vitro, the cytotoxicity of the NK-EM to cancer cells (glioblastoma, breast carcinoma, anaplastic thyroid cancer and hepatic carcinoma) was assessed using bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and CCK-8 assay. For in vivo study, a xenograft glioblastoma mouse model was established. The anti-tumour activity of NK-EM was confirmed in vivo by the significant decreases of BLI, size and weight (all p < .001) of the tumour compared with the control group. Moreover, NK-EM cytotoxicity for glioblastoma cells that related with decreased levels of the cell survival markers p-ERK and p-AKT, and increased levels of apoptosis protein markers cleaved-caspase 3, cytochrome-c and cleaved-PARP was confirmed. All those results suggest that NK-EM exert stronger killing effects to cancer cells compared with the traditional NK-Exo, at the same time, the tumour targeting ability of the NK-EM was obtained in vivo. Therefore, NK-EM might be a promising immunotherapeutic agent for treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Zhu
- a Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine , Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital , Daegu , South Korea
| | - Prakash Gangadaran
- a Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine , Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital , Daegu , South Korea
| | - Senthilkumar Kalimuthu
- a Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine , Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital , Daegu , South Korea
| | - Ji Min Oh
- a Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine , Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital , Daegu , South Korea
| | - Se Hwan Baek
- a Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine , Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital , Daegu , South Korea
| | - Shin Young Jeong
- a Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine , Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital , Daegu , South Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Lee
- a Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine , Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital , Daegu , South Korea
| | - Jaetae Lee
- a Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine , Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital , Daegu , South Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- a Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine , Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital , Daegu , South Korea
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Zhu L, Oh JM, Gangadaran P, Kalimuthu S, Baek SH, Jeong SY, Lee SW, Lee J, Ahn BC. Targeting and Therapy of Glioblastoma in a Mouse Model Using Exosomes Derived From Natural Killer Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:824. [PMID: 29740437 PMCID: PMC5924812 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Glioblastoma is a highly aggressive primary brain tumor that is resistant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Natural killer (NK) cells have been used to treat incurable cancers. Recent studies have investigated the effectiveness of NK-cell-derived exosomes (NK-Exo) for treating incurable cancers such as melanoma, leukemia, and neuroblastoma; however, NK-Exo have not been used to treat glioblastoma. In the present study, we investigated the antitumor effects of NK-Exo against aggressive glioblastoma both in vitro and in vivo and determined the tumor-targeting ability of NK-Exo by performing fluorescence imaging. Methods U87/MG cells were transfected with the enhanced firefly luciferase (effluc) and thy1.1 genes; thy1.1-positive cells were selected using microbeads. U87/MG/F cells were assessed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blotting, and luciferase-activity assays. NK-Exo were isolated by ultracentrifugation, purified by density gradient centrifugation, and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), nanoparticle-tracking analysis (NTA), and western blotting. Cytokine levels in NK-Exo were compared to those in NK cells and NK-cell medium by performing an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). NK-Exo-induced apoptosis of cancer cells was confirmed by flow cytometry and western blotting. In vivo therapeutic effects and specificity of NK-Exo against glioblastoma were assessed in a xenograft mouse model by fluorescence imaging. Xenograft mice were treated with NK-Exo, which was administered seven times through the tail vein. Tumor growth was monitored by bioluminescence imaging (BLI), and tumor volume was measured by ultrasound imaging. The mice were intraperitoneally injected with dextran sulfate 2 h before NK-Exo injection to decrease the liver uptake and increase the tumor specificity of NK-Exo. Results RT-PCR and western blotting confirmed the gene and protein expression of effluc in U87/MG/F cells, with the bioluminescence activity of U87/MG/F cells increasing with an increase in cell number. NTA and DLS results indicated that the size of NK-Exo was ~100 nm, and the western blot results confirmed that NK-Exo expressed exosome markers CD63 and Alix. We confirmed the in vitro cytotoxic effects of NK-Exo on U87/MG/F cells by performing BLI, and the killing effect on U87/MG and U87MG/F cells was measured by CCK-8 and MTT assays (p < 0.001). ELISA results indicated that NK-Exo contained tumor necrosis factor-α and granzyme B. In vivo NK-Exo treatment inhibited tumor growth compared to in control mice (p < 0.001), and pretreatment of xenograft mice with dextran sulfate 2 h before NK-Exo treatment increased the antitumor effect of NK-Exo (p < 0.01) compared to in control and NK-Exo-alone-treated mice. Conclusion NK-Exo targeted and exerted antitumor effects on glioblastoma cells both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting their utility in treating incurable glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ji Min Oh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Prakash Gangadaran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Senthilkumar Kalimuthu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Se Hwan Baek
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Shin Young Jeong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sang-Woo Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jaetae Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, South Korea
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Zhu L, Kalimuthu S, Gangadaran P, Oh JM, Lee HW, Baek SH, Jeong SY, Lee SW, Lee J, Ahn BC. Exosomes Derived From Natural Killer Cells Exert Therapeutic Effect in Melanoma. Theranostics 2017; 7:2732-2745. [PMID: 28819459 PMCID: PMC5558565 DOI: 10.7150/thno.18752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Exosomes are nanovesicles that are released from normal and tumor cells and are detectable in cell culture supernatant and human biological fluids. Although previous studies have explored exosomes released from cancer cells, little is understood regarding the functions of exosomes released by normal cells. Natural killer (NK) cells display rapid immunity to metastatic or hematological malignancies, and efforts have been undertaken to clinically exploit the antitumor properties of NK cells. However, the characteristics and functions of exosomes derived from NK cells remain unknown. In this study, we explored NK cell-derived exosome-mediated antitumor effects against aggressive melanoma in vitro and in vivo. Methods: B16F10 cells were transfected with enhanced firefly luciferase (effluc) and thy1.1 genes, and thy1.1-positive cells were immunoselected using microbeads. The resulting B16F10/effluc cells were characterized using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blotting, and luciferase activity assays. Exosomes derived from NK-92MI cells (NK-92 Exo) were isolated by ultracentrifugation and density gradient ultracentrifugation. NK-92 Exo were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and western blotting. We also performed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure cytokines retained in NK-92 Exo cells. The in vitro cytotoxicity of NK-92 Exo against the cancer cells was determined using a bioluminescence imaging system (BLI) and CCK-8 assays. To investigate the possible side effects of NK-92 Exo on healthy cells, we also performed the BLI and CCK-8 assays using the human kidney Phoenix™-Ampho cell line. Flow cytometry and western blotting confirmed that NK-92 Exo induced apoptosis in the B16F10/effluc cells. In vivo, we used a B16F10/effluc cell xenograft model to detect the immunotherapeutic effect of NK-92 Exo. We injected NK-92 Exo into tumors, and tumor growth progression was monitored using the IVIS Lumina imaging system and ultrasound imaging. Tumor mass was monitored after in vivo experiments. Results: RT-PCR and western blotting confirmed effluc gene expression and protein levels in B16F10/effluc cells. B16F10/effluc activity was found to increase with increasing cell numbers, using BLI assay. For NK-92 Exo characterization, western blotting was performed on both ultracentrifuged and density gradient-isolated exosomes. The results confirmed that NK cell-derived exosomes express two typical exosome proteins, namely CD63 and ALIX. We demonstrated by western blot analysis that NK-92 Exo presented two functional NK proteins, namely perforin and FasL. Moreover, we confirmed the membrane expression of FasL. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results indicated that NK-92 Exo can secrete tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, which affected the cell proliferation signaling pathway. The antitumor effect of NK-92 Exo against B16F10/effluc cells in vitro was confirmed by BLI (p < 0.001) and CCK-8 assays (p < 0.001). Furthermore, in normal healthy cells, even after 24 h of co-culture, NK-92 Exo did not exhibit significant side effects. In the in vivo experiments, tumors in the vehicle control group were significantly increased, compared with those in the NK-92 Exo-treated group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results of the current study suggest that exosomes derived from NK cells exert cytotoxic effects on melanoma cells and thus warrant further development as a potential immunotherapeutic strategy for cancer.
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Chen LC, Chang YJ, Chen SJ, Lee WC, Chang CH, Lee TW, Shien JH. Imaging, biodistribution and efficacy evaluation of 188Re-human serum albumin microspheres via intraarterial route in an orthotopic hepatoma model. Int J Radiat Biol 2017; 93:477-486. [PMID: 28045339 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1276308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Liver cancer is the second most common cause of death worldwide. This study was to investigate the SPECT/CT, ultrasound, biodistribution and therapeutic evaluation of 188Re-human serum albumin microspheres (188Re-HSAM) in the GP7TB orthotopic hepatoma rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS HSAM was labeled with 188Re by using a home-made kit and microwave system. The 188Re-HSAM was administered via intraarterial route. The in vivo distribution of 188Re-HSAM was determined by biodistribution analysis and nanoSPECT/CT system. In efficacy, tumor volumes were tracked longitudinally by three-dimensional ultrasound. RESULTS The biodistribution and nanoSPECT/CT imaging showed that 188Re-HSAM could accumulate in liver and tumor. The correlation coefficient of tumor volumes done by three-dimensional ultrasound and at autopsy was 0.997. In efficacy, tumor volume in the normal saline-treated group was 1803.2 mm3 at 54 days after tumor inoculation. Tumor volumes in the 103.6 MBq and 240.5 MBq of 188Re-HSAM treated groups were 381 and 267.4 mm3 (p = 0.001 and 0.004), respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results show that three-dimensional ultrasound with a high spatial resolution and contrast in soft tissue can become imaging modality in assessing tumor burden and tumor progression in an orthotopic rat model. The longitudinally therapeutic evaluation of 188Re-HSAM demonstrated dose-dependent tumor growth inhibition with increased dose in the GP7TB orthotopic hepatoma rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Cheng Chen
- a Department of Veterinary Medicine , National Chung Hsing University , Taichung , Taiwan.,b Isotope Application Division , Institute of Nuclear Energy Research , Taoyuan , Taiwan
| | - Ya-Jen Chang
- b Isotope Application Division , Institute of Nuclear Energy Research , Taoyuan , Taiwan
| | - Su-Jung Chen
- b Isotope Application Division , Institute of Nuclear Energy Research , Taoyuan , Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chi Lee
- b Isotope Application Division , Institute of Nuclear Energy Research , Taoyuan , Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsien Chang
- b Isotope Application Division , Institute of Nuclear Energy Research , Taoyuan , Taiwan
| | - Te-Wei Lee
- b Isotope Application Division , Institute of Nuclear Energy Research , Taoyuan , Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hung Shien
- a Department of Veterinary Medicine , National Chung Hsing University , Taichung , Taiwan
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Mauri G, Jachetti E, Comuzzi B, Dugo M, Arioli I, Miotti S, Sangaletti S, Di Carlo E, Tripodo C, Colombo MP. Genetic deletion of osteopontin in TRAMP mice skews prostate carcinogenesis from adenocarcinoma to aggressive human-like neuroendocrine cancers. Oncotarget 2016; 7:3905-20. [PMID: 26700622 PMCID: PMC4826179 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteopontin (OPN) is a secreted glycoprotein, that belongs to the non-structural extracellular matrix (ECM), and its over expression in human prostate cancer has been associated with disease progression, androgen independence and metastatic ability. Nevertheless, the pathophysiology of OPN in prostate tumorigenesis has never been studied. We crossed TRansgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) mice with OPN deficient (OPN-/-) mice and followed tumor onset and progression in these double mutants. Ultrasound examination detected the early onset of a rapidly growing, homogeneous and spherical tumor in about 60% of OPN-/- TRAMP mice. Such neoplasms seldom occurred in parental TRAMP mice otherwise prone to adenocarcinomas and were characterized for being androgen receptor negative, highly proliferative and endowed with neuroendocrine (NE) features. Gene expression profiling showed up-regulation of genes involved in tumor progression, cell cycle and neuronal differentiation in OPN-deficient versus wild type TRAMP tumors. Down-regulated genes included key genes of TGFa pathway, including SMAD3 and Filamin, which were confirmed at the protein level. Furthermore, NE genes and particularly those characterizing early prostatic lesions of OPN-deficient mice were found to correlate with those of human prostate NE tumours. These data underscore a novel role of OPN in the early stages of prostate cancer growth, protecting against the development of aggressive NE tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Mauri
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Elena Jachetti
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Barbara Comuzzi
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Matteo Dugo
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Ivano Arioli
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Miotti
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Sabina Sangaletti
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Emma Di Carlo
- Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, Section of Anatomic Pathology and Molecular Medicine, "G. d'Annunzio" University, 66100, Chieti, Italy.,Ce.S.I. Aging Research Center, "G. d'Annunzio" University Foundation, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Claudio Tripodo
- Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario P Colombo
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133, Milano, Italy
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Yao Q, Pei Y, Zhuo H, Xie B. Influence of ezrin-shRNA in combination with HSP70 on the apoptosis and proliferation of osteosarcoma cells. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:3441-3448. [PMID: 27900018 PMCID: PMC5103965 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ezrin and heat shock protein (HSP)70 have been reported to regulate cell apoptosis and tumor development of osteosarcoma. However, there has not been reported the synergy effect of knocking down ezrin and overexpressing HSP70. In the present study, two vectors, pGFP-V-RS-shRNA and pGFP-V-RS-shRNA-HSP70, were constructed and transfected into LM8 cells [denoted as small hairpin (sh)RNA group and dual group, respectively]. The apoptosis rates in these two transfected groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (empty vector) (P=0.036), while significantly lower proliferation rates were observed in these two groups (P=0.023). The cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity on target LM8 tumor cells in the dual group was significantly higher than in other groups, with cytotoxicity as high as 55.56±2.10%. Further studies revealed that the transfection of ezrin-shRNA/HSP70 also suppressed tumor formation in vivo in nude mice. A lower cluster of differentiation (CD)4/CD8 ratio was detected in the tumor formed by injecting cells in the dual group (P=0.006). Furthermore, the serum level of interleukin-4 in the dual group was significantly decreased, while the serum level of interferon-γ was significantly increased, compared with the other two groups (P=0.004). Simultaneously knocking down ezrin and overexpressing HSP70 promotes cellular apoptosis and suppresses the proliferation of osteosarcoma cells in vitro, and enhances the tumor killing effects of HSP70-induced immune killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yao
- Central Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
| | - Yihua Pei
- Central Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
| | - Huiqin Zhuo
- Central Laboratory, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
| | - Bozhen Xie
- Department of Spine Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, P.R. China
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Baust JG, Gage AA, Klossner D, Clarke D, Miller R, Cohen J, Katz A, Polascik T, Clarke H, Baust JM. Issues Critical to the Successful Application of Cryosurgical Ablation of the Prostate. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2016; 6:97-109. [PMID: 17375972 DOI: 10.1177/153303460700600206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The techniques of present-day cryosurgery performed with multiprobe freezing apparatus and advanced imaging techniques yield predictable and encouraging results in the treatment of prostatic and renal cancers. Nevertheless, and not unique to cryosurgical treatment, the rates of persistent disease demonstrate the need for improvement in technique and emphasize the need for proper management of the therapeutic margin. The causes of persistent disease often relate to a range of factors including selection of patients, understanding of the extent of the tumor, limitations of the imaging techniques, and failure to freeze the tumor periphery in an efficacious manner. Of these diverse factors, the one most readily managed, but subject to therapeutic error, is the technique of freezing the tumor and appropriate margin to a lethal temperature [Baust, J. G., Gage, A. A. The Molecular Basis of Cryosurgery. BJU Int 95, 1187–1191 (2005)]. This article describes the recent experiments that examine the molecular basis of cryosurgery, clarifies the actions of the components of the freeze-thaw cycle, and defines the resultant effect on the cryogenic lesion from a clinical perspective. Further, this review addresses the important issue of management of the margin of the tumor through adjunctive therapy. Accordingly, a goal of this review is to identify the technical and future adjunctive therapeutic practices that should improve the efficacy of cryoablative techniques for the treatment of malignant lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Baust
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, SUNY Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA.
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Ni J, Cozzi P, Hung TT, Hao J, Graham P, Li Y. Monitoring Prostate Tumor Growth in an Orthotopic Mouse Model Using Three-Dimensional Ultrasound Imaging Technique. Transl Oncol 2016; 9:41-45. [PMID: 26947880 PMCID: PMC4800064 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (CaP) is the most commonly diagnosed and the second leading cause of death from cancer in males in USA. Prostate orthotopic mouse model has been widely used to study human CaP in preclinical settings. Measurement of changes in tumor size obtained from noninvasive diagnostic images is a standard method for monitoring responses to anticancer modalities. This article reports for the first time the usage of a three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound system equipped with photoacoustic (PA) imaging in monitoring longitudinal prostate tumor growth in a PC-3 orthotopic NODSCID mouse model (n = 8). Two-dimensional and 3D modes of ultrasound show great ability in accurately depicting the size and shape of prostate tumors. PA function on two-dimensional and 3D images showed average oxygen saturation and average hemoglobin concentration of the tumor. Results showed a good fit in representative exponential tumor growth curves (n = 3; r2 = 0.948, 0.955, and 0.953, respectively) and a good correlation of tumor volume measurements performed in vivo with autopsy (n = 8, r = 0.95, P < .001). The application of 3D ultrasound imaging proved to be a useful imaging modality in monitoring tumor growth in an orthotopic mouse model, with advantages such as high contrast, uncomplicated protocols, economical equipment, and nonharmfulness to animals. PA mode also enabled display of blood oxygenation surrounding the tumor and tumor vasculature and angiogenesis, making 3D ultrasound imaging an ideal tool for preclinical cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ni
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia; St George and Sutherland Clinical School, the University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Paul Cozzi
- St George and Sutherland Clinical School, the University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia; Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia
| | - Tzong-Tyng Hung
- Biological Resource Imaging Laboratory, the University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jingli Hao
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia; St George and Sutherland Clinical School, the University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Peter Graham
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia; St George and Sutherland Clinical School, the University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yong Li
- Cancer Care Centre, St George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia; St George and Sutherland Clinical School, the University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia.
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Scheepbouwer C, Meyer S, Burggraaf MJ, Jose J, Molthoff CFM. A Multimodal Imaging Approach for Longitudinal Evaluation of Bladder Tumor Development in an Orthotopic Murine Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161284. [PMID: 27533303 PMCID: PMC4988778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the fourth most common malignancy amongst men in Western industrialized countries with an initial response rate of 70% for the non-muscle invasive type, and improving therapy efficacy is highly needed. For this, an appropriate, reliable animal model is essential to gain insight into mechanisms of tumor growth for use in response monitoring of (new) agents. Several animal models have been described in previous studies, but so far success has been hampered due to the absence of imaging methods to follow tumor growth non-invasively over time. Recent developments of multimodal imaging methods for use in animal research have substantially strengthened these options of in vivo visualization of tumor growth. In the present study, a multimodal imaging approach was addressed to investigate bladder tumor proliferation longitudinally. The complementary abilities of Bioluminescence, High Resolution Ultrasound and Photo-acoustic Imaging permit a better understanding of bladder tumor development. Hybrid imaging modalities allow the integration of individual strengths to enable sensitive and improved quantification and understanding of tumor biology, and ultimately, can aid in the discovery and development of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Scheepbouwer
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Meyer
- FUJIFILM VisualSonics Inc., Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maroeska J. Burggraaf
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection control, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jithin Jose
- FUJIFILM VisualSonics Inc., Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carla F. M. Molthoff
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Singh S, Pan C, Wood R, Yeh CR, Yeh S, Sha K, Krolewski JJ, Nastiuk KL. Quantitative volumetric imaging of normal, neoplastic and hyperplastic mouse prostate using ultrasound. BMC Urol 2015; 15:97. [PMID: 26391476 PMCID: PMC4578765 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-015-0091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetically engineered mouse models are essential to the investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying human prostate pathology and the effects of therapy on the diseased prostate. Serial in vivo volumetric imaging expands the scope and accuracy of experimental investigations of models of normal prostate physiology, benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer, which are otherwise limited by the anatomy of the mouse prostate. Moreover, accurate imaging of hyperplastic and tumorigenic prostates is now recognized as essential to rigorous pre-clinical trials of new therapies. Bioluminescent imaging has been widely used to determine prostate tumor size, but is semi-quantitative at best. Magnetic resonance imaging can determine prostate volume very accurately, but is expensive and has low throughput. We therefore sought to develop and implement a high throughput, low cost, and accurate serial imaging protocol for the mouse prostate. Methods We developed a high frequency ultrasound imaging technique employing 3D reconstruction that allows rapid and precise assessment of mouse prostate volume. Wild-type mouse prostates were examined (n = 4) for reproducible baseline imaging, and treatment effects on volume were compared, and blinded data analyzed for intra- and inter-operator assessments of reproducibility by correlation and for Bland-Altman analysis. Examples of benign prostatic hyperplasia mouse model prostate (n = 2) and mouse prostate implantation of orthotopic human prostate cancer tumor and its growth (n = 6) are also demonstrated. Results Serial measurement volume of the mouse prostate revealed that high frequency ultrasound was very precise. Following endocrine manipulation, regression and regrowth of the prostate could be monitored with very low intra- and interobserver variability. This technique was also valuable to monitor the development of prostate growth in a model of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Additionally, we demonstrate accurate ultrasound image-guided implantation of orthotopic tumor xenografts and monitoring of subsequent tumor growth from ~10 to ~750 mm3 volume. Discussion High frequency ultrasound imaging allows precise determination of normal, neoplastic and hyperplastic mouse prostate. Low cost and small image size allows incorporation of this imaging modality inside clean animal facilities, and thereby imaging of immunocompromised models. 3D reconstruction for volume determination is easily mastered, and both small and large relative changes in volume are accurately visualized. Ultrasound imaging does not rely on penetration of exogenous imaging agents, and so may therefore better measure poorly vascularized or necrotic diseased tissue, relative to bioluminescent imaging (IVIS). Conclusions Our method is precise and reproducible with very low inter- and intra-observer variability. Because it is non-invasive, mouse models of prostatic disease states can be imaged serially, reducing inter-animal variability, and enhancing the power to detect small volume changes following therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Singh
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Current address: Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, 14263, NY, USA.
| | - Chunliu Pan
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Current address: Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, 14263, NY, USA.
| | - Ronald Wood
- Departments of Neurobiology and Anatomy and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Department of Urology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Chiuan-Ren Yeh
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Shuyuan Yeh
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Department of Urology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Kai Sha
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Current address: Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, 14263, NY, USA.
| | - John J Krolewski
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Current address: Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, 14263, NY, USA.
| | - Kent L Nastiuk
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Current address: Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, 14263, NY, USA.
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Didié M, Zimmermann WH. Ultrasound techniques for the detection of tumors and metastases in small animals. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1070:181-90. [PMID: 24092440 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8244-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Small animals are widely used for the identification of new therapeutic targets and the evaluation of potential anticancer therapies. To study tumors and metastasis in longitudinal studies of tumor progression, fast noninvasive and easy-to-handle imaging modalities are required. Here, techniques for the analysis of tumors and metastases by ultrasound imaging are described and the potential technical pitfalls are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Didié
- Department of Pharmacology, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
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21
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Oncogenic RAS pathway activation promotes resistance to anti-VEGF therapy through G-CSF-induced neutrophil recruitment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:6079-84. [PMID: 23530240 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1303302110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) promotes mobilization of CD11b(+)Gr1(+) myeloid cells and has been implicated in resistance to anti-VEGF therapy in mouse models. High G-CSF production has been associated with a poor prognosis in cancer patients. Here we show that activation of the RAS/MEK/ERK pathway regulates G-CSF expression through the Ets transcription factor. Several growth factors induced G-CSF expression by a MEK-dependent mechanism. Inhibition of G-CSF release with a MEK inhibitor markedly reduced G-CSF production in vitro and synergized with anti-VEGF antibodies to reduce CD11b(+)Ly6G(+) neutrophil mobilization and tumor growth and led to increased survival in animal models of cancer, including a genetically engineered mouse model of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Analysis of biopsies from pancreatic cancer patients revealed increased phospho-MEK, G-CSF, and Ets expression and enhanced neutrophil recruitment compared with normal pancreata. These results provide insights into G-CSF regulation and on the mechanism of action of MEK inhibitors and point to unique anticancer strategies.
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22
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Chitnis PV, Koppolu S, Mamou J, Chlon C, Ketterling JA. Influence of shell properties on high-frequency ultrasound imaging and drug delivery using polymer-shelled microbubbles. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2013; 60:53-64. [PMID: 23287913 PMCID: PMC3709566 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2013.2537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This two-part study investigated shell rupture of ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) under static overpressure conditions and the subharmonic component from UCAs subjected to 20-MHz tonebursts. Five different polylactide-shelled UCAs with shell-thickness-to-radius ratios (STRRs) of 7.5, 30, 40, 65, and 100 nm/¿m were subjected to static overpressure in a glycerol-filled test chamber. A video microscope imaged the UCAs as pressure varied from 2 to 330 kPa over 90 min. Images were postprocessed to obtain the pressure threshold for rupture and the diameter of individual microbubbles. Backscatter from individual UCAs was investigated by flowing a dilute UCA solution through a wall-less flow phantom placed at the geometric focus of a 20-MHz transducer. UCAs were subjected to 10- and 20-cycle tonebursts of acoustic pressures ranging from 0.3 to 2.3 MPa. A method based on singular-value decomposition (SVD) was employed to obtain a cumulative subharmonic score (SHS). Different UCA types exhibited distinctly different rupture thresholds that were linearly related to their STRR, but uncorrelated with UCA size. The rupture threshold for the UCAs with an STRR = 100 nm/μm was more than 4 times greater than the UCAs with an STRR = 7.5 nm/μm. The polymer-shelled UCAs produced substantial subharmonic response but the subharmonic response to 20- MHz excitation did not correlate with STRRs or UCA-rupture pressures. The 20-cycle excitation resulted in an SHS that was 2 to 3 times that of UCAs excited with 10-cycle tonebursts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag V Chitnis
- The F. L . Lizzi Center for Biomedical Engineering, Riverside Research, New York, NY, USA.
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23
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Khatamianfar V, Valiyeva F, Rennie PS, Lu WY, Yang BB, Bauman GS, Moussa M, Xuan JW. TRIM59, a novel multiple cancer biomarker for immunohistochemical detection of tumorigenesis. BMJ Open 2012; 2:e001410. [PMID: 23048060 PMCID: PMC3488719 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES AND DESIGN We identified a novel TRIM59 gene, as an early signal transducer in two (SV40Tag and Ras) oncogene pathways in murine prostate cancer (CaP) models. We explore its clinical applications as a multitumour marker detecting early tumorigenesis by immunohistochemistry (IHC). SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS 88 CaP patients were from a tissue microarray (TMA) of radical prostatectomy specimen, 42 patients from a 35 multiple tumour TMA, 75 patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and 92 patients from eight different tumour groups (breast, lung, parotid, gastrointestinal, female genital tract, bladder, kidney and prostate cancer). RESULTS TRIM59 upregulation specifically in tumour area was determined by IHC in 291 cases of 37 tumour types. To demonstrate that TRIM59 upregulation is 'tumour-specific', we characterised a significant correlation of TRIM59 IHC signals with tumorigenesis and progression, while in control and normal area, TRIM59 IHC signal was all negative or significantly low. TRIM59 protein upregulation in prostate and kidney cancers was detectable in both intensity and extent in early tumorigenesis of prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (p<0.05) and grade 1 of RCC (p<0.05), and stopped until high grades cancer. The results of the correlation in these two large cohorts of tumour types confirmed and repeated murine CaP model studies. Enhanced TRIM59 expression was identified in most of the 37 different tumours, while the highest intensities were in lung, breast, liver, skin, tongue and mouth (squamous cell cancer) and endometrial cancers. Multiple tumour upregulation was further confirmed by comparing relative scores of TRIM59 IHC signals in eight tumours with a larger patient population; and by a mouse whole-mount embryo (14.5 days post conception) test on the origin of TRIM59 upregulation in epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS TRIM59 may be used a novel multiple tumour marker for immunohistochemical detecting early tumorigenesis and could direct a novel strategy for molecular-targeted diagnosis and therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Khatamianfar
- Department of Surgery, Lawson Health Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fatma Valiyeva
- Department of Surgery, Lawson Health Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul S Rennie
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancovour, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Wei-yang Lu
- Department of Physiology, Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Burton B Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathbiology, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Glenn S Bauman
- London Regional Cancer Program, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Madeleine Moussa
- Department of Pathology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jim W Xuan
- Department of Surgery, Lawson Health Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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Qiu W, Yu Y, Tsang F, Sun L. An FPGA-based open platform for ultrasound biomicroscopy. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2012; 59:1432-1442. [PMID: 22828839 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2012.2344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) has been extensively applied to preclinical studies in small animal models. Individual animal study is unique and requires different utilization of the UBM system to accommodate different transducer characteristics, data acquisition strategies, signal processing, and image reconstruction methods. There is a demand for a flexible and open UBM platform to allow users to customize the system for various studies and have full access to experimental data. This paper presents the development of an open UBM platform (center frequency 20 to 80 MHz) for various preclinical studies. The platform design was based on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) embedded in a printed circuit board to achieve B-mode imaging and directional pulsed-wave Doppler. Instead of hardware circuitry, most functions of the platform, such as filtering, envelope detection, and scan conversion, were achieved by FPGA programs; thus, the system architecture could be easily modified for specific applications. In addition, a novel digital quadrature demodulation algorithm was implemented for fast and accurate Doppler profiling. Finally, test results showed that the platform could offer a minimum detectable signal of 25 μV, allowing a 51 dB dynamic range at 47 dB gain, and real-time imaging at more than 500 frames/s. Phantom and in vivo imaging experiments were conducted and the results demonstrated good system performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibao Qiu
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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25
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Pittoni P, Tripodo C, Piconese S, Mauri G, Parenza M, Rigoni A, Sangaletti S, Colombo MP. Mast cell targeting hampers prostate adenocarcinoma development but promotes the occurrence of highly malignant neuroendocrine cancers. Cancer Res 2011; 71:5987-97. [PMID: 21896641 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-1637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MC) are c-Kit-expressing cells, best known for their primary involvement in allergic reactions, but recently reappraised as important players in either cancer promotion or inhibition. Here, we assessed the role of MCs in prostate tumor development. In prostate tumors from both tumor-prone transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice and human patients, MCs are specifically enriched and degranulated in areas of well-differentiated (WD) adenocarcinoma but not around poorly differentiated (PD) foci that coexist in the same tumors. We derived novel TRAMP tumor cell lines, representative of WD and PD variants, and through pharmacologic stabilization or genetic ablation of MCs in recipients mice, we showed that MCs promote WD adenocarcinoma growth but are dispensable for PD tumors. WD tumors rely on MCs for matrix metalloprotease 9 (MMP-9) provision, as reconstitution of MC-deficient mice with wild-type but not MMP-9(-/-) MCs was sufficient to promote their growth. In contrast, PD tumors are MMP-9 self-competent, consistently with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Such a dual source of MMP-9 was confirmed in human tumors, suggesting that MCs could be a good target for early-stage prostate cancer. Interestingly, in testing whether MC targeting could block or delay tumorigenesis in tumor-prone TRAMP mice, we observed a high incidence of early and aggressive tumors, characterized by a neuroendocrine (NE) signature and c-Kit expression. Taken together, these data underscore the contribution of MCs in tumor progression and uncover a new, opposite role of MCs in protecting against the occurrence of aggressive NE variants in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Pittoni
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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26
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van Raaij ME, Lindvere L, Dorr A, He J, Sahota B, Foster FS, Stefanovic B. Functional micro-ultrasound imaging of rodent cerebral hemodynamics. Neuroimage 2011; 58:100-8. [PMID: 21704715 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy cerebral microcirculation is crucial to neuronal functioning. We present a new method to investigate microvascular hemodynamics in living rodent brain through a focal cranial window based on high-frequency ultrasound imaging. The method has a temporal resolution of 40ms, and a 100μm in-plane and 600μm through-plane spatial resolution. We use a commercially available high-frequency ultrasound imaging system to quantify changes in the relative cerebral blood volume (CBV) by measuring the scattered signal intensity from an ultrasound contrast agent circulating in the vasculature. Generalized linear model analysis is then used to produce effect size and significance maps of changes in cerebral blood volume upon electrical stimulation of the forepaw. We observe larger CBV increases in the forelimb representation of the primary somatosensory cortex than in the deep gray matter with stimuli as short as 2s (5.1 ± 1.3% vs. 3.3 ± 0.6%). We also investigate the temporal evolution of the blood volume changes in cortical and subcortical gray matter, pial vessels and subcortical major vessels, and show shorter response onset times in the parenchymal regions than in the neighboring large vessels (1.6 ± 1.0s vs. 2.6 ± 1.3s in the cortex for a 10 second stimulus protocol). This method, which we termed functional micro-ultrasound imaging or fMUS, is a novel, highly accessible, and cost-effective way of imaging rodent brain microvascular topology and hemodynamics in vivo at 100micron resolution over a 1-by-1cm field of view with 10s-100s frames per second that opens up a new set of questions regarding brain function in preclinical models of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn E van Raaij
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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27
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Foster FS, Hossack J, Adamson SL. Micro-ultrasound for preclinical imaging. Interface Focus 2011; 1:576-601. [PMID: 22866232 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2011.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, non-invasive preclinical imaging has emerged as an important tool to facilitate biomedical discovery. Not only have the markets for these tools accelerated, but the numbers of peer-reviewed papers in which imaging end points and biomarkers have been used have grown dramatically. High frequency 'micro-ultrasound' has steadily evolved in the post-genomic era as a rapid, comparatively inexpensive imaging tool for studying normal development and models of human disease in small animals. One of the fundamental barriers to this development was the technological hurdle associated with high-frequency array transducers. Recently, new approaches have enabled the upper limits of linear and phased arrays to be pushed from about 20 to over 50 MHz enabling a broad range of new applications. The innovations leading to the new transducer technology and scanner architecture are reviewed. Applications of preclinical micro-ultrasound are explored for developmental biology, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. With respect to the future, the latest developments in high-frequency ultrasound imaging are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Stuart Foster
- Sunnybrook and Health Sciences Centre , University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario , Canada
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28
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Valiyeva F, Jiang F, Elmaadawi A, Moussa M, Yee SP, Raptis L, Izawa JI, Yang BB, Greenberg NM, Wang F, Xuan JW. Characterization of the oncogenic activity of the novel TRIM59 gene in mouse cancer models. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 10:1229-40. [PMID: 21593385 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel TRIM family member, TRIM59 gene was characterized to be upregulated in SV40 Tag oncogene-directed transgenic and knockout mouse prostate cancer models as a signaling pathway effector. We identified two phosphorylated forms of TRIM59 (p53 and p55) and characterized them using purified TRIM59 proteins from mouse prostate cancer models at different stages with wild-type mice and NIH3T3 cells as controls. p53/p55-TRIM59 proteins possibly represent Ser/Thr and Tyr phosphorylation modifications, respectively. Quantitative measurements by ELISA showed that the p-Ser/Thr TRIM59 correlated with tumorigenesis, whereas the p-Tyr-TRIM59 protein correlated with advanced cancer of the prostate (CaP). The function of TRIM59 was elucidated using short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown of the gene in human CaP cells, which caused S-phase cell-cycle arrest and cell growth retardation. A hit-and-run effect of TRIM59 shRNA knockdown was observed 24 hours posttransfection. Differential cDNA microarrray analysis was conducted, which showed that the initial and rapid knockdown occurred early in the Ras signaling pathway. To confirm the proto-oncogenic function of TRIM59 in the Ras signaling pathway, we generated a transgenic mouse model using a prostate tissue-specific gene (PSP94) to direct the upregulation of the TRIM59 gene. Restricted TRIM59 gene upregulation in the prostate revealed the full potential for inducing tumorigenesis, similar to the expression of SV40 Tag, and coincided with the upregulation of genes specific to the Ras signaling pathway and bridging genes for SV40 Tag-mediated oncogenesis. The finding of a possible novel oncogene in animal models will implicate a novel strategy for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Valiyeva
- Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, 375 South Street, London, ON, N6A 4G5, Canada
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Moran CM, Pye SD, Ellis W, Janeczko A, Morris KD, McNeilly AS, Fraser HM. A comparison of the imaging performance of high resolution ultrasound scanners for preclinical imaging. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2011; 37:493-501. [PMID: 21256667 PMCID: PMC3183231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nine ultrasound transducers from six ultrasound scanners were assessed for their utility for preclinical ultrasound imaging. The transducers were: L8-16, L10-22 (Diasus; Dynamic Imaging Ltd., Livingston, UK); L17-5, L15-7io (iU22; Philips, Seattle, WA, USA), HFL38/13-6 (MicroMaxx; Sonosite Inc., Bothell, WA, USA); il3Lv (Vivid 5; GE, Fairfield, CT, USA), RMV 704 (Vevo 770; Visualsonics Inc., Toronto, Canada) and MS550S, MS550D (Vevo 2100; Visualsonics Inc.). A quantitative analysis of the ultrasound images from all nine transducers employed measurements of the resolution integral as an indication of the versatility and technology of the ultrasound scanners. Two other parameters derived from the resolution integral, the characteristic resolution and depth of field, were used to characterise imaging performance. Six of these transducers were also assessed qualitatively by ultrasonically scanning 59 female common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) yielding a total of 215 scans. The quantitative measurements for each of the transducers were consistent with the results obtained in the qualitative in vivo assessment. Over a 0-10 mm imaging depth, the values of the resolution integral, characteristic resolution and depth of field, measured using the Edinburgh Pipe Phantom, ranged in magnitude from 7-72, 93-930 μm and 3.3-9.2 mm respectively. The largest resolution integrals were obtained using the Vevo 770 and Vevo 2100 scanners. The Edinburgh Pipe Phantom provides a quantitative method of characterising the imaging performance of preclinical imaging scanners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel M Moran
- Medical Physics, Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, The Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Ayers GD, McKinley ET, Zhao P, Fritz JM, Metry RE, Deal BC, Adlerz KM, Coffey RJ, Manning HC. Volume of preclinical xenograft tumors is more accurately assessed by ultrasound imaging than manual caliper measurements. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2010; 29:891-901. [PMID: 20498463 PMCID: PMC2925269 DOI: 10.7863/jum.2010.29.6.891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The volume of subcutaneous xenograft tumors is an important metric of disease progression and response to therapy in preclinical drug development. Noninvasive imaging technologies suitable for measuring xenograft volume are increasingly available, yet manual calipers, which are susceptible to inaccuracy and bias, are routinely used. The goal of this study was to quantify and compare the accuracy, precision, and inter-rater variability of xenograft tumor volume assessment by caliper measurements and ultrasound imaging. METHODS Subcutaneous xenograft tumors derived from human colorectal cancer cell lines (DLD1 and SW620) were generated in athymic nude mice. Experienced independent reviewers segmented 3-dimensional ultrasound data sets and collected manual caliper measurements resulting in tumor volumes. Imaging- and caliper-derived volumes were compared with the tumor mass, the reference standard, determined after resection. Bias, precision, and inter-rater differences were estimated for each mouse among reviewers. Bootstrapping was used to estimate mean and confidence intervals of variance components, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), and confidence intervals for each source of variation. RESULTS The average deviation from the true volume and inter-rater differences were significantly lower for ultrasound volumes compared with caliper volumes (P = .0005 and .001, respectively). Reviewer ICCs for ultrasound and caliper measurements were similarly low (1%), yet caliper volume variance was 1.3-fold higher than for ultrasound. CONCLUSIONS Ultrasound imaging more accurately, precisely, and reproducibly reflects xenograft tumor volume than caliper measurements. These data suggest that preclinical studies using the xenograft burden as a surrogate end point measured by ultrasound imaging require up to 30% fewer animals to reach statistical significance compared with analogous studies using caliper measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D. Ayers
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232
| | - Eliot T. McKinley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232
- The Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232
| | - Ping Zhao
- The Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232
| | - Jordan M. Fritz
- The Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232
| | - Rebecca E. Metry
- The Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232
| | - Brenton C. Deal
- The Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232
| | - Katrina M. Adlerz
- The Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232
| | - Robert J. Coffey
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232
| | - H. Charles Manning
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232
- The Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232
- Program in Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232
- Department of Neurosurgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232
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31
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Singh M, Lima A, Molina R, Hamilton P, Clermont AC, Devasthali V, Thompson JD, Cheng JH, Bou Reslan H, Ho CCK, Cao TC, Lee CV, Nannini MA, Fuh G, Carano RAD, Koeppen H, Yu RX, Forrest WF, Plowman GD, Johnson L. Assessing therapeutic responses in Kras mutant cancers using genetically engineered mouse models. Nat Biotechnol 2010; 28:585-93. [PMID: 20495549 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The low rate of approval of novel anti-cancer agents underscores the need for better preclinical models of therapeutic response as neither xenografts nor early-generation genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) reliably predict human clinical outcomes. Whereas recent, sporadic GEMMs emulate many aspects of their human disease counterpart more closely, their ability to predict clinical therapeutic responses has never been tested systematically. We evaluated the utility of two state-of-the-art, mutant Kras-driven GEMMs--one of non-small-cell lung carcinoma and another of pancreatic adenocarcinoma--by assessing responses to existing standard-of-care chemotherapeutics, and subsequently in combination with EGFR and VEGF inhibitors. Standard clinical endpoints were modeled to evaluate efficacy, including overall survival and progression-free survival using noninvasive imaging modalities. Comparisons with corresponding clinical trials indicate that these GEMMs model human responses well, and lay the foundation for the use of validated GEMMs in predicting outcome and interrogating mechanisms of therapeutic response and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallika Singh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA.
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Experimental orthotopic prostate tumor in nude mice: techniques for local cell inoculation and three-dimensional ultrasound monitoring. Urol Oncol 2010; 30:330-8. [PMID: 20452251 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Orthotopic prostate cancer models are of great importance for cancer research. Orthotopic models in mice have been described previously. However, these studies lack a detailed methodological description and fail to define standards for local cell inoculation. Herein, we studied the effect of different protocols on tumor growth and report for the first time the use of high resolution ultrasound for monitoring of tumor growth. MATERIALS AND METHODS Orthotopic inoculation of DU 145 MN1 prostate cancer cells was performed in 30 nude mice varying (1) the amount of cells (5 × 10(5) vs. 5 × 10(4)), (2) the number of puncture sites, and (3) the addition of matrigel. Surgical complications such as recoil of cells through the injection canal and rupture of the prostatic capsule were monitored. Animals were tracked by ultrasound imaging after 4, 5, and 6 weeks. Autopsy and histology confirmed local tumor growth. RESULTS A take rate of 27/30 (90%) was observed. Growth of orthotopic prostate tumors was increased after inoculation of a large amount of cells under the capsule of 1 dorsal prostate lobe, but inoculation of small amounts of cells still induced local tumors. Noninvasive ultrasound examination allowed to identify orthotopic tumor formation and to monitor tumor growth in vivo. Addition of matrigel did not accelerate tumor growth. Complications like recoil (6.8%) or rupture of the prostate capsule (1.4%) were rare. CONCLUSIONS Inoculation of DU 145 MN1 cells under the prostate capsule with a defined procedure results in very high take rates. Ultrasound screening is feasible to repetitively monitor tumor growth.
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Zhao L, Zhan Y, Rutkowski JL, Feuerstein GZ, Wang X. Correlation between 2- and 3-dimensional assessment of tumor volume and vascular density by ultrasonography in a transgenic mouse model of mammary carcinoma. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2010; 29:587-595. [PMID: 20375377 DOI: 10.7863/jum.2010.29.4.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Visualization and quantification of angiogenesis are instrumental in development of antiangiogenic therapy. Although both 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography have been used to monitor tumor growth and vasculature development, the correlation between them has not been sufficiently investigated. We hereby investigated the 2D and 3D sonographic correlation for tumor volume and vascular density confirmed by histologic assessment in the polyoma virus middle T antigen (PyMT) mouse model of mammary carcinoma. METHODS Female PyMT mouse tumors were evaluated by ultrasonography in the 2D region of interest (ROI), 3D tumor volume, and 2D and 3D microvascular density after a bolus infusion of a nontargeted contrast-enhanced microbubble agent. Texas Red-dextran was used for quantitative histologic assessment of the tumor microvascular density. RESULTS The individual 2D tumor ROI area correlated with the 3D tumor volume throughout the 2-week period. However, the extent of the increase in the 3D volume (380%; P < .01; n = 10) was higher than that of the 2D ROI area (72%; P < .01; n = 8-11). A significant and comparable increase in vascular density accessed by both 2D (87%; P < .05; n = 8) and 3D (64%; P < .05; n = 8) imaging was documented. Vascular density obtained through 3D imaging correlated significantly with 2D measurement. These data were confirmed by Texas Red-dextran quantification of vascular density. Conclusions. This study showed a valid application of sonographically based imaging technology in tumor volume and vascular density assessment as well as their 2D and 3D correlation, of which tumor vascular density measured by 2D ultrasonography appeared to be better correlated with the 3D data. Our data indicate that ultrasonography can be applied for real-time, accurate, noninvasive imaging of the tumor volume and vascular density in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Discovery Translational Medicine, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
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Mapping vascular response to in vivo Hemodynamics: application to increased flow at the basilar terminus. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2010; 9:421-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s10237-009-0185-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Brecht HP, Su R, Fronheiser M, Ermilov SA, Conjusteau A, Oraevsky AA. Whole-body three-dimensional optoacoustic tomography system for small animals. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:064007. [PMID: 20059245 PMCID: PMC2794413 DOI: 10.1117/1.3259361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 08/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We develop a system for three-dimensional whole-body optoacoustic tomography of small animals for applications in preclinical research. The tomographic images are obtained while the objects of study (phantoms or mice) are rotated within a sphere outlined by a concave arc-shaped array of 64 piezocomposite transducers. Two pulsed lasers operating in the near-IR spectral range (755 and 1064 nm) with an average pulsed energy of about 100 mJ, a repetition rate of 10 Hz, and a pulse duration of 15 to 75 ns are used as optical illumination sources. During the scan, the mouse is illuminated orthogonally to the array with two wide beams of light from a bifurcated fiber bundle. The system is capable of generating images of individual organs and blood vessels through the entire body of a mouse with spatial resolution of approximately 0.5 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Peter Brecht
- Fairway Medical Technologies, Inc., 9431 West Sam Houston Parkway South, Houston, Texas 77099, USA
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Foster FS, Mehi J, Lukacs M, Hirson D, White C, Chaggares C, Needles A. A new 15-50 MHz array-based micro-ultrasound scanner for preclinical imaging. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2009; 35:1700-1708. [PMID: 19647922 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Most institutions now have a suite of imaging tools to follow mouse models of human disease. Micro-ultrasound is one of these tools and is second after whole-mouse fluorescence or bioluminescent imaging, in terms of installed systems. We report in this paper the first commercially available array transducer-based ultrasound imaging system that enables micro-ultrasound imaging at center frequencies between 15 and 50 MHz. At the heart of the new scanner is a laser-machined high-frequency 256 element, linear transducer array capable of forming dynamic diffraction limited beams. The power of the linear array approach is embodied in the uniform high resolution maintained over the full field of view. This leads to greatly expanded scope for real-time functional imaging that is demonstrated in this paper. The unprecedented images made with the new imaging system will enable many new applications not previously possible. These include real-time visualization of flow in the mouse placenta, visualization of flow development in the embryo, studies of embryonic to adult cardiac development/disease, and studies of real-time blood flow in mouse models of tumour angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Stuart Foster
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Zhang W, Zhu J, Efferson CL, Ware C, Tammam J, Angagaw M, Laskey J, Bettano KA, Kasibhatla S, Reilly JF, Sur C, Majumder PK. Inhibition of tumor growth progression by antiandrogens and mTOR inhibitor in a Pten-deficient mouse model of prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2009; 69:7466-72. [PMID: 19738074 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptors have been shown to play a critical role in prostate cancer. We used ultrasound imaging techniques to track tumor response to antiandrogen and rapamycin treatment in a prostate-specific Pten-deleted mouse model of cancer. Depletion of androgens by either surgical or chemical castration significantly inhibited tumor growth progression without altering the activation of Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). We also showed for the first time that targeting mTOR along with antiandrogen treatment exhibited additive antitumor effects in vivo when compared with single agents. Our preclinical data suggest that combination of antiandrogens with mTOR inhibitors might be more effective in treating androgen-dependent prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisheng Zhang
- Department of Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Xuan JW, Bygrave M, Valiyeva F, Moussa M, Izawa JI, Bauman GS, Klibanov A, Wang F, Greenberg NM, Fenster A. Molecular Targeted Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging of Flk1 Reveals Diagnosis and Prognosis Potential in a Genetically Engineered Mouse Prostate Cancer Model. Mol Imaging 2009. [DOI: 10.2310/7290.2009.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jim W. Xuan
- From the Lawson Health Research Institute, Robarts Research Institute, London Regional Cancer Program, University of Western Ontario, London, ON; The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA; Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, TX; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Michael Bygrave
- From the Lawson Health Research Institute, Robarts Research Institute, London Regional Cancer Program, University of Western Ontario, London, ON; The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA; Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, TX; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Fatma Valiyeva
- From the Lawson Health Research Institute, Robarts Research Institute, London Regional Cancer Program, University of Western Ontario, London, ON; The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA; Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, TX; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Madeleine Moussa
- From the Lawson Health Research Institute, Robarts Research Institute, London Regional Cancer Program, University of Western Ontario, London, ON; The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA; Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, TX; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Jonathan I. Izawa
- From the Lawson Health Research Institute, Robarts Research Institute, London Regional Cancer Program, University of Western Ontario, London, ON; The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA; Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, TX; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Glenn S. Bauman
- From the Lawson Health Research Institute, Robarts Research Institute, London Regional Cancer Program, University of Western Ontario, London, ON; The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA; Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, TX; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Alexander Klibanov
- From the Lawson Health Research Institute, Robarts Research Institute, London Regional Cancer Program, University of Western Ontario, London, ON; The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA; Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, TX; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Fen Wang
- From the Lawson Health Research Institute, Robarts Research Institute, London Regional Cancer Program, University of Western Ontario, London, ON; The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA; Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, TX; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Norman M. Greenberg
- From the Lawson Health Research Institute, Robarts Research Institute, London Regional Cancer Program, University of Western Ontario, London, ON; The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA; Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, TX; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Aaron Fenster
- From the Lawson Health Research Institute, Robarts Research Institute, London Regional Cancer Program, University of Western Ontario, London, ON; The University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlottesville, VA; Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, Houston, TX; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
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Jannasch K, Dullin C, Heinlein C, Krepulat F, Wegwitz F, Deppert W, Alves F. Detection of different tumor growth kinetics in single transgenic mice with oncogene-induced mammary carcinomas by flat-panel volume computed tomography. Int J Cancer 2009; 125:62-70. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
The era of ‘modern medicine’ has changed its name to ‘molecular medicine’, and reflects a new age based on personalized medicine utilizing molecular biomarkers in the diagnosis, staging and monitoring of therapy. Alzheimer’s disease has a classical biomarker determined at autopsy with the histologic staining of amyloid accumulation in the brain. Today we can diagnose Alzheimer’s disease using the same classical pathologic biomarker, but now using a noninvasive imaging probe to image the amyloid deposition in a patient and potentially provide treatment strategies and measure their effectiveness. Molecular medicine is the exploitation of biomarkers to detect disease before overt expression of pathology. Physicians can now find, fight and follow disease using imaging, and the need for other disease biomarkers is in high demand. This review will discuss the innovative physical and molecular biomarker probes now being developed for imaging systems and we will introduce the concepts needed for validation and regulatory acceptance of surrogate biomarkers in the detection and treatment of disease.
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Carson PL, Fenster A. Anniversary paper: evolution of ultrasound physics and the role of medical physicists and the AAPM and its journal in that evolution. Med Phys 2009; 36:411-28. [PMID: 19291980 DOI: 10.1118/1.2992048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrasound has been the greatest imaging modality worldwide for many years by equipment purchase value and by number of machines and examinations. It is becoming increasingly the front end imaging modality; serving often as an extension of the physician's fingers. We believe that at the other extreme, high-end systems will continue to compete with all other imaging modalities in imaging departments to be the method of choice for various applications, particularly where safety and cost are paramount. Therapeutic ultrasound, in addition to the physiotherapy practiced for many decades, is just coming into its own as a major tool in the long progression to less invasive interventional treatment. The physics of medical ultrasound has evolved over many fronts throughout its history. For this reason, a topical review, rather than a primarily chronological one is presented. A brief review of medical ultrasound imaging and therapy is presented, with an emphasis on the contributions of medical physicists, the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) and its publications, particularly its journal Medical Physics. The AAPM and Medical Physics have contributed substantially to training of physicists and engineers, medical practitioners, technologists, and the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Carson
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Health System, 3218C Medical Science I, B Wing SPC 5667, 1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5667, USA.
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Snyder CS, Kaushal S, Kono Y, Cao HST, Hoffman RM, Bouvet M. Complementarity of ultrasound and fluorescence imaging in an orthotopic mouse model of pancreatic cancer. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:106. [PMID: 19351417 PMCID: PMC2679761 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease characterized by dismal 5-year survival rates and limited treatment options. In an effort to provide useful models for preclinical evaluation of new experimental therapeutics, we and others have developed orthotopic mouse models of pancreatic cancer. The utility of these models for pre-clinical testing is dependent upon quantitative, noninvasive methods for monitoring in vivo tumor progression in real time. Toward this goal, we performed whole-body fluorescence imaging and ultrasound imaging to evaluate and to compare these noninvasive imaging modalities for assessing tumor burden and tumor progression in an orthotopic mouse model of pancreatic cancer. METHODS The human pancreatic cancer cell line XPA-1, engineered for stable, high-level expression of red fluorescent protein (RFP), was implanted into the pancreas of nude mice using orthotopic implantation. The tumors were allowed to grow over a period of one to several weeks during which time the mice were imaged using both fluorescence imaging and ultrasound imaging to measure tumor burden and to monitor tumor growth. RESULTS Whole-body fluorescence imaging and ultrasound imaging both allowed for the visualization and measurement of orthotopic pancreatic tumor implants in vivo. The imaging sessions were well-tolerated by the mice and yielded data which correlated well in the quantitative assessment of tumor burden. Whole-body fluorescence and two-dimensional ultrasound imaging showed a strong correlation for measurement of tumor size over a range of tumor sizes (R(2) = 0.6627, P = 0.003 for an exposure time of 67 msec and R(2) = 0.6553, P = 0.003 for an exposure time of 120 msec). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest a complementary role for fluorescence imaging and ultrasound imaging in assessing tumor burden and tumor progression in orthotopic mouse models of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia S Snyder
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sharmeela Kaushal
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yuko Kono
- UCSD Department of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Robert M Hoffman
- UCSD Department of Surgery, La Jolla, CA, USA
- AntiCancer Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael Bouvet
- Moores UCSD Cancer Center, University of California, La Jolla, CA, USA
- UCSD Department of Surgery, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Jadvar
- From the USC Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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44
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Banihashemi B, Vlad R, Debeljevic B, Giles A, Kolios MC, Czarnota GJ. Ultrasound imaging of apoptosis in tumor response: novel preclinical monitoring of photodynamic therapy effects. Cancer Res 2008; 68:8590-6. [PMID: 18922935 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
High-frequency ultrasound is a novel method to detect apoptotic cell death based on changes in cell morphology that cause alterations in the viscoelastic and, consequently, the acoustic properties of cell ensembles and tissues. In this study, we evaluated the first preclinical tumor-based use of high-frequency ultrasound spectroscopy to noninvasively monitor tumor treatment by following xenograft malignant melanoma tumor responses to photodynamic therapy (PDT) in vivo. We observed a time-dependant increase in ultrasound backscatter variables after treatment. The observed increases in spectroscopic variables correlated with morphologic findings, indicating increases in apoptotic cell death, which peaked at 24 hours after PDT. We analyzed the changes in spectral slope and backscatter in relation to apoptosis and histologic variations in cell nuclear size. Changes in spectral slope strongly correlated with the changes in mean nuclear size over time, associated with apoptosis, after PDT (P < 0.05). At 48 hours, a decrease in ultrasound backscatter was observed, which could be explained by an increase in cell nuclear degradation. In summary, we show that high-frequency ultrasound spectroscopic variables can be used noninvasively to monitor response after treatment in a preclinical tumor cancer model. These findings provide a foundation for future investigations regarding the use of ultrasound to monitor and aid the customization of treatments noninvasively based on responses to specific interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Banihashemi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Morphologic changes of mammary carcinomas in mice over time as monitored by flat-panel detector volume computed tomography. Neoplasia 2008; 10:663-73. [PMID: 18592006 DOI: 10.1593/neo.08270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Revised: 04/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive methods are strongly needed to detect and quantify not only tumor growth in murine tumor models but also the development of vascularization and necrosis within tumors. This study investigates the use of a new imaging technique, flat-panel detector volume computed tomography (fpVCT), to monitor in vivo tumor progression and structural changes within tumors of two murine carcinoma models. After tumor cell inoculation, single fpVCT scans of the entire mice were performed at different time points. The acquired isotropic, high-resolution volume data sets enable an accurate real-time assessment and precise measurements of tumor volumes. Spreading of contrast agent-containing blood vessels around and within the tumors was clearly visible over time. Furthermore, fpVCT permits the identification of differences in the uptake of contrast media within tumors, thus delineating necrosis, tumor tissues, and blood vessels. Classification of tumor tissues based on the decomposition of the underlying mixture distribution of tissue-related Hounsfield units allowed the quantitative acquisition of necrotic tissues at each time point. Morphologic alterations of the tumor depicted by fpVCT were confirmed by histopathologic examination. Concluding, our data show that fpVCT may be highly suitable for the noninvasive evaluation of tumor responses to anticancer therapies during the course of the disease.
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Jin H, Yang R, Zheng Z, Romero M, Ross J, Bou-Reslan H, Carano RAD, Kasman I, Mai E, Young J, Zha J, Zhang Z, Ross S, Schwall R, Colbern G, Merchant M. MetMAb, the one-armed 5D5 anti-c-Met antibody, inhibits orthotopic pancreatic tumor growth and improves survival. Cancer Res 2008; 68:4360-8. [PMID: 18519697 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-5960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor, c-Met, have been implicated in driving proliferation, invasion, and poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer. Here, we investigated the expression of HGF and c-Met in primary pancreatic cancers and described in vitro and in vivo models in which MetMAb, a monovalent antibody against c-Met, was evaluated. First, expression of HGF and MET mRNA was analyzed in 59 primary pancreatic cancers and 51 normal samples, showing that both factors are highly expressed in pancreatic cancer. We next examined HGF responsiveness in pancreatic cancer lines to select lines that proliferate in response to HGF. Based on these studies, two lines were selected for further in vivo model development: BxPC-3 (c-Met(+), HGF(-)) and KP4 (c-Met(+), HGF(+)) cells. As BxPC-3 cells are responsive to exogenous HGF, s.c. tumor xenografts were grown in a paracrine manner with purified human HGF provided by osmotic pumps, wherein MetMAb treatment significantly inhibited tumor growth. KP4 cells are autocrine for HGF and c-Met, and MetMAb strongly inhibited s.c. tumor growth. To better model pancreatic cancer and to enable long-term survival studies, an orthotopic model of KP4 was established. MetMAb significantly inhibited orthotopic KP4 tumor growth in 4-week studies monitored by ultrasound and also improved survival in 90-day studies. MetMAb significantly reduced c-Met phosphorylation in orthotopic KP4 tumors with a concomitant decrease in Ki-67 staining. These data suggest that the HGF/c-Met axis plays an important role in the progression of pancreatic cancer and that targeting c-Met therein may have therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkui Jin
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
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Rudick CN, Schaeffer AJ, Thumbikat P. Experimental autoimmune prostatitis induces chronic pelvic pain. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 294:R1268-75. [PMID: 18287220 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00836.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pain is the hallmark of patients with chronic prostatitis (CP) and chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS). Despite numerous hypotheses, the etiology and pathogenesis remain unknown. To better understand CP/CPPS, we used a murine experimental autoimmune prostatitis model to examine the development, localization, and modulation of pelvic pain. Pelvic pain was detected 5 days after antigen instillation and was sustained beyond 30 days, indicating the development of chronic pain. The pain was attenuated by lidocaine treatment into the prostate, but not into the bladder or the colon, suggesting that pain originated from the prostate. Experimental autoimmune prostatitis histopathology was confined to the prostate with focal periglandular inflammatory infiltrates in the ventral, dorsolateral, and anterior lobes of the mouse prostate. Inflammation and pelvic pain were positively correlated and increased with time. Morphologically, the dorsolateral prostate alone showed significantly increased neuronal fiber distribution, as evidenced by increased protein gene product 9.5 expression. Pelvic pain was attenuated by treatment with the neuromodulator gabapentin, suggesting spinal and/or supraspinal contribution to chronic pain. These results provide the basis for identifying mechanisms that regulate pelvic pain and the testing of therapeutic agents that block pain development in CP/CPPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Rudick
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Xuan JW, Lacefield JC, Wirtzfeld LA, Bygrave M, Jiang H, Izawa JI, Moussa M, Chin JL, Fenster A. Prostatic Secretory Protein of 94 Amino Acids Gene-Directed Transgenic Prostate Cancer. Cancer Imaging 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012374212-4.50142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Liao AH, Hwang JJ, Li CH, Cheng WF, Li PC. Noninvasive tumor imaging with high-frequency ultrasound and microPET in small animals. ULTRASONIC IMAGING 2007; 29:201-212. [PMID: 18481592 DOI: 10.1177/016173460702900401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we used a micro-ultrasound (microUS) system that we developed in-house as an alternative method for tumor growth calipers. In addition, microUS was combined with small-animal positron-emission tomography (microPET) for tumor metastatic assessment. MicroUS provides anatomical information that can be used for tumor volume measurements while microPET is a functional imaging method with positron-emitting radiophamaceuticals, such as 18F-labeled deoxyglucose, [18F]FDG. In this study, microUS and microPET were performed in a mouse tumor longitudinal study (2-8 weeks), both with 3D tumor segmentation and volume measurements. Compared with vernier calipers, microPET generally overestimated tumor volumes during weeks 2-4 due to its inadequate spatial resolution. During weeks 5-8, standard deviations of microPET results were large due to tumor hypoxia or necrosis. On the contrary, microUS tumor volume measurements were more reliable as they were less affected by these factors. Nonetheless, microUS is not able to provide functional information similar to that provided by microPET. Therefore, microUS and microPET are complementary to each other as microUS has superior spatial resolution and microPET provides functional information, such as hypoxia or necrosis in the progression of the tumor. With image registration and fusion, the combination can be a valuable tool for cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ho Liao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Goldberg A, Pakkiri P, Dai E, Lucas A, Fenster A. Measurements of aneurysm morphology determined by 3-d micro-ultrasound imaging as potential quantitative biomarkers in a mouse aneurysm model. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2007; 33:1552-60. [PMID: 17602826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2006] [Revised: 02/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Aneurysms remain a significant medical problem and our current understanding of aneurysm formation and developmental stages remains incomplete. Noninvasive 3-D micro-ultrasound (3-D micro-US) imaging technologies designed for noninvasive evaluation of small laboratory animals diminish risks associated with invasive examination and provide in-situ (live) analysis of vascular morphological changes, which enables quantitative measurements of live biological specimens. We demonstrate here that aneurysm morphology can be quantified using 3-D micro-US, and we validate this methodology through comparison of geometric measures with those obtained from 3-D serial histologic records in a mouse model of accelerated aneurysm formation. Aneurysms were induced in Balb/C mice after C57Bl/6 mouse aortic transplant with injections of a pro-inflammatory viral serpin with a mutated reactive site. Aortic transplant segments were imaged 28 days after transplant using 3-D micro-US. Upon sacrifice, the aortas were excised and histology sections (5-microm thick) were digitized, co-registered using mutual information and stacked to form 3-D images. Surfaces of the mouse aorta and aneurysm were manually segmented from the 3-D micro-US and histology images. Comparisons with 3-D histology images demonstrated that 3-D micro-US allowed in-vivo analysis of aneurysm morphology, including total aneurysm area, plaque growth and lumen size. Linear regression of 3-D US-derived aneurysm and plaque volumes vs. 3-D histology-derived volumes resulted in slopes of 1.30 (R(2) = 0.96) and 1.20 (R(2) = 0.98), respectively, demonstrating that 3-D micro-US measurements can be used to track aneurysm growth in a mouse aortic transplant model.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Abdominal/diagnostic imaging
- Aorta, Abdominal/pathology
- Aorta, Abdominal/transplantation
- Aortic Aneurysm/diagnostic imaging
- Aortic Aneurysm/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/diagnostic imaging
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Imaging, Three-Dimensional
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Animal
- Mutation
- Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1/genetics
- Staining and Labeling
- Transplantation, Homologous
- Ultrasonography, Doppler
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