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Schütz S, Bergsdorf C, Hänni-Holzinger S, Lingel A, Renatus M, Gossert AD, Jahnke W. Intrinsically Disordered Regions in the Transcription Factor MYC:MAX Modulate DNA Binding via Intramolecular Interactions. Biochemistry 2024. [PMID: 38264995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper (bHLH-LZ) transcription factor (TF) MYC is in large part an intrinsically disordered oncoprotein. In complex with its obligate heterodimerization partner MAX, MYC preferentially binds E-Box DNA sequences (CANNTG). At promoters containing these sequence motifs, MYC controls fundamental cellular processes such as cell cycle progression, metabolism, and apoptosis. A vast network of proteins in turn regulates MYC function via intermolecular interactions. In this work, we establish another layer of MYC regulation by intramolecular interactions. We used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to identify and map multiple binding sites for the C-terminal MYC:MAX DNA-binding domain (DBD) on the intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) in the MYC N-terminus. We find that these binding events in trans are driven by electrostatic attraction, that they have distinct affinities, and that they are competitive with DNA binding. Thereby, we observe the strongest effects for the N-terminal MYC box 0 (Mb0), a conserved motif involved in MYC transactivation and target gene induction. We prepared recombinant full-length MYC:MAX complex and demonstrate that the interactions identified in this work are also relevant in cis, i.e., as intramolecular interactions. These findings are supported by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments, which revealed that intramolecular IDR:DBD interactions in MYC decelerate the association of MYC:MAX complexes to DNA. Our work offers new insights into how bHLH-LZ TFs are regulated by intramolecular interactions, which open up new possibilities for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schütz
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Bergsdorf
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Hänni-Holzinger
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Lingel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Renatus
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Wolfgang Jahnke
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Funabiki H, Wassing IE, Jia Q, Luo JD, Carroll T. Coevolution of the CDCA7-HELLS ICF-related nucleosome remodeling complex and DNA methyltransferases. eLife 2023; 12:RP86721. [PMID: 37769127 PMCID: PMC10538959 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Methylcytosine (5mC) and DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) are broadly conserved in eukaryotes but are also frequently lost during evolution. The mammalian SNF2 family ATPase HELLS and its plant ortholog DDM1 are critical for maintaining 5mC. Mutations in HELLS, its activator CDCA7, and the de novo DNA methyltransferase DNMT3B, cause immunodeficiency-centromeric instability-facial anomalies (ICF) syndrome, a genetic disorder associated with the loss of DNA methylation. We here examine the coevolution of CDCA7, HELLS and DNMTs. While DNMT3, the maintenance DNA methyltransferase DNMT1, HELLS, and CDCA7 are all highly conserved in vertebrates and green plants, they are frequently co-lost in other evolutionary clades. The presence-absence patterns of these genes are not random; almost all CDCA7 harboring eukaryote species also have HELLS and DNMT1 (or another maintenance methyltransferase, DNMT5). Coevolution of presence-absence patterns (CoPAP) analysis in Ecdysozoa further indicates coevolutionary linkages among CDCA7, HELLS, DNMT1 and its activator UHRF1. We hypothesize that CDCA7 becomes dispensable in species that lost HELLS or DNA methylation, and/or the loss of CDCA7 triggers the replacement of DNA methylation by other chromatin regulation mechanisms. Our study suggests that a unique specialized role of CDCA7 in HELLS-dependent DNA methylation maintenance is broadly inherited from the last eukaryotic common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Funabiki
- Laboratory of Chromosome and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Isabel E Wassing
- Laboratory of Chromosome and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Qingyuan Jia
- Laboratory of Chromosome and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Ji-Dung Luo
- Bioinformatics Resource Center, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Thomas Carroll
- Bioinformatics Resource Center, The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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3
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Funabiki H, Wassing IE, Jia Q, Luo JD, Carroll T. Coevolution of the CDCA7-HELLS ICF-related nucleosome remodeling complex and DNA methyltransferases. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.30.526367. [PMID: 36778482 PMCID: PMC9915587 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.30.526367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
5-Methylcytosine (5mC) and DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) are broadly conserved in eukaryotes but are also frequently lost during evolution. The mammalian SNF2 family ATPase HELLS and its plant ortholog DDM1 are critical for maintaining 5mC. Mutations in HELLS, its activator CDCA7, and the de novo DNA methyltransferase DNMT3B, cause immunodeficiency-centromeric instability-facial anomalies (ICF) syndrome, a genetic disorder associated with the loss of DNA methylation. We here examine the coevolution of CDCA7, HELLS and DNMTs. While DNMT3, the maintenance DNA methyltransferase DNMT1, HELLS, and CDCA7 are all highly conserved in vertebrates and green plants, they are frequently co-lost in other evolutionary clades. The presence-absence patterns of these genes are not random; almost all CDCA7 harboring eukaryote species also have HELLS and DNMT1 (or another maintenance methyltransferase, DNMT5). Coevolution of presence-absence patterns (CoPAP) analysis in Ecdysozoa further indicates coevolutionary linkages among CDCA7, HELLS, DNMT1 and its activator UHRF1. We hypothesize that CDCA7 becomes dispensable in species that lost HELLS or DNA methylation, and/or the loss of CDCA7 triggers the replacement of DNA methylation by other chromatin regulation mechanisms. Our study suggests that a unique specialized role of CDCA7 in HELLS-dependent DNA methylation maintenance is broadly inherited from the last eukaryotic common ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Funabiki
- Laboratory of Chromosome and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Isabel E. Wassing
- Laboratory of Chromosome and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Qingyuan Jia
- Laboratory of Chromosome and Cell Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Ji-Dung Luo
- Bioinformatics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Thomas Carroll
- Bioinformatics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
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4
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Xiao M, Wang J, Chen Y. E2F2 Promotes Wound Healing of Diabetic Foot Ulcer by Regulating CDCA7L Transcription. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2023; 131:162-172. [PMID: 36893788 DOI: 10.1055/a-1989-1918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The E2F2 transcription factor can accelerate cell proliferation and wound healing. However, its mechanism of action in a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) remains unclear. Therefore, this study explores the influence of E2F2 on wound healing in DFU by examining cell division cycle-associated 7-like (CDCA7L) expression. METHODS CDCA7L and E2F2 expression in DFU tissues were analyzed with databases. CDCA7L and E2F2 expression were altered in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and spontaneously transformed human keratinocyte cell culture (HaCaT) cells. Cell viability, migration, colony formation, and angiogenesis were evaluated. Binding of E2F2 to the CDCA7L promoter was examined. Subsequently, a diabetes mellitus (DM) mouse model was established and treated with full-thickness excision followed by CDCA7L overexpression. Wound healing in these mice was observed and recorded, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) and hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34 (CD34) expression were determined. E2F2 and CDCA7L expression levels in cells and mice were evaluated. The expression of growth factors was tested. RESULTS CDCA7L expression was downregulated in DFU tissues and wound tissues from DM mice. Mechanistically, E2F2 bound to the CDCA7L promoter to upregulate CDCA7L expression. E2F2 overexpression enhanced viability, migration, and growth factor expression in HaCaT cells and HUVECs, and augmented HUVEC angiogenesis and HaCaT cell proliferation, which was nullified by silencing CDCA7L. In DM mice, CDCA7L overexpression facilitated wound healing and elevated the expression level of growth factors. CONCLUSIONS E2F2 facilitated cell proliferation and migration and fostered wound healing in DFU cells through binding to the CDCA7L promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meimei Xiao
- Department of Hand and Foot Microsurgery, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Jiusong Wang
- Department of Hand and Foot Microsurgery, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Yanming Chen
- Department of Hand and Foot Microsurgery, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P.R. China
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Lepcha TT, Kumar M, Sharma AK, Mal S, Majumder D, Jana K, Basu J, Kundu M. Uncovering the role of microRNA671-5p/CDCA7L/monoamine oxidase-A signaling in Helicobacter pylori mediated apoptosis in gastric epithelial cells. Pathog Dis 2023; 81:7143101. [PMID: 37140023 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftad006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative microaerophilic bacterium and is associated with gastrointestinal diseases ranging from peptic ulcer and gastritis to gastric cancer and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. In our laboratory, the transcriptomes and miRnomes of AGS cells infected with H. pylori have been profiled, and an miRNA-mRNA network has been constructed. MicroRNA 671-5p is upregulated during H. pylori infection of AGS cells or of mice. In this study, the role of miR-671-5p during infection has been investigated. It has been validated that miR-671-5p targets the transcriptional repressor CDCA7L, which is downregulated during infection (in vitro and in vivo) concomitant with miR-671-5p upregulation. Further, it has been established that the expression of monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) is repressed by CDCA7L, and that MAO-A triggers the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Consequently, miR-671-5p/CDCA7L signaling is linked to the generation of ROS during H. pylori infection. Finally, it has been demonstrated that ROS-mediated caspase 3 activation and apoptosis that occurs during H. pylori infection, is dependent on the miR-671-5p/CDCA7L/MAO-A axis. Based on the above reports, it is suggested that targeting miR-671-5p could offer a means of regulating the course and consequences of H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thurbu Tshering Lepcha
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Arun Kumar Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Soumya Mal
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Debayan Majumder
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Kuladip Jana
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, EN80 Sector V, Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Joyoti Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Manikuntala Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, 93/1 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road Kolkata 700009, India
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Zatzman M, Fuligni F, Ripsman R, Suwal T, Comitani F, Edward LM, Denroche R, Jang GH, Notta F, Gallinger S, Selvanathan SP, Toretsky JA, Hellmann MD, Tabori U, Huang A, Shlien A. Widespread hypertranscription in aggressive human cancers. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn0238. [PMID: 36417526 PMCID: PMC9683723 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cancers are often defined by the dysregulation of specific transcriptional programs; however, the importance of global transcriptional changes is less understood. Hypertranscription is the genome-wide increase in RNA output. Hypertranscription's prevalence, underlying drivers, and prognostic significance are undefined in primary human cancer. This is due, in part, to limitations of expression profiling methods, which assume equal RNA output between samples. Here, we developed a computational method to directly measure hypertranscription in 7494 human tumors, spanning 31 cancer types. Hypertranscription is ubiquitous across cancer, especially in aggressive disease. It defines patient subgroups with worse survival, even within well-established subtypes. Our data suggest that loss of transcriptional suppression underpins the hypertranscriptional phenotype. Single-cell analysis reveals hypertranscriptional clones, which dominate transcript production regardless of their size. Last, patients with hypertranscribed mutations have improved response to immune checkpoint therapy. Our results provide fundamental insights into gene dysregulation across human cancers and may prove useful in identifying patients who would benefit from novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Zatzman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fabio Fuligni
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan Ripsman
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tannu Suwal
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Federico Comitani
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa-Monique Edward
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rob Denroche
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gun Ho Jang
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Faiyaz Notta
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven Gallinger
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Wallace McCain Centre for Pancreatic Cancer, Department of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Hepatobiliary/Pancreatic Surgical Oncology Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jeffrey A. Toretsky
- Departments of Oncology and Pediatrics, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Matthew D. Hellmann
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Uri Tabori
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Annie Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam Shlien
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Paediatric Laboratory Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Luminescence complementation technology for the identification of MYC:TRRAP inhibitors. Oncotarget 2021; 12:2147-2157. [PMID: 34676047 PMCID: PMC8522838 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanism-based targeted therapies have exhibited remarkable success in treating otherwise untreatable or unresectable cancers. Novel targeted therapies that correct dysregulated transcriptional programs in cancer are an unmet medical need. The transcription factor MYC is the most frequently amplified gene in human cancer and is overexpressed because of mutations in an array of oncogenic signaling pathways. The fact that many cancer cells cannot survive without MYC – a phenomenon termed “MYC addiction” – provides a compelling case for the development of MYC-specific targeted therapies. We propose a new strategy to inhibit MYC function by disrupting its essential interaction with TRRAP using small molecules. To achieve our goal, we developed a platform using luminescence complementation for identifying small molecules as inhibitors of the MYC:TRRAP interaction. Here we present validation of this assay by measuring the disruption of TRRAP binding caused by substitutions to the invariant and essential MYC homology 2 region of MYC.
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Identifying and Validating MYC:Protein Interactors in Pursuit of Novel Anti-MYC Therapies. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34019286 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1476-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
By identifying MYC protein-protein interactors, we aim to gain a deeper mechanistic understanding of MYC as a regulator of gene transcription and potent oncoprotein. This information can then be used to devise strategies for disrupting critical MYC protein-protein interactions to inhibit MYC-driven tumorigenesis. In this chapter, we discuss four techniques to identify and validate MYC-interacting partners. First, we highlight BioID, a powerful discovery method used to identify high-confidence proximal interactors in living cells. We also discuss bioinformatic prioritization strategies for the BioID-derived MYC-proximal complexes. Next, we discuss how protein interactions can be validated using techniques such as in vivo-in vitro pull-down assays and the proximity ligation assay (PLA). We conclude with an overview of biolayer interferometry (BLI), a quantitative method used to characterize direct interactions between two proteins in vitro. Overall, we highlight the principles of each assay and provide methodology necessary to conduct these experiments and adapt them to the study of interactors of additional proteins of interest.
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Suresh R, Picard D, Lo R, Beaulieu J, Remke M, Diaz RJ. Expression of cell type incongruent alpha-cardiac actin 1 subunit in medulloblastoma reveals a novel mechanism for cancer cell survival and control of migration. Neurooncol Adv 2021; 3:vdab064. [PMID: 34337410 PMCID: PMC8320690 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alterations in actin subunit expression have been reported in multiple cancers, but have not been investigated previously in medulloblastoma. Methods Bioinformatic analysis of multiple medulloblastoma tumor databases was performed to profile ACTC1 mRNA levels. Western blot was used to verify protein expression in established medulloblastoma cell lines. Immunofluorescence microscopy was performed to assess ACTC1 localization. Stable cell lines with ACTC1 overexpression were generated and shRNA knockdown of ACTC1 was accomplished. We used PARP1 cleavage by Western blot as a marker of apoptosis and cell survival was determined by FACS viability assay and colony formation. Cell migration with overexpression or knockdown of ACTC1 was determined by the scratch assay. Stress fiber length distribution was assessed by fluorescence microscopy. Results ACTC1 mRNA expression is highest in SHH and WNT medulloblastoma among all subgroups. ACTC1 protein was confirmed by Western blot in SHH subgroup and Group 3 subgroup cell lines with the lowest expression in Group 3 cells. Microscopy demonstrated ACTC1 co-localization with F-actin. Overexpression of ACTC1 in Group 3 cells abolished the apoptotic response to Aurora kinase B inhibition. Knockdown of ACTC1 in SHH cells and in Myc overexpressing SHH cells induced apoptosis, impaired colony formation, and inhibited migration. Changes in stress fiber length distribution in medulloblastoma cells are induced by alterations in ACTC1 abundance. Conclusions Alpha-cardiac actin (ACTC1) is expressed in SHH medulloblastoma. Expression of this protein in medulloblastoma modifies stress fiber composition and functions in promoting resistance to apoptosis induced by mitotic inhibition, enhancing cell survival, and controlling migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Suresh
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniel Picard
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-Oncogenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rita Lo
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jamie Beaulieu
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Remke
- Division of Pediatric Neuro-Oncogenomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), partner site Essen/Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University (HHU), University Hospital Düsseldorf (UKD), Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, HHU, UKD, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Roberto Jose Diaz
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Corresponding Author: Roberto Jose Diaz, MD, PhD, FRCSC, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, 3801 Rue University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4, Canada ()
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LEDGF/p75-mediated chemoresistance of mixed-lineage leukemia involves cell survival pathways and super enhancer activators. Cancer Gene Ther 2021; 29:133-140. [PMID: 33795806 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00319-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
MLL is an aggressive subtype of leukemia with a poor prognosis that mostly affects pediatric patients. MLL-rearranged fusion proteins (MLLr) induce aberrant target gene expression resulting in leukemogenesis. MLL and its fusions are tethered to chromatin by LEDGF/p75, a transcriptional co-activator that specifically recognizes H3K36me2/3. LEDGF/p75 is ubiquitously expressed and associated with regulation of gene expression, autoimmune responses, and HIV replication. LEDGF/p75 was proven to be essential for leukemogenesis in MLL. Apart from MLL, LEDGF/p75 has been linked to lung, breast, and prostate cancer. Intriguingly, LEDGF/p75 interacts with Med-1, which co-localizes with BRD4. Both are known as co-activators of super-enhancers. Here, we describe LEDGF/p75-dependent chemoresistance of MLLr cell lines. Investigation of the underlying mechanism revealed a role of LEDGF/p75 in the cell cycle and in survival pathways and showed that LEDGF/p75 protects against apoptosis during chemotherapy. Remarkably, LEDGF/p75 levels also affected expression of BRD4 and Med1. Altogether, our data suggest a role of LEDGF/p75 in cancer survival, stem cell renewal, and activation of nuclear super enhancers.
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Li M, Deng Y, Zhang W. Molecular Determinants of Medulloblastoma Metastasis and Leptomeningeal Dissemination. Mol Cancer Res 2021; 19:743-752. [PMID: 33608450 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain cancer in pediatrics consisting of four molecular subgroups, namely wingless (WNT), sonic hedgehog (SHH), Group 3, and Group 4. One of the biggest challenges in the clinical management of this disease is the leptomeningeal dissemination (LMD) of tumor cells with high morbidity and mortality. Many molecular regulators to date have been identified to participate in medulloblastoma metastasis. In the SHH subgroup, the co-upregulation of CXCR4 and PDGFR, as well as the activation of c-MET, show significant promigratory effects on medulloblastoma cells. Amplification or overexpression of genes on the long arm of chromosome 17, such as LASP1 and WIP1, facilitates tumor invasion in both Group 3 and Group 4 medulloblastomas. PRUNE1, NOTCH1, and MYC interactor JPO2 are more specific genetic drivers of metastatic Group 3 tumors. The RAS/MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways are two crucial signal transduction pathways that may work as the convergent downstream mechanism of various metastatic drivers. Extracellular signals and cellular components in the tumor microenvironment also play a vital role in promoting the spread and colonization of medulloblastoma cells. For instance, the stromal granule cells and astrocytes support tumor growth and dissemination by secreting PlGF and CCL2, respectively. Importantly, the genetic divergence has been determined between the matched primary and metastatic medulloblastoma samples. However, the difficulty of obtaining metastatic medulloblastoma tissue hinders more profound studies of LMD. Therefore, identifying and analyzing the subclone with the metastatic propensity in the primary tumor is essential for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Pediatrics Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhao Deng
- Department of Pediatrics Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wangming Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Ashrafizadeh M, Zarabi A, Hushmandi K, Moghadam ER, Hashemi F, Daneshi S, Hashemi F, Tavakol S, Mohammadinejad R, Najafi M, Dudha N, Garg M. C-Myc Signaling Pathway in Treatment and Prevention of Brain Tumors. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2021; 21:2-20. [PMID: 33069197 DOI: 10.2174/1568009620666201016121005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumors are responsible for high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Several factors such as the presence of blood-brain barrier (BBB), sensitive location in the brain, and unique biological features challenge the treatment of brain tumors. The conventional drugs are no longer effective in the treatment of brain tumors, and scientists are trying to find novel therapeutics for brain tumors. In this way, identification of molecular pathways can facilitate finding an effective treatment. c-Myc is an oncogene signaling pathway capable of regulation of biological processes such as apoptotic cell death, proliferation, survival, differentiation, and so on. These pleiotropic effects of c-Myc have resulted in much fascination with its role in different cancers, particularly brain tumors. In the present review, we aim to demonstrate the upstream and down-stream mediators of c-Myc in brain tumors such as glioma, glioblastoma, astrocytoma, and medulloblastoma. The capacity of c-Myc as a prognostic factor in brain tumors will be investigated. Our goal is to define an axis in which the c-Myc signaling pathway plays a crucial role and to provide direction for therapeutic targeting in these signaling networks in brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Universite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanli, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Zarabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology & Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Rahmani Moghadam
- Department of Anatomical sciences, School of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farid Hashemi
- DVM. Graduated, Young Researcher and Elite Club, Kazerun Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kazeroon, Iran
| | - Salman Daneshi
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Fardin Hashemi
- Student Research Committee, Department of physiotherapy, Faculty of rehabilitation, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shima Tavakol
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7619813159, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Medical Technology Research Center, Institute of Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Namrata Dudha
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, School of Sciences, Noida International University, Gautam Budh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj Garg
- Amity of Molecular Medicine and Stem cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida-201313, India
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13
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Chan TSY, Picard D, Hawkins CE, Lu M, Pfister S, Korshunov A, Roussel MF, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Henkin J, Bouffet E, Huang A. Thrombospondin-1 mimetics are promising novel therapeutics for MYC-associated medulloblastoma. Neurooncol Adv 2021; 3:vdab002. [PMID: 33629064 PMCID: PMC7890793 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medulloblastoma (MB) comprises four subtypes of which group 3 MB are the most aggressive. Although overall survival for MB has improved, the outcome of group 3 MB remains dismal. C-MYC (MYC) amplification or MYC overexpression which characterizes group 3 MB is a strong negative prognostic factor and is frequently associated with metastases and relapses. We previously reported that MYC expression alone promotes highly aggressive MB phenotypes, in part via repression of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), a potent tumor suppressor. METHODS In this study, we examined the potential role of TSP-1 and TSP-1 peptidomimetic ABT-898 in MYC-amplified human MB cell lines and two distinct murine models of MYC-driven group 3 MBs. RESULTS We found that TSP-1 reconstitution diminished metastases and prolonged survival in orthotopic xenografts and promoted chemo- and radio-sensitivity via AKT signaling. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ABT-898 can recapitulate the effects of TSP-1 expression in MB cells in vitro and specifically induced apoptosis in murine group 3 MB tumor cells. CONCLUSION Our data underscore the importance of TSP-1 as a critical tumor suppressor in MB and highlight TSP-1 peptidomimetics as promising novel therapeutics for the most lethal subtype of MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany S Y Chan
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Picard
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cynthia E Hawkins
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mei Lu
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan Pfister
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrey Korshunov
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martine F Roussel
- Department of Tumour Cell Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Jack Henkin
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Eric Bouffet
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Annie Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Center, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Gene Expression Comparison between Sézary Syndrome and Lymphocytic-Variant Hypereosinophilic Syndrome Refines Biomarkers for Sézary Syndrome. Cells 2020; 9:cells9091992. [PMID: 32872487 PMCID: PMC7563155 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sézary syndrome (SS), an aggressive cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) with poor prognosis, is characterized by the clinical hallmarks of circulating malignant T cells, erythroderma and lymphadenopathy. However, highly variable clinical skin manifestations and similarities with benign mimickers can lead to significant diagnostic delay and inappropriate therapy that can lead to disease progression and mortality. SS has been the focus of numerous transcriptomic-profiling studies to identify sensitive and specific diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Benign inflammatory disease controls (e.g., psoriasis, atopic dermatitis) have served to identify chronic inflammatory phenotypes in gene expression profiles, but provide limited insight into the lymphoproliferative and oncogenic roles of abnormal gene expression in SS. This perspective was recently clarified by a transcriptome meta-analysis comparing SS and lymphocytic-variant hypereosinophilic syndrome, a benign yet often clonal T-cell lymphoproliferation, with clinical features similar to SS. Here we review the rationale for selecting lymphocytic-variant hypereosinophilic syndrome (L-HES) as a disease control for SS, and discuss differentially expressed genes that may distinguish benign from malignant lymphoproliferative phenotypes, including additional context from prior gene expression studies to improve understanding of genes important in SS.
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15
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Pertesi M, Went M, Hansson M, Hemminki K, Houlston RS, Nilsson B. Genetic predisposition for multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2020; 34:697-708. [PMID: 31913320 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0703-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common blood malignancy. Epidemiological family studies going back to the 1920s have provided evidence for familial aggregation, suggesting a subset of cases have an inherited genetic background. Recently, studies aimed at explaining this phenomenon have begun to provide direct evidence for genetic predisposition to MM. Genome-wide association studies have identified common risk alleles at 24 independent loci. Sequencing studies of familial cases and kindreds have begun to identify promising candidate genes where variants with strong effects on MM risk might reside. Finally, functional studies are starting to give insight into how identified risk alleles promote the development of MM. Here, we review recent findings in MM predisposition field, and highlight open questions and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroulio Pertesi
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, BMC B13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Molly Went
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Markus Hansson
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, BMC B13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kari Hemminki
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center, Charles University in Prague, 30605, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Richard S Houlston
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Björn Nilsson
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, BMC B13, 221 84, Lund, Sweden. .,Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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16
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Moerman-Herzog AM, Acheampong DA, Brooks AG, Blair SM, Hsu PC, Wong HK. Transcriptome analysis of Sézary syndrome and lymphocytic-variant hypereosinophilic syndrome T cells reveals common and divergent genes. Oncotarget 2019; 10:5052-5069. [PMID: 31489115 PMCID: PMC6707948 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sézary syndrome (SS) is an aggressive cutaneous T cell lymphoma with pruritic skin inflammation and immune dysfunction, driven by neoplastic, clonal memory T cells in both peripheral blood and skin. To gain insight into abnormal gene expression promoting T cell dysfunction, lymphoproliferation and transformation in SS, we first compared functional transcriptomic profiles of both resting and activated CD4+CD45RO+ T cells from SS patients and normal donors to identified differential expressed genes. Next, a meta-analysis was performed to compare our SS data to public microarray data from a novel benign disease control, lymphocytic-variant hypereosinophilic syndrome (L-HES). L-HES is a rare, clonal lymphoproliferation of abnormal memory T cells that produces similar clinical symptoms as SS, including severe pruritus and eosinophilia. Comparison revealed gene sets specific for either SS (370 genes) or L-HES (519 genes), and a subset of 163 genes that were dysregulated in both SS and L-HES T cells compared to normal donor T cells. Genes confirmed by RT-qPCR included elevated expression of PLS3, TWIST1 and TOX only in SS, while IL17RB mRNA was increased only in L-HES. CDCA7 was increased in both diseases. In an L-HES patient who progressed to peripheral T cell lymphoma, the malignant transformation identified increases in the expression of CDCA7, TIGIT, and TOX, which are highly expressed in SS, suggesting that these genes contribute to neoplastic transformation. In summary, we have identified gene expression biomarkers that implicate a common transformative mechanism and others that are unique to differentiate SS from L-HES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Moerman-Herzog
- Department of Dermatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Daniel A Acheampong
- Department of Dermatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.,Joint Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, University of Arkansas at Little Rock and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Amanda G Brooks
- Department of Dermatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Suzan M Blair
- Department of Dermatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Ping-Ching Hsu
- Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Henry K Wong
- Department of Dermatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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17
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Ji QK, Ma JW, Liu RH, Li XS, Shen FZ, Huang LY, Hui L, Ma YJ, Jin BZ. CDCA7L promotes glioma proliferation by targeting CCND1 and predicts an unfavorable prognosis. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:1149-1156. [PMID: 31173217 PMCID: PMC6625380 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell division cycle associated 7 like (CDCA7L) belongs to the JPO protein family, recently identified as a target gene of c-Myc and is frequently dysregulated in multiple cancers. However, to the best of our knowledge, no studies to date have been carried out to investigate the functions of CDCA7L in glioma. Thus, in this study, the expression level of CDCA7L and its association with the prognosis in glioma were detected through the TCGA database. The mRNA expression levels of CDCA7L in glioblastoma (GBM) tissues and normal brain tissues were detected by RT-qPCR and western blot analysis. To explore the role of CDCA7L in glioma, CDCA7L siRNA was constructed and transfected into U87 glioma cells. The expression levels of CDCA7L and cyclin D1 (CCND1) in glioma U87 cells following transfection with CDCA7L siRNA were measured by RT-qPCR and western blot analysis. CCK-8, colony formation, EdU and Transwell assays were used to measure the effects of CDCA7L on U87 cell proliferation, and flow cytometry was used to monitor the changes in the cell cycle following transfection with CDCA7L siRNA. Xenograft tumors were examined in vivo for the carcinogenic effects, as well as the mechanisms and prognostic value of CDCA7L in glioma tissues. The results revealed that CDCA7L was highly expressed in human GBM tissues, and a high expression of CDCA7L was associated with a poor prognosis of glioma patients through the TCGA database. We demonstrated that CDCA7L was highly expressed in human GBM tissues and 3 glioma cell lines. The downregulation CDCA7L expression significantly inhibited the proliferation and colony formation ability of U87 cells by blocking cell cycle progression in the G0/G1 phase. In addition, we found that the mRNA and protein levels of CCND1 were markedly decreased following transfection with CDCA7L siRNA compared with NC siRNA in vitro. The downregulation CDCA7L expression reduced the number of invading cells. Consistent with the results of the in vitro assays, the xenograft assay, immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay and western blot analysis demonstrated that, in response to CDCA7L inhibition, tumor growth was inhibited, Ki-67 and CCND1 expression levels were decreased in vivo. On the whole, the results of the current study indicate that CDCA7L is highly expressed in human glioma tissues and that a high CDCA7L expression predicts a poor prognosis of glioma patients. CDCA7L promotes glioma U87 cell growth through CCND1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Kun Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Wei Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Hua Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Sheng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Fa-Zheng Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Li-Yong Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Lei Hui
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Juan Ma
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Zhe Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, P.R. China
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18
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Shen FZ, Li XS, Ma JW, Wang XY, Zhao SP, Meng L, Liang SF, Zhao XL. Cell division cycle associated 7 like predicts unfavorable prognosis and promotes invasion in glioma. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 215:50-56. [PMID: 30389317 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell division cycle associated 7 like (CDCA7L) belongs to the JPO protein family, which is recently identified as a target gene of c-Myc and is frequently dysregulated in multiple cancers. This study aimed to explore the clinicpathological value and biological role of CDCA7L in glioma. METHODS CDCA7L expression in glioma patients was determined using the Oncomine database, and the prognostic role of CDCA7L expression was assessed in a retrospective cohort study. Moreover, the relationship of CDCA7L expression with the clinicopathological characteristics in glioma patients, including age, gender, tumor size, cystic change, Karnofsky performance scale (KPS) score, tumor location, extent of resection, WHO grade, adjuvant therapy and tumor recurrence, was analyzed in this study. In addition, the CDCA7L small interfering (si) RNA was constructed and transfected into the glioma U251 cells, so as to examine the role of CDCA7L in glioma patients. Besides, the changes in U251 cell invasion after transfection with CDCA7L siRNA were also monitored through Transwell assay. RESULTS Our results suggested that CDCA7L expression was up-regulated in different glioma types, including glioblastoma, oligodendroglioma, diffuse astrocytoma and anaplastic astrocytoma. Moreover, the current retrospective cohort study indicated that high CDCA7L expression was associated with tumor size, WHO grade, adjuvant therapy and recurrence, as well as the poor overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) in glioma patients. Lastly, CDCA7L expression was knocked down using CDCA7L siRNA, which could block the invasion abilities of glioma U251 cells. CONCLUSIONS CDCA7L is highly expressed in human glioma tissues and a high CDCA7L expression level predicts the dismal prognosis for glioma patients. Moreover, CDCA7L can promote glioma invasion, which can serve as an independent potential prognostic biomarker for glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fa-Zheng Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, No. 88 Weihui Health Road, Xinxiang 453000, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Sheng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, No. 88 Weihui Health Road, Xinxiang 453000, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Wei Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, No. 88 Weihui Health Road, Xinxiang 453000, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, No. 88 Weihui Health Road, Xinxiang 453000, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Peng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, No. 88 Weihui Health Road, Xinxiang 453000, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Meng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, No. 88 Weihui Health Road, Xinxiang 453000, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Feng Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, No. 88 Weihui Health Road, Xinxiang 453000, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Li Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, No. 88 Weihui Health Road, Xinxiang 453000, Henan Province, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Sharma S, Čermáková K, De Rijck J, Demeulemeester J, Fábry M, El Ashkar S, Van Belle S, Lepšík M, Tesina P, Duchoslav V, Novák P, Hubálek M, Srb P, Christ F, Řezáčová P, Hodges HC, Debyser Z, Veverka V. Affinity switching of the LEDGF/p75 IBD interactome is governed by kinase-dependent phosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E7053-E7062. [PMID: 29997176 PMCID: PMC6065015 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1803909115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lens epithelium-derived growth factor/p75 (LEDGF/p75, or PSIP1) is a transcriptional coactivator that tethers other proteins to gene bodies. The chromatin tethering function of LEDGF/p75 is hijacked by HIV integrase to ensure viral integration at sites of active transcription. LEDGF/p75 is also important for the development of mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL), where it tethers the MLL1 fusion complex at aberrant MLL targets, inducing malignant transformation. However, little is known about how the LEDGF/p75 protein interaction network is regulated. Here, we obtained solution structures of the complete interfaces between the LEDGF/p75 integrase binding domain (IBD) and its cellular binding partners and validated another binding partner, Mediator subunit 1 (MED1). We reveal that structurally conserved IBD-binding motifs (IBMs) on known LEDGF/p75 binding partners can be regulated by phosphorylation, permitting switching between low- and high-affinity states. Finally, we show that elimination of IBM phosphorylation sites on MLL1 disrupts the oncogenic potential of primary MLL1-rearranged leukemic cells. Our results demonstrate that kinase-dependent phosphorylation of MLL1 represents a previously unknown oncogenic dependency that may be harnessed in the treatment of MLL-rearranged leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kateřina Čermáková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Jan De Rijck
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | | | - Milan Fábry
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Sara El Ashkar
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Siska Van Belle
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martin Lepšík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Tesina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Duchoslav
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Novák
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Hubálek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Srb
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Frauke Christ
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pavlína Řezáčová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - H Courtney Hodges
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Center for Cancer Epigenetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Václav Veverka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 116 36 Prague 1, Czech Republic
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20
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Lin TP, Li J, Li Q, Li X, Liu C, Zeng N, Huang JM, Chu GCY, Lin CH, Zhau HE, Chung LWK, Wu BJ, Shih JC. R1 Regulates Prostate Tumor Growth and Progression By Transcriptional Suppression of the E3 Ligase HUWE1 to Stabilize c-Myc. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:1940-1951. [PMID: 30042175 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a prevalent public health problem, especially because noncutaneous advanced malignant forms significantly affect the lifespan and quality of life of men worldwide. New therapeutic targets and approaches are urgently needed. The current study reports elevated expression of R1 (CDCA7L/RAM2/JPO2), a c-Myc-interacting protein and transcription factor, in human prostate cancer tissue specimens. In a clinical cohort, high R1 expression is associated with disease recurrence and decreased patient survival. Overexpression and knockdown of R1 in human prostate cancer cells indicate that R1 induces cell proliferation and colony formation. Moreover, silencing R1 dramatically reduces the growth of prostate tumor xenografts in mice. Mechanistically, R1 increases c-Myc protein stability by inhibiting ubiquitination and proteolysis through transcriptional suppression of HUWE1, a c-Myc-targeting E3 ligase, via direct interaction with a binding element in the promoter. Moreover, transcriptional repression is supported by a negative coexpression correlation between R1 and HUWE1 in a prostate cancer clinical dataset. Collectively, these findings, for the first time, characterize the contribution of R1 to prostate cancer pathogenesis. IMPLICATIONS: These findings provide evidence that R1 is a novel regulator of prostate tumor growth by stabilizing c-Myc protein, meriting further investigation of its therapeutic and prognostic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ping Lin
- Depatment of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- USC-Taiwan Center for Translational Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Urology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Shu-Tien Urological Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Qinlong Li
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ni Zeng
- Depatment of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jen-Ming Huang
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gina Chia-Yi Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Chi-Hung Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Haiyen E Zhau
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Leland W K Chung
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Boyang Jason Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington.
| | - Jean C Shih
- Depatment of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
- USC-Taiwan Center for Translational Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Depatment of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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21
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Klisch TJ, Vainshtein A, Patel AJ, Zoghbi HY. Jak2-mediated phosphorylation of Atoh1 is critical for medulloblastoma growth. eLife 2017; 6:31181. [PMID: 29168692 PMCID: PMC5736349 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment for medulloblastoma, the most common malignant brain tumor in children, remains limited to surgical resection, radiation, and traditional chemotherapy; with long-term survival as low as 50–60% for Sonic Hedgehog (Shh)-type medulloblastoma. We have shown that the transcription factor Atonal homologue 1 (Atoh1) is required for Shh-type medulloblastoma development in mice. To determine whether reducing either Atoh1 levels or activity in tumors after their development is beneficial, we studied Atoh1 dosage and modifications in Shh-type medulloblastoma. Heterozygosity of Atoh1 reduced tumor occurrence and prolonged survival. We discovered tyrosine 78 of Atoh1 is phosphorylated by a Jak2-mediated pathway only in tumor-initiating cells and in human SHH-type medulloblastoma. Phosphorylation of tyrosine 78 stabilizes Atoh1, increases Atoh1’s transcriptional activity, and is independent of canonical Jak2 signaling. Importantly, inhibition of Jak2 impairs tyrosine 78 phosphorylation and tumor growth in vivo. Taken together, inhibiting Jak2-mediated tyrosine 78 phosphorylation could provide a viable therapy for medulloblastoma. Medulloblastoma is the most common solid brain tumor that develops in children, with more than five hundred new cases diagnosed in the United States every year. There are four broad types of medulloblastoma. One of these is called the “Sonic Hedgehog” subtype, named after the biological pathway that becomes re-activated in these tumors. Only about half of patients with this subtype survive for more than 10 years. Moreover, medulloblastoma treatment combines surgery, chemotherapy and radiation, which can cause severe side effects including psychiatric disorders and cognitive impairment. Several drugs that treat medulloblastoma by targeting the Sonic Hedgehog pathway are currently being tested in clinical trials. However, these drugs are usually only effective for a limited time before the tumor evades the treatment. Therefore, there is a need to develop new treatment options for medulloblastoma, perhaps by targeting different signaling pathways in the cells. A protein called Atoh1 is needed for proper brain development in humans, but is not normally present after the first year of life. This protein is, however, re-expressed at high levels in medulloblastoma in mice and humans and is essential for Sonic Hedgehog-type medulloblastoma to form in mice. Klisch et al. used genetic techniques to reduce the amount of Atoh1 in mice that develop medulloblastoma. This intervention reduced the number of mice that developled tumors and increased their lifespan. Biochemical experiments showed that the tumor stem cells of the mice contain a modified version of Atoh1 where a phosphate molecule is bound to a particular region of the protein. This phosphorylation increased the amount and activity of Atoh1 in the cell, and so caused tumors to grow more quickly in mice. Phosphorylated Atoh1 was also detected in samples taken from human medulloblastoma tumors. Klisch et al. also found that an enzyme called Jak2 phosphorylates Atoh1. Inhibiting Jak2 reduced the levels of Atoh1 in medulloblastoma cells and slowed tumor growth in mice. Future work could investigate different ways of preventing Atoh1 phosphorylation, with the hope of finding new treatments for Sonic-Hedgehog-type medulloblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiemo J Klisch
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Anna Vainshtein
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Akash J Patel
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Huda Y Zoghbi
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, United States.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
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22
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Zhang Q, West-Osterfield K, Spears E, Li Z, Panaccione A, Hann SR. MB0 and MBI Are Independent and Distinct Transactivation Domains in MYC that Are Essential for Transformation. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8050134. [PMID: 28481271 PMCID: PMC5448008 DOI: 10.3390/genes8050134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
MYC is a transcription factor that is essential for cellular proliferation and development. Deregulation or overexpression of MYC occurs in a variety of human cancers. Ectopic expression of MYC causes hyperproliferation and transformation of cells in culture and tumorigenesis in several transgenic mouse models. Deregulation of MYC can also induce apoptosis through activation of p53 and/or ARF tumor suppressors as a safeguard to prevent tumorigenesis. MYC binds to thousands of genomic sites and regulates hundreds of target genes in a context-dependent fashion to mediate these diverse biological roles. The N-terminal region of MYC contains several conserved domains or MYC Boxes (MB), which influence the different MYC transcriptional and biological activities to varying degrees. However, the specific domains that mediate the ability of MYC to activate transcription remain ill defined. In this report, we have identified a new conserved transactivation domain (TAD), MB0, which is essential for MYC transactivation and target gene induction. We demonstrate that MB0 and MBI represent two distinct and independent TADs within the N-terminal 62 amino acids of MYC. In addition, both MB0 and MBI are essential for MYC transformation of primary fibroblasts in cooperation with activated RAS, while MB0 is necessary for efficient MYC-induced p53-independent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, 1121 21st Ave., Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Kimberly West-Osterfield
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, 1121 21st Ave., Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Erick Spears
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, 1121 21st Ave., Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Zhaoliang Li
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, 1121 21st Ave., Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Alexander Panaccione
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, 1121 21st Ave., Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Stephen R Hann
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, School of Medicine, 1121 21st Ave., Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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23
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Multiple myeloma risk variant at 7p15.3 creates an IRF4-binding site and interferes with CDCA7L expression. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13656. [PMID: 27882933 PMCID: PMC5123067 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified several risk loci for multiple myeloma (MM); however, the mechanisms by which they influence MM are unknown. Here by using genetic association data and functional characterization, we demonstrate that rs4487645 G>T, the most highly associated variant (P = 5.30 × 10-25), resides in an enhancer element 47 kb upstream of the transcription start site of c-Myc-interacting CDCA7L. The G-risk allele, associated with increased CDCA7L expression (P=1.95 × 10-36), increases IRF4 binding and the enhancer interacts with the CDCA7L promoter. We show that suppression of CDCA7L limits MM proliferation through apoptosis, and increased CDCA7L expression is associated with adverse patient survival. These findings implicate IRF4-mediated CDCA7L expression in MM biology and indicate how germline variation might confer susceptibility to MM.
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24
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Somatic Variations in Cervical Cancers in Indian Patients. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165878. [PMID: 27829003 PMCID: PMC5102491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There are very few reports that describe the mutational landscape of cervical cancer, one of the leading cancers in Indian women. The aim of the present study was to investigate the somatic mutations that occur in cervical cancer. Whole exome sequencing of 10 treatment naïve tumour biopsies with matched blood samples, from a cohort of Indian patients with locally advanced disease, was performed. The data revealed missense mutations across 1282 genes, out of 1831 genes harbouring somatic mutations. These missense mutations (nonsynonymous + stop-gained) when compared with pre-existing mutations in the COSMIC database showed that 272 mutations in 250 genes were already reported although from cancers other than cervical cancer. More than 1000 novel somatic variations were obtained in matched tumour samples. Pathways / genes that are frequently mutated in various other cancers were found to be mutated in cervical cancers. A significant enrichment of somatic mutations in the MAPK pathway was observed, some of which could be potentially targetable. This is the first report of whole exome sequencing of well annotated cervical cancer samples from Indian women and helps identify trends in mutation profiles that are found in an Indian cohort of cervical cancer.
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25
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Cermakova K, Weydert C, Christ F, De Rijck J, Debyser Z. Lessons Learned: HIV Points the Way Towards Precision Treatment of Mixed-Lineage Leukemia. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:660-671. [PMID: 27290878 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions are involved in most if not all pathogenic and pathophysiological processes and represent attractive therapeutic targets. Extensive biological and clinical research efforts have led to the identification and validation of several cellular hubs that are crucially involved in disease pathogenesis. An interesting example of such a hub is the lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75), a protein that tethers multiple unrelated proteins and protein complexes to the chromatin. Its chromatin-tethering ability is linked to at least two unrelated diseases-HIV infection and MLL-rearranged acute leukemia. In this review we discuss recent progress in our understanding of the interaction of LEDGF/p75 with its binding partners and focus on the first steps towards therapies targeting protein-protein interactions of LEDGF/p75.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Cermakova
- KU Leuven, Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium; Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (ASCR), v.v.i, Laboratory of Structural Biology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Caroline Weydert
- KU Leuven, Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frauke Christ
- KU Leuven, Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan De Rijck
- KU Leuven, Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zeger Debyser
- KU Leuven, Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Leuven, Belgium.
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26
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Zhou M, Li Q, Wang R. Current Experimental Methods for Characterizing Protein-Protein Interactions. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:738-56. [PMID: 26864455 PMCID: PMC7162211 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein molecules often interact with other partner protein molecules in order to execute their vital functions in living organisms. Characterization of protein-protein interactions thus plays a central role in understanding the molecular mechanism of relevant protein molecules, elucidating the cellular processes and pathways relevant to health or disease for drug discovery, and charting large-scale interaction networks in systems biology research. A whole spectrum of methods, based on biophysical, biochemical, or genetic principles, have been developed to detect the time, space, and functional relevance of protein-protein interactions at various degrees of affinity and specificity. This article presents an overview of these experimental methods, outlining the principles, strengths and limitations, and recent developments of each type of method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Rd, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Rd, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Renxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Rd, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Macau, 999078, People's Republic of China.
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27
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Zhou M, Li Q, Wang R. Current Experimental Methods for Characterizing Protein-Protein Interactions. ChemMedChem 2016. [PMID: 26864455 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500495.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Protein molecules often interact with other partner protein molecules in order to execute their vital functions in living organisms. Characterization of protein-protein interactions thus plays a central role in understanding the molecular mechanism of relevant protein molecules, elucidating the cellular processes and pathways relevant to health or disease for drug discovery, and charting large-scale interaction networks in systems biology research. A whole spectrum of methods, based on biophysical, biochemical, or genetic principles, have been developed to detect the time, space, and functional relevance of protein-protein interactions at various degrees of affinity and specificity. This article presents an overview of these experimental methods, outlining the principles, strengths and limitations, and recent developments of each type of method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Rd, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Rd, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Renxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Rd, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China. .,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Macau, 999078, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Diaz RJ, Golbourn B, Faria C, Picard D, Shih D, Raynaud D, Leadly M, MacKenzie D, Bryant M, Bebenek M, Smith CA, Taylor MD, Huang A, Rutka JT. Mechanism of action and therapeutic efficacy of Aurora kinase B inhibition in MYC overexpressing medulloblastoma. Oncotarget 2016; 6:3359-74. [PMID: 25739120 PMCID: PMC4413659 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma comprises four molecular subgroups of which Group 3 medulloblastoma is characterized by MYC amplification and MYC overexpression. Lymphoma cells expressing high levels of MYC are susceptible to apoptosis following treatment with inhibitors of mitosis. One of the key regulatory kinases involved in multiple stages of mitosis is Aurora kinase B. We hypothesized that medulloblastoma cells that overexpress MYC would be uniquely sensitized to the apoptotic effects of Aurora B inhibition. The specific inhibition of Aurora kinase B was achieved in MYC-overexpressing medulloblastoma cells with AZD1152-HQPA. MYC overexpression sensitized medulloblastoma cells to cell death upon Aurora B inhibition. This process was found to be independent of endoreplication. Using both flank and intracranial cerebellar xenografts we demonstrate that tumors formed from MYC-overexpressing medulloblastoma cells show a response to Aurora B inhibition including growth impairment and apoptosis induction. Lastly, we show the distribution of AZD1152-HQPA within the mouse brain and the ability to inhibit intracranial tumor growth and prolong survival in mice bearing tumors formed from MYC-overexpressing medulloblastoma cells. Our results suggest the potential for therapeutic application of Aurora kinase B inhibitors in the treatment of Group 3 medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Jose Diaz
- The Hospital for Sick Children. Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Golbourn
- The Hospital for Sick Children. Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claudia Faria
- The Hospital for Sick Children. Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel Picard
- The Hospital for Sick Children. Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Shih
- The Hospital for Sick Children. Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Denis Raynaud
- Analytical Facility for Bioactive Molecules, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Leadly
- Analytical Facility for Bioactive Molecules, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle MacKenzie
- The Hospital for Sick Children. Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa Bryant
- The Hospital for Sick Children. Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Bebenek
- The Hospital for Sick Children. Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christian A Smith
- The Hospital for Sick Children. Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael D Taylor
- The Hospital for Sick Children. Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Annie Huang
- The Hospital for Sick Children. Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James T Rutka
- The Hospital for Sick Children. Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Chan TSY, Hawkins C, Krieger JR, McGlade CJ, Huang A. JPO2/CDCA7L and LEDGF/p75 Are Novel Mediators of PI3K/AKT Signaling and Aggressive Phenotypes in Medulloblastoma. Cancer Res 2016; 76:2802-12. [PMID: 27013196 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Substantial evidence links Myc-PI3K/AKT signaling to the most aggressive subtype of medulloblastoma and this axis in medulloblastoma therapy. In this study, we advance understanding of how Myc-PI3K/AKT signaling contributes to this malignancy, specifically, in identifying the Myc-interacting protein JPO2 and its partner binding protein LEDGF/p75 as critical modulators of PI3K/AKT signaling and metastasis in medulloblastoma. JPO2 overexpression induced metastatic medulloblastoma in vivo through two synergistic feed-forward regulatory circuits involving LEDGF/p75 and AKT that promote metastatic phenotypes in this setting. Overall, our findings highlight two novel prometastatic loci in medulloblastoma and point to the JPO2:LEDGF/p75 protein complex as a potentially new targetable component of PI3K/AKT signaling in medulloblastoma. Cancer Res; 76(9); 2802-12. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Sin Yu Chan
- Department of Paediatrics, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cynthia Hawkins
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Pathology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan R Krieger
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Jane McGlade
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Annie Huang
- Department of Paediatrics, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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30
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Transformer2 proteins protect breast cancer cells from accumulating replication stress by ensuring productive splicing of checkpoint kinase 1. Front Chem Sci Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-015-1540-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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31
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Tesina P, Čermáková K, Hořejší M, Procházková K, Fábry M, Sharma S, Christ F, Demeulemeester J, Debyser Z, Rijck JD, Veverka V, Řezáčová P. Multiple cellular proteins interact with LEDGF/p75 through a conserved unstructured consensus motif. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7968. [PMID: 26245978 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) is an epigenetic reader and attractive therapeutic target involved in HIV integration and the development of mixed lineage leukaemia (MLL1) fusion-driven leukaemia. Besides HIV integrase and the MLL1-menin complex, LEDGF/p75 interacts with various cellular proteins via its integrase binding domain (IBD). Here we present structural characterization of IBD interactions with transcriptional repressor JPO2 and domesticated transposase PogZ, and show that the PogZ interaction is nearly identical to the interaction of LEDGF/p75 with MLL1. The interaction with the IBD is maintained by an intrinsically disordered IBD-binding motif (IBM) common to all known cellular partners of LEDGF/p75. In addition, based on IBM conservation, we identify and validate IWS1 as a novel LEDGF/p75 interaction partner. Our results also reveal how HIV integrase efficiently displaces cellular binding partners from LEDGF/p75. Finally, the similar binding modes of LEDGF/p75 interaction partners represent a new challenge for the development of selective interaction inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Tesina
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the ASCR, v.v.i., Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 5, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Čermáková
- KU Leuven, Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Kapucijnenvoer 33, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Magdalena Hořejší
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Procházková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the ASCR, v.v.i., Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Fábry
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Subhalakshmi Sharma
- KU Leuven, Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Kapucijnenvoer 33, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frauke Christ
- KU Leuven, Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Kapucijnenvoer 33, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jonas Demeulemeester
- KU Leuven, Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Kapucijnenvoer 33, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zeger Debyser
- KU Leuven, Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Kapucijnenvoer 33, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan De Rijck
- KU Leuven, Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Kapucijnenvoer 33, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Václav Veverka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the ASCR, v.v.i., Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Řezáčová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the ASCR, v.v.i., Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, v.v.i., Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
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32
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Weinhold N, Meissner T, Johnson DC, Seckinger A, Moreaux J, Försti A, Chen B, Nickel J, Chubb D, Rawstron AC, Doughty C, Dahir NB, Begum DB, Young K, Walker BA, Hoffmann P, Nöthen MM, Davies FE, Klein B, Goldschmidt H, Morgan GJ, Houlston RS, Hose D, Hemminki K. The 7p15.3 (rs4487645) association for multiple myeloma shows strong allele-specific regulation of the MYC-interacting gene CDCA7L in malignant plasma cells. Haematologica 2014; 100:e110-3. [PMID: 25480495 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.118786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Weinhold
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Meissner
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Germany Department of Molecular & Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David C Johnson
- Centre for Myeloma Research, Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Anja Seckinger
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jérôme Moreaux
- INSERM, Unité 1040, Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Hôpital Saint Eloi, Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Asta Försti
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Bowang Chen
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jolanta Nickel
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Chubb
- Molecular and Population Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Andrew C Rawstron
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service Laboratory, St James University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Chi Doughty
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service Laboratory, St James University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Nasrin B Dahir
- Centre for Myeloma Research, Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Dil B Begum
- Centre for Myeloma Research, Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Kwee Young
- Department of Haematology, University College London Hospital, UK
| | - Brian A Walker
- Centre for Myeloma Research, Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Germany Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Germany Department of Genomics, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Faith E Davies
- Centre for Myeloma Research, Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Bernard Klein
- INSERM, Unité 1040, Institut de Recherche en Biothérapie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Hôpital Saint Eloi, Avenue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Hartmut Goldschmidt
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Germany National Centre for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gareth J Morgan
- Centre for Myeloma Research, Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Richard S Houlston
- Molecular and Population Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - Dirk Hose
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Germany National Centre for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kari Hemminki
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
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Dingar D, Kalkat M, Chan PK, Srikumar T, Bailey SD, Tu WB, Coyaud E, Ponzielli R, Kolyar M, Jurisica I, Huang A, Lupien M, Penn LZ, Raught B. BioID identifies novel c-MYC interacting partners in cultured cells and xenograft tumors. J Proteomics 2014; 118:95-111. [PMID: 25452129 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The BioID proximity-based biotin labeling technique was recently developed for the characterization of protein-protein interaction networks [1]. To date, this method has been applied to a number of different polypeptides expressed in cultured cells. Here we report the adaptation of BioID to the identification of protein-protein interactions surrounding the c-MYC oncoprotein in human cells grown both under standard culture conditions and in mice as tumor xenografts. Notably, in vivo BioID yielded >100 high confidence MYC interacting proteins, including >30 known binding partners. Putative novel MYC interactors include components of the STAGA/KAT5 and SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes, DNA repair and replication factors, general transcription and elongation factors, and transcriptional co-regulators such as the DNA helicase protein chromodomain 8 (CHD8). Providing additional confidence in these findings, ENCODE ChIP-seq datasets highlight significant coincident binding throughout the genome for the MYC interactors identified here, and we validate the previously unreported MYC-CHD8 interaction using both a yeast two hybrid analysis and the proximity-based ligation assay. In sum, we demonstrate that BioID can be utilized to identify bona fide interacting partners for a chromatin-associated protein in vivo. This technique will allow for a much improved understanding of protein-protein interactions in a previously inaccessible biological setting. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE The c-MYC (MYC) oncogene is a transcription factor that plays important roles in cancer initiation and progression. MYC expression is deregulated in more than 50% of human cancers, but the role of this protein in normal cell biology and tumor progression is still not well understood, in part because identifying MYC-interacting proteins has been technically challenging: MYC-containing chromatin-associated complexes are difficult to isolate using traditional affinity purification methods, and the MYC protein is exceptionally labile, with a half-life of only ~30 min. Developing a new strategy to gain insight into MYC-containing protein complexes would thus mark a key advance in cancer research. The recently described BioID proximity-based labeling technique represents a promising new complementary approach for the characterization of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) in cultured cells. Here we report that BioID can also be used to characterize protein-protein interactions for a chromatin-associated protein in tumor xenografts, and present a comprehensive, high confidence in vivo MYC interactome. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein dynamics in health and disease. Guest Editors: Pierre Thibault and Anne-Claude Gingras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Dingar
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Manpreet Kalkat
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Pak-Kei Chan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Tharan Srikumar
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Swneke D Bailey
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - William B Tu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Romina Ponzielli
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Max Kolyar
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Annie Huang
- The Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Mathieu Lupien
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Linda Z Penn
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada.
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada.
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Myc and its interactors take shape. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2014; 1849:469-83. [PMID: 24933113 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Myc oncoprotein is a key contributor to the development of many human cancers. As such, understanding its molecular activities and biological functions has been a field of active research since its discovery more than three decades ago. Genome-wide studies have revealed Myc to be a global regulator of gene expression. The identification of its DNA-binding partner protein, Max, launched an area of extensive research into both the protein-protein interactions and protein structure of Myc. In this review, we highlight key insights with respect to Myc interactors and protein structure that contribute to the understanding of Myc's roles in transcriptional regulation and cancer. Structural analyses of Myc show many critical regions with transient structures that mediate protein interactions and biological functions. Interactors, such as Max, TRRAP, and PTEF-b, provide mechanistic insight into Myc's transcriptional activities, while others, such as ubiquitin ligases, regulate the Myc protein itself. It is appreciated that Myc possesses a large interactome, yet the functional relevance of many interactors remains unknown. Here, we discuss future research trends that embrace advances in genome-wide and proteome-wide approaches to systematically elucidate mechanisms of Myc action. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Myc proteins in cell biology and pathology.
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Abstract
In this chapter, we discuss in detail two essential methods used to evaluate the interaction of Myc with another protein of interest: co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and in vitro pull-down assays. Co-IP is a method that, by immunoaffinity, allows the identification of protein-protein interactions within cells. We provide methods to conduct Co-IPs from whole-cell extracts as well as cytoplasmic and nuclear-enriched fractions. By contrast, the pull-down assay evaluates whether a bait protein that is bound to a solid support can specifically interact with a prey protein that is in solution. We provide methods to conduct in vitro pull-downs and further detail how to use this assay to distinguish whether a protein-protein interaction is direct or indirect. We also discuss methods used to screen for Myc interactors and provide an in silico strategy to help prioritize hits for further validation using the described Co-IP and in vitro pull-down assays.
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Hendrix J, van Heertum B, Vanstreels E, Daelemans D, De Rijck J. Dynamics of the ternary complex formed by c-Myc interactor JPO2, transcriptional co-activator LEDGF/p75, and chromatin. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:12494-506. [PMID: 24634210 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.525964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75) is a transcriptional co-activator involved in targeting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) integration and the development of MLL fusion-mediated acute leukemia. A previous study revealed that LEDGF/p75 dynamically scans the chromatin, and upon interaction with HIV-1 integrase, their complex is locked on chromatin. At present, it is not known whether LEDGF/p75-mediated chromatin locking is typical for interacting proteins. Here, we employed continuous photobleaching and fluorescence correlation and cross-correlation spectroscopy to investigate in vivo chromatin binding of JPO2, a LEDGF/p75- and c-Myc-interacting protein involved in transcriptional regulation. In the absence of LEDGF/p75, JPO2 performs chromatin scanning inherent to transcription factors. However, whereas the dynamics of JPO2 chromatin binding are decelerated upon interaction with LEDGF/p75, very strong locking of their complex onto chromatin is absent. Similar results were obtained with the domesticated transposase PogZ, another cellular interaction partner of LEDGF/p75. We furthermore show that diffusive JPO2 can oligomerize; that JPO2 and LEDGF/p75 interact directly and specifically in vivo through the specific interaction domain of JPO2 and the C-terminal domain of LEDGF/p75, comprising the integrase-binding domain; and that modulation of JPO2 dynamics requires a functional PWWP domain in LEDGF/p75. Our results suggest that the dynamics of the LEDGF/p75-chromatin interaction depend on the specific partner and that strong chromatin locking is not a property of all LEDGF/p75-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Hendrix
- From the Laboratory for Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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Leitz J, Reuschenbach M, Lohrey C, Honegger A, Accardi R, Tommasino M, Llano M, von Knebel Doeberitz M, Hoppe-Seyler K, Hoppe-Seyler F. Oncogenic human papillomaviruses activate the tumor-associated lens epithelial-derived growth factor (LEDGF) gene. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003957. [PMID: 24604027 PMCID: PMC3946365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of the human papillomavirus (HPV) E6/E7 oncogenes is crucial for HPV-induced malignant cell transformation. The identification of cellular targets attacked by the HPV oncogenes is critical for our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of HPV-associated carcinogenesis and may open novel therapeutic opportunities. Here, we identify the Lens Epithelial-Derived Growth Factor (LEDGF) gene as a novel cellular target gene for the HPV oncogenes. Elevated LEDGF expression has been recently linked to human carcinogenesis and can protect tumor cells towards different forms of cellular stress. We show that intracellular LEDGF mRNA and protein levels in HPV-positive cancer cells are critically dependent on the maintenance of viral oncogene expression. Ectopic E6/E7 expression stimulates LEDGF transcription in primary keratinocytes, at least in part via activation of the LEDGF promoter. Repression of endogenous LEDGF expression by RNA interference results in an increased sensitivity of HPV-positive cancer cells towards genotoxic agents. Immunohistochemical analyses of cervical tissue specimens reveal a highly significant increase of LEDGF protein levels in HPV-positive lesions compared to histologically normal cervical epithelium. Taken together, these results indicate that the E6/E7-dependent maintenance of intracellular LEDGF expression is critical for protecting HPV-positive cancer cells against various forms of cellular stress, including DNA damage. This could support tumor cell survival and contribute to the therapeutic resistance of cervical cancers towards genotoxic treatment strategies in the clinic. Specific types of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are closely linked to the development of malignant tumors, such as cervical cancer. Virtually all cervical cancers contain HPV DNA and the tumorigenic growth behavior of cervical cancer cells is dependent on the activity of two viral oncogenes, called E6 and E7. It is important to study the activities by which the HPV oncogenes can support the growth of tumor cells. This should allow new insights into the molecular mechanisms of virus-induced carcinogenesis and could also be useful for developing novel approaches for cancer therapy. We here show that the HPV oncogenes stimulate and maintain expression of the cellular LEDGF gene in HPV-positive cancer cells. Consistently, pre-malignant and malignant lesions of the cervix exhibit significantly increased LEDGF protein levels. LEDGF is crucial for the protection of tumor cells against various forms of cellular stress, including DNA damage. LEDGF stimulation by the viral oncogenes could be a critical survival mechanism by which HPVs support the growth of cervical cancer cells and provide resistance towards chemo- and radiotherapy in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Leitz
- Molecular Therapy of Virus-Associated Cancers (F065), Program Infection and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Miriam Reuschenbach
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Lohrey
- Molecular Therapy of Virus-Associated Cancers (F065), Program Infection and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Honegger
- Molecular Therapy of Virus-Associated Cancers (F065), Program Infection and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rosita Accardi
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Massimo Tommasino
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Manuel Llano
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Karin Hoppe-Seyler
- Molecular Therapy of Virus-Associated Cancers (F065), Program Infection and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (KHS); (FHS)
| | - Felix Hoppe-Seyler
- Molecular Therapy of Virus-Associated Cancers (F065), Program Infection and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (KHS); (FHS)
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TIAN YUAN, HUANG CHANGJUN, ZHANG HAI, NI QINGFENG, HAN SHENG, WANG DONG, HAN ZEGUANG, LI XIANGCHENG. CDCA7L promotes hepatocellular carcinoma progression by regulating the cell cycle. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:2082-90. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematologic malignancy in the United States, after non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Family pedigree analyses of high-risk families, case-control studies and racial disparities in disease incidence all point to a potential inherited predisposition to MM. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified susceptibility loci in a number of cancers and such studies are currently underway in MM. To date, GWASs in MM have identified several potential regions of interest for further study on chromosomes 3p22, 7p15.3, 8q24 and 2p23.3. In addition, several targets of paraproteins (so called 'paratargs') in MM have been identified. Hyperphosphorylation of the paratarg protein, which is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, appears a common mechanism underlying the antigenicity of these proteins. One particular protein, hyperphosphorylated paratarg-7 (pP-7) is a common target in persons with myeloma and has also been identified in affected members of several high-risk MM families. It appears that the frequency of pP-7 as an antigenic target may be particularly high in African American patients with MM, which could be part of the explanation for observed racial disparities in the incidence of MM. In this review we focus on available data in the area of inherited predisposition to MM, and highlight future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya T Koura
- The Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Zanini C, Ercole E, Mandili G, Salaroli R, Poli A, Renna C, Papa V, Cenacchi G, Forni M. Medullospheres from DAOY, UW228 and ONS-76 cells: increased stem cell population and proteomic modifications. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63748. [PMID: 23717474 PMCID: PMC3663798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Medulloblastoma (MB) is an aggressive pediatric tumor of the Central Nervous System (CNS) usually treated according to a refined risk stratification. The study of cancer stem cells (CSC) in MB is a promising approach aimed at finding new treatment strategies. Methodology/Principal Findings The CSC compartment was studied in three characterized MB cell lines (DAOY, UW228 and ONS-76) grown in standard adhesion as well as being grown as spheres, which enables expansion of the CSC population. MB cell lines, grown in adherence and as spheres, were subjected to morphologic analysis at the light and electron microscopic level, as well as cytofluorimetric determinations. Medullospheres (MBS) were shown to express increasingly immature features, along with the stem cells markers: CD133, Nestin and β-catenin. Proteomic analysis highlighted the differences between MB cell lines, demonstrating a unique protein profile for each cell line, and minor differences when grown as spheres. In MBS, MALDI-TOF also identified some proteins, that have been linked to tumor progression and resistance, such as Nucleophosmin (NPM). In addition, immunocytochemistry detected Sox-2 as a stemness marker of MBS, as well as confirming high NPM expression. Conclusions/Significance Culture conditioning based on low attachment flasks and specialized medium may provide new data on the staminal compartment of CNS tumors, although a proteomic profile of CSC is still elusive for MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Zanini
- EuroClone S.p.A Research Laboratory, Molecular Biotechnology Centre-MBC, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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The MYC-associated protein CDCA7 is phosphorylated by AKT to regulate MYC-dependent apoptosis and transformation. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 33:498-513. [PMID: 23166294 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00276-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division control protein A7 (CDCA7) is a recently identified target of MYC-dependent transcriptional regulation. We have discovered that CDCA7 associates with MYC and that this association is modulated in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. The prosurvival kinase AKT phosphorylates CDCA7 at threonine 163, promoting binding to 14-3-3, dissociation from MYC, and sequestration to the cytoplasm. Upon serum withdrawal, induction of CDCA7 expression in the presence of MYC sensitized cells to apoptosis, whereas CDCA7 knockdown reduced MYC-dependent apoptosis. The transformation of fibroblasts by MYC was reduced by coexpression of CDCA7, while the non-MYC-interacting protein Δ(156-187)-CDCA7 largely inhibited MYC-induced transformation. These studies provide insight into a new mechanism by which AKT signaling to CDCA7 could alter MYC-dependent growth and transformation, contributing to tumorigenesis.
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Diversity in genetic in vivo methods for protein-protein interaction studies: from the yeast two-hybrid system to the mammalian split-luciferase system. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2012; 76:331-82. [PMID: 22688816 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.05021-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast two-hybrid system pioneered the field of in vivo protein-protein interaction methods and undisputedly gave rise to a palette of ingenious techniques that are constantly pushing further the limits of the original method. Sensitivity and selectivity have improved because of various technical tricks and experimental designs. Here we present an exhaustive overview of the genetic approaches available to study in vivo binary protein interactions, based on two-hybrid and protein fragment complementation assays. These methods have been engineered and employed successfully in microorganisms such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli, but also in higher eukaryotes. From single binary pairwise interactions to whole-genome interactome mapping, the self-reassembly concept has been employed widely. Innovative studies report the use of proteins such as ubiquitin, dihydrofolate reductase, and adenylate cyclase as reconstituted reporters. Protein fragment complementation assays have extended the possibilities in protein-protein interaction studies, with technologies that enable spatial and temporal analyses of protein complexes. In addition, one-hybrid and three-hybrid systems have broadened the types of interactions that can be studied and the findings that can be obtained. Applications of these technologies are discussed, together with the advantages and limitations of the available assays.
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Multiple CDK/CYCLIND genes are amplified in medulloblastoma and supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal brain tumor. Cancer Genet 2012; 205:220-31. [PMID: 22682621 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Embryonal brain tumors, which include medulloblastoma and the more aggressive supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor (sPNET), comprise one of the largest group of malignant pediatric brain tumors. We observed in high resolution array comparative genomic hybridization and polymerase chain reaction analyses that several different components of the CDK/CYCLIND/pRB regulatory complex, including the CDK4/6 and CCND1/2 loci, are targets of gene amplification in medulloblastoma and sPNET. CDK6 and CCND1 gene amplification were respectively most common and robust, and overall CDK/CYCLIND gene amplification was more commonly observed in sPNET (25%) than medulloblastoma (1-5%). CDK6 overexpression enhanced in vitro and in vivo oncogenicity and endogenous CDK6 or CCND1 knockdown decreased pRB phosphorylation and impaired cell cycle progression in both medulloblastoma and sPNET cell lines. Although animal models implicate the pRB tumor suppressor pathway in medulloblastoma and sPNET, mutations of RB1 or the related INK4 tumor suppressor loci are rare in primary human tumors. Our data suggest that CDK/CYCLIND gene amplification may represent important mechanisms for functional inactivation of pRB in medulloblastoma and sPNET.
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Parakalan R, Jiang B, Nimmi B, Janani M, Jayapal M, Lu J, Tay SSW, Ling EA, Dheen ST. Transcriptome analysis of amoeboid and ramified microglia isolated from the corpus callosum of rat brain. BMC Neurosci 2012; 13:64. [PMID: 22697290 PMCID: PMC3441342 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), have two distinct phenotypes in the developing brain: amoeboid form, known to be amoeboid microglial cells (AMC) and ramified form, known to be ramified microglial cells (RMC). The AMC are characterized by being proliferative, phagocytic and migratory whereas the RMC are quiescent and exhibit a slow turnover rate. The AMC transform into RMC with advancing age, and this transformation is indicative of the gradual shift in the microglial functions. Both AMC and RMC respond to CNS inflammation, and they become hypertrophic when activated by trauma, infection or neurodegenerative stimuli. The molecular mechanisms and functional significance of morphological transformation of microglia during normal development and in disease conditions is not clear. It is hypothesized that AMC and RMC are functionally regulated by a specific set of genes encoding various signaling molecules and transcription factors. Results To address this, we carried out cDNA microarray analysis using lectin-labeled AMC and RMC isolated from frozen tissue sections of the corpus callosum of 5-day and 4-week old rat brain respectively, by laser capture microdissection. The global gene expression profiles of both microglial phenotypes were compared and the differentially expressed genes in AMC and RMC were clustered based on their functional annotations. This genome wide comparative analysis identified genes that are specific to AMC and RMC. Conclusions The novel and specific molecules identified from the trancriptome explains the quiescent state functioning of microglia in its two distinct morphological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangarajan Parakalan
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Blk MD10, 4 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
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Andresen C, Helander S, Lemak A, Farès C, Csizmok V, Carlsson J, Penn LZ, Forman-Kay JD, Arrowsmith CH, Lundström P, Sunnerhagen M. Transient structure and dynamics in the disordered c-Myc transactivation domain affect Bin1 binding. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 40:6353-66. [PMID: 22457068 PMCID: PMC3401448 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The crucial role of Myc as an oncoprotein and as a key regulator of cell growth makes it essential to understand the molecular basis of Myc function. The N-terminal region of c-Myc coordinates a wealth of protein interactions involved in transformation, differentiation and apoptosis. We have characterized in detail the intrinsically disordered properties of Myc-1–88, where hierarchical phosphorylation of S62 and T58 regulates activation and destruction of the Myc protein. By nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shift analysis, relaxation measurements and NOE analysis, we show that although Myc occupies a very heterogeneous conformational space, we find transiently structured regions in residues 22–33 and in the Myc homology box I (MBI; residues 45–65); both these regions are conserved in other members of the Myc family. Binding of Bin1 to Myc-1–88 as assayed by NMR and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) revealed primary binding to the S62 region in a dynamically disordered and multivalent complex, accompanied by population shifts leading to altered intramolecular conformational dynamics. These findings expand the increasingly recognized concept of intrinsically disordered regions mediating transient interactions to Myc, a key transcriptional regulator of major medical importance, and have important implications for further understanding its multifaceted role in gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Andresen
- Division of Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
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ncRNA- and Pc2 methylation-dependent gene relocation between nuclear structures mediates gene activation programs. Cell 2012; 147:773-88. [PMID: 22078878 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although eukaryotic nuclei contain distinct architectural structures associated with noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), their potential relationship to regulated transcriptional programs remains poorly understood. Here, we report that methylation/demethylation of Polycomb 2 protein (Pc2) controls relocation of growth-control genes between Polycomb bodies (PcGs) and interchromatin granules (ICGs) in response to growth signals. This movement is the consequence of binding of methylated and unmethylated Pc2 to the ncRNAs TUG1 and MALAT1/NEAT2, located in PcGs and ICGs, respectively. These ncRNAs mediate assembly of multiple corepressors/coactivators and can serve to switch mark recognition by "readers" of the histone code. Additionally, binding of NEAT2 to unmethylated Pc2 promotes E2F1 SUMOylation, leading to activation of the growth-control gene program. These observations delineate a molecular pathway linking the actions of subnuclear structure-specific ncRNAs and nonhistone protein methylation to relocation of transcription units in the three-dimensional space of the nucleus, thus achieving coordinated gene expression programs.
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Amlin-Van Schaick JC, Kim S, DiFabio C, Lee MH, Broman KW, Reilly KM. Arlm1 is a male-specific modifier of astrocytoma resistance on mouse Chr 12. Neuro Oncol 2012; 14:160-74. [PMID: 22234937 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nor206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While many cancers show a sex bias, the genetic basis and molecular mechanisms underlying sex bias are not always clear. Astrocytoma and glioblastoma show male predominance in humans. We have shown previously that glial tumors forming in the Nf1-/+; Trp53-/+cis (NPcis) mouse model also show a sex bias in some genetic contexts. Using cross-species comparisons we have identified candidate male-specific modifiers of astrocytoma/glioblastoma. Linkage analysis of B6X(B6X129)-NPcis mice identifies a modifier of astrocytoma resistance specific to males, named Arlm1, on distal mouse Chr 12. Arlm1 is syntenic to human Chr 7p15, 7p21, 7q36, and 14q32 regions that are altered in human glioblastoma. A subset of these genes shows male-specific correlations to glioblastoma patient survival time and represents strong candidates for the Arlm1 modifier gene. Identification of male-specific modifier genes will lead to a better understanding of the molecular basis of male predominance in astrocytoma and glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Amlin-Van Schaick
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute, West 7th St at Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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48
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Broderick P, Chubb D, Johnson DC, Weinhold N, Försti A, Lloyd A, Olver B, Ma Y, Dobbins SE, Walker BA, Davies FE, Gregory WA, Childs JA, Ross FM, Jackson GH, Neben K, Jauch A, Hoffmann P, Mühleisen TW, Nöthen MM, Moebus S, Tomlinson IP, Goldschmidt H, Hemminki K, Morgan GJ, Houlston RS. Common variation at 3p22.1 and 7p15.3 influences multiple myeloma risk. Nat Genet 2011; 44:58-61. [PMID: 22120009 PMCID: PMC5108406 DOI: 10.1038/ng.993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To identify risk variants for multiple myeloma, we conducted a genome-wide association study of 1,675 individuals with multiple myeloma and 5,903 control subjects. We identified risk loci for multiple myeloma at 3p22.1 (rs1052501 in ULK4; odds ratio (OR) = 1.32; P = 7.47 × 10(-9)) and 7p15.3 (rs4487645, OR = 1.38; P = 3.33 × 10(-15)). In addition, we observed a promising association at 2p23.3 (rs6746082, OR = 1.29; P = 1.22 × 10(-7)). Our study identifies new genomic regions associated with multiple myeloma risk that may lead to new etiological insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Broderick
- Molecular and Population Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, UK
| | - Daniel Chubb
- Molecular and Population Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, UK
| | - David C Johnson
- Haemato-Oncology Research Unit, Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, UK
| | - Niels Weinhold
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Asta Försti
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amy Lloyd
- Molecular and Population Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, UK
| | - Bianca Olver
- Molecular and Population Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, UK
| | - Yussanne Ma
- Molecular and Population Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, UK
| | - Sara E Dobbins
- Molecular and Population Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, UK
| | - Brian A Walker
- Haemato-Oncology Research Unit, Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, UK
| | - Faith E Davies
- Haemato-Oncology Research Unit, Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, UK
| | | | | | - Fiona M Ross
- Cytogenetics Group, Wessex Regional Cytogenetic Laboratory, Salisbury, UK
| | | | - Kai Neben
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Jauch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne Moebus
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Ian P Tomlinson
- Molecular and Population Genetics, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Hartmut Goldschmidt
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- National Centre of Tumour Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kari Hemminki
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Gareth J Morgan
- Haemato-Oncology Research Unit, Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, UK
| | - Richard S Houlston
- Molecular and Population Genetics, Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, UK
- Haemato-Oncology Research Unit, Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, Surrey, UK
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49
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Johnson S, Stockmeier CA, Meyer JH, Austin MC, Albert PR, Wang J, May WL, Rajkowska G, Overholser JC, Jurjus G, Dieter L, Johnson C, Sittman DB, Ou XM. The reduction of R1, a novel repressor protein for monoamine oxidase A, in major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:2139-48. [PMID: 21654740 PMCID: PMC3158311 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The novel transcriptional repressor protein, R1 (JPO2/CDCA7L/RAM2), inhibits monoamine oxidase A (MAO A) gene expression and influences cell proliferation and survival. MAO A is implicated in several neuropsychiatric illnesses and highly elevated in major depressive disorder (MDD); however, whether R1 is involved in these disorders is unknown. This study evaluates the role of R1 in depressed subjects either untreated or treated with antidepressant drugs. R1 protein levels were determined in the postmortem prefrontal cortex of 18 untreated MDD subjects and 12 medicated MDD subjects compared with 18 matched psychiatrically normal control subjects. Western blot analysis showed that R1 was significantly decreased by 37.5% (p<0.005) in untreated MDD subjects. The R1 level in medicated MDD subjects was also significantly lower (by 30%; p<0.05) compared with control subjects, but was not significantly different compared with untreated MDD subjects. Interestingly, the reduction in R1 was significantly correlated with an increase (approximately 40%; p<0.05) in MAO A protein levels within the MDD groups compared with controls. Consistent with the change in MAO A protein expression, the MAO A catalytic activity was significantly greater in both MDD groups compared with controls. These results suggest that reduced R1 may lead to elevated MAO A levels in untreated and treated MDD subjects; moreover, the reduction of R1 has been implicated in apoptotic cell death and apoptosis has also been observed in the brains of MDD subjects. Therefore, modulation of R1 levels may provide a new therapeutic target in the development of more effective strategies to treat MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakevia Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Craig A Stockmeier
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey H Meyer
- Department of Psychiatry and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark C Austin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Paul R Albert
- Department of Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Junming Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Warren L May
- Biostatistics Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Grazyna Rajkowska
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - James C Overholser
- Department of Psychology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - George Jurjus
- Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lesa Dieter
- Department of Psychology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Chandra Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Donald B Sittman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Xiao-Ming Ou
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (G-109), University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA, Tel: +1 601 984 5893, Fax: +1 601 984 5899, E-mail:
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50
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Shih JC, Wu JB, Chen K. Transcriptional regulation and multiple functions of MAO genes. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2011; 118:979-86. [PMID: 21359973 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0562-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and MAO B are a crucial pair of isoenzymes, which oxidatively deaminate monoamine neurotransmitters and dietary amines with a production of hydrogen peroxide. These two isoenzymes have different but overlapping substrate and inhibitor specificities. MAO A and MAO B share 70% amino acid sequence identity and show different temporal and spatial expressions in both humans and mice. Abnormal MAO A or MAO B activity has been implicated in numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders. A better understanding of the transcriptional regulation of MAO A and MAO B genes may help explain the differential tissue-specific expression of these two isoenzymes and provide insights into the molecular basis of the disorders associated with MAO dysfunction. This review discusses the recent progress in the transcriptional regulation and multiple functions of MAO A and MAO B genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean C Shih
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Room 518, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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