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Shi X, Ding J, Zheng Y, Wang J, Sobhani N, Neeli P, Wang G, Zheng J, Chai D. HMGB1/GPC3 dual targeting vaccine induces dendritic cells-mediated CD8 +T cell immune response and elicits potential therapeutic effect in hepatocellular carcinoma. iScience 2023; 26:106143. [PMID: 36879804 PMCID: PMC9984564 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a fatal malignant tumor, but effective clinical interventions are limited. PLGA/PEI-mediated DNA vaccine encoding the dual targets of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) or GPC3 was developed for HCC treatment. Compared with PLGA/PEI-GPC3 immunization, PLGA/PEI-HMGB1/GPC3 co-immunization significantly inhibited the subcutaneous tumor growth, while increasing the infiltration of CD8+T cells and DCs. Furthermore, the PLGA/PEI-HMGB1/GPC3 vaccine induced a strong CTL effect and promoted functional CD8+T cell proliferation. Intriguingly, the depletion assay proved that the therapeutic effect PLGA/PEI-HMGB1/GPC3 vaccine was dependent on antigen-specific CD8+T cell immune responses. In the rechallenge experiment, PLGA/PEI-HMGB1/GPC3 vaccine provided a long-lasting resistance to the growth of the contralateral tumor by inducing the memory CD8+T cell responses. Collectively, PLGA/PEI-HMGB1/GPC3 vaccine could induce a strong and long-lasting CTL effect and inhibit the tumor progression or re-attack. Therefore, the combined co-immunization of PLGA/PEI-HMGB1/GPC3 might be served as an effective anti-tumor strategy against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Lianyungang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang TCM Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222004, China
| | - Jiage Ding
- Department of Oncology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, China.,Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Yanyan Zheng
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Navid Sobhani
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Praveen Neeli
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gang Wang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China
| | - Dafei Chai
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, China.,Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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2
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STxB as an Antigen Delivery Tool for Mucosal Vaccination. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030202. [PMID: 35324699 PMCID: PMC8948715 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy against cancer and infectious disease holds the promise of high efficacy with minor side effects. Mucosal vaccines to protect against tumors or infections disease agents that affect the upper airways or the lung are still lacking, however. One mucosal vaccine candidate is the B-subunit of Shiga toxin, STxB. In this review, we compare STxB to other immunotherapy vectors. STxB is a non-toxic protein that binds to a glycosylated lipid, termed globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), which is preferentially expressed by dendritic cells. We review the use of STxB for the cross-presentation of tumor or viral antigens in a MHC class I-restricted manner to induce humoral immunity against these antigens in addition to polyfunctional and persistent CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes capable of protecting against viral infection or tumor growth. Other literature will be summarized that documents a powerful induction of mucosal IgA and resident memory CD8+ T cells against mucosal tumors specifically when STxB-antigen conjugates are administered via the nasal route. It will also be pointed out how STxB-based vaccines have been shown in preclinical cancer models to synergize with other therapeutic modalities (immune checkpoint inhibitors, anti-angiogenic therapy, radiotherapy). Finally, we will discuss how molecular aspects such as low immunogenicity, cross-species conservation of Gb3 expression, and lack of toxicity contribute to the competitive positioning of STxB among the different DC targeting approaches. STxB thereby appears as an original and innovative tool for the development of mucosal vaccines in infectious diseases and cancer.
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3
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Sun L, Tang Y, Yan K, Chen H, Zhang H. Inactivated Pseudomonas PE(ΔIII) exotoxin fused to neutralizing epitopes of PEDV S proteins produces a specific immune response in mice. ANIMAL DISEASES 2021; 1:22. [PMID: 34778884 PMCID: PMC8497069 DOI: 10.1186/s44149-021-00021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) caused by the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), is a severe infectious and devastating swine disease that leads to serious economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. An increased number of PED cases caused by variant PEDV have been reported in many countries since 2010. S protein is the main immunogenic protein containing some B-cell epitopes that can induce neutralizing antibodies of PEDV. In this study, the construction, expression and purification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (PE) without domain III (PEΔIII) as a vector was performed for the delivery of PEDV S-A or S-B. PE(ΔIII) PEDV S-A and PE(ΔIII) PEDV S-B recombinant proteins were confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis. The immunogenicity of PEDV S-A and PEDV S-B subunit vaccines were evaluated in mice. The results showed that PEDV-S-B vaccine could not only induce specific humoral and Th1 type-dominant cellular immune responses, but also stimulate PEDV-specific mucosal immune responses in mice. PEDV-S-B subunit vaccine is a novel candidate mucosal vaccine against PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leqiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Yajie Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China.,Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Veterinary Biologics Research and Application, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000 Henan China
| | - Keji Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Huawei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
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4
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Evaluation of the PE ΔIII-LC3-KDEL3 Chimeric Protein of Entamoeba histolytica-Lectin as a Vaccine Candidate against Amebic Liver Abscess. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6697900. [PMID: 33824880 PMCID: PMC8007359 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6697900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is an intestinal parasite that causes dysentery and amebic liver abscess. E. histolytica has the capability to invade host tissue by union of virulence factor Gal/GalNAc lectin; this molecule induces an adherence-inhibitory antibody response as well as to protect against amebic liver abscess (ALA). The present work showed the effect of the immunization with PEΔIII-LC3-KDEL3 recombinant protein. In vitro, this candidate vaccine inhibited adherence of E. histolytica trophozoites to HepG2 cell monolayer, avoiding the cytolysis, and in a hamster model, we observed a vaccine-induced protection against the damage to tissue liver and the inhibition of uncontrolled inflammation. PEΔIII-LC3-KDEL3 reduced the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and NF-κB in all immunized groups at 4- and 7-day postinfection. The levels of IL-10, FOXP3, and IFN-γ were elevated at 7 days. The immunohistochemistry assay confirmed this result, revealing an elevated quantity of +IFN-γ cells in the liver tissue. ALA formation in hamsters immunized was minimal, and few trophozoites were identified. Hence, immunization with PEΔIII-LC3-KDEL3 herein prevented invasive amebiasis, avoided an acute proinflammatory response, and activated a protective response within a short time. Finally, this recombinant protein induced an increase of serum IgG.
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Ejike UC, Chan CJ, Okechukwu PN, Lim RLH. New advances and potentials of fungal immunomodulatory proteins for therapeutic purposes. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 40:1172-1190. [PMID: 32854547 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1808581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fungal immunomodulatory proteins (FIPs) are fascinating small and heat-stable bioactive proteins in a distinct protein family due to similarities in their structures and sequences. They are found in fungi, including the fruiting bodies producing fungi comprised of culinary and medicinal mushrooms. Structurally, most FIPs exist as homodimers; each subunit consisting of an N-terminal α-helix dimerization and a C-terminal fibronectin III domain. Increasing numbers of identified FIPs from either different or same fungal species clearly indicates the growing research interests into its medicinal properties which include immunomodulatory, anti-inflammation, anti-allergy, and anticancer. Most FIPs increased IFN-γ production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, potentially exerting immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting overproduction of T helper-2 (Th2) cytokines common in an allergy reaction. Recently, FIP from Ganoderma microsporum (FIP-gmi) was shown to promote neurite outgrowth for potential therapeutic applications in neuro-disorders. This review discussed FIPs' structural and protein characteristics, their recombinant protein production for functional studies, and the recent advances in their development and applications as pharmaceutics and functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chong Joo Chan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Renee Lay Hong Lim
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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6
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Horng JH, Lin WH, Wu CR, Lin YY, Wu LL, Chen DS, Chen PJ. HBV X protein-based therapeutic vaccine accelerates viral antigen clearance by mobilizing monocyte infiltration into the liver in HBV carrier mice. J Biomed Sci 2020; 27:70. [PMID: 32466788 PMCID: PMC7257178 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-020-00662-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) persistently infected about 250 million people worldwide, and a curative treatment remains an unmet medical need. Among many approaches to treat chronic hepatitis B (CHB), therapeutic vaccines have been developed for two decades, but none have yielded promising results in clinical trials. Therefore, dissection of HBV clearance mechanisms during therapeutic vaccination in appropriate models, which could give rise to new curative therapies, is urgently needed. Growing evidence indicates that prolonged and intensive exposure of antigen-specific T cells to viral antigens is a major cause of T cell exhaustion, and decreases anti-HBV immunity efficacy of therapeutic vaccination. HBV X protein (HBx) is expressed at low levels, and the understanding of its immunogenicity and potential in therapeutic CHB vaccines is limited. Methods HBV genome sequences from CHB patients were cloned into a pAAV plasmid backbone and transfected into immunocompetent mouse hepatocytes through hydrodynamic injection. Mice carrying > 500 IU/mL serum HBV surface antigen (HBs) for more than 4 weeks were considered HBV carriers mimicking human CHB and received 3 doses of weekly HBx vaccine by subcutaneous immunization. Serum HBV clearance was evaluated by monitoring serum HBs and HBV-DNA titers. Residual HBV in the liver was evaluated by western blotting for HBV core antigen. The splenic antigen-specific T cell response was quantified by a 15-mer overlapping peptide-stimulated interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Blood and hepatic immune cells were quantified by flow cytometric analysis. Results Our HBx-based vaccine induced systemic HBx-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in HBV carrier mice and demonstrated significant HBs and HBV-DNA elimination. The protective effect persisted for at least 30 days without additional booster immunization. Different infiltrating myeloid cell subsets, each with distinctive roles during immune-mediated HBV clearance, were found in the liver of vaccinated mice. During vaccine therapy, inflammatory monocyte depletion resulted in sustained HBV clearance inhibition, whereas phagocytic monocyte-derived macrophage and Kupffer cell elimination resulted in only transient inhibition of vaccine-induced HBV clearance. Conclusions We report the potential role of HBx as a major immunogen in an HBV therapeutic vaccine and the significance of a liver-infiltrating monocyte subset during hepatic viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jau-Hau Horng
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1 Jen Ai Road Section 1, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Wei-Hsiang Lin
- TheVax Genetics Vaccine Company Limited, 5F, No. 25, Jen Ai Road Section 4, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Chang-Ru Wu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1 Jen Ai Road Section 1, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - You-Yu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1, Jen Ai Road Section 1, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Li-Ling Wu
- Department & Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Ding-Shinn Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1, Jen Ai Road Section 1, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.).,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 1, Changde Street, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.).,Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 1, Changde Street, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Pei-Jer Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1 Jen Ai Road Section 1, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.). .,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1, Jen Ai Road Section 1, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.). .,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 1, Changde Street, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.). .,Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 1, Changde Street, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.).
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7
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Sun NY, Chen YL, Wu WY, Lin HW, Chiang YC, Chang CF, Tai YJ, Hsu HC, Chen CA, Sun WZ, Cheng WF. Blockade of PD-L1 Enhances Cancer Immunotherapy by Regulating Dendritic Cell Maturation and Macrophage Polarization. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091400. [PMID: 31546897 PMCID: PMC6769724 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The immuno-inhibitory checkpoint PD-L1, regulated by tumor cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs), dampened the activation of T cells from the PD-1/PD-L1 axis. PD-L1-expressing APCs rather than tumor cells demonstrated the essential anti-tumor effects of anti-PD-L1 monotherapy in preclinical tumor models. Using the murine tumor model, we investigated whether anti-PD-L1 antibody increased the antigen-specific immune response and anti-tumor effects induced by the antigen-specific protein vaccine, as well as the possible mechanisms regarding activation of APCs. Anti-PD-L1 antibody combined with the PEK protein vaccine generated more potent E7-specific immunity (including the number and cytotoxic activity of E7-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes) and anti-tumor effects than protein vaccine alone. Anti-PD-L1 antibody enhanced the maturation of dendritic cells and the proportion of M1-like macrophages in tumor-draining lymph nodes and tumors in tumor-bearing mice treated with combinatorial therapy. PD-L1 blockade overturned the immunosuppressive status of the tumor microenvironment and then enhanced the E7 tumor-specific antigen-specific immunity and anti-tumor effects generated by an E7-specific protein vaccine through modulation of APCs in an E7-expressing small tumor model. Tumor-specific antigen (like HPV E7 antigen)-specific immunotherapy combined with APC-targeting modality by PD-L1 blockade has a high translational potential in E7-specific cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Yun Sun
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Li Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Yih Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei 220, Taiwan.
| | - Han-Wei Lin
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Cheng Chiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Fang Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Jou Tai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Heng-Cheng Hsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu City 300, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-An Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Zen Sun
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Fang Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
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8
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Da Silva DM, Skeate JG, Chavez-Juan E, Lühen KP, Wu JM, Wu CM, Kast WM, Hwang K. Therapeutic efficacy of a human papillomavirus type 16 E7 bacterial exotoxin fusion protein adjuvanted with CpG or GPI-0100 in a preclinical mouse model for HPV-associated disease. Vaccine 2019; 37:2915-2924. [PMID: 31010714 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is causally linked to the development of several human cancers, including cervical, vulvar, vaginal, anal, penile, and oropharyngeal cancers. To address the need for a therapeutic vaccine against HPV-associated diseases, here we test and compare the immunogenicity and therapeutic efficacy of a bacterial exotoxin fusion protein covalently linked to the HPV16 E7 oncoprotein adjuvanted with CpG or GPI-0100 in the C3.43 preclinical HPV16-transformed tumor model. We show that TVGV-1 protein vaccine adjuvanted with either CpG or GPI-0100 adjuvant induces a high frequency of E7-specific CD8+ T cells, and both adjuvants are able to assist the immune response in inducing polyfunctional cytokine-secreting lytic T cells that show therapeutic efficacy against well-established C3.43 tumors. CpG-adjuvanted TVGV-1 resulted in higher frequencies of IFNγ secreting and degranulating E7-specific T cells compared to GPI-0100-adjuvanted TVGV-1, resulting in marginally increased in vivo efficacy. Despite minor differences in immune response outcomes, we consider both CpG ODN and GPI-0100 to be promising vaccine adjuvants to increase the immunogenicity and therapeutic efficacy of the TVGV-1 protein for HPV16-driven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Da Silva
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Joseph G Skeate
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Elena Chavez-Juan
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Kim P Lühen
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jiun-Ming Wu
- TheVax Genetics Vaccine Co., Ltd, Zhubei City, Hsinchu County 302, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Mao Wu
- TheVax Genetics Vaccine Co., Ltd, Zhubei City, Hsinchu County 302, Taiwan, ROC
| | - W Martin Kast
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - KinKai Hwang
- TheVax Genetics Vaccine Co., Ltd, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
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Di Bonito P, Accardi L, Galati L, Ferrantelli F, Federico M. Anti-Cancer Vaccine for HPV-Associated Neoplasms: Focus on a Therapeutic HPV Vaccine Based on a Novel Tumor Antigen Delivery Method Using Endogenously Engineered Exosomes. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E138. [PMID: 30682811 PMCID: PMC6406600 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Some human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes are universally recognized as major etiological agents not only of ano-genital tumors but also of head and neck cancers, which show increasing incidence. The evaluation of current and future therapeutic approaches against HPV-induced tumors is a global health priority, despite an effective prophylactic vaccine against 7 of the 12 genotypes involved in the etiology of tumors being currently available. In this review, we present the main anti-HPV therapeutic approaches in clinical experimentation, with a focus on a novel tumor antigen delivery method using engineered exosomes, that we recently developed. Our system allows the induction of an efficient unrestricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immune response against the HPV16-E7 tumor-associated antigen, with the formation of endogenously engineered exosomes, i.e., nanovesicles spontaneously released by all cell types. Immunogenic exosomes are uploaded with HPV16-E7 due to the fusion with a unique exosome-anchoring protein referred to as Nefmut. Intramuscular injection of a DNA vector expressing the fusion protein generates exosomes sufficiently immunogenic to elicit a potent anti-16E7 CTL immune response. The approach is described here and the advantages over other existing methodologies are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Di Bonito
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Viral Hepatitis, Oncoviruses and Retroviruses (EVOR) unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luisa Accardi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Viral Hepatitis, Oncoviruses and Retroviruses (EVOR) unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luisa Galati
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Viral Hepatitis, Oncoviruses and Retroviruses (EVOR) unit, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Flavia Ferrantelli
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Federico
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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10
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Lu JH, Peng BY, Chang CC, Dubey NK, Lo WC, Cheng HC, Wang JR, Wei HJ, Deng WP. Tumor-Targeted Immunotherapy by Using Primary Adipose-Derived Stem Cells and an Antigen-Specific Protein Vaccine. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E446. [PMID: 30445793 PMCID: PMC6266266 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10110446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of mortality and a major public health problem worldwide. For biological therapy against cancer, we previously developed a unique immunotherapeutic platform by combining mesenchymal stem cells with an antigen-specific protein vaccine. However, this system possesses a few limitations, such as improperly immortalized mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) along with transfected oncogenic antigens in them. To overcome the limitations of this platform for future clinical application, we freshly prepared primary adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and modified the E7' antigen (E7') as a non-oncogenic protein. Either subcutaneously co-inoculated with cancer cells or systemically administered after tumor growth, ADSC labeled with enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and combined with modified E7' (ADSC-E7'-eGFP) cells showed significant antitumor activity when combined with the protein vaccine in both colon and lung cancer in mice. Specifically, this combined therapy inhibited tumor through inducing cell apoptosis. The significantly reduced endothelial cell markers, CD31 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), indicated strongly inhibited tumor angiogenesis. The activated immune system was demonstrated through the response of CD4+ T and natural killer (NK) cells, and a notable antitumor activity might be contributed by CD8+ T cells. Conclusively, these evidences imply that this promising immunotherapeutic platform might be a potential candidate for the future clinical application against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Hua Lu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Stem Cell Research Center, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Bou-Yue Peng
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Chao Chang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110i, Taiwan.
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University School of Medicine, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Navneet Kumar Dubey
- Ceramics and Biomaterials Research Group, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam.
| | - Wen-Cheng Lo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chung Cheng
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Joseph R Wang
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dental Medicine, Columbia University, New York 10032, USA.
| | - Hong-Jian Wei
- Stem Cell Research Center, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- School of Dental Technology, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Win-Ping Deng
- Stem Cell Research Center, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 110, Taiwan.
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11
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Martínez-Hernández SL, Cervantes-García D, Muñoz-Ortega M, Aldaba-Muruato LR, Loera-Muro VM, Ascacio-Martínez JA, de Jesús Loera-Arias M, de Oca-Luna RM, Ventura-Juárez J. An anti-amoebic vaccine: generation of the recombinant antigen LC3 from Entamoeba histolytica linked to mutated exotoxin A (PEΔIII) via the Pichia pastoris system. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 39:1149-1157. [PMID: 28470625 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2341-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To generate an immunogenic chimeric protein containing the Entamoeba histolytica LC3 fragment fused to the retrograde delivery domains of exotoxin A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and KDEL3 for use as an effective vaccine. RESULTS A codon-optimized synthetic gene encoding the PEΔIII-LC3-KDEL3 fusion construct was designed for expression in Pichia pastoris. This transgene was subcloned into the plasmid pPIC9 for methanol-inducible expression. After transformation and selection of positive-transformed clones by PCR, the expression of the recombinant protein PEΔIII-LC3-KDEL3 was elicited. SDS-PAGE, protein glycosylation staining and western blot assays demonstrated a 67 kDa protein in the medium culture supernatant. The recombinant protein was detected with a polyclonal anti-6X His tag antibody and a polyclonal E. histolytica-specific antibody. A specific antibody response was induced in hamsters after immunization with this protein. CONCLUSIONS We report for the first time the design and expression of the recombinant E. histolytica LC3 protein fused to PEΔIII and KDEL3, with potential application as an immunogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Luz Martínez-Hernández
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad # 940, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 20131, Aguascalientes, AGS, Mexico
| | - Daniel Cervantes-García
- CONACYT-Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, AGS, Mexico
| | - Martín Muñoz-Ortega
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, AGS, Mexico
| | - Liseth R Aldaba-Muruato
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad # 940, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 20131, Aguascalientes, AGS, Mexico
| | - Victor M Loera-Muro
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, AGS, Mexico
| | - Jorge A Ascacio-Martínez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencias de la Salud y, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - María de Jesús Loera-Arias
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Roberto Montes de Oca-Luna
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Javier Ventura-Juárez
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad # 940, Ciudad Universitaria, C. P. 20131, Aguascalientes, AGS, Mexico.
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12
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Menderes G, Black J, Schwab CL, Santin AD. Immunotherapy and targeted therapy for cervical cancer: an update. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2015; 16:83-98. [PMID: 26568261 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2016.1121108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The prognosis of patients with metastatic cervical cancer is poor with a median survival of 8-13 months. Despite the potency of chemotherapeutic drugs, this treatment is rarely curative and should be considered palliative only. In the last few years, a better understanding of Human papillomavirus tumor-host immune system interactions and the development of new therapeutics targeting immune check points have renewed interest in the use of immunotherapy in cervical cancer patients. Moreover, next generation sequencing has emerged as an attractive option for the identification of actionable driver mutations and other markers. In this review, we provide background information on the molecular biology of cervical cancer and summarize immunotherapy studies, targeted therapies, including those with angiogenesis inhibitors and tyrosine kinase inhibitors recently completed or currently on-going in cervical cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulden Menderes
- a Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Jonathan Black
- a Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Carlton L Schwab
- a Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Alessandro D Santin
- a Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences , Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven , CT , USA
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13
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Shen KY, Chang LS, Leng CH, Liu SJ. Self-adjuvanting lipoimmunogens for therapeutic HPV vaccine development: potential clinical impact. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 14:383-94. [PMID: 25455657 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.966696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The goal of therapeutic HPV vaccines is the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocyte immunity against HPV-associated cancers. Recombinant proteins and synthetic peptides have high safety profiles but low immunogenicity, which limits their efficacy when used in a vaccine. Self-adjuvanting lipid moieties have been conjugated to synthetic peptides or expressed as lipoproteins to enhance the immunogenicity of vaccine candidates. Mono-, di- and tri-palmitoylated peptides have been demonstrated to activate dendritic cells and induce robust cellular immunity against infectious diseases and cancer. Recently, a platform technology using the high-yield production of recombinant lipoproteins with Toll-like receptor 2 agonist activity was established for the development of novel subunit vaccines. This technology represents a novel strategy for the development of therapeutic HPV vaccines. In this review, we describe recent progress in the design of therapeutic HPV vaccines using lipoimmunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Yin Shen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan
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14
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Vici P, Mariani L, Pizzuti L, Sergi D, Di Lauro L, Vizza E, Tomao F, Tomao S, Cavallotti C, Paolini F, Venuti A. Immunologic treatments for precancerous lesions and uterine cervical cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2014; 33:29. [PMID: 24667138 PMCID: PMC3986944 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-33-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Development of HPV-associated cancers not only depends on efficient negative regulation of cell cycle control that supports the accumulation of genetic damage, but also relies on immune evasion that enable the virus to go undetected for long periods of time. In this way, HPV-related tumors usually present MHC class I down-regulation, impaired antigen-processing ability, avoidance of T-cell mediated killing, increased immunosuppression due to Treg infiltration and secrete immunosuppressive cytokines. Thus, these are the main obstacles that immunotherapy has to face in the treatment of HPV-related pathologies where a number of different strategies have been developed to overcome them including new adjuvants. Although antigen-specific immunotherapy induced by therapeutic HPV vaccines was proved extremely efficacious in pre-clinical models, its progression through clinical trials suffered poor responses in the initial trials. Later attempts seem to have been more promising, particularly against the well-defined precursors of cervical, anal or vulvar cancer, where the local immunosuppressive milieu is less active. This review focuses on the advances made in these fields, highlighting several new technologies (such as mRNA vaccine, plant-derived vaccine). The most promising immunotherapies used in clinical trials are also summarized, along with integrated strategies, particularly promising in controlling tumor metastasis and in eliminating cancer cells altogether. After the early promising clinical results, the development of therapeutic HPV vaccines need to be implemented and applied to the users in order to eradicate HPV-associated malignancies, eradicating existing perception (after the effectiveness of commercial preventive vaccines) that we have already solved the problem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Aldo Venuti
- HPV Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, V Elio Chianesi 53, Rome 00144, Italy.
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15
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Chen S, Liao C, Lai Y, Fan Y, Lu G, Wang H, Zhang X, Lin MCM, Leng S, Kung HF. De-oncogenic HPV E6/E7 vaccine gets enhanced antigenicity and promotes tumoricidal synergy with cisplatin. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2014; 46:6-14. [PMID: 24240707 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmt121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to develop more effective therapeutic vaccines against cancers with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, it is crucial to enhance the immunogenicity, eliminate the oncogenicity of oncoproteins, and take a combination of E7- and E6-containing vaccines. It has been shown recently that PE(ΔIII)-E7-KDEL3 (E7), a fusion protein containing the HPV16 oncoprotein E7 and the translocation domain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A, is effective against TC-1 tumor cells inoculated in mice, therefore, we engineered PE(ΔIII)-E6-CRL-KDEL3 (E6), the de-oncogenic versions of the E7 and E6 fusion proteins [i.e. PE(ΔIII)-E7(d)-KDEL3, E7(d), and PE(ΔIII)-E6(d)-CRL-KDEL3, E6(d)] and tested the immunoefficacies of these fusion proteins as mono- and bivalent vaccines. Results indicated that the E7(d) get higher immunogenicity than its wild type and the E6 fusion proteins augmented the immunogenicity and antitumor effects of their E7 counterparts. Furthermore, the bivalent vaccine system E7(d) plus E6(d), in the presence of cisplatin, showed the best tumoristatic and tumoricidal effects against established tumors in vivo. Therefore, it can be concluded that this novel therapeutic vaccine system, upon further optimization, may shed new light on clinical management of HPV-related carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaochun Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
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16
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Yang HP, Wang TC, Wang SJ, Chen SP, Wu E, Lai SQ, Chang HW, Liao CW. Recombinant chimeric vaccine composed of PRRSV antigens and truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE-K13). Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:742-51. [PMID: 23712024 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE-KDEL)-based chimeric subunit vaccine system was recently developed using a reverse vaccinology technique. In this study, the plasmids containing PE-PRRS chimeric subunits were constructed that composed of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) antigen moieties, a ligand moiety and a Pseudomonas exotoxin A deleted domain III (PE (ΔIII)), and a carboxyl terminal moiety that includes a polypeptide with amino acid sequence KDEL (K3). The PE-PRRS combination vaccine can effectively induce not only PRRSV-specific INF-γ cellular immunity but also a slow-reacting and complement-requiring type serum neutralizing antibody in pigs. In a specific pathogen free (SPF) pig challenge model, body temperature (colonic temperature), occurrence of PRRSV viremia, nasal excretions, gross and histopathological appearances of pneumonia, and serum antibody activity (IFA and SN) titers significantly differed between the immunized group and the control group. The survey showed that a 0.3mg/dose PE-PRRS vaccine formula conferred protection against PRRSV. A field trial of PE-PRRS vaccine was performed to study the immune response of pregnant sows after vaccination in a PRRSV persist farm. The RT-PCR analysis of viremia and serological titers showed that the PE-PRRS vaccine not only increased sow reproductive performance and evoked its immune response to PRRS viremia, it also activated maternal immune protections to prevent piglets from inflicting viremia. In conclusion, we developed a novel and effective PRRS cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs)-based vaccine containing Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE-KDEL) carrier in combination with PRRSV conserved epitopes against PRRS virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Ping Yang
- Animal Technology Institute Taiwan, Chunan, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC.
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17
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Cheng WF, Chang MC, Sun WZ, Jen YW, Liao CW, Chen YY, Chen CA. Fusion protein vaccines targeting two tumor antigens generate synergistic anti-tumor effects. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71216. [PMID: 24058440 PMCID: PMC3772923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been consistently implicated in causing several kinds of malignancies, and two HPV oncogenes, E6 and E7, represent two potential target antigens for cancer vaccines. We developed two fusion protein vaccines, PE(ΔIII)/E6 and PE(ΔIII)/E7 by targeting these two tumor antigens to test whether a combination of two fusion proteins can generate more potent anti-tumor effects than a single fusion protein. Materials and Methods Invivo antitumor effects including preventive, therapeutic, and antibody depletion experiments were performed. Invitro assays including intracellular cytokine staining and ELISA for Ab responses were also performed. Results PE(ΔIII)/E6+PE(ΔIII)/E7 generated both stronger E6 and E7-specific immunity. Only 60% of the tumor protective effect was observed in the PE(ΔIII)/E6 group compared to 100% in the PE(ΔIII)/E7 and PE(ΔIII)/E6+PE(ΔIII)/E7 groups. Mice vaccinated with the PE(ΔIII)/E6+PE(ΔIII)/E7 fusion proteins had a smaller subcutaneous tumor size than those vaccinated with PE(ΔIII)/E6 or PE(ΔIII)/E7 fusion proteins alone. Conclusion Fusion protein vaccines targeting both E6 and E7 tumor antigens generated more potent immunotherapeutic effects than E6 or E7 tumor antigens alone. This novel strategy of targeting two tumor antigens together can promote the development of cancer vaccines and immunotherapy in HPV-related malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Fang Cheng
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Cheng Chang
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Zen Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wei Jen
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Yun-Yuan Chen
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-An Chen
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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18
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Ma B, Maraj B, Tran NP, Knoff J, Chen A, Alvarez RD, Hung CF, Wu TC. Emerging human papillomavirus vaccines. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2012; 17:469-92. [PMID: 23163511 PMCID: PMC3786409 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.2012.744393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Identification of human papillomavirus (HPV) as the etiologic factor of cervical, anogenital, and a subset of head and neck cancers has stimulated the development of preventive and therapeutic HPV vaccines to control HPV-associated malignancies. Excitement has been generated by the commercialization of two preventive L1-based vaccines, which use HPV virus-like particles (VLPs) to generate capsid-specific neutralizing antibodies. However, factors such as high cost and requirement for cold chain have prevented widespread implementation where they are needed most. AREAS COVERED Next generation preventive HPV vaccine candidates have focused on cost-effective stable alternatives and generating broader protection via targeting multivalent L1 VLPs, L2 capsid protein, and chimeric L1/L2 VLPs. Therapeutic HPV vaccine candidates have focused on enhancing T cell-mediated killing of HPV-transformed tumor cells, which constitutively express HPV-encoded proteins, E6 and E7. Several therapeutic HPV vaccines are in clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION Although progress is being made, cost remains an issue inhibiting the use of preventive HPV vaccines in countries that carry the majority of the cervical cancer burden. In addition, progression of therapeutic HPV vaccines through clinical trials may require combination strategies employing different therapeutic modalities. As research in the development of HPV vaccines continues, we may generate effective strategies to control HPV-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ma
- The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Departments of Pathology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bharat Maraj
- The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Departments of Pathology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nam Phuong Tran
- The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Departments of Pathology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jayne Knoff
- The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Departments of Pathology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexander Chen
- The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Departments of Pathology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ronald D Alvarez
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Birmingham, MD, USA
| | - Chien-Fu Hung
- The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Departments of Pathology, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Departments of Oncology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T.-C. Wu
- The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Departments of Pathology, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Departments of Oncology, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Departments of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Peralta-Zaragoza O, Bermúdez-Morales VH, Pérez-Plasencia C, Salazar-León J, Gómez-Cerón C, Madrid-Marina V. Targeted treatments for cervical cancer: a review. Onco Targets Ther 2012; 5:315-28. [PMID: 23144564 PMCID: PMC3493318 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s25123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the second most common cause of cancer death in women worldwide and the development of new diagnosis, prognostic, and treatment strategies merits special attention. Although surgery and chemoradiotherapy can cure 80%–95% of women with early stage cancer, the recurrent and metastatic disease remains a major cause of cancer death. Many efforts have been made to design new drugs and develop gene therapies to treat cervical cancer. In recent decades, research on treatment strategies has proposed several options, including the role of HPV E6 and E7 oncogenes, which are retained and expressed in most cervical cancers and whose respective oncoproteins are critical to the induction and maintenance of the malignant phenotype. Other efforts have been focused on antitumor immunotherapy strategies. It is known that during the development of cervical cancer, a cascade of abnormal events is induced, including disruption of cellular cycle control, perturbation of antitumor immune response, alteration of gene expression, and deregulation of microRNA expression. Thus, in this review article we discuss potential targets for the treatment of cervical cancer associated with HPV infection, with special attention to immunotherapy approaches, clinical trials, siRNA molecules, and their implications as gene therapy strategies against cervical cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Peralta-Zaragoza
- Direction of Chronic Infections and Cancer, Research Center in Infection Diseases, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
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20
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Chen YL, Chang MC, Chen CA, Lin HW, Cheng WF, Chien CL. Depletion of regulatory T lymphocytes reverses the imbalance between pro- and anti-tumor immunities via enhancing antigen-specific T cell immune responses. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47190. [PMID: 23082146 PMCID: PMC3474819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The regulatory T cells (Tregs) can actively suppress the immune responses. However, literature about detailed changes of host effective and suppressive immunities before and after depletion of Tregs in ovarian carcinomas, is rare. Materials and Methods Ovarian cancer patients and the ascitogenic animal model were employed. Immunologic profiles with flow cytometric analyses, immunohistochemistric staining, RT-PCR, ELISA, and ELISPOT assays were performed. In vivo depletion of Treg cells with the mAb PC61was also performed in the animal model. Results The cytokines, including IL-4 (p = 0.017) and TNF-α (p = 0.046), significantly decreased while others such as TGF-β (p = 0.013), IL-6 (p = 0.016), and IL-10 (p = 0.018) were elevated in ascites of ovarian cancer patients, when the disease progressed to advanced stages. The ratio of CD8+ T cell/Treg cell in ascites was also lower in advanced diseases than in early diseases (advanced 7.37±0.64 vs. early 14.25±3.11, p = 0.037). The kinetic low-dose CD25 Ab depletion group had significantly lower intra-peritoneal tumor weight (0.20±0.03 g) than the sequential high-dose (0.69±0.06 g) and sequential low-dose (0.67±0.07 g) CD25 Ab deletion groups (p = 0.001) after 49 days of tumor challenge in the animal. The kinetic low-dose CD25 Ab depletion group generated the highest number of IFN-γ-secreting, mesothelin-specific T lymphocytes compared to the other groups (p<0.001). Conclusions The imbalance between effective and suppressive immunities becomes more severe as a tumor progresses. The depletion of Treg cells can correct the imbalance of immunologic profiles and generate potent anti-tumor effects. Targeting Treg cells can be a new strategy for the immunotherapy of ovarian carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Li Chen
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Gynecologic Cancer Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Cheng Chang
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-An Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Wei Lin
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Fang Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (C-LC); (W-FC)
| | - Chung-Liang Chien
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (C-LC); (W-FC)
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Munang’andu HM, Fredriksen BN, Mutoloki S, Brudeseth B, Kuo TY, Marjara IS, Dalmo RA, Evensen Ø. Comparison of vaccine efficacy for different antigen delivery systems for infectious pancreatic necrosis virus vaccines in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in a cohabitation challenge model. Vaccine 2012; 30:4007-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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22
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Wei HJ, Wu ATH, Hsu CH, Lin YP, Cheng WF, Su CH, Chiu WT, Whang-Peng J, Douglas FL, Deng WP. The development of a novel cancer immunotherapeutic platform using tumor-targeting mesenchymal stem cells and a protein vaccine. Mol Ther 2011; 19:2249-57. [PMID: 21792181 PMCID: PMC3242654 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An ideal anticancer strategy should target only the malignant cells but spare the normal ones. In this regard, we established a platform, consisting of an antigen-delivering vehicle and a protein vaccine, for developing an immunotherapeutic approach with the potential for eliminating various cancer types. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been demonstrated capable of targeting tumors and integrating into the stroma. Moreover, we have developed a protein vaccine PE(ΔIII)-E7-KDEL3 which specifically recognized E7 antigen and elicited immunity against cervical cancer. Taking advantage of tumor-homing property of MSCs and PE(ΔIII)-E7-KDEL3, we used E6/E7-immortalized human MSCs (KP-hMSCs) as an E7 antigen-delivering vehicle to test if this protein vaccine could effectively eliminate non-E7-expressing tumor cells. Animals which received combined treatment of KP-hMSCs and PE(ΔIII)-E7-KDEL3 demonstrated a significant inhibition of tumor growth and lung-metastasis when compared to PE(ΔIII)-E7-KDEL3 only and KP-hMSCs only groups. The efficiency of tumor suppression correlated positively to the specific immune response induced by PE(ΔIII)-E7-KDEL3. In addition, this combined treatment inhibited tumor growth via inducing apoptosis. Our findings indicated that KP-hMSCs could be used as a tumor-targeting device and mediate antitumor effect of PE(ΔIII)-E7-KDEL3. We believe this strategy could serve as a platform for developing a universal vaccine for different cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hon-Jian Wei
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Bergot AS, Kassianos A, Frazer IH, Mittal D. New Approaches to Immunotherapy for HPV Associated Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:3461-95. [PMID: 24212964 PMCID: PMC3759206 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3033461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer of women worldwide and is the first cancer shown to be entirely induced by a virus, the human papillomavirus (HPV, major oncogenic genotypes HPV-16 and -18). Two recently developed prophylactic cervical cancer vaccines, using virus-like particles (VLP) technology, have the potential to prevent a large proportion of cervical cancer associated with HPV infection and to ensure long-term protection. However, prophylactic HPV vaccines do not have therapeutic effects against pre-existing HPV infections and do not prevent their progression to HPV-associated malignancy. In animal models, therapeutic vaccines for persisting HPV infection can eliminate transplantable tumors expressing HPV antigens, but are of limited efficacy in inducing rejection of skin grafts expressing the same antigens. In humans, clinical trials have reported successful immunotherapy of HPV lesions, providing hope and further interest. This review discusses possible new approaches to immunotherapy for HPV associated cancer, based on recent advances in our knowledge of the immunobiology of HPV infection, of epithelial immunology and of immunoregulation, with a brief overview on previous and current HPV vaccine clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Bergot
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (A.-S.B); (D.M.); Tel.: +61 (07) 3176 2769; Fax: +61 7 3176 5946
| | | | | | - Deepak Mittal
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (A.-S.B); (D.M.); Tel.: +61 (07) 3176 2769; Fax: +61 7 3176 5946
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Wick DA, Webb JR. A novel, broad spectrum therapeutic HPV vaccine targeting the E7 proteins of HPV16, 18, 31, 45 and 52 that elicits potent E7-specific CD8T cell immunity and regression of large, established, E7-expressing TC-1 tumors. Vaccine 2011; 29:7857-66. [PMID: 21816200 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Persistent infection by high risk genotypes of human papillomavirus (HPV) is the cause of cervical cancer, which remains one of the most common cancers among women worldwide. In addition, there is a growing appreciation that high risk HPVs are associated with a number of other cancers including anogenital cancers as well as a subset of head and neck cancers. Recently, prophylactic HPV vaccines targeting the two most prevalent high risk HPVs (HPV16 and HPV18) have been deployed in large-scale vaccination campaigns. However, the extent to which these prophylactic vaccines confer protection against other high risk HPV genotypes is largely unknown and prophylactic vaccines have been shown to be ineffective against pre-existing infection. Thus there continues to be an urgent need for effective therapeutic vaccines against HPV. The E7 protein of HPV16 has been widely studied as a target for therapeutic vaccines in HPV-associated cancer settings because HPV16 is the most prevalent of the high risk HPV genotypes. However, HPV16 accounts for only about 50% of cervical cancers and there are at least 15 other high risk HPVs that are known to be oncogenic. We have developed a novel, broad-spectrum, therapeutic vaccine (Pentarix) directed at the E7 proteins from five of the most prevalent high-risk genotypes of HPV worldwide (HPV16, 18, 31, 45 and 52) that together account for more than 80% of all HPV-associated cancers. Pentarix is a recombinant protein-based vaccine that elicits strong, multi-genotype specific CD8 T cell immunity when administered to mice in combination with adjuvants comprised of agonists of the TLR3 or TLR9 family of innate immune receptors. Furthermore, large, established E7-expressing TC-1 tumors undergo rapid and complete regression after therapeutic vaccination of mice with Pentarix. Together, these data suggest that Pentarix may be of clinical value for patients with E7-positive, HPV-associated precancerous lesions or malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darin A Wick
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Trev and Joyce Deeley Research Centre, 2410 Lee Avenue, Victoria, Canada
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Villatoro-Hernandez J, Montes-de-Oca-Luna R, Kuipers OP. Targeting diseases with genetically engineeredLactococcus lactisand its course towards medical translation. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 11:261-7. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2011.542138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Su JH, Wu A, Scotney E, Ma B, Monie A, Hung CF, Wu TC. Immunotherapy for cervical cancer: Research status and clinical potential. BioDrugs 2010; 24:109-29. [PMID: 20199126 DOI: 10.2165/11532810-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) have been found to be associated with most cervical cancers and play an essential role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Despite recent advances in preventive HPV vaccine development, such preventive vaccines are unlikely to reduce the prevalence of HPV infections within the next few years, due to their cost and limited availability in developing countries. Furthermore, preventive HPV vaccines may not be capable of treating established HPV infections and HPV-associated lesions, which account for high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Thus, it is important to develop therapeutic HPV vaccines for the control of existing HPV infection and associated malignancies. Therapeutic vaccines are quite different from preventive vaccines in that they require the generation of cell-mediated immunity, particularly T cell-mediated immunity, instead of the generation of neutralizing antibodies. The HPV-encoded early proteins, the E6 and E7 oncoproteins, form ideal targets for therapeutic HPV vaccines, since they are consistently expressed in HPV-associated cervical cancer and its precursor lesions and thus play crucial roles in the generation and maintenance of HPV-associated disease. Our review covers the various therapeutic HPV vaccines for cervical cancer, including live vector-based, peptide or protein-based, nucleic acid-based, and cell-based vaccines targeting the HPV E6 and/or E7 antigens. Furthermore, we review the studies using therapeutic HPV vaccines in combination with other therapeutic modalities and review the latest clinical trials on therapeutic HPV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Han Su
- National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Sun WZ, Chang MC, Hsiao PN, Chen CA, Hsu YT, Hsieh CY, Cheng WF. Morphine-sparing effect by COX-1 inhibitor sustains analgesic function without compromising antigen-specific immunity and antitumor effect of naked DNA vaccine. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2010; 23:91-104. [PMID: 20377998 DOI: 10.1177/039463201002300109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine and ketorolac, two analgesics with different mechanisms, have been widely used in controlling cancer pain and postoperative pain in surgery. Our previous study revealed that morphine could suppress the anti-tumor effect of antigen-specific DNA vaccine. In this study, we further evaluated and compared another analgesic drug, ketorolac, with morphine for its analgesic functions and the antitumor immunities of antigen-specific DNA vaccine. We first observed that ketorolac-treated mice did not enhance tumorigenesis nor suppress the anti-tumor effects of antigen-specific (calreticulin linked to HPV16 E7) CRT/E7 DNA vaccine. We then demonstrated that ketorolac was less potent in inducing apoptosis of T lymphocytes and the generation of reactive oxygen species, in reducing mitochondrial membrane potentials, and leading to the activation of caspases 3 and 7 in T lymphocytes than morphine. When CRT/E7 DNA vaccinated mice treated with ketorolac, the declines of frequencies of E7-specific IFN-gamma-secreting CD8+ T cell precursors were slower in the morphine-treated group. CRT/E7 DNA vaccinated mice, treated with a mixture of morphine and ketorolac, could maintain the analgesic function without experiencing a decrease in the anti-tumor effects. CRT/E7 DNA vaccine with the opioid-sparing effect of ketorolac could provide potent anti-tumor effects and good analgesic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-Z Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate Institute of Oncology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chen CA, Ho CM, Chang MC, Sun WZ, Chen YL, Chiang YC, Syu MH, Hsieh CY, Cheng WF. Metronomic chemotherapy enhances antitumor effects of cancer vaccine by depleting regulatory T lymphocytes and inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. Mol Ther 2010; 18:1233-43. [PMID: 20372107 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although cancer vaccines are emerging as innovative methods for cancer treatment, these alone have limited potential for treating measurable tumor burden. Thus, the importance of identifying anticancer strategies with greater potency is necessary. The chimeric DNA vaccine CTGF/E7 (connective tissue growth factor linked to the tumor antigen human papillomavirus 16 E7) generates potent E7-specific immunity and antitumor effects. We tested immune-modulating doses of chemotherapy in combination with the CTGF/E7 DNA vaccine to treat existing tumors in mice. Metronomic low doses of paclitaxel, not the maximal tolerable dose, are synergistic with the antigen-specific DNA vaccine. Paclitaxel, given in metronomic sequence with the CTGF/E7 DNA vaccine enhanced the vaccine's potential to delay tumor growth and decreased metastatic tumors in vivo better than the CTGF/E7 DNA vaccine alone. The two possible mechanisms of metronomic paclitaxel chemotherapy are the depletion of regulatory T cells and the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis rather than direct cancer cell cytolytic effects. Results indicate that combination treatment of metronomic chemotherapy and antigen-specific DNA vaccine can induce more potent antigen-specific immune responses and antitumor effects. This provides an immunologic basis for further testing in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-An Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) has been associated with several human cancers, including cervical cancer, vulvar cancer, vaginal and anal cancer, and a subset of head and neck cancers. Thus effective vaccination against HPV provides an opportunity to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with HPV. The Food and Drug Administration of the United States has approved two preventive vaccines to limit the spread of HPV. However, these are unlikely to impact upon HPV prevalence and cervical cancer rates for many years. Furthermore, preventive vaccines do not exert therapeutic effects on pre-existing HPV infections and HPV-associated lesions. In order to further impact upon the burden of HPV infections worldwide, therapeutic vaccines are being developed. These vaccines aim to generate a cell-mediated immune response to infected cells. This review discusses current preventive and therapeutic HPV vaccines and their future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Lin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Chien-Fu Hung
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T-C Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Chen CA, Chang MC, Sun WZ, Chen YL, Chiang YC, Hsieh CY, Chen SM, Hsiao PN, Cheng WF. Noncarrier naked antigen-specific DNA vaccine generates potent antigen-specific immunologic responses and antitumor effects. Gene Ther 2009; 16:776-87. [PMID: 19357714 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2009.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Genetic immunization strategies have largely focused on the use of plasmid DNA with a gene gun. However, there remains a clear need to further improve the efficiency, safety, and cost of potential DNA vaccines. The gold particle-coated DNA format delivered through a gene gun is expensive, time and process consuming, and raises aseptic safety concerns. This study aims to determine whether a low-pressured gene gun can deliver noncarrier naked DNA vaccine without any particle coating, and generate similarly strong antigen-specific immunologic responses and potent antitumor effects compared with gold particle-coated DNA vaccine. Our results show that mice vaccinated with noncarrier naked chimeric CRT/E7 DNA lead to dramatic increases in the numbers of E7-specific CD8+ T-cell precursors and markedly raised titers of E7-specific antibodies. Furthermore, noncarrier naked CRT/E7 DNA vaccine generated potent antitumor effects against subcutaneous E7-expressing tumors and pre-established E7-expressing metastatic pulmonary tumors. In addition, mice immunized with noncarrier naked CRT/E7 DNA vaccine had significantly less burning effects on the skin compared with those vaccinated with gold particle-coated CRT/E7 DNA vaccine. We conclude that noncarrier naked CRT/E7 DNA vaccine delivered with a low-pressured gene gun can generate similarly potent immunologic responses and effective antitumor effects has fewer side effects, and is more convenient than conventional gold particle-coated DNA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-A Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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31
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Ding Y, Seow SV, Huang CH, Liew LM, Lim YC, Kuo IC, Chua KY. Coadministration of the fungal immunomodulatory protein FIP-Fve and a tumour-associated antigen enhanced antitumour immunity. Immunology 2009; 128:e881-94. [PMID: 19740349 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fve is a fungal protein isolated from the golden needle mushroom Flammulina velutipes and has previously been reported to trigger immunological responses in both mouse and human lymphocytes. In this study, we evaluated the potential application of Fve as an adjuvant for tumour immunotherapy and examined the underlying mechanism(s). When the human papillomavirus (HPV)-16 E7 oncoprotein was used as a model antigen, mice coimmunized with HPV-16 E7 and Fve showed enhanced production of HPV-16 E7-specific antibodies as well as expansion of HPV-16 E7-specific interferon (IFN)-gamma-producing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells as compared with mice immunized with HPV-16 E7 alone. Tumour protection assays showed that 60% of mice coimmunized with HPV-16 E7 plus Fve, as compared with 20% of those immunized only with HPV-16 E7, remained tumour-free for up to 167 days after challenge with the tumour cells. Tumour therapeutic assays showed that HPV-16 E7 plus Fve treatment significantly prolonged the survival of tumour-bearing mice as compared with those treated only with HPV-16 E7. In vivo cell depletion and adoptive T-cell transfer assays showed that CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and IFN-gamma played critical roles in conferring the antitumour effects. Interestingly, Fve could stimulate the maturation of splenic dendritic cells in vivo and induce antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell immune responses. In summary, Fve has potent adjuvant properties that enhance T helper type 1 antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses which confer strong antitumour effects. The use of Fve as an adjuvant could be an attractive alternative to the current vaccination strategy for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Ding
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
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Hung CF, Wu TC, Monie A, Roden R. Antigen-specific immunotherapy of cervical and ovarian cancer. Immunol Rev 2009; 222:43-69. [PMID: 18363994 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00622.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We contrast the efforts to treat ovarian cancer and cervical cancer through vaccination because of their different pathobiology. A plethora of approaches have been developed for therapeutic vaccination against cancer, many of which target defined tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). Persistent infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types causes cervical cancer. Furthermore, cervical cancer patients frequently mount both humoral and T-cell immune responses to the HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins, whose expression is required for the transformed phenotype. Numerous vaccine studies target these viral TAAs, including recent trials that may enhance clearance of pre-malignant disease. By contrast, little is known about the etiology of epithelial ovarian cancer. Although it is clear that p53 mutation or loss is a critical early event in the development of epithelial ovarian cancer, no precursor lesion has been described for the most common serous histotype, and even the location of its origin is debated. These issues have complicated the selection of appropriate ovarian TAAs and the design of vaccines. Here we focus on mesothelin as a promising ovarian TAA, because it is overexpressed and immunogenic at high frequency in patients, is displayed on the cell surface, and potentially contributes to ovarian cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Fu Hung
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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Hung CF, Ma B, Monie A, Tsen SW, Wu TC. Therapeutic human papillomavirus vaccines: current clinical trials and future directions. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8:421-39. [PMID: 18352847 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.4.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is the second largest cause of cancer deaths in women worldwide. It is now evident that persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is necessary for the development and maintenance of cervical cancer. Thus, effective vaccination against HPV represents an opportunity to restrain cervical cancer and other important cancers. The FDA recently approved the HPV vaccine Gardasil for the preventive control of HPV, using HPV virus-like particles (VLP) to generate neutralizing antibodies against major capsid protein, L1. However, prophylactic HPV vaccines do not have therapeutic effects against pre-existing HPV infections and HPV-associated lesions. Furthermore, due to the considerable burden of HPV infections worldwide, it would take decades for preventive vaccines to affect the prevalence of cervical cancer. Thus, in order to speed up the control of cervical cancer and treat current infections, the continued development of therapeutic vaccines against HPV is critical. Therapeutic HPV vaccines can potentially eliminate pre-existing lesions and malignant tumors by generating cellular immunity against HPV-infected cells that express early viral proteins such as E6 and E7. OBJECTIVE This review discusses the future directions of therapeutic HPV vaccine approaches for the treatment of established HPV-associated malignancies, with emphasis on current progress of HPV vaccine clinical trials. METHODS Relevant literature is discussed. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Though their development has been challenging, many therapeutic HPV vaccines have been shown to induce HPV-specific antitumor immune responses in preclinical animal models and several promising strategies have been applied in clinical trials. With continued progress in the field of vaccine development, HPV therapeutic vaccines may provide a potentially promising approach for the control of lethal HPV-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Fu Hung
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, CRBII 309, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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Engelhorn ME, Guevara-Patiño JA, Merghoub T, Liu C, Ferrone CR, Rizzuto GA, Cymerman DH, Posnett DN, Houghton AN, Wolchok JD. Mechanisms of immunization against cancer using chimeric antigens. Mol Ther 2008; 16:773-81. [PMID: 18301399 PMCID: PMC4399381 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2008.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful approaches to tumor immunotherapy must overcome the physiological state of tolerance of the immune system to self-tumor antigens. Immunization with appropriate variants of syngeneic antigens can achieve this. However, improvements in vaccine design are needed for efficient cancer immunotherapy. Here we explore nine different chimeric vaccine designs, in which the antigen of interest is expressed as an in-frame fusion with polypeptides that impact antigen processing or presentation. In DNA immunization experiments in mice, three of nine fusions elevated relevant CD8(+) T-cell responses and tumor protection relative to an unfused melanoma antigen. These fusions were: Escherichia coli outer membrane protein A (OmpA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A, and VP22 protein of herpes simplex virus-1. The gains of immunogenicity conferred by the latter two are independent of epitope presentation by major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II). This finding has positive implications for immunotherapy in individuals with CD4(+) T-cell deficiencies. We present evidence that antigen instability is not a sine qua non condition for immunogenicity. Experiments using two additional melanoma antigens identified different optimal fusion partners, thereby indicating that the benefits of fusion vectors remain antigen specific. Therefore large fusion vector panels such as those presented here can provide information to promote the successful advancement of gene-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel E Engelhorn
- The Swim Across America Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Connective tissue growth factor linked to the E7 tumor antigen generates potent antitumor immune responses mediated by an antiapoptotic mechanism. Gene Ther 2008; 15:1007-16. [PMID: 18356819 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2008.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for generating an antigen-specific cancer vaccine and immunotherapy has emerged using a DNA vaccine. However, antigen-presenting cells (APCs) have a limited life span, which hinders their long-term ability to prime antigen-specific T cells. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) has a role in cell survival. This study explored the intradermal administration of DNA encoding CTGF with a model tumor antigen, human papilloma virus type 16 E7. Mice vaccinated with CTGF/E7 DNA exhibited a dramatic increase in E7-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell precursors. They also showed an impressive antitumor effect against E7-expressing tumors compared with mice vaccinated with the wild-type E7 DNA. The delivery of DNA encoding CTGF and E7 or CTGF alone could prolong the survival of transduced dendritic cells (DCs) in vivo. In addition, CTGF/E7-transduced DCs could enhance a higher number of E7-specific CD8(+) T cells than E7-transduced DCs. By prolonging the survival of APCs, DNA vaccine encoding CTGF linked to a tumor antigen represents an innovative approach to enhance DNA vaccine potency and holds promise for cancer prophylaxis and immunotherapy.
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Huang CY, Chen CA, Lee CN, Chang MC, Su YN, Lin YC, Hsieh CY, Cheng WF. DNA vaccine encoding heat shock protein 60 co-linked to HPV16 E6 and E7 tumor antigens generates more potent immunotherapeutic effects than respective E6 or E7 tumor antigens. Gynecol Oncol 2007; 107:404-12. [PMID: 17905417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2007.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2007] [Revised: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vaccination based on tumor antigen is an attractive strategy for cancer prevention and therapy. Cervical cancer is highly associated with human papillomavirus, especially type 16. We developed DNA vaccines encoding heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) linked to HPV16 E6 or E7 to test if HSP60 chimeric DNA vaccines may generate strong E6 and/or E7-specific immune response and anti-tumor effects in vaccinated mice. METHODS In vivo antitumor effects such as preventive, therapeutic, and antibody depletion experiments were performed. In vitro assays such as intracellular cytokine stainings, ELISA for Ab responses, and direct and cross-priming effects, were also performed. RESULTS HSP60 chimeric DNA vaccines generated strong E6- or E7-specific immune responses and anti-tumor effects in vaccinated mice via direct and cross-priming effects. HSP60 was also linked with both E6 and E7 antigens and the HSP60/E6/E7 chimeric DNA vaccine generated more potent immunotherapeutic effects on E6- and E7-expressing tumors than HSP60/E6 or HSP60/E7 chimeric DNA vaccine alone. CONCLUSION Utilization of both E6 and E7 tumor antigens can advance the therapy of tumors associated with HPV-infections. The DNA vaccine encoding heat shock protein 60 co-linked to HPV16 E6 and E7 tumor antigens can generate more potent immunotherapeutic effects than E6 or E7 tumor antigens alone.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Chaperonin 60/genetics
- Chaperonin 60/immunology
- DNA/administration & dosage
- DNA/genetics
- DNA/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/immunology
- Papillomavirus E7 Proteins
- Papillomavirus Infections/genetics
- Papillomavirus Infections/immunology
- Papillomavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Transfection
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yen Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Hsieh CY, Chen CA, Huang CY, Chang MC, Lee CN, Su YN, Cheng WF. IL-6-encoding tumor antigen generates potent cancer immunotherapy through antigen processing and anti-apoptotic pathways. Mol Ther 2007; 15:1890-7. [PMID: 17609658 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A naked DNA vaccine delivered by gene gun into antigen-presenting cells (APCs) has emerged as an attractive strategy for antigen-specific cancer immunotherapy. However, APCs have a limited lifespan, hindering their long-term ability to prime antigen-specific T cells. Furthermore, the potency of DNA vaccines is limited by their inability to process and present antigens. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) could play a role in immunity and cell apoptosis. We explored how the DNA vaccine encodes IL-6 to a model tumor antigen, human papilloma virus type-16 (HPV-16) E7. Mice vaccinated with IL-6/E7 DNA exhibited dramatic increases in E7-specific T-cell immunities, anti-E7 antibody responses, and impressive anti-tumor effects against E7-expressing tumors. The in vitro results revealed that IL-6 enhances DNA vaccine potency through the major histocompatibility complex class I pathway via direct and cross-priming effects. In addition, the delivery of IL-6/E7 DNA prolonged the survival of transduced dendritic cells (DCs) in vivo. Our results indicated that the IL-6/E7 DNA vaccine combined the mechanisms of enhancing antigen processing and presentation with prolonging the survival of DCs. Using IL-6 represents an innovative approach to enhancing DNA vaccine potency and holds promise for cancer prevention and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yao Hsieh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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