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Krajnović M, Kožik B, Božović A, Jovanović-Ćupić S. Multiple Roles of the RUNX Gene Family in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Their Potential Clinical Implications. Cells 2023; 12:2303. [PMID: 37759525 PMCID: PMC10527445 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent cancers in humans, characterised by a high resistance to conventional chemotherapy, late diagnosis, and a high mortality rate. It is necessary to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in hepatocarcinogenesis to improve diagnosis and treatment outcomes. The Runt-related (RUNX) family of transcription factors (RUNX1, RUNX2, and RUNX3) participates in cardinal biological processes and plays paramount roles in the pathogenesis of numerous human malignancies. Their role is often controversial as they can act as oncogenes or tumour suppressors and depends on cellular context. Evidence shows that deregulated RUNX genes may be involved in hepatocarcinogenesis from the earliest to the latest stages. In this review, we summarise the topical evidence on the roles of RUNX gene family members in HCC. We discuss their possible application as non-invasive molecular markers for early diagnosis, prognosis, and development of novel treatment strategies in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bojana Kožik
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, Vinča, 11351 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.K.); (A.B.); (S.J.-Ć.)
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Cai C, Zhu Y, Mu J, Liu S, Yang Z, Wu Z, Zhao C, Song X, Ye Y, Gu J, Sang Y, Wu X, Gong W. DNA methylation of RUNX3 promotes the progression of gallbladder cancer through repressing SLC7A11-mediated ferroptosis. Cell Signal 2023; 108:110710. [PMID: 37156453 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a type of rare but highly aggressive cancer with a dismal prognosis. Runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3), a member of the runt-domain family, and its promoter methylation have been widely observed in a variety of human malignancies. However, the biological function and underlying mechanism of RUNX3 in GBC remain elusive. In this study, bisulfate sequencing PCR (BSP), Western blot, and qPCR were applied to identify the expression level and DNA methylation level of RUNX3 in GBC tissues and cells. The transcriptional relationship between RUNX3 and Inhibitor of growth 1 (ING1) was validated by dual-luciferase reporter assay and ChIP assay. A series of gain-of-function and loss-of-function assays were performed to detect the function and the regulatory relationship of RUNX3 in vitro and in vivo. RUNX3 was aberrantly downregulated in GBC cells and tissues caused by DNA Methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1)-mediated methylation, and downregulation of RUNX3 is associated with poor prognosis of GBC patients. Functional experiments reveal that RUNX3 can induce ferroptosis of GBC cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, RUNX3 induces ferroptosis by activating ING1 transcription, thereby repressing SLC7A11 in a p53-dependent manner. In conclusion, the downregulation of RUNX3 is mediated by DNA methylation, which promotes the pathogenesis of gallbladder cancer through attenuating SLC7A11-mediated ferroptosis. This study gives novel insights into the role of RUNX3 in the ferroptosis of GBC cells, which may contribute to developing potential treatment targets for GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Yidi Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jiasheng Mu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shilei Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ziyi Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ziyou Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Cheng Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Xiaoling Song
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ye
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jun Gu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Chongming Branch. No. 25 Nanmen Road, Shanghai 202150, China
| | - Yuer Sang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Xiangsong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Wei Gong
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Biliary Tract Disease Research, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Roy A, Chauhan S, Bhattacharya S, Jakhmola V, Tyagi K, Sachdeva A, Wasai A, Mandal S. Runt-related transcription factors in human carcinogenesis: a friend or foe? J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023:10.1007/s00432-023-04769-0. [PMID: 37081242 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-04769-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer is one of the deadliest pathologies with more than 19 million new cases and 10 million cancer-related deaths across the globe. Despite development of advanced therapeutic interventions, cancer remains as a fatal pathology due to lack of early prognostic biomarkers, therapy resistance and requires identification of novel drug targets. METHODS Runt-related transcription factors (Runx) family controls several cellular and physiological functions including osteogenesis. Recent literatures from PubMed was mined and the review was written in comprehensive manner RESULTS: Recent literature suggests that aberrant expression of Runx contributes to tumorigenesis of many organs. Conversely, cell- and tissue-specific tumor suppressor roles of Runx are also reported. In this review, we have provided the structural/functional properties of Runx isoforms and its regulation in context of human cancer. Moreover, in an urgent need to discover novel therapeutic interventions against cancer, we comprehensively discussed the reported oncogenic and tumor suppressive roles of Runx isoforms in several tumor types and discussed the discrepancies that may have risen on Runx as a driver of malignant transformation. CONCLUSION Runx may be a novel therapeutic target against a battery of deadly human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adhiraj Roy
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201303, India.
| | - Shivi Chauhan
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201303, India
| | - Sujata Bhattacharya
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201303, India
| | - Vibhuti Jakhmola
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201303, India
| | - Komal Tyagi
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201303, India
| | - Abha Sachdeva
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201303, India
| | - Abdul Wasai
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201303, India
| | - Supratim Mandal
- Department of Microbiology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, 741235, India
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Zhou H, Huang J, Wang F. Increased transcription of hsa_circ_0000644 upon RUNX family transcription factor 3 downregulation participates in the malignant development of bladder cancer. Cell Signal 2023; 104:110590. [PMID: 36627006 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies are ongoing to examine the versatile functions of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in human diseases. This research investigates the effects of hsa_circ_0000644 (circ_644) and its related molecules on the malignant behavior of bladder cancer (BCa) cells. METHODS Abundant bioinformatics analyses were performed to screen the key circRNA and its related molecules in BCa. Tumor tissues and the para-tumorous tissues were collected from 58 patients with BCa. Expression of RUNX family transcription factor 3 (RUNX3), circ_644, microRNA-143-3p (miR-143-3p), and musashi RNA binding protein 2 (MSI2) in BCa tissues or cells was determined. Molecular interactions were confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation, RNA pull-down, and luciferase assays. Gain and loss-of function assays were performed using two BCa cell lines (T24 and HT1376). RESULTS Circ_644 was highly expressed whereas RUNX3, which could suppress circ_644 transcription, was lowly expressed in BCa tissues and cells. Upregulation of RUNX3 suppressed proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion, and tumorigenicity of BCa cells and induced cell cycle arrest. However, the tumor-suppressive effects of RUNX3 were blocked by circ_644 upregulation. Circ_644 served as a sponge for miR-143-3p, and miR-143-3p bound to MSI2 mRNA. The rescue experiments showed that miR-143-3p inhibition or MSI2 overexpression restored the malignant behaviors of BCa cells induced by circ_644 knockdown or RUNX3 overexpression. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that transcriptional activation of circ_644 upon RUNX3 downregulation drives the malignant development of BCa through the miR-143-3p/MSI2 axis. RUNX3 restoration or specific inhibition of circ_644 or MSI2 may help block BCa progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410001, Hunan, PR China
| | - Jiangbo Huang
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410001, Hunan, PR China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Medicine, Changsha Social Work College, Changsha 410004, Hunan, PR China.
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Khan AS, Campbell KJ, Cameron ER, Blyth K. The RUNX/CBFβ Complex in Breast Cancer: A Conundrum of Context. Cells 2023; 12:641. [PMID: 36831308 PMCID: PMC9953914 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dissecting and identifying the major actors and pathways in the genesis, progression and aggressive advancement of breast cancer is challenging, in part because neoplasms arising in this tissue represent distinct diseases and in part because the tumors themselves evolve. This review attempts to illustrate the complexity of this mutational landscape as it pertains to the RUNX genes and their transcription co-factor CBFβ. Large-scale genomic studies that characterize genetic alterations across a disease subtype are a useful starting point and as such have identified recurring alterations in CBFB and in the RUNX genes (particularly RUNX1). Intriguingly, the functional output of these mutations is often context dependent with regards to the estrogen receptor (ER) status of the breast cancer. Therefore, such studies need to be integrated with an in-depth understanding of both the normal and corrupted function in mammary cells to begin to tease out how loss or gain of function can alter the cell phenotype and contribute to disease progression. We review how alterations to RUNX/CBFβ function contextually ascribe to breast cancer subtypes and discuss how the in vitro analyses and mouse model systems have contributed to our current understanding of these proteins in the pathogenesis of this complex set of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adiba S. Khan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Rd, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (A.S.K.); (K.J.C.)
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Kirsteen J. Campbell
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Rd, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (A.S.K.); (K.J.C.)
| | - Ewan R. Cameron
- School of Biodiversity One Health & Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Karen Blyth
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Rd, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK; (A.S.K.); (K.J.C.)
- School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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Zhang W, Ma Q, Long B, Sun Z, Liu L, Lin D, Zhao M. Runt-Related Transcription Factor 3 Promotes Acute Myeloid Leukemia Progression. Front Oncol 2021; 11:725336. [PMID: 34722267 PMCID: PMC8549545 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.725336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematological malignancy with high relapse/refractory rate. Genetic and epigenetic abnormalities are driving factors for leukemogenesis. RUNX1 and RUNX2 from the Runt-related transcription factor (RUNX) family played important roles in AML pathogenesis. However, the relationship between RUNX3 and AML remains unclear. Here, we found that RUNX3 was a super-enhancer-associated gene and highly expressed in AML cells. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database showed high expression of RUNX3 correlated with poor prognosis of AML patients. We observed that Runx3 knockdown significantly inhibited leukemia progression by inducing DNA damage to enhance apoptosis in murine AML cells. By chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) analysis, we discovered that RUNX3 in AML cells mainly bound more genes involved in DNA-damage repair and antiapoptosis pathways compared to that in normal bone marrow cells. Runx3 knockdown obviously inhibited the expression of these genes in AML cells. Overall, we identified RUNX3 as an oncogene overexpressed in AML cells, and Runx3 knockdown suppressed AML progression by inducing DNA damage and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, ShenZhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Ma
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, ShenZhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Long
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhangyi Sun
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, ShenZhen, China.,Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingling Liu
- Department of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongjun Lin
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, ShenZhen, China
| | - Minyi Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, ShenZhen, China
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Silva CP, Kamens HM. Cigarette smoke-induced alterations in blood: A review of research on DNA methylation and gene expression. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2021; 29:116-135. [PMID: 32658533 PMCID: PMC7854868 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, smoking remains a threat to public health, causing preventable diseases and premature mortality. Cigarette smoke is a powerful inducer of DNA methylation and gene expression alterations, which have been associated with negative health consequences. Here, we review the current knowledge on smoking-related changes in DNA methylation and gene expression in human blood samples. We identified 30 studies focused on the association between active smoking, DNA methylation modifications, and gene expression alterations. Overall, we identified 1,758 genes with differentially methylated sites (DMS) and differentially expressed genes (DEG) between smokers and nonsmokers, of which 261 were detected in multiple studies (≥4). The most frequently (≥10 studies) reported genes were AHRR, GPR15, GFI1, and RARA. Functional enrichment analysis of the 261 genes identified the aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor and T cell pathways (T helpers 1 and 2) as influenced by smoking status. These results highlight specific genes for future mechanistic and translational research that may be associated with cigarette smoke exposure and smoking-related diseases. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza P. Silva
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, United States of America
| | - Helen M. Kamens
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, United States of America.,Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Helen M. Kamens, 228 Biobehavioral Health Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802; ; Phone number: 814-865-1269; Fax number: 814-863-7525
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Zheng J, Mei Y, Zhai G, Zhao N, Jia D, Fan Y. Downregulation of RUNX3 has a poor prognosis and promotes tumor progress in kidney cancer. Urol Oncol 2020; 38:740.e11-740.e20. [PMID: 32600926 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2020.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney cancer usually shows no symptoms until the tumor is relatively large, and current drugs fail to stop the tumor recurrence. The transcriptional factor Runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) has been reported to function as a tumor suppressor in many types of cancers. METHODS Kidney cancer and adjacent normal tissues were collected from 12 patients to test the expression of RUNX3 by real-time quantitative PCR, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry. Promoter methylation status of RUNX3 was determined using methylation analysis from 103 patient samples. Kidney cancer cell lines and xenograft mouse model were used to investigate the promoter methylation and cancer progression through inhibitor treatment and loss/gain-of-function experiments. RESULTS RUNX3 was significantly downregulated in kidney cancer tissues and cells, which could be elevated by higher methylation status at its promoter region. RUNX3 promoter methylation was positively correlated with poor prognosis of kidney cancer. RUNX3 loss-of-function promoted the cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of kidney cancer cells, in contrast, RUNX3 overexpression inhibited the cancer cell progression. This study provides the first instance of the effect of RUNX3 expression and its promoter methylation status on kidney cancer. CONCLUSION Targeting RUNX3 pathway and its promoter methylation are potential therapeutic strategies to treat kidney cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Zheng
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China; Department of Urology, Central Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Yanhui Mei
- Department of Urology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Guangsheng Zhai
- Department of Radiotherapy, Central Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Department of Urology, Central Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Dongsheng Jia
- Department of Urology, Central Hospital of Zibo, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Yidong Fan
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Ahmed AA, Adam Essa ME. Epigenetic alterations in female urogenital organs cancer: Premise, properties, and perspectives. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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10
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Gao QQ, Zhou B, Yu XZ, Zhang Z, Wang YY, Song YP, Zhang L, Luo H, Xi MR. Transcriptome changes induced by RUNX3 in cervical cancer cells in vitro. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:651-662. [PMID: 31897181 PMCID: PMC6924183 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) is a member of Runt domain family that is known to play key roles in various different types of tumor. It was recently demonstrated that RUNX3 may also be associated with cervical cancer. The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential association between transcriptome changes and RUNX3 expression in cervical cancer. A RUNX3 overexpression model was constructed using cervical cancer cell lines by RUNX3 plasmid transfection. It was demonstrated that the upregulated expression of RUNX3 inhibited proliferation of cervical cancer cell lines, particularly SiHa cells, and was associated with the expression of the IL-6, PTGS2, FOSL1 and TNF genes. In addition, it was revealed that the TNF and FoxO pathways may also be affected by RUNX3. Therefore, the expression of the RUNX3 gene may be involved in the occurrence and progression of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Gao
- Department of Ultrasound, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, Key Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecological and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Zhang Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Zhu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Yun Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, Key Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecological and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Ping Song
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, Key Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecological and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Translational Medicine, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, Key Laboratory of Obstetric and Gynecological and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Hong Luo
- Department of Ultrasound, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Rong Xi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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Oncosuppressive Role of RUNX3 in Human Astrocytomas. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:1232434. [PMID: 31467531 PMCID: PMC6699290 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1232434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Background Gliomas are the most common and aggressive among primary malignant brain tumours with significant inter- and intratumour heterogeneity in histology, molecular profile, and patient outcome. However, molecular targets that could provide reliable diagnostic and prognostic information on this type of cancer are currently unknown. Recent studies show that certain phenotypes of gliomas such as malignancy, resistance to therapy, and relapses are associated with the epigenetic alterations of tumour-specific genes. Runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) is feasible tumour suppressor gene since its inactivation was shown to be related to carcinogenesis. Aim The aim of the study was to elucidate RUNX3 changes in different regulation levels of molecular biology starting from epigenetics to function in particular cases of astrocytic origin tumours of different grade evaluating significance of molecular changes of RUNX3 for patient clinical characteristics as well as evaluate RUNX3 reexpression effect to GBM cells. Methods The methylation status and protein expression levels of RUNX3 were measured by methylation-specific PCR and Western blot in 136 and 72 different malignancy grade glioma tissues, respectively. Lipotransfection and MTT were applied for proliferation assessment in U87-MG cells. Results We found that RUNX3 was highly methylated and downregulated in GBM. RUNX3 promoter methylation was detected in 69.4% of GBM (n=49) as compared to 0 to 17.2% in I-III grade astrocytomas (n=87). Weighty lower RUNX3 protein level was observed in GMB specimens compared to grade II-III astrocytomas. Correlation test revealed a weak but significant link among Runx3 methylation and protein level. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that increased RUNX3 methylation and low protein level were both associated with shorter patient survival (p<0.05). Reexpression of RUNX3 in U87-MG cells significantly reduced glioma cell viability compared to control transfection. Conclusions The results demonstrate that RUNX3 gene methylation and protein expression downregulation are glioma malignancy dependent and contribute to tumour progression.
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Benelli M, Romagnoli D, Demichelis F. Tumor purity quantification by clonal DNA methylation signatures. Bioinformatics 2019; 34:1642-1649. [PMID: 29325057 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation Controlling for tumor purity in molecular analyses is essential to allow for reliable genomic aberration calls, for inter-sample comparison and to monitor heterogeneity of cancer cell populations. In genome wide screening studies, the assessment of tumor purity is typically performed by means of computational methods that exploit somatic copy number aberrations. Results We present a strategy, called Purity Assessment from clonal MEthylation Sites (PAMES), which uses the methylation level of a few dozen, highly clonal, tumor type specific CpG sites to estimate the purity of tumor samples, without the need of a matched benign control. We trained and validated our method in more than 6000 samples from different datasets. Purity estimates by PAMES were highly concordant with other state-of-the-art tools and its evaluation in a cancer cell line dataset highlights its reliability to accurately estimate tumor admixtures. We extended the capability of PAMES to the analysis of CpG islands instead of the more platform-specific CpG sites and demonstrated its accuracy in a set of advanced tumors profiled by high throughput DNA methylation sequencing. These analyses show that PAMES is a valuable tool to assess the purity of tumor samples in the settings of clinical research and diagnostics. Availability and implementation https://github.com/cgplab/PAMES. Contact matteo.benelli@uslcentro.toscana.it or f.demichelis@unitn.it. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Benelli
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.,Bioinformatics Unit, Hospital of Prato, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Prato, Italy
| | - Dario Romagnoli
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.,Bioinformatics Unit, Hospital of Prato, Istituto Toscano Tumori, Prato, Italy
| | - Francesca Demichelis
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.,Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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13
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Gurung PMS, Barnett AR, Wilson JS, Hudson J, Ward DG, Messing EM, Bryan RT. Prognostic DNA Methylation Biomarkers in High-risk Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review to Identify Loci for Prospective Validation. Eur Urol Focus 2019; 6:683-697. [PMID: 30803927 DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT High-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (HR-NMIBC) represents over 30% of all incident urothelial bladder cancers (BCs); patients are at risk of progression, and 20-30% will die from BC within 5 yr. Current guidelines recommend induction and maintenance of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) or upfront radical cystectomy for highest-risk disease, treatments with markedly different morbidity, mortality, and patient burden. There are no validated biomarkers to facilitate such treatment decisions. Alterations in DNA methylation are commonplace in BC; hence, measurable changes in DNA methylation represent an opportunity for the discovery of such biomarkers. OBJECTIVE To systematically assess the evidence regarding DNA methylation markers as prognosticators for HR-NMIBC. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Standard systematic review methods were employed with searches undertaken in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PubMed up to January 2019. Studies that included patients with HR-NMIBC and investigated the utility of DNA methylation biomarkers as prognostic tools were included. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Of 63 prognostic biomarker studies identified, 21 met the protocol-driven inclusion criteria and were directly relevant to HR-NMIBC patient outcomes: tumour recurrence (TR), tumour progression (TP), disease-specific survival (DSS), and overall survival (OS). These studies described 140 methylation markers; of these, the most promising were cadherin-13 (CDH13; hazard ratios [HRs]: 5.1 for TR, 6.6 for TP, 3.8-8.0 for OS), protocadherins (PCDHs; HRs: 4.7 for TR, 2.5 for TP, 3.0-4.8 for OS), Runt domain transcription factor 3 (RUNX3; HR: 5.1 for TP), Homeobox 9 (HOXA9; HR: 1.9 for TR), Islet-1 (ISL1; HRs: 1.7 for TR, 3.3 for TP), and PAX6 (HR: 2.2 for TR). CONCLUSIONS This systematic review identifies a number of potentially useful prognostic methylation markers for HR-NMIBC. These loci (CDH13, PCDHs, RUNX3, HOXA9, ISL1, and PAX6) should be validated in prospective studies in order to translate benefit to patients. PATIENT SUMMARY Early bladder cancer represents a more complex spectrum of disease than can be assessed by conventional methods Emerging studies on molecular markers will improve our understanding of this disease, and may enable more precise and personalised treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik M S Gurung
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, NY, USA
| | - Abigail R Barnett
- Institute of Cancer & Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jayne S Wilson
- Institute of Cancer & Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Douglas G Ward
- Institute of Cancer & Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Edward M Messing
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard T Bryan
- Institute of Cancer & Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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14
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Manandhar S, Lee YM. Emerging role of RUNX3 in the regulation of tumor microenvironment. BMB Rep 2018; 51:174-181. [PMID: 29429451 PMCID: PMC5933212 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2018.51.4.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of genes have been therapeutically targeted to relieve cancer, but cancer relapse is still a growing issue. The concept that the surrounding tumor environment is critical for the progression of cancer may foster an answer to the issue of cancer malignancy. Runt domain transcription factors (RUNX1, 2, and 3) are evolutionarily conserved and have been intensively studied for their roles in normal development and pathological conditions. During tumor growth, a hypoxic microenvironment and infiltration of the tumor by immune cells are common phenomena. In this review, we briefly introduce the consequences of hypoxia and immune cell infiltration into the tumor microenvironment with a focus on RUNX3 as a critical regulator. Furthermore, based on our current knowledge of the functional role of RUNX3 in hypoxia and immune cell maintenance, a probable therapeutic intervention is suggested for the effective management of tumor growth and malignancy. [BMB Reports 2018; 51(4): 174-181].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarala Manandhar
- Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis Regulation, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - You Mie Lee
- Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis Regulation, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics based Creative Drug Research Team, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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15
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Zhang C, Li J, Huang T, Duan S, Dai D, Jiang D, Sui X, Li D, Chen Y, Ding F, Huang C, Chen G, Wang K. Meta-analysis of DNA methylation biomarkers in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:81255-81267. [PMID: 27835605 PMCID: PMC5348390 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we conducted a systematic meta-analysis to evaluate the contribution of DNA methylation to the risk of HCC. A total of 2109 publications were initially retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, CNKI and Wanfang literature database. After a four-step filtration, we harvested 144 case-control articles in the meta-analysis. Our results revealed that 24 genes (carcinoma tissues vs adjacent tissues), 17 genes (carcinoma tissues vs normal tissues) and six genes (carcinoma serums vs normal serums) were significantly hypermethylated in HCC. Subgroup meta-analysis by geographical populations showed that six genes (carcinoma tissues vs adjacent tissues) and four genes (carcinoma tissues vs normal tissues) were significantly hypermethylated in HCC. Our meta-analysis identified the correlations between a number of aberrant methylated genes (p16, RASSF1A, GSTP1, p14, CDH1, APC, RUNX3, SOCS1, p15, MGMT, SFRP1, WIF1, PRDM2, DAPK1, RARβ, hMLH1, p73, DLC1, p53, SPINT2, OPCML and WT1) and HCC. Aberrant DNA methylation might become useful biomarkers for the prediction and diagnosis of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinyun Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shiwei Duan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongjun Dai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Danjie Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinbing Sui
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Da Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yidan Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Ding
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Changxin Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gongying Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kaifeng Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Abstract
Bladder cancers are a mixture of heterogeneous cell populations, and numerous factors are likely to be involved in dictating their recurrence, progression and the patient's survival. For any candidate prognostic marker to have considerable clinical relevance, it must add some predictive capacity beyond that offered by conventional clinical and pathologic parameters. Here, the current situation in bladder cancer research with respect to identification of suitable prognostic markers is reviewed. A number of individual molecular markers that might predict bladder cancer recurrence and progression have been identified but many are not sufficiently sensitive or specific for the whole spectrum of bladder cancer diseases seen in routine clinical practice. These limitations have led to interest in other molecular parameters that could enable more accurate prognosis for bladder cancer patients. Of particular interest is the epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes. Since the methylation of these genes can correlate with a poor prognosis, the methylation profile may represent a new biomarker that indicates the risk of transitional cell carcinoma development. In addition, bladder cancer research is likely to be revolutionized by high-throughput molecular technologies, which allow rapid and global gene expression analysis of thousands of tumor samples. Initial studies employing these technologies have considerably expanded our ability to classify bladder cancers with respect to their survivability. Future microarray analyses are likely to reveal particular gene expression signatures that predict the likelihood of bladder cancer progression and recurrence, as well as patient's survival and responsiveness to different anti-cancer therapies, with great specificity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine and Institute for Tumor Research, South Korea
| | - Soongang Park
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Yong-June Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University, College of Medicine, Cheongju, South Korea
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17
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Casadevall D, Kilian AY, Bellmunt J. The prognostic role of epigenetic dysregulation in bladder cancer: A systematic review. Cancer Treat Rev 2017; 61:82-93. [PMID: 29121502 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite adequate treatment and follow-up, around one fifth of patients with localized bladder cancer will present with disease progression. Adequate prognostic biomarkers are lacking to define patients who are at risk. Mutations in chromatin remodeling genes are more frequently found in bladder cancer than in any other solid tumor. However, the prognostic relevance of epigenetic dysregulation has not been established and may offer an opportunity for biomarker discovery. METHODS Looking for prognostic epigenetic factors, we performed a comprehensive PubMed search using keywords such as "bladder cancer", "chromatin remodeling", "gene methylation" and "epigenetics". We only included studies reporting on the association of epigenetic markers with prognostic outcomes such as recurrence, progression or survival. RESULTS Of 1113 results, 87 studies met the inclusion criteria, which represented a total of 85 epigenetic markers with potential prognostic relevance. No prospective studies were identified. Seventy-three percent (64/87) of the studies involved mixed cohorts of muscle invasive and non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Promoter methylation of genes with putative prognostic value affected cellular processes such as cell cycle, apoptosis, cell-adhesion or migration, as well as critical pathways such as MAP-kinase or Wnt. Alteration of chromatin regulatory elements suggest a prognostic relevance alterations leading to a predominantly silenced chromatin state. CONCLUSIONS The prognostic impact of epigenetic alterations in bladder cancer is still unclear. Prospective evaluation of methylation marks and chromatin remodeling gene alterations using consistent methods and criteria is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Casadevall
- Cancer Research Program, PSMAR-IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Carrer Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Joaquim Bellmunt
- Cancer Research Program, PSMAR-IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Carrer Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, DANA 1230, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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18
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Zhang X, Wang L, Zeng X, Fujita T, Liu W. Runx3 inhibits melanoma cell migration through regulation of cell shape change. Cell Biol Int 2017; 41:1048-1055. [PMID: 28699302 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Runx3 is a known tumor suppressor gene, and its expression is frequently lost in melanoma. However, the potential contribution of the loss of Runx3 expression to melanoma development and progression remains unclear. In this in vitro study, we demonstrated that ectopic Runx3 re-expression in B16-F10 melanoma cells changed the cell shape from elongated and branched to spread and unbranched, which enhanced stress fiber formation, increased the number of mature and fibrillar focal adhesions, and up-regulated fibronectin expression. In association with the cell shape change, the Runx3 re-expression in B16-F10 melanoma cells inhibited cell migration. Moreover, the phenotype of the Runx3 induced cell shape change was partially resembled when the melanoma cells were cultured on a fibronectin-coated coverslip, suggesting that fibronectin may mediate the Runx3 induced cell shape change of the melanoma cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that Runx3 may regulate cell shape to inhibit melanoma cell migration partly through enhancing stress fiber formation and ECM protein production. Our present study provides further evidence for the idea that cell shape change is potentially correlated with melanoma development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Linghui Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Xianlu Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Takashi Fujita
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Molecular Toxicology Lab, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | - Wenguang Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
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19
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Kumar A, Sundaram S, Rayala SK, Venkatraman G. UnPAKing RUNX3 functions-Both sides of the coin. Small GTPases 2017. [PMID: 28628382 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1322667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Post translational modifications of RUNX3 have been shown to play an important role in directing RUNX3 functions. In this review we highlight the phosphorylation dependent functions of RUNX3 as regulated by PAK1 and its implications on tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar
- a Department of Biotechnology , Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM) , Chennai , India
| | - Sandhya Sundaram
- b Departments of Pathology , Sri Ramachandra University , Porur, Chennai , India
| | - Suresh K Rayala
- a Department of Biotechnology , Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM) , Chennai , India
| | - Ganesh Venkatraman
- c Departments of Human Genetics , Sri Ramachandra University , Porur, Chennai , India
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20
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Mori N, Ohwashi-Miyazaki M, Yoshinaga K, Okada M, Shiseki M, Motoji T, Tanaka J. Tumor suppressor gene methylation on the short arm of chromosome 1 in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Eur J Haematol 2017; 98:467-477. [PMID: 28129457 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We previously reported loss of heterozygosity on 1p in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). We analyzed promoter methylation and mutation of tumor suppressor genes on 1p36 in CML. METHODS We performed methylation-specific PCR (MS-PCR) analysis of the PRDM2, RUNX3, and TP73 genes in 61 patients with CML (43 chronic phase, CP; two accelerated phase; and 16 blast crisis, BC). Oxidative MS-PCR, PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism, and real-time reverse transcriptase PCR were also analyzed. K-562 cells were grown in the presence of 5-Aza-dC and trichostatin A. RESULTS Methylation of the PRDM2, RUNX3, and TP73 genes was detected in 24/60 (40%), 21/61 (34%), and 28/60 (47%) patients, respectively. Methylation of all three genes was detected in 19/59 (32%) patients. Methylation was more frequent in BC than in CP. Oxidative MS-PCR analysis detected 5-mC in the PRDM2, RUNX3, and TP73 genes in 10/22 (45%), 15/21 (71%), and 16/26 (62%) samples with methylation detected by MS-PCR, respectively. Decreased expression was observed in several samples with methylation, while no mutations were found in the genes. Treatment of K-562 cells induced growth suppression, demethylation, and reexpression of the PRDM2 and RUNX3 genes. CONCLUSION Multiple tumor suppressor genes on 1p were inactivated in CML by methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Mori
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kentaro Yoshinaga
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Okada
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Shiseki
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiko Motoji
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junji Tanaka
- Department of Hematology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Runx3 and Cell Fate Decisions in Pancreas Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 962:333-352. [PMID: 28299667 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3233-2_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The RUNX family transcription factors are critical regulators of development and frequently dysregulated in cancer. RUNX3, the least well characterized of the three family members, has been variously described as a tumor promoter or suppressor, sometimes with conflicting results and opinions in the same cancer and likely reflecting a complex role in oncogenesis. We recently identified RUNX3 expression as a crucial determinant of the predilection for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) cells to proliferate locally or promulgate throughout the body. High RUNX3 expression induces the production and secretion of soluble factors that support metastatic niche construction and stimulates PDA cells to migrate and invade, while simultaneously suppressing proliferation through increased expression of cell cycle regulators such as CDKN1A/p21 WAF1/CIP1 . RUNX3 expression and function are coordinated by numerous transcriptional and post-translational inputs, and interactions with diverse cofactors influence whether the resulting RUNX3 complexes enact tumor suppressive or tumor promoting programs. Understanding these exquisitely context-dependent tumor cell behaviors has the potential to inform clinical decision-making including the most appropriate timing and sequencing of local vs. systemic therapies.
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Abstract
In this chapter we summarize the pros and cons of the notion that Runx3 is a major tumor suppressor gene (TSG). Inactivation of TSGs in normal cells provides a viability/growth advantage that contributes cell-autonomously to cancer. More than a decade ago it was suggested that RUNX3 is involved in gastric cancer development, a postulate extended later to other epithelial cancers portraying RUNX3 as a major TSG. However, evidence that Runx3 is not expressed in normal gastric and other epithelia has challenged the RUNX3-TSG paradigm. In contrast, RUNX3 is overexpressed in a significant fraction of tumor cells in various human epithelial cancers and its overexpression in pancreatic cancer cells promotes their migration, anchorage-independent growth and metastatic potential. Moreover, recent high-throughput quantitative genome-wide studies on thousands of human samples of various tumors and new investigations of the role of Runx3 in mouse cancer models have unequivocally demonstrated that RUNX3 is not a bona fide cell-autonomous TSG. Importantly, accumulating data demonstrated that RUNX3 functions in control of immunity and inflammation, thereby indirectly influencing epithelial tumor development.
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Covalent Modifications of RUNX Proteins: Structure Affects Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 962:33-44. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3233-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Epigenetic events in male common urogenital organs cancer. JOURNAL OF CANCER RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrpr.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Qi D, Li J, Que B, Su J, Li M, Zhang C, Yang M, Zhou G, Ji W. Long non-coding RNA DBCCR1-003 regulate the expression of DBCCR1 via DNMT1 in bladder cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2016; 16:81. [PMID: 27777512 PMCID: PMC5069854 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-016-0356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many long non coding RNAs have been identified as key modulators in cancer development. A lncRNA, DBCCR1-003, derived from the locus of tumor suppressor gene DBCCR1 (deleted in bladder cancer chromosome region 1), has unknown function. In the present study, we explored function and molecular mechanism of DBCCR1-003 in bladder cancer (BC) development. Methods We evaluated the expression levels of DBCCR1-003 in tissues and cells with western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Multiple approaches including chromatin immunoprecipitation assay and RNA immunoprecipitation were used to confirm the direct binding of DBCCR1-003 to DNMT1. The recombinant vector overexpressing DBCCR1-003 was constructed. Cell proliferation assay, colony formation assay and flow cytometric analysis were employed to measure the role of DBCCR1-003 in regulation of cell proliferation, cycle and apoptosis. Results Firstly we detected the expression of DBCCR1-003, DBCCR1, DNMT1 (DNA methyltransferase 1) and DNA methylation in the promoter of DBCCR1. We found low expression of DBCCR1-003, same as DBCCR1, while high expression of DNMT1 and hypermethylation of DBCCR1 gene promoter in BC tissues and T24 cells line. Further studies revealed that treatment of DNMT inhibitor, 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine(DAC), or overexpression of DBCCR1-003 led to increased DBCCR1 expression by reversion of promoter hypermethylation and DNMT1 binding to DBCCR1 promoter in T24 cells. Importantly, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) showed that DBCCR1-003 physically associates with DNMT1. The binding of them was increased with the inhibition of DBCCR1 promoter methylation, indicating that DBCCR1-003 may bind to DNMT1 and prevent DNMT1-mediated the methylation of DBCCR1. Furthermore, overexpression of DBCCR1-003 resulted in significant inhibition of T24 cells growth through the inducing G0/G1 arrest and apoptosis. Conclusions Taken together, these findings demonstrated that a novel tumor suppressor DBCCR1-003 regulates the expression of DBCCR1 via binding to DNMT1 and preventing DNMT1-mediated the methylation of DBCCR1 in BC. LncRNA DBCCR1-003 may serve as a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for BC in future cancer clinic. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12935-016-0356-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defeng Qi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China
| | - Jinhui Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China.,The Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine of Ningbo University, Zhejiang, 315000 China
| | - Biao Que
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China
| | - Jialin Su
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Center for Translational Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
| | - Mengxi Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China
| | - Chaofeng Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China
| | - Mei Yang
- Breast Disease Center, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510010 Guangdong China.,Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command of PLA, Guangzhou, 510010 Guangdong China
| | - Guoren Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, 210009 Jiangsu China
| | - Weidong Ji
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Center for Translational Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080 China
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26
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Kim YJ, Kim WJ. Can we use methylation markers as diagnostic and prognostic indicators for bladder cancer? Investig Clin Urol 2016; 57 Suppl 1:S77-88. [PMID: 27326410 PMCID: PMC4910760 DOI: 10.4111/icu.2016.57.s1.s77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinomas of the urinary bladder have diverse biological and functional characteristics, and numerous factors are likely to be involved in recurrence, progression, and patient survival. While several molecular markers used to evaluate the development and prognosis of bladder cancer have been studied, they are of limited value; therefore, new molecular parameters useful for predicting the prognosis of bladder cancer patients (particularly patients at high risk of progression and recurrence) are required. Recent progress in the understanding of epigenetic modification and gene silencing has provided new opportunities for the detection, treatment, and prevention of cancer. Methylation is an important molecular mechanism in bladder cancer and may have utility as a prognostic and/or diagnostic marker. This review discusses the epigenetic issues involved in the detection and prediction of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-June Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
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Duncan VE, Ping Z, Varambally S, Peker D. Loss of RUNX3 expression is an independent adverse prognostic factor in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2016; 58:179-184. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2016.1180686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Threonine 209 phosphorylation on RUNX3 by Pak1 is a molecular switch for its dualistic functions. Oncogene 2016; 35:4857-65. [PMID: 26898755 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
P21 Activated Kinase 1 (Pak1), an oncogenic serine/threonine kinase, is known to have a significant role in the regulation of cytoskeleton and cellular morphology. Runx3 was initially known for its role in tumor suppressor function, but recent studies have reported the oncogenic role of Runx3 in various cancers. However, the mechanism that controls the paradoxical functions of Runx3 still remains unclear. In this study, we show that Runx3 is a physiologically interacting substrate of Pak1. We identified the site of phosphorylation in Runx3 as Threonine 209 by mass spectrometry analysis and site-directed mutagenesis, and further confirmed the same with a site-specific antibody. Results from our functional studies showed that Threonine 209 phosphorylation in Runx3 alters its subcellular localization by protein mislocalization from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and subsequently converses its biological functions. This was further supported by in vivo tumor xenograft studies in nude mouse models which clearly demonstrated that PANC-28 cells transfected with the Runx3-T209E clone showed high tumorigenic potential as compared with other clones. Our results from clinical samples also suggest that Threonine 209 phosphorylation by Pak1 could be a potential therapeutic target and of great clinical relevance with implications for Runx3 inactivation in cancer cells where Runx3 is known to be oncogenic. The findings presented in this study provide evidence of Runx3-Threonine 209 phosphorylation as a molecular switch in dictating the tissue-specific dualistic functions of Runx3 for the first time.
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Distinguishing Lung Adenocarcinoma from Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Two Hypomethylated and Three Hypermethylated Genes: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149088. [PMID: 26862903 PMCID: PMC4749211 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant differences in the aberrant methylation of genes exist among various histological types of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which includes adenocarcinoma (AC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Different chemotherapeutic regimens should be administered to the two NSCLC subtypes due to their unique genetic and epigenetic profiles. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to generate a list of differentially methylated genes between AC and SCC. Our meta-analysis encompassed 151 studies on 108 genes among 12946 AC and 10243 SCC patients. Our results showed two hypomethylated genes (CDKN2A and MGMT) and three hypermethylated genes (CDH13, RUNX3 and APC) in ACs compared with SCCs. In addition, our results showed that the pooled specificity and sensitivity values of CDH13 and APC were higher than those of CDKN2A, MGMT and RUNX3. Our findings might provide an alternative method to distinguish between the two NSCLC subtypes.
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Jiang H, Yu WW, Wang LL, Peng Y. miR-130a acts as a potential diagnostic biomarker and promotes gastric cancer migration, invasion and proliferation by targeting RUNX3. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:1153-61. [PMID: 26134263 PMCID: PMC4530930 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are abnormally expressed in various types of cancer. miR-130a expression and function in gastric cancer has yet to be elucidated. The aim of the present study was to identify the miR-130a expression and function in gastric cancer. miR-130a expression was examined in gastric cancer cell lines and tissues by RT-qPCR. The diagnostic and prognostic significance of miR-130a in gastric cancer was analyzed by receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Kaplan-Meier analysis. miR130a expression was identified and the diagnostic significance in the serum of gastric cancer patients and healthy controls was analyzed using RT-qPCR and ROC curves, respectively. A target gene for miR-130a was identified using luciferase reporter assays, and gastric cancer tumorigenesis ability was examined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and Transwell assays. The results showed that miR‑130a was upregulated in gastric cancer. The low-miR-130a group had significantly improved overall survival compared to the high-miR-130a group. Furthermore, the expression of miR‑130a in plasma in gastric cancer patients was upregulated and diagnostic value for gastric cancer of miR-130a is more effective than the tumor markers carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CA-199. miR-130a directly targeted runt‑related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3) and promoted gastric cancer tumorigenesis by targeting RUNX3. miR-130a may therefore be a useful marker for the diagnosis and prognosis of gastric cancer. Additionally, miR-130a was identified as an oncogene that promotes gastric cancer tumorigenesis by targeting RUNX3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Wei Yu
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Lu-Lu Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Yang Peng
- Department of Geriatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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He SY, Jiang RF, Jiang J, Xiang YS, Wang L. Investigation of methylation and protein expression of the Runx3 gene in colon carcinogenesis. Biomed Rep 2015; 3:687-690. [PMID: 26405546 DOI: 10.3892/br.2015.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the methylation and protein expression of the runt-related transcription factor 3 (Runx3) gene was detected in sporadic colorectal cancer, colonic adenoma and normal colon tissue to evaluate their clinical significance in colorectal carcinogenesis. A total of 34 colonic cancer specimens, 34 colonic adenoma specimens and 34 normal colonic tissue specimens were used in the study. The CpG island methylation status of the Runx3 gene was detected by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction and the protein expression of Runx3 was detected by immunohistochemistry. The results showed that the rates of methylation of the Runx3 gene in colonic cancer and colonic adenomas were significantly higher than that in the normal colonic tissue (23.5, 20.6 vs. 0.0%; P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the percentage of methylation of the Runx3 gene between colonic adenoma and colonic cancer (P>0.05). The positive percentage of Runx3 protein expression was significantly lower in colonic cancer compared with colonic adenoma and normal tissue (17.7 vs. 61.8, 76.5%; P<0.05). Methylation of the promoter CpG islands of the Runx3 gene is an important genetic event of colon carcinogenesis and may be associated with an altered protein level of Runx3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Ya He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Anyue People's Hospital, Ziyang, Sichuan 642350, P.R. China
| | - Ren-Fa Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Anyue People's Hospital, Ziyang, Sichuan 642350, P.R. China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Respiration, Chongqing Sixth People's Hospital, Chongqing 404100, P.R. China
| | - Yang-Sheng Xiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Anyue People's Hospital, Ziyang, Sichuan 642350, P.R. China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Anyue People's Hospital, Ziyang, Sichuan 642350, P.R. China
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Sanguedolce F, Cormio A, Bufo P, Carrieri G, Cormio L. Molecular markers in bladder cancer: Novel research frontiers. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2015; 52:242-55. [PMID: 26053693 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2015.1033610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is a heterogeneous disease encompassing distinct biologic features that lead to extremely different clinical behaviors. In the last 20 years, great efforts have been made to predict disease outcome and response to treatment by developing risk assessment calculators based on multiple standard clinical-pathological factors, as well as by testing several molecular markers. Unfortunately, risk assessment calculators alone fail to accurately assess a single patient's prognosis and response to different treatment options. Several molecular markers easily assessable by routine immunohistochemical techniques hold promise for becoming widely available and cost-effective tools for a more reliable risk assessment, but none have yet entered routine clinical practice. Current research is therefore moving towards (i) identifying novel molecular markers; (ii) testing old and new markers in homogeneous patients' populations receiving homogeneous treatments; (iii) generating a multimarker panel that could be easily, and thus routinely, used in clinical practice; (iv) developing novel risk assessment tools, possibly combining standard clinical-pathological factors with molecular markers. This review analyses the emerging body of literature concerning novel biomarkers, ranging from genetic changes to altered expression of a huge variety of molecules, potentially involved in BC outcome and response to treatment. Findings suggest that some of these indicators, such as serum circulating tumor cells and tissue mitochondrial DNA, seem to be easily assessable and provide reliable information. Other markers, such as the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT (serine-threonine kinase)/mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway and epigenetic changes in DNA methylation seem to not only have prognostic/predictive value but also, most importantly, represent valuable therapeutic targets. Finally, there is increasing evidence that the development of novel risk assessment tools combining standard clinical-pathological factors with molecular markers represents a major quest in managing this poorly predictable disease.
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Lin YL, Gui SL, Ma JG. Aberrant methylation of CDH11 predicts a poor outcome for patients with bladder cancer. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:647-652. [PMID: 26622548 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is one of the major mechanisms via which tumor suppressor gene inactivation occurs. For example, hypermethylation of the promoter region of cadherin 11 (CDH11), a novel tumor suppressor gene, frequently occurs in human cancer. In the current study, the methylation status of CDH11 was investigated in bladder cancer tissue samples, and the correlation with clinicopathological features and patient outcome was assessed. The methylation status of CDH11 was detected in 146 bladder cancer tissues and 37 normal bladder epithelial tissues using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In addition, CDH11 mRNA expression levels were examined by quantitative PCR. Subsequently, associations between CDH11 methylation and specific clinicopathological characteristics, as well as patient outcome, were analyzed. Aberrant CDH11 promoter hypermethylation was detected in 63.0% (92/146) of bladder cancer tissues, however, no CDH11 methylation was identified in the control samples; this difference was significant (P<0.05). Furthermore, CDH11 mRNA expression levels were significantly lower in the tumor samples with methylated CDH11 compared with the normal bladder epithelium and tumor samples with unmethylated CDH11 (P<0.05). When the methylation status of CDH11 was correlated with the clinicopathological features, it was identified that CDH11 methylation was significantly associated with poor differentiation (P=0.0440), an advanced disease stage (P=0.0350), a larger tumor size (P=0.0013) and multiple tumors (P=0.0390). In addition, patients with methylated CDH11 exhibited significantly poorer outcomes than patients with unmethylated CDH11 (P=0.0004). Furthermore, multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis indicated that CDH11 methylation was independently associated with a poor outcome in the patients with bladder cancer, with a relative risk of mortality of 6.852 (P=0.0082; 95% confidence interval, 3.461-16.177). The current findings indicate that aberrant CDH11 methylation frequently occurs in bladder cancer, and correlates with malignant behavior and poor outcome. Thus, CDH11 methylation status may be used as an independent prognostic biomarker for patients with bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Li Lin
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital of Jiangsu University, Xuzhou Cancer Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Liang Gui
- Department of Urology, First Hospital of Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154000, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Guo Ma
- Department of Urology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
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Abstract
RUNX proteins belong to a family of metazoan transcription factors that serve as master regulators of development. They are frequently deregulated in human cancers, indicating a prominent and, at times, paradoxical role in cancer pathogenesis. The contextual cues that direct RUNX function represent a fast-growing field in cancer research and could provide insights that are applicable to early cancer detection and treatment. This Review describes how RUNX proteins communicate with key signalling pathways during the multistep progression to malignancy; in particular, we highlight the emerging partnership of RUNX with p53 in cancer suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Ito
- 1] Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Center for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive #12-01, 117599, Singapore. [2]
| | - Suk-Chul Bae
- 1] Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, and Institute for Tumour Research, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 361763, South Korea. [2]
| | - Linda Shyue Huey Chuang
- 1] Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Center for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive #12-01, 117599, Singapore. [2]
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Lotem J, Levanon D, Negreanu V, Bauer O, Hantisteanu S, Dicken J, Groner Y. Runx3 at the interface of immunity, inflammation and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1855:131-43. [PMID: 25641675 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (TSG) in normal cells provides a viability/growth advantage that contributes cell-autonomously to cancer. More than a decade ago claims arose that the RUNX3 member of the RUNX transcription factor family is a major TSG inactivated in gastric cancer, a postulate extended later to other cancers. However, evidence that Runx3 is not expressed in normal gastric and other epithelia has challenged the RUNX3-TSG paradigm. Here we critically re-appraise this paradigm in light of recent high-throughput, quantitative genome-wide studies on thousands of human samples of various tumors and new investigations of the role of Runx3 in mouse cancer models. Collectively, these studies unequivocally demonstrate that RUNX3 is not a bona fide cell-autonomous TSG. Accordingly, RUNX3 is not recognized as a TSG and is not included among the 2000 cancer genes listed in the "Cancer Gene Census" or "Network for Cancer Genes" repositories. In contrast, RUNX3 does play important functions in immunity and inflammation and may thereby indirectly influence epithelial tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lotem
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Ditsa Levanon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Varda Negreanu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Omri Bauer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Shay Hantisteanu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Joseph Dicken
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yoram Groner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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36
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Zhang W, Spector TD, Deloukas P, Bell JT, Engelhardt BE. Predicting genome-wide DNA methylation using methylation marks, genomic position, and DNA regulatory elements. Genome Biol 2015; 16:14. [PMID: 25616342 PMCID: PMC4389802 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-015-0581-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent assays for individual-specific genome-wide DNA methylation profiles have enabled epigenome-wide association studies to identify specific CpG sites associated with a phenotype. Computational prediction of CpG site-specific methylation levels is critical to enable genome-wide analyses, but current approaches tackle average methylation within a locus and are often limited to specific genomic regions. RESULTS We characterize genome-wide DNA methylation patterns, and show that correlation among CpG sites decays rapidly, making predictions solely based on neighboring sites challenging. We built a random forest classifier to predict methylation levels at CpG site resolution using features including neighboring CpG site methylation levels and genomic distance, co-localization with coding regions, CpG islands (CGIs), and regulatory elements from the ENCODE project. Our approach achieves 92% prediction accuracy of genome-wide methylation levels at single-CpG-site precision. The accuracy increases to 98% when restricted to CpG sites within CGIs and is robust across platform and cell-type heterogeneity. Our classifier outperforms other types of classifiers and identifies features that contribute to prediction accuracy: neighboring CpG site methylation, CGIs, co-localized DNase I hypersensitive sites, transcription factor binding sites, and histone modifications were found to be most predictive of methylation levels. CONCLUSIONS Our observations of DNA methylation patterns led us to develop a classifier to predict DNA methylation levels at CpG site resolution with high accuracy. Furthermore, our method identified genomic features that interact with DNA methylation, suggesting mechanisms involved in DNA methylation modification and regulation, and linking diverse epigenetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jordana T Bell
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK.
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Abstract
Molecular biomarkers are used routinely in the clinical management of several tumours such as prostate, colon, ovarian and pancreatic cancer but management decisions in bladder cancer remain dependent on clinical and pathological criteria, which are limited in their ability to predict outcomes. Molecular markers are urgently needed in detection, surveillance and prognostication of bladder cancer as well as to predict treatment response to intravesical and systemic therapies. Advances in cancer genomics and platforms for biomarker profiling have led to a plethora of biomarkers, which must now be rigorously validated in the clinical setting. Pre-clinical and clinical studies exploring the role of emerging targeted therapies to risk stratify and reduce cancer progression are also needed.
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38
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Peng C, Xiao X, Kang B, He S, Li J. Serum secreted frizzled-related protein 5 levels differentially decrease in patients with hepatitis B virus-associated chronic infection and hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2014; 35:5777-86. [PMID: 25120720 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-1767-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of serum secreted frizzled-related protein 5 (SFRP5), an inhibitor of Wnt signaling, in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated infections and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Serum SFRP5 levels were detected in 147 patients with HBV-associated chronic infection or HCC. Compared with the non-HBV-infected and non-HCC group, the HBV-associated chronic infection and HCC groups exhibited decreased serum SFRP5 levels. A significant inverse correlation between serum SFRP5 levels and HBV DNA levels was identified in the HBV-associated chronic infection and HCC groups. Furthermore, SFRP5 levels differentially decreased in patients with HBV-associated diseases, in a manner which was dependent on liver disease status. Compared with patients exhibiting HBV-associated chronic infection, patients with HCC were found to exhibit lower serum SFRP5 levels. The results of the present study indicated that patients with HBV-associated liver infection and HCC exhibited significantly deceased serum SFRP5 levels, which were found to negatively correlate with HBV DNA levels. Serum SFRP5 levels may present a biomarker for the severity of HBV-associated liver infection, and the risk of HCC initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Peng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqiu Xiao
- Laboratory of Lipid and Glucose Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Bing Kang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Song He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Jibin Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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Kim JH, Jang JW, Lee YS, Lee JW, Chi XZ, Li YH, Kim MK, Kim DM, Choi BS, Kim J, Kim HM, van Wijnen A, Park I, Bae SC. RUNX family members are covalently modified and regulated by PIAS1-mediated sumoylation. Oncogenesis 2014; 3:e101. [PMID: 24777122 PMCID: PMC4007197 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2014.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors of the RUNX family (RUNXs), which play pivotal roles in normal development and neoplasia, are regulated by various post-translational modifications. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of RUNXs, we performed a large-scale functional genetic screen of a fly mutant library. The screen identified dPias (the fly ortholog of mammalian PIASs), an E3 ligase for the SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) modification, as a novel genetic modifier of lz (the fly ortholog of mammalian RUNX3). Molecular biological analysis revealed that lz/RUNXs are sumoylated by dPias/PIAS1 at an evolutionarily conserved lysine residue (K372 of lz, K144 of RUNX1, K181 of RUNX2 and K148 of RUNX3). PIAS1-mediated sumoylation inhibited RUNX3 transactivation activity, and this modification was promoted by the AKT1 kinase. Importantly, PIAS1 failed to sumoylate some RUNX1 mutants associated with breast cancer. In nude mice, tumorigenicity was promoted by RUNX3 bearing a mutation in the sumoylation site, but suppressed by wild-type RUNX3. Our results suggest that RUNXs are sumoylated by PIAS1, and that this modification could play a critical role in the regulation of the tumor-suppressive activity of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-H Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - J-W Jang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Y-S Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - J-W Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - X-Z Chi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Y-H Li
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - M-K Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - D-M Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - B-S Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - J Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - H-M Kim
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - A van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ily Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - S-C Bae
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, South Korea
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40
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Wongpaiboonwattana W, Tosukhowong P, Dissayabutra T, Mutirangura A, Boonla C. Oxidative stress induces hypomethylation of LINE-1 and hypermethylation of the RUNX3 promoter in a bladder cancer cell line. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:3773-8. [PMID: 23886181 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.6.3773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress and changes in DNA methylation are frequently detected in bladder cancer patients. We previously demonstrated a relationship between increased oxidative stress and hypomethylation of the transposable long-interspersed nuclear element-1 (LINE-1). Promoter hypermethylation of a tumor suppressor gene, runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3), may also be associated with bladder cancer genesis. In this study, we investigated changes of DNA methylation in LINE-1 and RUNX3 promoter in a bladder cancer cell (UM-UC-3) under oxidative stress conditions, stimulated by challenge with H2O2 for 72 h. Cells were pretreated with an antioxidant, tocopheryl acetate for 1 h to attenuate oxidative stress. Methylation levels of LINE-1 and RUNX3 promoter were measured by combined bisulfite restriction analysis PCR and methylation-specific PCR, respectively. Levels of LINE-1 methylation were significantly decreased in H2O2-treated cells, and reestablished after pretreated with tocopheryl acetate. Methylation of RUNX3 promoter was significantly increased in cells exposed to H2O2. In tocopheryl acetate pretreated cells, it was markedly decreased. In conclusion, hypomethylation of LINE-1 and hypermethylation of RUNX3 promoter in bladder cancer cell line was experimentally induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). The present findings support the hypothesis that oxidative stress promotes urothelial cell carcinogenesis through modulation of DNA methylation. Our data also imply that mechanistic pathways of ROS-induced alteration of DNA methylation in a repetitive DNA element and a gene promoter might differ.
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Role of RUNX3 in suppressing metastasis and angiogenesis of human prostate cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86917. [PMID: 24475196 PMCID: PMC3901713 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RUNX3 (runt-related transcription factor-3) has been reported to suppress tumor tumorigenesis and metastasis in different human cancers. In this study, we used tissue microarray (TMA) to determine the significance of RUNX3 in prostate cancer progession. Our results showed ectopic expression of RUNX3 in prostate cancer tissues when compared with tumor adjacent normal prostate tissues, and reduced RUNX3 staining was significantly correlated with TNM stage. Moreover, we demonstrated that RUNX3 overexpression inhibited prostate cancer cell migration and invasion resulting from the elevated upregulation of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2), which subsequently inhibited metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) expression and activity in vitro. Knock down of RUNX3 expression broke up the balance of TIMP-2/MMP-2, whereas silence of TIMP-2 resulted in the inhibition of MMP-2 expression in prostate cells. We also showed that restoration of RUNX3 decreased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion and suppressed endothelial cell growth and tube formation. Strikingly, RUNX3 was demonstrated to inhibit tumor metastasis and angiogenesis in vivo. Altogether, our results support the tumor suppressive role of RUNX3 in human prostate cancer, and provide insights into development of targeted therapy for this disease.
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Lee YS, Lee JW, Jang JW, Chi XZ, Kim JH, Li YH, Kim MK, Kim DM, Choi BS, Kim EG, Chung JH, Lee OJ, Lee YM, Suh JW, Chuang LSH, Ito Y, Bae SC. Runx3 inactivation is a crucial early event in the development of lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Cell 2013; 24:603-16. [PMID: 24229708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Targeted inactivation of Runx3 in mouse lung induced mucinous and nonmucinous adenomas and markedly shortened latency of adenocarcinoma formation induced by oncogenic K-Ras. RUNX3 was frequently inactivated in K-RAS mutated human lung adenocarcinomas. A functional genetic screen of a fly mutant library and molecular analysis in cultured cell lines revealed that Runx3 forms a complex with BRD2 in a K-Ras-dependent manner in the early phase of the cell cycle; this complex induces expression of p14(ARF)/p19(Arf) and p21(WAF/CIP). When K-Ras was constitutively activated, the Runx3-BRD2 complex was stably maintained and expression of both p14(ARF) and p21(WAF/CIP) was prolonged. These results provide a missing link between oncogenic K-Ras and the p14(ARF)-p53 pathway, and may explain how cells defend against oncogenic K-Ras.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Soub Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, South Korea
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Avci CB, Dodurga Y, Susluer SY, Sıgva ZOD, Yucebas M, Caglar HO, Akalin T, Dalbasti T, Oktar N, Gunduz C. Promoter hypermethylation-mediated down-regulation of RUNX3 gene in human brain tumors. Ir J Med Sci 2013; 183:259-64. [PMID: 23934435 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-013-1001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Runx family proteins, including RUNX3, are tissue-restricted transcription factors and play role in neuronal development and tumorigenesis. RUNX3 has an important role in glioblastoma (GBM) tumorigenesis because of its promoter hypermethylation. AIM We aimed to evaluate the methylation-mediated expression regulation of RUNX3 gene in brain tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS Cases of meningiomas WHO grade III (3), anaplastic astrocytomas (3), diffuse astrocytoma (3), and GBM (12) were recruited into this study. Real-time quantitative PCR was performed for analyses of DNA promoter methylation and analyses of methylation-mediated expression status of RUNX3 gene was performed by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS There was no significant difference between methylated and unmethylated quantitative ratio of RUNX3 gene promoter region and also no significant difference in relative ratio of RUNX3 gene expression in brain tumor groups. Methylated and unmethylated ratio in anaplastic astrocytoma, diffuse astrocytoma, GBM, meningioma (WHO grade III) and in all groups were; 1.44, 1.09, 1.51, 1.52 and 1.43, respectively. One allele was found methylated necessarily. No methylation was detected in one case of GBM group and one case of anaplastic astrocytoma group. There was no unmethylated promoter in one of the GBM cases. There were significant differences between relative ratio of RUNX3 gene expression and methylated/unmethylated ratio rates for all cases (p = 0.001) and GBM groups (p = 0.041). CONCLUSION This study overemphasized the RUNX3 gene importance in brain tumors, due to the existence of at least one methylated allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Avci
- Department of Medical Biology, Ege University Medical Faculty, Bornova, 35100, Izmir, Turkey,
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44
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Chen LM, Nergard JC, Ni L, Rosser CJ, Chai KX. Long-term exposure to cigarette smoke extract induces hypomethylation at the RUNX3 and IGF2-H19 loci in immortalized human urothelial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65513. [PMID: 23724145 PMCID: PMC3665628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is the single most important epidemiological risk factor for bladder cancer but it is not known whether exposure of urothelial cells to the systemic soluble contents of cigarette smoke is directly causative to bladder cancer and the associated epigenetic changes such as tumor suppressor gene hypermethylation. We undertook this study to investigate if long-term treatment of human urothelial cells with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) results in tumor suppressor gene hypermethylation, a phenotype that was previously associated with long-term constant CSE treatment of airway epithelial cells. We chronically treated an immortalized human urothelial cell line UROtsa with CSE using a cyclic daily regimen but the cells were cultured in CSE-free medium between daily treatments. Bisulfite sequencing and real-time PCR array-based methylation profiling were employed to evaluate methylation changes at tumor suppressor gene loci in the chronically CSE-treated cells versus the passage-matched untreated control cells. The RUNX3 tumor suppressor gene promoter was hypomethylated with a significant increase in proportion of the completely unmethylated haplotype after the long-term CSE treatment; whereas RUNX3 promoter hypermethylation was previously reported for bladder cancers of smokers. Hypomethylation induced by the long-term CSE treatment was also observed for the IGF2-H19 locus. The methylation status at the PRSS8/prostasin and 16 additional loci however, was unaffected by the chronic CSE treatment. Transient CSE treatment over 1 daily regimen resulted in transcriptional down-regulation of RUNX3 and H19, but only the H19 transcription was down-regulated in the chronically CSE-treated urothelial cells. Transcription of a key enzyme in one-carbon metabolism, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) was greatly reduced by the long-term CSE treatment, potentially serving as a mechanism for the hypomethylation phenotype via a reduced supply of methyl donor. In conclusion, chronic cyclic CSE treatment of urothelial cells induced hypomethylation rather than hypermethylation at specific loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Mei Chen
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
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45
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Yegin Z, Gunes S, Buyukalpelli R. Hypermethylation of TWIST1 and NID2 in tumor tissues and voided urine in urinary bladder cancer patients. DNA Cell Biol 2013; 32:386-92. [PMID: 23682613 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2013.2030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer like other cancers arises from the accumulation of many genetic and epigenetic changes that lead to the activation of proto-oncogenes or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. We aimed to investigate the methylation patterns of Twist homolog 1 (TWIST1) and nidogen-2 (NID2) genes in bladder cancer. Fifty six histologically confirmed bladder tumor samples and paired 24 urine samples constituted the study group and was compared with 15 age- and gender-matched noncancerous individuals. DNA was purified from both tumor and urine samples. The methylation status of the two genes was analyzed by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) in both urinary bladder cell carcinoma samples and urine samples. Sensitivity and specificity values of the method were assessed and compared with the results of the cytology test. Methylation of TWIST1 and NID2 was detected in 98.2% and 96.4% of the tumor samples, and in 87.5% and 95.8% of the urine samples, respectively. The sensitivity of TWIST1 and NID2 genes (87.5% and 95.8% in urine samples, respectively), was higher compared with urine cytology (62.5%) for cancer detection. The sensitivity of any of the two genes was 88.8% (8/9) for low-grade cases. The sensitivity of urine cytology was 33.3% for the same low-grade cases. To be used in the early noninvasive diagnosis of bladder cancer, the combined methylation analysis of TWIST1 and NID2 genes may be a simple, noninvasive, sensitive, and specific method for detecting cancer cells in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Yegin
- Department of Medical Biology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
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Kandimalla R, van Tilborg AA, Zwarthoff EC. DNA methylation-based biomarkers in bladder cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2013; 10:327-35. [DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2013.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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47
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Chimge NO, Frenkel B. The RUNX family in breast cancer: relationships with estrogen signaling. Oncogene 2013; 32:2121-30. [PMID: 23045283 PMCID: PMC5770236 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The three RUNX family members are lineage specific master regulators, which also have important, context-dependent roles in carcinogenesis as either tumor suppressors or oncogenes. Here we review evidence for such roles in breast cancer (BCa). RUNX1, the predominant RUNX family member in breast epithelial cells, has a tumor suppressor role reflected by many somatic mutations found in primary tumor biopsies. The classical tumor suppressor gene RUNX3 does not consist of such a mutation hot spot, but it too seems to inhibit BCa; it is often inactivated in human BCa tumors and its haploinsufficiency in mice leads to spontaneous BCa development. The tumor suppressor activities of RUNX1 and RUNX3 are mediated in part by antagonism of estrogen signaling, a feature recently attributed to RUNX2 as well. Paradoxically, however RUNX2, a master osteoblast regulator, has been implicated in various aspects of metastasis in general and bone metastasis in particular. Reciprocating the anti-estrogenic tumor suppressor activity of RUNX proteins, inhibition of RUNX2 by estrogens may help explain their context-dependent anti-metastatic roles. Such roles are reserved to non-osseous metastasis, because ERα is associated with increased, not decreased skeletal dissemination of BCa cells. Finally, based on diverse expression patterns in BCa subtypes, the successful use of future RUNX-based therapies will most likely require careful patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- N-O Chimge
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - B Frenkel
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Zuo J, Xia J, Ju F, Yan J, Zhu A, Jin S, Shan T, Zhou H. MicroRNA-148a can regulate runt-related transcription factor 3 gene expression via modulation of DNA methyltransferase 1 in gastric cancer. Mol Cells 2013; 35:313-9. [PMID: 23549984 PMCID: PMC3887893 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-2314-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Underexpression of the gene runt-related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3), an important tumor suppressor, is known to contribute to gastric cancer progression. However, the mechanism underlying aberrant RUNX3 expression has not been fully elucidated. We investigated the role of microRNA-148a (miR-148a) and DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) in RUNX3 promoter methylation and gene expression. RUNX3 mRNA, RUNX3 protein, and methylation levels were assayed in human gastric cancer tissues and matched normal tissues, and AGS and BGC-823 cells by real-time reverse transcription PCR, Western blot, and methylation-specific PCR, respectively. A correlation between RUNX3 mRNA levels and that of miR-148a was also investigated in gastric cancer tissues. We found that RUNX3 mRNA levels were significantly downregulated in gastric cancer tissues compared with their matched normal tissues, and were closely associated with miR-148a expression. After treatment of human gastric cancer AGS and BGC-823 cells with the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, a significant increase in RUNX3 mRNA, RUNX3 protein, and the non-methylated form of the RUNX3 promoter were observed relative to untreated cells. Enforced expression of miR-148a, which can modulate DNMT1 and DNMT3B, also increased the expression of RUNX3 in gastric cancer cells. Knockdown of DNMT1 was associated with increased levels of RUNX3 mRNA and RUNX3 protein, while knockdown of DNMT3B did not have any effect on these in BGC-823 cells. Our results show that miR-148a may regulate RUNX3 expression through modulation of DNMT1-dependent DNA methylation in gastric cancer and highlight a miRNA-epigenetics regulation mechanism of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Zuo
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi 214002,
China
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi 214002,
China
| | - Jiazeng Xia
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi 214002,
China
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi 214002,
China
| | - Feng Ju
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi 214002,
China
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi 214002,
China
| | - Jiang Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi 214002,
China
- Department of Translational Medicine Center, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi 214002,
China
| | - Akao Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Hangzhou First Municipal People's Hospital, Hangzhou 310006,
China
| | - Shimao Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi 214002,
China
| | - Ting Shan
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi 214002,
China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Wuxi Second Hospital, Wuxi 214002,
China
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Brait M, Munari E, LeBron C, Noordhuis MG, Begum S, Michailidi C, Gonzalez-Roibon N, Maldonado L, Sen T, Guerrero-Preston R, Cope L, Parrella P, Fazio VM, Ha PK, Netto GJ, Sidransky D, Hoque MO. Genome-wide methylation profiling and the PI3K-AKT pathway analysis associated with smoking in urothelial cell carcinoma. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:1058-70. [PMID: 23435205 PMCID: PMC3646862 DOI: 10.4161/cc.24050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) is the second most common genitourinary malignant disease in the USA, and tobacco smoking is the major known risk factor for UCC development. Exposure to carcinogens, such as those contained in tobacco smoke, is known to directly or indirectly damage DNA, causing mutations, chromosomal deletion events and epigenetic alterations in UCC. Molecular studies have shown that chromosome 9 alterations and P53, RAS, RB and PTEN mutations are among the most frequent events in UCC. Recent studies suggested that continuous tobacco carcinogen exposure drives and enhances the selection of epigenetically altered cells in UCC, predominantly in the invasive form of the disease. However, the sequence of molecular events that leads to UCC after exposure to tobacco smoke is not well understood. To elucidate molecular events that lead to UCC oncogenesis and progression after tobacco exposure, we developed an in vitro cellular model for smoking-induced UCC. SV-40 immortalized normal HUC1 human bladder epithelial cells were continuously exposed to 0.1% cigarette smoke extract (CSE) until transformation occurred. Morphological alterations and increased cell proliferation of non-malignant urothelial cells were observed after 4 months (mo) of treatment with CSE. Anchorage-independent growth assessed by soft agar assay and increase in the migratory and invasive potential was observed in urothelial cells after 6 mo of CSE treatment. By performing a PCR mRNA expression array specific to the PI3K-AKT pathway, we found that 26 genes were upregulated and 22 genes were downregulated after 6 mo of CSE exposure of HUC1 cells. Among the altered genes, PTEN, FOXO1, MAPK1 and PDK1 were downregulated in the transformed cells, while AKT1, AKT2, HRAS, RAC1 were upregulated. Validation by RT-PCR and western blot analysis was then performed. Furthermore, genome-wide methylation analysis revealed MCAM, DCC and HIC1 are hypermethylated in CSE-treated urothelial cells when compared with non-CSE exposed cells. The methylation status of these genes was validated using quantitative methylation-specific PCR (QMSP), confirming an increase in methylation of CSE-treated urothelial cells compared to untreated controls. Therefore, our findings suggest that a tobacco signature could emerge from distinctive patterns of genetic and epigenetic alterations and can be identified using an in vitro cellular model for the development of smoking-induced cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Brait
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
- Clinical Research Coordination; Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA)-Brazilian National Cancer Institute; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Enrico Munari
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Pathology; Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Cynthia LeBron
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Maartje G. Noordhuis
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shahnaz Begum
- Department of Pathology; Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Christina Michailidi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
| | | | - Leonel Maldonado
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Tanusree Sen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Rafael Guerrero-Preston
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Leslie Cope
- Oncology Center-Biostatistics/Bioinformatics; University Medical Center Groningen; University of Groningen; Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paola Parrella
- Oncology Research Laboratory; IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza; San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vito Michele Fazio
- Oncology Research Laboratory; IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza; San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology; CIR; University Campus BioMedico; Rome, Italy
| | - Patrick K. Ha
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - George J. Netto
- Department of Pathology; Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Mohammad O. Hoque
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
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50
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Zhang S, Feng XL, Shi L, Gong CJ, He ZJ, Wu HJ, Ling TY. Genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1819-26. [PMID: 23446731 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is one of the most common types of oral cancer; however, its molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) coupled with methylation microarray analysis was performed to screen for aberrantly methylated genes in adjacent normal control and TSCC tissues from 9 patients. Roche NimbleGen Human DNA Methylation 385K Promoter Plus CpG Island Arrays were used to detect 28,226 CpG sites. A total of 1,269 hypermethylated CpG sites covering 330 genes and 1,385 hypomethylated CpG sites covering 321 genes were found in TSCC tissue, compared to the adjacent normal tissue. Furthermore, we chose three candidate genes (FBLN1, ITIH5 and RUNX3) and validated the DNA methylation status by methylation-specific PCR (MS-PCR) and the mRNA expression levels by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR). In TSCC tissue, FBLN1 and ITIH5 were shown to be hypermethylated and their expression was found to be decreased, and RUNX3 was shown to be hypomethylated, however, its mRNA expression was found to be increased. In addition, another three genes (BCL2L14, CDCP1 and DIRAS3) were tested by RT-PCR. In TSCC tissue, BCL2L14 and CDCP1 expressions were markedly upregulated, and DIRAS3 expression was significantly downregulated. Our data demonstrated that aberrant DNA methylation is observed in TSCC tissue and plays an important role in the tumorigenesis, development and progression of TSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China.
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