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Wachtel M, Surdez D, Grünewald TGP, Schäfer BW. Functional Classification of Fusion Proteins in Sarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1355. [PMID: 38611033 PMCID: PMC11010897 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16071355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Sarcomas comprise a heterogeneous group of malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin. More than 80 entities are associated with different mesenchymal lineages. Sarcomas with fibroblastic, muscle, bone, vascular, adipocytic, and other characteristics are distinguished. Nearly half of all entities contain specific chromosomal translocations that give rise to fusion proteins. These are mostly pathognomonic, and their detection by various molecular techniques supports histopathologic classification. Moreover, the fusion proteins act as oncogenic drivers, and their blockade represents a promising therapeutic approach. This review summarizes the current knowledge on fusion proteins in sarcoma. We categorize the different fusion proteins into functional classes, including kinases, epigenetic regulators, and transcription factors, and describe their mechanisms of action. Interestingly, while fusion proteins acting as transcription factors are found in all mesenchymal lineages, the others have a more restricted pattern. Most kinase-driven sarcomas belong to the fibroblastic/myofibroblastic lineage. Fusion proteins with an epigenetic function are mainly associated with sarcomas of unclear differentiation, suggesting that epigenetic dysregulation leads to a major change in cell identity. Comparison of mechanisms of action reveals recurrent functional modes, including antagonism of Polycomb activity by fusion proteins with epigenetic activity and recruitment of histone acetyltransferases by fusion transcription factors of the myogenic lineage. Finally, based on their biology, we describe potential approaches to block the activity of fusion proteins for therapeutic intervention. Overall, our work highlights differences as well as similarities in the biology of fusion proteins from different sarcomas and provides the basis for a functional classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Wachtel
- Department of Oncology and Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital, Steinwiesstrasse 75, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Didier Surdez
- Balgrist University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich (UZH), CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas G. P. Grünewald
- Division of Translational Pediatric Sarcoma Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Hopp-Children’s Cancer Center (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), NCT Heidelberg, a Partnership between DKFZ and Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beat W. Schäfer
- Department of Oncology and Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital, Steinwiesstrasse 75, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Nguyen VT, Tessema M, Weissman BE. The SWI/SNF Complex: A Frequently Mutated Chromatin Remodeling Complex in Cancer. Cancer Treat Res 2023; 190:211-244. [PMID: 38113003 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-45654-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The switch/sucrose non-fermenting (SWI/SNF) chromatin remodeling complex is a global regulator of gene expression known to maintain nucleosome-depleted regions at active enhancers and promoters. The mammalian SWI/SNF protein subunits are encoded by 29 genes and 11-15 subunits including an ATPase domain of either SMARCA4 (BRG1) or SMARCA2 (BRM) are assembled into a complex. Based on the distinct subunits, SWI/SNF are grouped into 3 major types (subfamilies): the canonical BRG1/BRM-associated factor (BAF/cBAF), polybromo-associated BAF (PBAF), and non-canonical BAF (GBAF/ncBAF). Pan-cancer genome sequencing studies have shown that nearly 25% of all cancers bear mutations in subunits of the SWI/SNF complex, many of which are loss of function (LOF) mutations, suggesting a tumor suppressor role. Inactivation of SWI/SNF complex subunits causes widespread epigenetic dysfunction, including increased dependence on antagonistic components such as polycomb repressor complexes (PRC1/2) and altered enhancer regulation, likely promoting an oncogenic state leading to cancer. Despite the prevalence of mutations, most SWI/SNF-mutant cancers lack targeted therapeutic strategies. Defining the dependencies created by LOF mutations in SWI/SNF subunits will identify better targets for these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh The Nguyen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mathewos Tessema
- Lung Cancer Program, Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Bernard Ellis Weissman
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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3
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Farooq U, Notani D. Transcriptional regulation of INK4/ARF locus by cis and trans mechanisms. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:948351. [PMID: 36158211 PMCID: PMC9500187 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.948351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
9p21 locus is one of the most reproducible regions in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The region harbors CDKN2A/B genes that code for p16INK4a, p15INK4b, and p14ARF proteins, and it also harbors a long gene desert adjacent to these genes. The polymorphisms that are associated with several diseases and cancers are present in these genes and the gene desert region. These proteins are critical cell cycle regulators whose transcriptional dysregulation is strongly linked with cellular regeneration, stemness, aging, and cancers. Given the importance of this locus, intense scientific efforts on understanding the regulation of these genes via promoter-driven mechanisms and recently, via the distal regulatory mechanism have provided major insights. In this review, we describe these mechanisms and propose the ways by which this locus can be targeted in pathologies and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umer Farooq
- Genetics and Development, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
- The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology, Bangalore, India
- *Correspondence: Umer Farooq, ; Dimple Notani,
| | - Dimple Notani
- Genetics and Development, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
- *Correspondence: Umer Farooq, ; Dimple Notani,
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4
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French R, Pauklin S. Epigenetic regulation of cancer stem cell formation and maintenance. Int J Cancer 2021; 148:2884-2897. [PMID: 33197277 PMCID: PMC8246550 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancerous tumours contain a rare subset of cells with stem-like properties that are termed cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are defined by their ability to divide both symmetrically and asymmetrically, to initiate new tumour growth and to tolerate the foreign niches required for metastatic dissemination. Accumulating evidence suggests that tumours arise from cells with stem-like properties, the generation of CSCs is therefore likely to be an initiatory event in carcinogenesis. Furthermore, CSCs in established tumours exist in a dynamic and plastic state, with nonstem tumour cells thought to be capable of de-differentiation to CSCs. The regulation of the CSC state both during tumour initiation and within established tumours is a desirable therapeutic target and is mediated by epigenetic factors. In this review, we will explore the epigenetic parallels between induced pluripotency and the generation of CSCs, and discuss how the epigenetic regulation of CSCs opens up novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon French
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Siim Pauklin
- Botnar Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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5
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Swer PB, Sharma R. ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers in ageing and age-related disorders. Biogerontology 2020; 22:1-17. [PMID: 32968929 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-020-09899-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is characterized by the perturbation in cellular homeostasis associated with genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion and altered intracellular communication. Changes in the epigenome represent one of the crucial mechanisms during ageing and in age-related disorders. The ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers are an evolutionarily conserved family of nucleosome remodelling factors and generally regulate DNA repair, replication, recombination, transcription and cell cycle. Here, we review the chromatin based epigenetic changes that occur in ageing and age-related disorders with a specific reference to chromatin remodelers. We also discuss the link between dietary restriction and chromatin remodelers in regulating age-related processes with a view for consideration in future intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pynskhem Bok Swer
- Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, India
| | - Ramesh Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, India.
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6
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Thakur S, Ruan Y, Zhang C, Lun X, Jayanthan A, Narendran A. Human SNF5 arming of double-deleted vaccinia virus shows oncolytic and cytostatic activity against central nervous system atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2020; 28:739-744. [PMID: 32678303 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-0199-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is a rare, aggressive tumor that most often affects very young children. The common decisive molecular defect in AT/RT has been shown to be a single genetic alteration, i.e., the loss of hSNF5 gene that encodes for a subunit of the SWI/SNF complex that modulates chromatin remodeling activities. As a result, AT/RT cells display unregulated cell proliferation due to the dysfunction of an important epigenetic control. We have previously demonstrated the preclinical efficacy of the oncolytic double-deleted vaccinia virus (VVDD) against AT/RT. Here we report the establishment of a modified VVDD engineered to express wild type hSNF5 gene. We show that this reconstructed vaccinia virus retains comparable infectivity and in vitro cytotoxicity of the parent strain. However, in addition, hSNF5-arming of VVDD results in a decreased cell cycle S phase population and down-regulation of cyclin D1. These findings suggest that hSNF5-arming of VVDD may increase the efficacy in the treatment of AT/RT and validates, as a proof-of-concept, an experimental approach to enhance the effective use of novel modified oncolytic viruses in the treatment of tumors with loss of a tumor suppressor gene function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satbir Thakur
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplant, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Yibing Ruan
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplant, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Chunfen Zhang
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplant, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Xueqing Lun
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplant, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Aru Narendran
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplant, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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7
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Grossi E, Raimondi I, Goñi E, González J, Marchese FP, Chapaprieta V, Martín-Subero JI, Guo S, Huarte M. A lncRNA-SWI/SNF complex crosstalk controls transcriptional activation at specific promoter regions. Nat Commun 2020; 11:936. [PMID: 32071317 PMCID: PMC7028943 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14623-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
LncRNAs have been shown to be direct players in chromatin regulation, but little is known about their role at active genomic loci. We investigate the role of lncRNAs in gene activation by profiling the RNA interactome of SMARCB1-containing SWI/SNF complexes in proliferating and senescent conditions. The isolation of SMARCB1-associated transcripts, together with chromatin profiling, shows prevalent association to active regions where SMARCB1 differentially binds locally transcribed RNAs. We identify SWINGN, a lncRNA interacting with SMARCB1 exclusively in proliferating conditions, exerting a pro-oncogenic role in some tumor types. SWINGN is transcribed from an enhancer and modulates the activation of GAS6 oncogene as part of a topologically organized region, as well as a larger network of pro-oncogenic genes by favoring SMARCB1 binding. Our results indicate that SWINGN influences the ability of the SWI/SNF complexes to drive epigenetic activation of specific promoters, suggesting a SWI/SNF-RNA cooperation to achieve optimal transcriptional activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Grossi
- Department of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain
- Institute of Health Research of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ivan Raimondi
- Department of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain
- Institute of Health Research of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Enrique Goñi
- Department of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain
- Institute of Health Research of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jovanna González
- Department of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain
- Institute of Health Research of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Francesco P Marchese
- Department of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain
- Institute of Health Research of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Vicente Chapaprieta
- Departament de Fonaments Clinics, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José I Martín-Subero
- Departament de Fonaments Clinics, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Shuling Guo
- Department of Antisense Drug Discovery and Clinical Development, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA, USA
| | - Maite Huarte
- Department of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain.
- Institute of Health Research of Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
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8
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Finetti MA, Grabovska Y, Bailey S, Williamson D. Translational genomics of malignant rhabdoid tumours: Current impact and future possibilities. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 61:30-41. [PMID: 31923457 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Malignant Rhabdoid Tumours (MRT) are the quintessential example of an epigenetic cancer. Mutation of a single gene, SMARCB1 or more rarely SMARCA4, is capable of causing one of the most aggressive and lethal cancers of early childhood and infancy. SMARCB1 encodes a core subunit of the SWI/SNF complex and its mutation evokes genome-wide downstream effects which may be counteracted therapeutically. Here we review and discuss the use of translational genomics in the study of MRT biology and the ways in which this has impacted clinical practice or may do so in the future. First, the diagnosis and definition of MRT and the transition from a histopathological to a molecular definition. Second, epigenetic and transcriptomic subgroups within MRT, their defining features and potential prognostic or therapeutic significance. Third, functional genomic studies of MRT by mouse modelling and forced re-expression of SMARCB1 in MRT cells. Fourth, studies of underlying epigenetic mechanisms (e.g. EZH2, HDACs) or deregulated kinases (e.g. PDGFR, FGFR1) and the potential therapeutic opportunities these provide. Finally, we discuss likely future directions and proffer opinion on how future translational genomics should be integrated into future biological/clinical studies to select and evaluate the best anti-MRT therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina A Finetti
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Yura Grabovska
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Simon Bailey
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Daniel Williamson
- Wolfson Childhood Cancer Research Centre, Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
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9
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Phi JH, Sun CH, Lee SH, Lee S, Park I, Choi SA, Park SH, Lee JY, Wang KC, Kim SK, Yun H, Park CK. NPM1 as a potential therapeutic target for atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:848. [PMID: 31462227 PMCID: PMC6714307 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6044-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RTs) are highly malignant brain tumors with inactivation of the SMARCB1 gene, which play a critical role in genomic transcriptional control. In this study, we analyzed the genomic and transcriptomic profiles of human AT/RTs to discover new druggable targets. Methods Multiplanar sequencing analyses, including whole exome sequencing (WES), single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays, array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), and whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq), were performed on 4 AT/RT tissues. Validation of a druggable target was conducted using AT/RT cell lines. Results WES revealed that the AT/RT genome is extremely stable except for the inactivation of SMARCB1. However, we identified 897 significantly upregulated genes and 523 significantly downregulated genes identified using RNA-Seq, indicating that the transcriptional profiles of the AT/RT tissues changed substantially. Gene set enrichment assays revealed genes related to the canonical pathways of cancers, and nucleophosmin (NPM1) was the most significantly upregulated gene in the AT/RT samples. An NPM1 inhibitor (NSC348884) effectively suppressed the viability of 7 AT/RT cell lines. Network analyses showed that genes associated with NPM1 are mainly involved in cell cycle regulation. Upon treatment with an NPM1 inhibitor, cell cycle arrest at G1 phase was observed in AT/RT cells. Conclusions We propose that NPM1 is a novel therapeutic target for AT/RTs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-6044-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Phi
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong-Hyun Sun
- Genome opinion Co., Ltd. 7, Yeonmujang 5ga-gil, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hoon Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmook Lee
- Graduated, Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Park
- SD Genomics, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ah Choi
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hye Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeoun Lee
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea.,Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Chang Wang
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ki Kim
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Pediatric Clinical Neuroscience Center, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hongseok Yun
- Center for Precision Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, 101 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chul-Kee Park
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro Jongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Orlando KA, Nguyen V, Raab JR, Walhart T, Weissman BE. Remodeling the cancer epigenome: mutations in the SWI/SNF complex offer new therapeutic opportunities. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2019; 19:375-391. [PMID: 30986130 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2019.1605905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer genome sequencing studies have discovered mutations in members of the SWItch/Sucrose Non-Fermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin-remodeling complex in nearly 25% of human cancers. The SWI/SNF complex, first discovered in S. cerevisiae, shows strong conservation from yeast to Drosophila to mammals, contains approximately 10-12 subunits and regulates nucleosome positioning through the energy generated by its ATPase subunits. The unexpected finding of frequent mutations in the complex has fueled studies to identify the mechanisms that drive tumor development and the accompanying therapeutic vulnerabilities. Areas covered: In the review, we focus upon the potential roles different SWI/SNF subunit mutations play in human oncogenesis, their common and unique mechanisms of transformation and the potential for translating these mechanisms into targeted therapies for SWI/SNF-mutant tumors. Expert opinion: We currently have limited insights into how mutations in different SWI/SNF subunits drive the development of human tumors. Because the SWI/SNF complex participates in a broad range of normal cellular functions, defining specific oncogenic pathways has proved difficult. In addition, therapeutic options for SWI/SNF-mutant cancers have mainly evolved from high-throughput screens of cell lines with mutations in different subunits. Future studies should follow a more coherent plan to pinpoint common vulnerabilities among these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystal A Orlando
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Vinh Nguyen
- b Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Jesse R Raab
- c Department of Genetics , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Tara Walhart
- d Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Bernard E Weissman
- a Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA.,b Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA.,d Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
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11
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Howard TP, Arnoff TE, Song MR, Giacomelli AO, Wang X, Hong AL, Dharia NV, Wang S, Vazquez F, Pham MT, Morgan AM, Wachter F, Bird GH, Kugener G, Oberlick EM, Rees MG, Tiv HL, Hwang JH, Walsh KH, Cook A, Krill-Burger JM, Tsherniak A, Gokhale PC, Park PJ, Stegmaier K, Walensky LD, Hahn WC, Roberts CWM. MDM2 and MDM4 Are Therapeutic Vulnerabilities in Malignant Rhabdoid Tumors. Cancer Res 2019; 79:2404-2414. [PMID: 30755442 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRT) are highly aggressive pediatric cancers that respond poorly to current therapies. In this study, we screened several MRT cell lines with large-scale RNAi, CRISPR-Cas9, and small-molecule libraries to identify potential drug targets specific for these cancers. We discovered MDM2 and MDM4, the canonical negative regulators of p53, as significant vulnerabilities. Using two compounds currently in clinical development, idasanutlin (MDM2-specific) and ATSP-7041 (MDM2/4-dual), we show that MRT cells were more sensitive than other p53 wild-type cancer cell lines to inhibition of MDM2 alone as well as dual inhibition of MDM2/4. These compounds caused significant upregulation of the p53 pathway in MRT cells, and sensitivity was ablated by CRISPR-Cas9-mediated inactivation of TP53. We show that loss of SMARCB1, a subunit of the SWI/SNF (BAF) complex mutated in nearly all MRTs, sensitized cells to MDM2 and MDM2/4 inhibition by enhancing p53-mediated apoptosis. Both MDM2 and MDM2/4 inhibition slowed MRT xenograft growth in vivo, with a 5-day idasanutlin pulse causing marked regression of all xenografts, including durable complete responses in 50% of mice. Together, these studies identify a genetic connection between mutations in the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex and the tumor suppressor gene TP53 and provide preclinical evidence to support the targeting of MDM2 and MDM4 in this often-fatal pediatric cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: This study identifies two targets, MDM2 and MDM4, as vulnerabilities in a deadly pediatric cancer and provides preclinical evidence that compounds inhibiting these proteins have therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Howard
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Taylor E Arnoff
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Melinda R Song
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew O Giacomelli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew L Hong
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Neekesh V Dharia
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Su Wang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Minh-Tam Pham
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ann M Morgan
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Franziska Wachter
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gregory H Bird
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Elaine M Oberlick
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew G Rees
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Hong L Tiv
- Experimental Therapeutics Core and Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Justin H Hwang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Katherine H Walsh
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - April Cook
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Aviad Tsherniak
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Prafulla C Gokhale
- Experimental Therapeutics Core and Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Peter J Park
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kimberly Stegmaier
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Loren D Walensky
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William C Hahn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Charles W M Roberts
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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12
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SATB family chromatin organizers as master regulators of tumor progression. Oncogene 2018; 38:1989-2004. [PMID: 30413763 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0541-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SATB (Special AT-rich binding protein) family proteins have emerged as key regulators that integrate higher-order chromatin organization with the regulation of gene expression. Studies over the past decade have elucidated the specific roles of SATB1 and SATB2, two closely related members of this family, in cancer progression. SATB family chromatin organizers play diverse and important roles in regulating the dynamic equilibrium of apoptosis, cell invasion, metastasis, proliferation, angiogenesis, and immune modulation. This review highlights cellular and molecular events governed by SATB1 influencing the structural organization of chromatin and interacting with several co-activators and co-repressors of transcription towards tumor progression. SATB1 expression across tumor cell types generates cellular and molecular heterogeneity culminating in tumor relapse and metastasis. SATB1 exhibits dynamic expression within intratumoral cell types regulated by the tumor microenvironment, which culminates towards tumor progression. Recent studies suggested that cell-specific expression of SATB1 across tumor recruited dendritic cells (DC), cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), T regulatory cells (Tregs) and tumor epithelial cells along with tumor microenvironment act as primary determinants of tumor progression and tumor inflammation. In contrast, SATB2 is differentially expressed in an array of cancer types and is involved in tumorigenesis. Survival analysis for patients across an array of cancer types correlated with expression of SATB family chromatin organizers suggested tissue-specific expression of SATB1 and SATB2 contributing to disease prognosis. In this context, it is pertinent to understand molecular players, cellular pathways, genetic and epigenetic mechanisms governed by cell types within tumors regulated by SATB proteins. We propose that patient survival analysis based on the expression profile of SATB chromatin organizers would facilitate their unequivocal establishment as prognostic markers and therapeutic targets for cancer therapy.
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13
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Abstract
Defects in chromatin modifiers and remodelers have been described both for hematological and solid malignancies, corroborating and strengthening the role of epigenetic aberrations in the etiology of cancer. Furthermore, epigenetic marks-DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, and microRNA-can be considered potential markers of cancer development and progression. Here, we review whether altered epigenetic landscapes are merely a consequence of chromatin modifier/remodeler aberrations or a hallmark of cancer etiology. We critically evaluate current knowledge on causal epigenetic aberrations and examine to what extent the prioritization of (epi)genetic deregulations can be assessed in cancer as some type of genetic lesion characterizing solid cancer progression. We also discuss the multiple challenges in developing compounds targeting epigenetic enzymes (named epidrugs) for epigenetic-based therapies. The implementation of acquired knowledge of epigenetic biomarkers for patient stratification, together with the development of next-generation epidrugs and predictive models, will take our understanding and use of cancer epigenetics in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cancer patients to a new level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Nebbioso
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli," Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Tambaro
- Struttura Semplice Dipartimentale Trapianto di Midollo Osseo-Azienda Ospedialiera di Rilievo Nazionale, Santobono-Pausilipon, Napoli, Italy
| | - Carmela Dell'Aversana
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli," Napoli, Italy
| | - Lucia Altucci
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania "L. Vanvitelli," Napoli, Italy
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14
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He L, Chen Y, Feng J, Sun W, Li S, Ou M, Tang L. Cellular senescence regulated by SWI/SNF complex subunits through p53/p21 and p16/pRB pathway. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 90:29-37. [PMID: 28716547 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
SWI/SNF complex is an evolutionarily well-conserved chromatin-remodeling complex, which is implicated in the nucleosomes removing or sliding, impacting on the DNA repair, replication and genes expression regulation. The SWI/SNF complex consists up to 12 protein subunits. The catalytic subunits are BRG1 or BRM, which are exclusive ATPase subunits. BRG1 has been reported to play an important role in cellular senescence. However, The function of non-catalytic subunits involved in cellular senescence is rarely investigated. Therefore, we focused on the senescence regulation roles of SWI/SNF non-catalytic subunits in cellular senescent model induced by H2O2. H2O2 treatment was used to induce cellular senescence models in vitro. Screening the candidate subunits involved in this process by comparing the expression levels of SWI/SNF subunits with/without H2O2 treatment. Over-expression and knockdown the candidate subunits were utilized to investigate the functions and mechanism of the subunits involved in senescence regulation. The expressions of BAF57, BAF60a and SNF5 were changed significantly after H2O2 treatment. Overexpression of the three subunits separately induced cell growth arrest in both HaCaT and GLL19 cells, while knockdown of the subunits separately eased the senescence induced by H2O2 treatment. Results further showed that BAF57, BAF60a and SNF5 regulated cellular senescence via both p53/p21 and p16/pRB pathways, and the three subunits all had a directly interaction with p53. These results indicated that BAF57, BAF60a and SNF5 might act as novel pro-senescence factors in both normal and tumor human skin cells. Therefore, inhibiting expression of the three factors might delay the cellular senescence process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling He
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianguo Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, China
| | - Weichao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shun Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengting Ou
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liling Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
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15
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The Expression of Cyclin D1, VEGF, EZH2, and H3K27me3 in Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumors of the CNS: A Possible Role in Targeted Therapy. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2017; 24:729-737. [PMID: 26469332 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is an uncommon malignancy with a dismal outcome, which responds poorly to multimodality therapies. Animal studies have revealed Cyclin D1 as a possible therapeutic target. The addition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors to chemotherapeutic regimens has shown promising results in pediatric central nervous system tumors. Enhancer of Zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) overexpression has been implicated in various cancers, including medulloblastomas. H3K27me3 is a new marker for pediatric high-grade gliomas. However, their role in AT/RT has not been evaluated sufficiently. We retrieved cases of AT/RT, and reviewed their clinical data and histopathologic features. Immunohistochemistry for Cyclin D1, VEGF, EZH2, and H3K27me3 was performed. Follow-up was noted when available. Fourteen cases of AT/RT were identified (mean age, 3.4 y; range, 10 mo to 8 y). Cyclin D1 immunopositivity was noted in all cases [labeling index (LI): 5% to 98%; mean, 41.3%]. VEGF positivity was seen in 83.3% of the cases. All cases showed EZH2 overexpression (mean LI, 74.3%; range, 32% to 96%). Reduction of H3K27me3 expression was noted in 63% of the cases, with no correlation with EZH2 LI. Two patients died of postoperative complications. Of the rest, follow-up was available for 7 (range, 7 to 120 wk): 1 achieved clinical remission, whereas 6 developed progressive disease, including 3 deaths. Varying degrees of immunoreactivity to Cyclin D1, VEGF, and EZH2 were noted in the majority of the AT/RTs, and detection of these markers may be of value in the development of novel therapeutic agents and in determining which patients can benefit from them. AT/RTs show reduction in H3K27me3 expression, independent of EZH2 expression, indicating that their interaction requires further evaluation.
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16
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Tordella L, Khan S, Hohmeyer A, Banito A, Klotz S, Raguz S, Martin N, Dhamarlingam G, Carroll T, González Meljem JM, Deswal S, Martínez-Barbera JP, García-Escudero R, Zuber J, Zender L, Gil J. SWI/SNF regulates a transcriptional program that induces senescence to prevent liver cancer. Genes Dev 2016; 30:2187-2198. [PMID: 27737960 PMCID: PMC5088567 DOI: 10.1101/gad.286112.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Here, Tordella et. al identified senescence regulators relevant to cancer by screening an shRNA library targeting genes deleted in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). They show that knockdown of the SWI/SNF component ARID1B prevents oncogene-induced senescence and cooperates with RAS to induce liver tumors, and their results provide new insights into the mechanisms by which epigenetic regulators can affect tumor progression. Oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) is a potent tumor suppressor mechanism. To identify senescence regulators relevant to cancer, we screened an shRNA library targeting genes deleted in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we describe how knockdown of the SWI/SNF component ARID1B prevents OIS and cooperates with RAS to induce liver tumors. ARID1B controls p16INK4a and p21CIP1a transcription but also regulates DNA damage, oxidative stress, and p53 induction, suggesting that SWI/SNF uses additional mechanisms to regulate senescence. To systematically identify SWI/SNF targets regulating senescence, we carried out a focused shRNA screen. We discovered several new senescence regulators, including ENTPD7, an enzyme that hydrolyses nucleotides. ENTPD7 affects oxidative stress, DNA damage, and senescence. Importantly, expression of ENTPD7 or inhibition of nucleotide synthesis in ARID1B-depleted cells results in re-establishment of senescence. Our results identify novel mechanisms by which epigenetic regulators can affect tumor progression and suggest that prosenescence therapies could be employed against SWI/SNF-mutated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Tordella
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Sadaf Khan
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Hohmeyer
- Division of Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumours, Department of Internal Medicine I, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ana Banito
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Sabrina Klotz
- Division of Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumours, Department of Internal Medicine I, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Selina Raguz
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Martin
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Gopuraja Dhamarlingam
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Carroll
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - José Mario González Meljem
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, University College London Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
| | - Sumit Deswal
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Juan Pedro Martínez-Barbera
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, University College London Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
| | - Ramón García-Escudero
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Johannes Zuber
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lars Zender
- Division of Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumours, Department of Internal Medicine I, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jesús Gil
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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17
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Stojanova A, Tu WB, Ponzielli R, Kotlyar M, Chan PK, Boutros PC, Khosravi F, Jurisica I, Raught B, Penn LZ. MYC interaction with the tumor suppressive SWI/SNF complex member INI1 regulates transcription and cellular transformation. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:1693-705. [PMID: 27267444 PMCID: PMC4957596 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1146836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MYC is a key driver of cellular transformation and is deregulated in most human cancers. Studies of MYC and its interactors have provided mechanistic insight into its role as a regulator of gene transcription. MYC has been previously linked to chromatin regulation through its interaction with INI1 (SMARCB1/hSNF5/BAF47), a core member of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. INI1 is a potent tumor suppressor that is inactivated in several types of cancers, most prominently as the hallmark alteration in pediatric malignant rhabdoid tumors. However, the molecular and functional interaction of MYC and INI1 remains unclear. Here, we characterize the MYC-INI1 interaction in mammalian cells, mapping their minimal binding domains to functionally significant regions of MYC (leucine zipper) and INI1 (repeat motifs), and demonstrating that the interaction does not interfere with MYC-MAX interaction. Protein-protein interaction network analysis expands the MYC-INI1 interaction to the SWI/SNF complex and a larger network of chromatin regulatory complexes. Genome-wide analysis reveals that the DNA-binding regions and target genes of INI1 significantly overlap with those of MYC. In an INI1-deficient rhabdoid tumor system, we observe that with re-expression of INI1, MYC and INI1 bind to common target genes and have opposing effects on gene expression. Functionally, INI1 re-expression suppresses cell proliferation and MYC-potentiated transformation. Our findings thus establish the antagonistic roles of the INI1 and MYC transcriptional regulators in mediating cellular and oncogenic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Stojanova
- a Department of Medical Biophysics , Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada.,b Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - William B Tu
- a Department of Medical Biophysics , Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada.,b Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Romina Ponzielli
- b Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Max Kotlyar
- b Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Pak-Kei Chan
- b Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Paul C Boutros
- a Department of Medical Biophysics , Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada.,b Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network , Toronto , Ontario , Canada.,c Informatics and Biocomputing Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Fereshteh Khosravi
- b Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Igor Jurisica
- a Department of Medical Biophysics , Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada.,b Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network , Toronto , Ontario , Canada.,d Department of Computer Science , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- a Department of Medical Biophysics , Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada.,b Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
| | - Linda Z Penn
- a Department of Medical Biophysics , Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada.,b Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network , Toronto , Ontario , Canada
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18
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Analysis of the antiproliferative effects of 3-deazaneoplanocin A in combination with standard anticancer agents in rhabdoid tumor cell lines. Anticancer Drugs 2015; 26:301-11. [PMID: 25415657 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Rhabdoid tumors (RTs) are highly aggressive pediatric malignancies with a rather poor prognosis. New therapeutic approaches and optimization of already established treatment protocols are urgently needed. The histone methyltransferase enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is highly overexpressed in RTs and associated strongly with epigenetic silencing in cancer. EZH2 is involved in aggressive cell growth and stem cell maintenance. Thus, EZH2 is an attractive therapeutic target in RTs. The aim of the study presented here was to analyze the effects of a pharmacological inhibition of EZH2 alone and in combination with other anticancer drugs on RTs cells in vitro. The antitumor activity of the S-adenosyl-homocysteine-hydrolase inhibitor 3-deazaneplanocin A (DZNep) alone and in combination with conventional cytostatic drugs (doxorubicin, etoposide) or epigenetic active compounds [5-Aza-CdR, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA)] was assessed by MTT cell proliferation assays on three RT cell lines (A204, BT16, G401). Combinatorial treatment with DZNep synergistically and significantly enhanced the antiproliferative activity of etoposide, 5-Aza-CdR, and SAHA. In functional analyses, pretreatment with DZNep significantly increased the effects of 5-Aza-CdR and SAHA on apoptosis, cell cycle progression, and clonogenicity. Microarray analyses following sequential treatment with DZNep and 5-Aza-CdR or SAHA showed changes in global gene expression affecting apoptosis, neuronal development, and metabolic processes. In-vitro analyses presented here show that pharmacological inhibition of EZH2 synergistically affects the antitumor activity of the epigenetic active compounds 5-Aza-CdR and SAHA. Sequential treatment with these drugs combined with DZNep may represent a new therapeutic approach in RTs.
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19
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Al-Hussaini M, Dissi N, Souki C, Amayiri N. Atypical teratoid/ rhabdoid tumor, an immunohistochemical study of potential diagnostic and prognostic markers. Neuropathology 2015. [PMID: 26207291 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) is a rare tumor of the CNS mostly seen in infants and is often associated with a dismal outcome. Despite the heterogeneous morphology and/or immunoprofile, its diagnosis nowadays relies on the negative INI-1/BAF47 nuclear immunostain in tumor cells. We aim to investigate a number of immunohistochemical antibodies as potential diagnostic and prognostic markers. All AT/RT cases in patients younger than 18 years of age were included. Demographics, clinical features and outcome were collected. Immunostains tested included SALL-4, OCT3/4, CD99, FLI-1, cyclin-D1, β-catenin, P53, P16, CDX2 and WT-1. Nineteen cases (10 males) were identified at our center between 2004-2013 with a median age of 24 months. Ten (52.6%) cases were supratentorial. Six (42.9%) cases showed metastasis at time of presentation. Chemotherapy was administered to 10 (62.5%) and radiotherapy to seven (43.8%). The median overall survival was 11 months. A single long-term survival of 104 months was identified. Pathologically, most cases showed an admixture of rhabdoid cells and/or small cells and/or pale cells in variable proportions. Of all tested antibodies, only positivity for FLI-1 was associated with improved survival (P = 0.0012), while positivity for cyclin-D1 showed a trend toward improved survival (P = 0.0547). CDX2 was positive only in the single long-term survival. Interestingly, two cases showed co-expression of CD99 and FLI-1, and some were positive for SALL-4. In conclusion, FLI-1 and cyclin-D1 are potential prognostic markers associated with better outcome. Occasional AT/RT cases might co-express CD99 and FLI-1 as well as SALL-4, a potential diagnostic pitfall with Ewing sarcoma/ primitive neuroectodermal tumors and germ cell tumors, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maysa Al-Hussaini
- Departments of Pathology, King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC), Amman, Jordan
| | - Noreen Dissi
- Departments of Pathology, King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC), Amman, Jordan
| | - Cyrine Souki
- Departments of Pathology, King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC), Amman, Jordan
| | - Nisreen Amayiri
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC), Amman, Jordan
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20
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Ruijtenberg S, van den Heuvel S. G1/S Inhibitors and the SWI/SNF Complex Control Cell-Cycle Exit during Muscle Differentiation. Cell 2015; 162:300-313. [PMID: 26144318 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The transition from proliferating precursor cells to post-mitotic differentiated cells is crucial for development, tissue homeostasis, and tumor suppression. To study cell-cycle exit during differentiation in vivo, we developed a conditional knockout and lineage-tracing system for Caenorhabditis elegans. Combined lineage-specific gene inactivation and genetic screening revealed extensive redundancies between previously identified cell-cycle inhibitors and the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex. Muscle precursor cells missing either SWI/SNF or G1/S inhibitor function could still arrest cell division, while simultaneous inactivation of these regulators caused continued proliferation and a C. elegans tumor phenotype. Further genetic analyses support that SWI/SNF acts in concert with hlh-1 MyoD, antagonizes Polycomb-mediated transcriptional repression, and suppresses cye-1 Cyclin E transcription to arrest cell division of muscle precursors. Thus, SWI/SNF and G1/S inhibitors provide alternative mechanisms to arrest cell-cycle progression during terminal differentiation, which offers insight into the frequent mutation of SWI/SNF genes in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Ruijtenberg
- Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sander van den Heuvel
- Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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21
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Smith SM, Coleman J, Bridge JA, Iwenofu OH. Molecular diagnostics in soft tissue sarcomas and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Surg Oncol 2015; 111:520-31. [PMID: 25772665 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas are rare malignant heterogenous tumors of mesenchymal origin with over fifty subtypes. The use of hematoxylin and eosin stained sections (and immunohistochemistry) in the morphologic assessment of these tumors has been the bane of clinical diagnosis until recently. The last decade has witnessed considerable progress in the understanding and application of molecular techniques in refining the current understanding of soft tissue sarcomas and gastrointestinal stromal tumors beyond the limits of traditional approaches. Indeed, the identification of reciprocal chromosomal translocations and fusion genes in some subsets of sarcomas with potential implications in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment has been revolutionary. The era of molecular targeted therapy presents a platform that continues to drive biomarker discovery and personalized medicine in soft tissue sarcomas and gastrointestinal stromal tumors. In this review, we highlight how the different molecular techniques have enhanced the diagnosis of these tumors with prognostic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Smith
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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22
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Rai TS, Cole JJ, Nelson DM, Dikovskaya D, Faller WJ, Vizioli MG, Hewitt RN, Anannya O, McBryan T, Manoharan I, van Tuyn J, Morrice N, Pchelintsev NA, Ivanov A, Brock C, Drotar ME, Nixon C, Clark W, Sansom OJ, Anderson KI, King A, Blyth K, Adams PD. HIRA orchestrates a dynamic chromatin landscape in senescence and is required for suppression of neoplasia. Genes Dev 2014; 28:2712-25. [PMID: 25512559 PMCID: PMC4265675 DOI: 10.1101/gad.247528.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a stable proliferation arrest that suppresses tumorigenesis. Cellular senescence and associated tumor suppression depend on control of chromatin. Histone chaperone HIRA deposits variant histone H3.3 and histone H4 into chromatin in a DNA replication-independent manner. Appropriately for a DNA replication-independent chaperone, HIRA is involved in control of chromatin in nonproliferating senescent cells, although its role is poorly defined. Here, we show that nonproliferating senescent cells express and incorporate histone H3.3 and other canonical core histones into a dynamic chromatin landscape. Expression of canonical histones is linked to alternative mRNA splicing to eliminate signals that confer mRNA instability in nonproliferating cells. Deposition of newly synthesized histones H3.3 and H4 into chromatin of senescent cells depends on HIRA. HIRA and newly deposited H3.3 colocalize at promoters of expressed genes, partially redistributing between proliferating and senescent cells to parallel changes in expression. In senescent cells, but not proliferating cells, promoters of active genes are exceptionally enriched in H4K16ac, and HIRA is required for retention of H4K16ac. HIRA is also required for retention of H4K16ac in vivo and suppression of oncogene-induced neoplasia. These results show that HIRA controls a specialized, dynamic H4K16ac-decorated chromatin landscape in senescent cells and enforces tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taranjit Singh Rai
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, University of West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, United Kingdom
| | - John J Cole
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - David M Nelson
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Dina Dikovskaya
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - William J Faller
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Grazia Vizioli
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael N Hewitt
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Orchi Anannya
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Tony McBryan
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Indrani Manoharan
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - John van Tuyn
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Morrice
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolay A Pchelintsev
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Andre Ivanov
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Brock
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Mark E Drotar
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Nixon
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - William Clark
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Owen J Sansom
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Kurt I Anderson
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Ayala King
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Blyth
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - Peter D Adams
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom;
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23
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Joliot V, Ait-Mohamed O, Battisti V, Pontis J, Philipot O, Robin P, Ito H, Ait-Si-Ali S. The SWI/SNF subunit/tumor suppressor BAF47/INI1 is essential in cell cycle arrest upon skeletal muscle terminal differentiation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108858. [PMID: 25271443 PMCID: PMC4182762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myogenic terminal differentiation is a well-orchestrated process starting with permanent cell cycle exit followed by muscle-specific genetic program activation. Individual SWI/SNF components have been involved in muscle differentiation. Here, we show that the master myogenic differentiation factor MyoD interacts with more than one SWI/SNF subunit, including the catalytic subunit BRG1, BAF53a and the tumor suppressor BAF47/INI1. Downregulation of each of these SWI/SNF subunits inhibits skeletal muscle terminal differentiation but, interestingly, at different differentiation steps and extents. BAF53a downregulation inhibits myotube formation but not the expression of early muscle-specific genes. BRG1 or BAF47 downregulation disrupt both proliferation and differentiation genetic programs expression. Interestingly, BRG1 and BAF47 are part of the SWI/SNF remodeling complex as well as the N-CoR-1 repressor complex in proliferating myoblasts. However, our data show that, upon myogenic differentiation, BAF47 shifts in favor of N-CoR-1 complex. Finally, BRG1 and BAF47 are well-known tumor suppressors but, strikingly, only BAF47 seems essential in the myoblasts irreversible cell cycle exit. Together, our data unravel differential roles for SWI/SNF subunits in muscle differentiation, with BAF47 playing a dual role both in the permanent cell cycle exit and in the regulation of muscle-specific genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Joliot
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre Epigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, UMR7216, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Ouardia Ait-Mohamed
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre Epigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, UMR7216, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Valentine Battisti
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre Epigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, UMR7216, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Julien Pontis
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre Epigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, UMR7216, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Ophélie Philipot
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre Epigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, UMR7216, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Robin
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre Epigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, UMR7216, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Hidenori Ito
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Aichi, Japan
| | - Slimane Ait-Si-Ali
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre Epigénétique et Destin Cellulaire, UMR7216, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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24
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Hu Y, Bobb D, Lu Y, He J, Dome JS. Effect of telomerase inhibition on preclinical models of malignant rhabdoid tumor. Cancer Genet 2014; 207:403-11. [PMID: 25441685 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Novel treatment approaches are desperately needed for malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT). Telomerase is an attractive therapeutic target because it is specific to cancer and critical for cancer cell immortality. We evaluated the effect of the telomerase inhibitor imetelstat in preclinical models of MRT. Three MRT cell lines, BT-12, G401, and RT-peri, were treated with the telomerase inhibitor imetelstat. The effects of imetelstat on telomere length, DNA damage response, and cell proliferation were assessed. The efficacy of imetelstat in vivo was evaluated in subcutaneous xenografts derived from each of the cell lines. Treatment with imetelstat resulted in inhibition of telomerase activity, marked telomere shortening, and activation of the DNA damage response pathway, as measured by formation of γ-H2AX nuclear foci, phosphorylation of ATM, and phosphorylation of TP53. Imetelstat-treated G401 cells underwent complete growth arrest after 16 passages. The other two cell lines exhibited growth inhibition. Imetelstat resulted in 40-50% growth inhibition compared to placebo-treated controls in all three xenograft models. The activity of imetelstat as a single agent suggests that further studies of telomerase inhibitors in combination with other agents may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafang Hu
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daniel Bobb
- Research Animal Facility, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yunbiao Lu
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jianping He
- Center for Translational Science, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Dome
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
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25
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Wei D, Goldfarb D, Song S, Cannon C, Yan F, Sakellariou-Thompson D, Emanuele M, Major MB, Weissman BE, Kuwahara Y. SNF5/INI1 deficiency redefines chromatin remodeling complex composition during tumor development. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:1574-85. [PMID: 25009291 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRT), a pediatric cancer that most frequently appears in the kidney and brain, generally lack SNF5 (SMARCB1/INI1), a subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex. Recent studies have established that multiple SWI/SNF complexes exist due to the presence or absence of different complex members. Therefore, the effect of SNF5 loss upon SWI/SNF complex formation was investigated in human MRT cells. MRT cells and primary human tumors exhibited reduced levels of many complex proteins. Furthermore, reexpression of SNF5 increased SWI/SNF complex protein levels without concomitant increases in mRNA. Proteomic analysis, using mass spectrometry, of MRT cells before and after SNF5 reexpression indicated the recruitment of different components into the complex along with the expulsion of others. IP-Western blotting confirmed these results and demonstrated similar changes in other MRT cell lines. Finally, reduced expression of SNF5 in normal human fibroblasts led to altered levels of these same complex members. These data establish that SNF5 loss during MRT development alters the repertoire of available SWI/SNF complexes, generally disrupting those associated with cellular differentiation. These findings support a model where SNF5 inactivation blocks the conversion of growth-promoting SWI/SNF complexes to differentiation-inducing ones. Therefore, restoration of these complexes in tumors cells provides an attractive approach for the treatment of MRTs. IMPLICATIONS SNF5 loss dramatically alters SWI/SNF complex composition and prevents formation of complexes required for cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darmood Wei
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Dennis Goldfarb
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Shujie Song
- Oncology Center, ZhuJiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Courtney Cannon
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Feng Yan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Michael Emanuele
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michael B Major
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Bernard E Weissman
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Yasumichi Kuwahara
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Pediatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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26
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Mechanisms by which SMARCB1 loss drives rhabdoid tumor growth. Cancer Genet 2014; 207:365-72. [PMID: 24853101 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
SMARCB1 (INI1/SNF5/BAF47), a core subunit of the SWI/SNF (BAF) chromatin-remodeling complex, is inactivated in the large majority of rhabdoid tumors, and germline heterozygous SMARCB1 mutations form the basis for rhabdoid predisposition syndrome. Mouse models validated Smarcb1 as a bona fide tumor suppressor, as Smarcb1 inactivation in mice results in 100% of the animals rapidly developing cancer. SMARCB1 was the first subunit of the SWI/SNF complex found mutated in cancer. More recently, at least seven other genes encoding SWI/SNF subunits have been identified as recurrently mutated in cancer. Collectively, 20% of all human cancers contain a SWI/SNF mutation. Consequently, investigation of the mechanisms by which SMARCB1 mutation causes cancer has relevance not only for rhabdoid tumors, but also potentially for the wide variety of SWI/SNF mutant cancers. Here we discuss normal functions of SMARCB1 and the SWI/SNF complex as well as mechanistic and potentially therapeutic insights that have emerged.
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27
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Lee RS, Roberts CWM. Rhabdoid tumors: an initial clue to the role of chromatin remodeling in cancer. Brain Pathol 2013; 23:200-5. [PMID: 23432645 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of biallelic, inactivating SMARCB1 mutations in rhabdoid tumors (RTs) over a decade ago represented the first recognized link between chromatin remodeling and tumor suppression. SMARCB1 is a core subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, and the recent emergence of frequent mutations in genes that encode subunits of this complex across a wide variety of cancers suggests that perturbation of this chromatin remodeling complex constitutes a key driver of cancer formation. Despite the highly aggressive nature of RTs, they are genetically simple cancers that appear to lack chromosomal instability and contain very few mutations. Indeed, the mutation rate in RTs is among the lowest of all cancers sequenced, with loss of SMARCB1 as essentially the sole recurrent event. Given the genetic simplicity of this disease, understanding the chromatin dysregulation caused by SMARCB1 loss may provide more general insight into how epigenetic alterations can contribute to oncogenic transformation and may reveal opportunities for targeted therapy not only of RT but also the variety of other SWI/SNF mutant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Lee
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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28
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Birks DK, Donson AM, Patel PR, Sufit A, Algar EM, Dunham C, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Handler MH, Vibhakar R, Foreman NK. Pediatric rhabdoid tumors of kidney and brain show many differences in gene expression but share dysregulation of cell cycle and epigenetic effector genes. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60:1095-102. [PMID: 23382118 PMCID: PMC4681512 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhabdoid tumors (RTs) are aggressive tumors of early childhood that occur most often in brain (AT/RTs) or kidney (KRTs). Regardless of location, they are characterized by loss of functional SMARCB1 protein, a component of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. The aim of this study was to determine genes and biological process dysregulated in common to both AT/RTs and KRTs. PROCEDURE Gene expression for AT/RTs was compared to that of other brain tumors and normal brain using microarray data from our lab. Similar analysis was performed for KRTs and other kidney tumors and normal kidney using data from GEO. Dysregulated genes common to both analyses were analyzed for functional significance. RESULTS Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of RTs identified three major subsets: two comprised of AT/RTs, and one of KRTs. Compared to other tumors, 1,187, 663, and 539 genes were dysregulated in each subset, respectively. Only 14 dysregulated genes were common to all three subsets. Compared to normal tissue, 5,209, 4,275, and 2,841 genes were dysregulated in each subset, with an overlap of 610 dysregulated genes. Among these genes, processes associated with cell proliferation, MYC activation, and epigenetic dysregulation were common to all three RT subsets. CONCLUSIONS The low overlap of dysregulated genes in AT/RTs and KRTs suggests that factors in addition to SMARCB1 loss play a role in determining subsequent gene expression. Drugs which target cell cycle or epigenetic genes may be useful in all RTs. Additionally, targeted therapies tailored to specific RT subset molecular profiles should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane K Birks
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80010, USA.
| | - Andrew M. Donson
- Department of Pediatrics, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado at Denver, 12800 East 19 Avenue, Aurora, CO 80010, USA,Children’s Hospital, Colorado, 13123 East 16th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Purvi R. Patel
- Department of Pediatrics, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado at Denver, 12800 East 19 Avenue, Aurora, CO 80010, USA,Children’s Hospital, Colorado, 13123 East 16th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Alexandra Sufit
- Department of Pediatrics, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado at Denver, 12800 East 19 Avenue, Aurora, CO 80010, USA,Children’s Hospital, Colorado, 13123 East 16th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Elizabeth M. Algar
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Christopher Dunham
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Children’s and Women’s Health Centre of B.C., 4500 Oak St., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H 3N1
| | - B. K. Kleinschmidt-DeMasters
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado at Denver, 12800 East 19 Avenue, Aurora, CO 80010, USA,Departments of Pathology and Neurology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado at Denver, 12800 East 19 Avenue, Aurora, CO 80010, USA
| | - Michael H. Handler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado at Denver, 12800 East 19 Avenue, Aurora, CO 80010, USA,Children’s Hospital, Colorado, 13123 East 16th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Rajeev Vibhakar
- Department of Pediatrics, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado at Denver, 12800 East 19 Avenue, Aurora, CO 80010, USA,Children’s Hospital, Colorado, 13123 East 16th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Nicholas K. Foreman
- Department of Pediatrics, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado at Denver, 12800 East 19 Avenue, Aurora, CO 80010, USA,Children’s Hospital, Colorado, 13123 East 16th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045
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29
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SMARCB1/INI1 Genetic Inactivation Is Responsible for Tumorigenic Properties of Epithelioid Sarcoma Cell Line VAESBJ. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:1060-72. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Gebel S, Lichtner RB, Frushour B, Schlage WK, Hoang V, Talikka M, Hengstermann A, Mathis C, Veljkovic E, Peck M, Peitsch MC, Deehan R, Hoeng J, Westra JW. Construction of a computable network model for DNA damage, autophagy, cell death, and senescence. Bioinform Biol Insights 2013; 7:97-117. [PMID: 23515068 PMCID: PMC3596057 DOI: 10.4137/bbi.s11154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Towards the development of a systems biology-based risk assessment approach for environmental toxicants, including tobacco products in a systems toxicology setting such as the “21st Century Toxicology”, we are building a series of computable biological network models specific to non-diseased pulmonary and cardiovascular cells/tissues which capture the molecular events that can be activated following exposure to environmental toxicants. Here we extend on previous work and report on the construction and evaluation of a mechanistic network model focused on DNA damage response and the four main cellular fates induced by stress: autophagy, apoptosis, necroptosis, and senescence. In total, the network consists of 34 sub-models containing 1052 unique nodes and 1538 unique edges which are supported by 1231 PubMed-referenced literature citations. Causal node-edge relationships are described using the Biological Expression Language (BEL), which allows for the semantic representation of life science relationships in a computable format. The Network is provided in .XGMML format and can be viewed using freely available network visualization software, such as Cytoscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Gebel
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Research Laboratories GmbH, Koeln, Germany
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31
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Kuwahara Y, Wei D, Durand J, Weissman BE. SNF5 reexpression in malignant rhabdoid tumors regulates transcription of target genes by recruitment of SWI/SNF complexes and RNAPII to the transcription start site of their promoters. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 11:251-60. [PMID: 23364536 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT), a highly aggressive cancer of young children, displays inactivation or loss of the hSNF5/INI1/SMARCB1 gene, a core subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex, in primary tumors and cell lines. We have previously reported that reexpression of hSNF5 in some MRT cell lines causes a G1 arrest via p21(CIP1/WAF1) (p21) mRNA induction in a p53-independent manner. However, the mechanism(s) by which hSNF5 reexpression activates gene transcription remains unclear. We initially searched for other hSNF5 target genes by asking whether hSNF5 loss altered regulation of other consensus p53 target genes. Our studies show that hSNF5 regulates only a subset of p53 target genes, including p21 and NOXA, in MRT cell lines. We also show that hSNF5 reexpression modulates SWI/SNF complex levels at the transcription start site (TSS) at both loci and leads to activation of transcription initiation through recruitment of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) accompanied by H3K4 and H3K36 modifications. Furthermore, our results show lower NOXA expression in MRT cell lines compared with other human tumor cell lines, suggesting that hSNF5 loss may alter the expression of this important apoptotic gene. Thus, one mechanism for MRT development after hSNF5 loss may rely on reduced chromatin-remodeling activity of the SWI/SNF complex at the TSS of critical gene promoters. Furthermore, because we observe growth inhibition after NOXA expression in MRT cells, the NOXA pathway may provide a novel target with clinical relevancy for treatment of this aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumichi Kuwahara
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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32
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Calderaro J, Moroch J, Pierron G, Pedeutour F, Grison C, Maillé P, Soyeux P, de la Taille A, Couturier J, Vieillefond A, Rousselet MC, Delattre O, Allory Y. SMARCB1/INI1 inactivation in renal medullary carcinoma. Histopathology 2012; 61:428-35. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2012.04228.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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33
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DelBove J, Rosson G, Strobeck M, Chen J, Archer TK, Wang W, Knudsen ES, Weissman BE. Identification of a core member of the SWI/SNF complex, BAF155/SMARCC1, as a human tumor suppressor gene. Epigenetics 2012; 6:1444-53. [PMID: 22139574 DOI: 10.4161/epi.6.12.18492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have established that two core members of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, BRG1 and SNF5/INI1, possess tumor-suppressor activity in human and mouse cancers. While the third core member, BAF155, has been implicated by several studies as having a potential role in tumor development, direct evidence for its tumor suppressor activity has remained lacking. Therefore, we screened for BAF155 deficiency in a large number of human tumor cell lines. We identified 2 cell lines, the SNUC2B colon carcinoma and the SKOV3 ovarian carcinoma, displaying a complete loss of protein expression while maintaining normal levels of mRNA expression. The SKOV3 cell line possesses a heterozygous 4bp deletion that results in an 855AA truncated protein, while the cause of the loss of BAF155 expression in the SNUC2B cell line appears due to a post-transcriptional error. However, the lack of detectable BAF155 expression did not affect sensitivity to RB-mediated cell cycle arrest. Re-expression of full length but not a truncated form of BAF155 in the two cancer cell lines leads to reduced colony forming ability characterized by replicative senescence but not apoptosis. Collectively, these data suggest that loss of BAF155 expression represents another mechanism for inactivation of SWI/SNF complex activity in the development in human cancer. Our results further indicate that the c-terminus proline-glutamine rich domain plays a critical role in the tumor suppressor activity of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica DelBove
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Ye Y, Xiao Y, Wang W, Gao JX, Yearsley K, Yan Q, Barsky SH. Singular v dual inhibition of SNF2L and its isoform, SNF2LT, have similar effects on DNA damage but opposite effects on the DNA damage response, cancer cell growth arrest and apoptosis. Oncotarget 2012; 3:475-89. [PMID: 22577152 PMCID: PMC3380581 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
SNF2L, an ATPase chromatin remodeling gene nearly ubiquitously expressed in diverse tissues, cancers, and derived cell lines, contributes to the chromatin remodeling complex that facilitates transcription. Because of this near ubiquitous expression, it has not been exploited as a cancer therapeutic target. However, in a recent study, we found that highly malignant cancer cells, although expressing SNF2L at similar levels as their normal counterparts, were sensitive to its knockdown. Only the highly malignant (HM) lines showed significant growth inhibition, DNA damage, a DNA damage response, and phosphorylation of checkpoint proteins and marked apoptosis. In studying SNF2L, we discovered a novel truncated isoform, SNF2LT which, when compared to full length SNF2L, lacked three important domains: HAND, SANT and SLIDE. Although truncated isoforms usually have antagonistic functions to their parental molecule, here SNF2LT knockdown had similar effects to the knockdown of its parental molecule, SNF2L, of inducing DNA damage, a DNA damage response, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis selectively in cancer cell lines. However dual SNF2L and SNF2LT knockdown, while inducing DNA damage, did not result in a DNA damage response, a cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In fact HM lines subjected to dual knockdown paradoxically exhibited sustained cell growth. Our findings indicate that the ratio of SNF2L to its isoform tightly regulates the cancer cell's response to DNA damage. Cancer cell lines which endogenously express low levels of both SNF2L and its isoform mimic the situation of dual knockdown and permit DNA damage which is allowed to propagate unchecked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Ye
- Department of Pathology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA
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Malignant rhabdoid tumors express stem cell factors, which relate to the expression of EZH2 and Id proteins. Am J Surg Pathol 2011; 35:1463-72. [PMID: 21921784 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e318224d2cd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRTs) are highly aggressive pediatric tumors associated with loss of expression of SMARCB1, commonly occurring in the central nervous system [referred to as atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RTs)] and in the kidney and soft tissues. Histologically, MRTs are characterized by immunohistochemical evidence of primitive neuroectodermal, mesenchymal, and epithelial differentiation. The ability of MRTs to differentiate along multiple lines, as evidenced by both histologic features and polyphenotypic immunohistochemical staining, and the proliferative nature of MRT cells are characteristics shared with the self-renewal and plasticity of embryonic stem cells (ES). To test the hypothesis that MRTs share similarities with ES, we used immunohistochemistry to evaluate the expression of various stem cell markers in a tissue microarray containing 26 AT/RTs and 16 non-central nervous system MRTs (NCMRTs). Staining intensity was scored as negative (0), low (1+), moderate (2+), and strong (3+) and was multiplied by the percentage of positive tumor cells to establish a semiquantitative measure for each marker. In AT/RT, strong-to-low expression was noted with glypican-3 (20 of 26, 77%), Sall4 (23 of 26, 88%), T-cell leukemia/lymphoma 1 (25 of 26, 96%), and undifferentiated embryonic cell transcription factor 1 (19 of 26, 73%). Markers that showed low expression in AT/RT were Sox2 (8 of 26, 31%), Nanog (7 of 26, 27%), Klf4 (10 of 26, 38%), Zfp206 (5 of 26, 19%), and musashi-1 (21 of 26, 81%). Similarly, in NCMRT, expression was noted with glypican-3 (12 of 16, 75%), Sall4 (13 of 16, 81%), T-cell leukemia/lymphoma 1 (16 of 16, 100%), undifferentiated embryonic cell transcription factor 1 (12 of 16, 75%), Sox2 (5 of 16, 31%), Nanog (8 of 16, 50%), Klf4 (8 of 16, 50%), Zfp206 (13 of 16, 81%), and musashi-1 (11 of 16, 75%). Placental alkaline phosphatase, Oct4, c-KIT, CD30, α-fetoprotein, and β- -human chorionic gonadotrophin were not expressed in all cases. Markers that regulate the expression of stem cell transcription factors were also expressed in MRT. AT/RT cases showed expression of Id proteins: Id1 (17 of 26, 65%), Id2 (24 of 26, 92%), Id3 (22 of 26, 85%), and Id4 (22 of 26, 85%). Low expression was observed with EZH2 (15 of 26, 58%). Similarly, NCMRT cases showed expression of Id1 (15 of 16, 94%), Id2 (16 of 16, 100%), Id3 (16 of 16, 100%), Id4 (13 of 16, 81%), and EZH2 (13 of 16, 81%). Finally, regression analysis revealed a significant relationship between the expression of stem cell markers and EZH2 (P<0.0001), Id1 (P=0.0087), Id2 (P=0.0002), Id3 (P=0.0033), and Id4 (P<0.0001). These data suggest that MRTs express many stem cell-associated transcription factors, which may be regulated by the expression of EZH2 and the Id family of proteins. This study underscores similarities between MRTs and stem cells and may help elucidate common biologic pathways that could serve in advancing more effective therapeutic strategies to treat MRTs.
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p16INK4A and p14ARF tumor suppressor pathways are deregulated in malignant rhabdoid tumors. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2011; 70:596-609. [PMID: 21666498 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e31822146ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRTs) are aggressive tumors associated with mutations in the SMARCB1 gene. In experimental systems, the loss of SMARCB1 is hypothesized to alter p16(INK4A) pathways resulting in the repression of tumor suppressors. To determine whether these pathways are deregulated in human MRT, we used immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays to evaluate p16(INK4A)/E2F1/RB and p14(ARF)/MDM2/p53 pathways in 25 atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors (AT/RT) and 11 non-CNS MRT. p16(INK4A) was negative or showed focal weak expression. p16(INK4A) downstream targets CDK4/cyclin D1/ppRB were variably expressed at moderate to low levels; E2F1 was negative. Unexpectedly, p14(ARF) expression was seen in many cases, which correlated positively with p53 and inversely with MDM2 immunostaining in AT/RT. TP53 mutational analysis in 19 of 25 AT/RT and in 8 of 11 non-CNS MRT cases showed point mutations in only 3 AT/RT cases, suggesting that p53 expression was driven mainly by p14(ARF). Finally, nucleophosmin, a protein that stabilizes p53, was positive in most cases and colocalized with p53. Together, these data suggest that, in MRT, there is deregulation not only of p16(INK4A) but also of the p14(ARF) pathway. These results provide insights into cell cycle deregulation in the pathogenesis of human MRT and may aid in the design and evaluation of potential therapies for these tumors.
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Bartlett C, Orvis TJ, Rosson GS, Weissman BE. BRG1 mutations found in human cancer cell lines inactivate Rb-mediated cell-cycle arrest. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:1989-97. [PMID: 21520050 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic organisms package DNA into chromatin for compact storage in the cell nucleus. However, this process promotes transcriptional repression of genes. To overcome the transcriptional repression, chromatin remodeling complexes have evolved that alter the configuration of chromatin packaging of DNA into nucleosomes by histones. The SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex uses energy from ATP hydrolysis to reposition nucleosomes and make DNA accessible to transcription factors. Recent studies showing mutations of BRG1, one of two mutually exclusive ATPase subunits, in human tumor cell lines and primary tissue samples have implicated a role for its loss in cancer development. While most of the mutations lead to complete loss of BRG1 protein expression, others result in single amino acid substitutions. To better understand the role of these BRG1 point mutations in cancer development, we characterized SWI/SNF function in human tumor cell lines with these mutations in the absence of BRM expression, the other ATPase component. We found that the mutant BRG1 proteins still interacted with the core complex members and appeared at the promoters of target genes. However, while these mutations did not affect CD44 and CDH1 expression, known targets of the SWI/SNF complex, they did abrogate Rb-mediated cell-cycle arrest. Therefore, our results implicate that these mutations disrupt the de novo chromatin remodeling activity of the complex without affecting the status of existing nucleosome positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Bartlett
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7295, USA
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Hatziapostolou M, Iliopoulos D. Epigenetic aberrations during oncogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:1681-702. [PMID: 21249513 PMCID: PMC11114845 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0624-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aberrant epigenetic landscape of a cancer cell is characterized by global genomic hypomethylation, CpG island promoter hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes, and changes in histone modification patterns, as well as altered expression profiles of chromatin-modifying enzymes. Recent advances in the field of epigenetics have revealed that microRNAs' expression is also under epigenetic regulation and that certain microRNAs control elements of the epigenetic machinery. The reversibility of epigenetic marks catalyzed the development of epigenetic-altering drugs. However, a better understanding of the intertwined relationship between genetics, epigenetics and microRNAs is necessary in order to resolve how gene expression aberrations that contribute to tumorigenesis can be therapeutically corrected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hatziapostolou
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Dimitrios Iliopoulos
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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Therapeutically targeting cyclin D1 in primary tumors arising from loss of Ini1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 108:319-24. [PMID: 21173237 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0913297108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdoid tumors (RTs) are rare, highly aggressive pediatric malignancies with poor prognosis and with no standard or effective treatment strategies. RTs are characterized by biallelic inactivation of the INI1 tumor suppressor gene. INI1 directly represses CCND1 and activates cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitors p16(Ink4a) and p21(CIP). RTs are exquisitely dependent on cyclin D1 for genesis and survival. To facilitate translation of unique therapeutic strategies, we have used genetically engineered, Ini1(+/-) mice for therapeutic testing. We found that PET can be used to noninvasively and accurately detect primary tumors in Ini1(+/-) mice. In a PET-guided longitudinal study, we found that treating Ini1(+/-) mice bearing primary tumors with the pan-cdk inhibitor flavopiridol resulted in complete and stable regression of some tumors. Other tumors showed resistance to flavopiridol, and one of the resistant tumors overexpressed cyclin D1, more than flavopiridol-sensitive cells. The concentration of flavopiridol used was not sufficient to down-modulate the high level of cyclin D1 and failed to induce cell death in the resistant cells. Furthermore, FISH and PCR analyses indicated that there is aneuploidy and increased CCND1 copy number in resistant cells. These studies indicate that resistance to flavopiridol may be correlated to elevated cyclin D1 levels. Our studies also indicate that Ini1(+/-) mice are valuable tools for testing unique therapeutic strategies and for understanding mechanisms of drug resistance in tumors that arise owing to loss of Ini1, which is essential for developing effective treatment strategies against these aggressive tumors.
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Cimica V, Smith ME, Zhang Z, Mathur D, Mani S, Kalpana GV. Potent inhibition of rhabdoid tumor cells by combination of flavopiridol and 4OH-tamoxifen. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:634. [PMID: 21092078 PMCID: PMC2998513 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhabdoid Tumors (RTs) are highly aggressive pediatric malignancies with poor prognosis. There are currently no standard or effective treatments for RTs in part because treatments are not designed to specifically target these tumors. Our previous studies indicated that targeting the cyclin/cdk pathway is a novel therapeutic strategy for RTs and that a pan-cdk inhibitor, flavopiridol, inhibits RT growth. Since the toxicities and narrow window of activity associated with flavopiridol may limit its clinical use, we tested the effect of combining flavopiridol with 4-hydroxy-Tamoxifen (4OH-Tam) in order to reduce the concentration of flavopiridol needed for inhibition of RTs. METHODS The effects of flavopiridol, 4OH-Tam, and their combination on RT cell cycle regulation and apoptosis were assessed by: i) cell survival assays, ii) FACS analysis, iii) caspase activity assays, and iv) immunoblot analysis. Furthermore, the role of p53 in flavopiridol- and 4OH-Tam-mediated induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis was characterized using RNA interference (siRNA) analysis. The effect of p53 on flavopiridol-mediated induction of caspases 2, 3, 8 and 9 was also determined. RESULTS We found that the combination of flavopiridol and 4OH-Tam potently inhibited the growth of RT cells. Low nanomolar concentrations of flavopiridol induced G₂ arrest, which was correlated to down-modulation of cyclin B1 and up-regulation of p53. Addition of 4OH-Tam did not affect flavopiridol-mediated G₂ arrest, but enhanced caspase 3,7-mediated apoptosis induced by the drug. Abrogation of p53 by siRNA abolished flavopiridol-induced G₂ arrest, but enhanced flavopiridol- (but not 4OH-Tam-) mediated apoptosis, by enhancing caspase 2 and 3 activities. CONCLUSIONS Combining flavopiridol with 4OH-Tam potently inhibited the growth of RT cells by increasing the ability of either drug alone to induce caspases 2 and 3 thereby causing apoptosis. The potency of flavopiridol was enhanced by abrogation of p53. Our results warrant further studies investigating the combinatorial effects of flavopiridol and 4OH-Tam as a novel therapeutic strategy for RTs and other tumors that have been shown to respond to flavopiridol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velasco Cimica
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Cruickshanks HA, Adams PD. Chromatin: a molecular interface between cancer and aging. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2010; 21:100-6. [PMID: 21087854 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To prevent cancer, mammals have evolved potent tumor suppression mechanisms, including senescence and apoptosis. These processes depend on regulation of chromatin. Chromatin-dependent tumor suppressor pathways are activated in premalignant cells and tissues harboring cancer-causing genetic alterations, and also in normal aged tissue, the latter likely due to accumulation of genetic and cellular damage. Paradoxically, however, disruption of chromatin structure may also promote cancer. Apparent defects in chromatin structure accumulate with age, the biggest single risk factor for cancer. Evidence suggests that these age-associated perturbations in chromatin structure contribute to the age-associated increase in incidence of cancer. Thus, alterations in chromatin structure can both suppress and promote the onset of cancer, and both activities are inextricably linked to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel A Cruickshanks
- University of Glasgow, CR-UK Beatson Labs, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
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Jagani Z, Mora-Blanco EL, Sansam CG, McKenna ES, Wilson B, Chen D, Klekota J, Tamayo P, Nguyen PTL, Tolstorukov M, Park PJ, Cho YJ, Hsiao K, Buonamici S, Pomeroy SL, Mesirov JP, Ruffner H, Bouwmeester T, Luchansky SJ, Murtie J, Kelleher JF, Warmuth M, Sellers WR, Roberts CWM, Dorsch M. Loss of the tumor suppressor Snf5 leads to aberrant activation of the Hedgehog-Gli pathway. Nat Med 2010; 16:1429-33. [PMID: 21076395 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway can drive tumorigenesis. To investigate the mechanism by which glioma-associated oncogene family zinc finger-1 (GLI1), a crucial effector of Hh signaling, regulates Hh pathway activation, we searched for GLI1-interacting proteins. We report that the chromatin remodeling protein SNF5 (encoded by SMARCB1, hereafter called SNF5), which is inactivated in human malignant rhabdoid tumors (MRTs), interacts with GLI1. We show that Snf5 localizes to Gli1-regulated promoters and that loss of Snf5 leads to activation of the Hh-Gli pathway. Conversely, re-expression of SNF5 in MRT cells represses GLI1. Consistent with this, we show the presence of a Hh-Gli-activated gene expression profile in primary MRTs and show that GLI1 drives the growth of SNF5-deficient MRT cells in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, our studies reveal that SNF5 is a key mediator of Hh signaling and that aberrant activation of GLI1 is a previously undescribed targetable mechanism contributing to the growth of MRT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Jagani
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
The discovery that cancer can be governed above and beyond the level of our DNA presents a new era for designing therapies that reverse the epigenetic state of a tumour cell. Understanding how altered chromatin dynamics leads to malignancy is essential for controlling tumour cells while sparing normal cells. Polycomb and trithorax group proteins are evolutionarily conserved and maintain chromatin in the 'off' or 'on' states, thereby preventing or promoting gene expression, respectively. Recent work highlights the dynamic interplay between these opposing classes of proteins, providing new avenues for understanding how these epigenetic regulators function in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alea A Mills
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA.
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Vinod Saladi S, Marathe H, de la Serna IL. SWItching on the transcriptional circuitry in melanoma. Epigenetics 2010; 5:469-75. [PMID: 20543574 DOI: 10.4161/epi.5.6.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive malignancy that is resistant to current therapy, and the most lethal of all human skin cancers. It is characterized by several genetic alterations that lead to changes in gene expression and tumorigenesis by triggering alterations in the normal transcriptional circuitry. Transformation and tumor progression are thought to be promoted by a complex interplay between the accumulation of genetic alterations and epigenetic changes. In this review, we discuss recent studies that have implicated SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling enzymes as epigenetic regulators of a transcriptional circuit that operates within the context the genetic alterations that frequently occur in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Vinod Saladi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, OH, USA
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Koos B, Jeibmann A, Lünenbürger H, Mertsch S, Nupponen NN, Roselli A, Leuschner I, Paulus W, Frühwald MC, Hasselblatt M. The tyrosine kinase c-Abl promotes proliferation and is expressed in atypical teratoid and malignant rhabdoid tumors. Cancer 2010; 116:5075-81. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Chano T, Ikebuchi K, Ochi Y, Tameno H, Tomita Y, Jin Y, Inaji H, Ishitobi M, Teramoto K, Nishimura I, Minami K, Inoue H, Isono T, Saitoh M, Shimada T, Hisa Y, Okabe H. RB1CC1 activates RB1 pathway and inhibits proliferation and cologenic survival in human cancer. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11404. [PMID: 20614030 PMCID: PMC2894861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RB1-inducible coiled-coil 1 (RB1CC1, also known as FIP200) plays a role in the enhancement of the RB1 pathway through the direct binding to a GC-rich region 201bp upstream (from the initiation ATG) of the RB1 promoter. Here, we identified hSNF5 and p53 as the binding partners of RB1CC1 by immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence assays. Interaction between these molecules and the RB1 pathway was analyzed by the assays of chromatin immunoprecipitation, luciferase-reporter, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot. The tumor growth suppression by RB1CC1 was evaluated by flow cytometry or by a cell growth assay. The nuclear RB1CC1 complex involving hSNF5 and/or p53 activated transcription of RB1, p16 and p21, and suppressed tumor cell growth. Furthermore, nuclear RB1CC1 expression significantly correlated with those of RB1 and p16 in breast cancer tissue in vivo, and the Ki-67 proliferation index was dependent on p53 as well as RB1CC1. The present study indicates that RB1CC1 together with hSNF5 and/or p53 enhances the RB1 pathway through transcriptional activation of RB1, p16 and p21. Evaluation of RB1CC1 expression combined with RB1 and p53 status is expected to provide useful information in clinical practice and future therapeutic strategies in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokuhiro Chano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan.
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Systematic analysis of the antiproliferative effects of novel and standard anticancer agents in rhabdoid tumor cell lines. Anticancer Drugs 2010; 21:514-22. [PMID: 20147838 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e3283375d5c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdoid tumors are highly aggressive pediatric malignancies. Although the prognosis of children with rhabdoid tumors has improved, it still remains dismal and long-term survivors suffer from severe side effects of current therapeutic approaches. The objective of our study was to explore the toxicity of standard and novel anticancer drugs against rhabdoid tumors in vitro and to prioritize them for future preclinical and clinical studies. Antitumor activity of 10 standard anticancer drugs (doxorubicin, idarubicin, mitoxantrone, actinomycin D, temozolomide, carmustine, oxaliplatin, vinorelbine, methotrexate, thiotepa), five target-specific drugs (sorafenib, imatinib, roscovitine, rapamycin, ciglitazone) and two herbal compounds (curcumin and apigenin) was assessed by a modified 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell proliferation assay on three rhabdoid tumor cell lines, A204, G401, and BT16, derived from different anatomical sites. Comparable with their high clinical activity, anthracyclines inhibited tumor cell proliferation by 50% (GI50) in the nanomolar range. Actinomycin D exhibited the lowest GI50 values overall ranging from 2.8x10(-6) nmol/l for G401 to 3.8 nmol/l for A204 cells while thiotepa was the only alkylating drug that inhibited tumor cell growth in clinically relevant concentrations. Target-specific drugs, such as sorafenib, roscovitine, and rapamycin, showed promising results as well. In this report, we show for the first time that apigenin and curcumin effectively inhibit rhabdoid tumor cell growth. Supporting earlier reports we conclude that cyclin D1 seems to be an excellent target in the treatment of rhabdoid tumors. Idarubicin or mitoxantrone represent potent alternatives to doxorubicin, and vinorelbine may substitute vincristine in future clinical trials.
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Gadd S, Sredni ST, Huang CC, Perlman EJ. Rhabdoid tumor: gene expression clues to pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets. J Transl Med 2010; 90:724-38. [PMID: 20212451 PMCID: PMC2868345 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2010.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdoid tumors (RT) are aggressive tumors characterized by genetic loss of SMARCB1 (SNF5, INI-1), a component of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. No effective treatment is currently available. This study seeks to shed light on the SMARCB1-mediated pathogenesis of RT and to discover potential therapeutic targets. Global gene expression of 10 RT was compared with 12 cellular mesoblastic nephromas, 16 clear cell sarcomas of the kidney, and 15 Wilms tumors. In all, 114 top genes were differentially expressed in RT (P<0.001, fold change >2 or <0.5). Among these were downregulation of SMARCB1 and genes previously associated with SMARCB1 (ATP1B1, PTN, DOCK4, NQO1, PLOD1, PTP4A2, PTPRK); 28/114 top differentially expressed genes were involved with neural or neural crest development and were all sharply downregulated. This was confirmed by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). Neural and neural crest stem cell marker proteins SOX10, ID3, CD133, and Musashi were negative by immunohistochemistry, whereas Nestin was positive. Decreased expression of CDKN1A, CDKN1B, CDKN1C, CDKN2A, and CCND1 was identified, while MYC-C was upregulated. GSEA of independent gene sets associated with bivalent histone modification and polycomb group targets in embryonic stem cells showed significant negative enrichment in RT. Several differentially expressed genes were associated with tumor suppression, invasion, and metastasis, including SPP1 (osteopontin), COL18A1 (endostatin), PTPRK, and DOCK4. We conclude that RTs arise within early progenitor cells during a critical developmental window in which loss of SMARCB1 directly results in repression of neural development, loss of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibition, and trithorax/polycomb dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Gadd
- The Department of Pathology, Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine and the Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Chicago IL
| | - Simone Treiger Sredni
- The Department of Pathology, Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine and the Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Chicago IL
| | - Chiang-Ching Huang
- The Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine and the Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Chicago IL
| | - Elizabeth J. Perlman
- The Department of Pathology, Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine and the Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Chicago IL
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Kuwahara Y, Charboneau A, Knudsen ES, Weissman BE. Reexpression of hSNF5 in malignant rhabdoid tumor cell lines causes cell cycle arrest through a p21(CIP1/WAF1)-dependent mechanism. Cancer Res 2010; 70:1854-65. [PMID: 20179200 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Loss of hSNF5 function is usually observed in malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT), a highly aggressive pediatric neoplasm. Previous studies have shown that reexpression of hSNF5 in MRT cell lines causes G1 cell cycle arrest with p16(INK4A), p21(CIP1/WAF1), and cyclin D1 playing key roles in MRT cell growth control. However, we have shown that reexpression of hSNF5 induced cell cycle arrest in the absence of p16(INK4A) expression. These results indicate that the mechanism of hSNF5-induced cell cycle arrest is context dependent. Here, we investigated the relationship between p21(CIP1/WAF1) and hSNF5 in the regulation of growth using several MRT cell lines. We found that G1 cell cycle arrest occurred concomitant with an increase in p21(CIP1/WAF1) mRNA and protein levels and preceded p16(INK4A) mRNA and protein upregulation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation data confirmed that hSNF5 appeared at both p21(CIP1/WAF1) and p16(INK4A) promoters after reexpression. We further showed that p21(CIP1/WAF1) induction showed both p53-dependent and p53-independent mechanisms. We also showed that reduction of p21(CIP1/WAF1) expression by RNAi significantly inhibited hSNF5-induced G(1) arrest. Our results show that both p21(CIP1/WAF1) and p16(INK4A) are targets for hSNF5 and that p21(CIP1/WAF1) upregulation during hSNF5-induced G(1) arrest precedes p16(INK4A) upregulation. These findings indicate that SNF5 mediates a temporally controlled program of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibition to restrict aberrant proliferation in MRT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumichi Kuwahara
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7295, USA
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Ye Y, Xiao Y, Wang W, Wang Q, Yearsley K, Wani AA, Yan Q, Gao JX, Shetuni BS, Barsky SH. Inhibition of Expression of the Chromatin Remodeling Gene, SNF2L, Selectively Leads to DNA Damage, Growth Inhibition, and Cancer Cell Death. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7:1984-99. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-09-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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