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Wang Y, Yan S, Liu Y, Yan Z, Deng W, Geng J, Li Z, Xia R, Zeng W, Zhao T, Fang Y, Liu N, Yang L, Cheng Z, Xu J, Wu CL, Miao Y. Dynamic viral integration patterns actively participate in the progression of BK polyomavirus-associated diseases after renal transplantation. Am J Transplant 2023; 23:1694-1708. [PMID: 37507072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2023.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The classical lytic infection theory along with large T antigen-mediated oncogenesis cannot explain the BK polyomavirus (BKPyV)-associated tumor secondary to BKPyV-associated nephropathy (BKVAN), viremia/DNAemia, and viruria after renal transplantation. This study performed virome capture sequencing and pathological examination on regularly collected urine sediment and peripheral blood samples, and BKVAN and tumor biopsy tissues of 20 patients with BKPyV-associated diseases of different stages. In the early noncancerous stages, well-amplified integration sites were visualized by in situ polymerase chain reaction, simultaneously with BKPyV inclusion bodies and capsid protein expression. The integration intensity, the proportion of microhomology-mediated end-joining integration, and host PARP-1 and POLQ gene expression levels increased with disease progression. Furthermore, multiomics analysis was performed on BKPyV-associated urothelial carcinoma tissues, identifying tandem-like structures of BKPyV integration using long-read genome sequencing. The carcinogenicity of BKPyV integration was proven to disturb host gene expression and increase viral oncoprotein expression. Fallible DNA double-strand break repair pathways were significantly activated in the parenchyma of BKPyV-associated tumors. Olaparib showed an antitumor activity dose-response effect in the tumor organoids without BRCA1/2 genes mutation. In conclusion, the dynamic viral integration patterns actively participate in the progression of BKPyV-associated diseases and thus could be a potential target for disease monitoring and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wang
- Department of Transplantation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Susha Yan
- Department of Transplantation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanna Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyan Yan
- Department of Transplantation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenfeng Deng
- Department of Transplantation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Geng
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuolin Li
- KingMed Diagnostics Group Co, Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renfei Xia
- Department of Transplantation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenli Zeng
- Department of Transplantation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Zhao
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yiling Fang
- Department of Transplantation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Liu
- Mygenostics Co, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Yang
- Geneseeq Research Institute, Nanjing Geneseeq Technology Inc, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongyi Cheng
- Jingjie PTM BioLab (Hangzhou) Co, Inc, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Transplantation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chin-Lee Wu
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yun Miao
- Department of Transplantation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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2
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Lunin SM, Novoselova EG, Glushkova OV, Parfenyuk SB, Novoselova TV, Khrenov MO. Cell Senescence and Central Regulators of Immune Response. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084109. [PMID: 35456927 PMCID: PMC9028919 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathways regulating cell senescence and cell cycle underlie many processes associated with ageing and age-related pathologies, and they also mediate cellular responses to exposure to stressors. Meanwhile, there are central mechanisms of the regulation of stress responses that induce/enhance or weaken the response of the whole organism, such as hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, thymic hormones, and the pineal hormone melatonin. Although there are many analyses considering relationships between the HPA axis and organism ageing, we found no systematic analyses of relationships between the neuroendocrine regulators of stress and inflammation and intracellular mechanisms controlling cell cycle, senescence, and apoptosis. Here, we provide a review of the effects of neuroendocrine regulators on these mechanisms. Our analysis allowed us to postulate a multilevel system of central regulators involving neurotransmitters, glucocorticoids, melatonin, and the thymic hormones. This system finely regulates the cell cycle and metabolic/catabolic processes depending on the level of systemic stress, stage of stress response, and energy capabilities of the body, shifting the balance between cell cycle progression, cell cycle stopping, senescence, and apoptosis. These processes and levels of regulation should be considered when studying the mechanisms of ageing and the proliferation on the level of the whole organism.
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3
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Overexpression of prothymosin-alpha in glioma is associated with tumor aggressiveness and poor prognosis. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:231053. [PMID: 35297481 PMCID: PMC9069441 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20212685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Prothymosin-α (PTMA), a nuclear protein, is strikingly associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes in many cancers. However, no information about its clinical relevance in glioma was available. Therefore in the present study, we evaluated the prognostic utility of this protein in a cohort of 81 glioma patients. The PTMA expression was assessed by immunohistochemical analysis, quantitative PCR, and Western blotting. Furthermore, the association of PTMA with clinicopathological features and molecular alterations were assessed in the patient cohort and validated in multiomics datasets, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA; n=667) and Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA; n=1013). We observed an increase in PTMA expression with increasing histological grades of this malignancy. PTMA immunostaining also displayed a strong positive association with the MIB-1 index. Univariate analysis revealed a superior prognostic value of PTMA to predict overall survival (OS) as compared with the routinely used markers (p53, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 (IDH1), α-thalassemia/intellectual disability syndrome X-linked (ATRX), and Ki-67). Interestingly, in Cox regression analysis it emerged as an independent predictor of OS (hazard ratio (HR) = 13.71, 95% CI = 5.96–31.52, P<0.0001). Thus, our results demonstrate the potential prognostic utility of PTMA in glioma which may prove useful in the management of this deadly malignancy.
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Chen YC, Su YC, Shieh GS, Su BH, Su WC, Huang PH, Jiang ST, Shiau AL, Wu CL. Prothymosin α promotes STAT3 acetylation to induce cystogenesis in Pkd1-deficient mice. FASEB J 2019; 33:13051-13061. [PMID: 31589480 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900504r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is characterized by the expansion of fluid-filled cysts in the kidney, which impair the function of kidney and eventually leads to end-stage renal failure. It has been previously demonstrated that transgenic overexpression of prothymosin α (ProT) induces the development of PKD; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we used a mouse PKD model that sustains kidney-specific low-expression of Pkd1 to illustrate that aberrant up-regulation of ProT occurs in cyst-lining epithelial cells, and we further developed an in vitro cystogenesis model to demonstrate that the suppression of ProT is sufficient to reduce cyst formation. Next, we found that the expression of ProT was accompanied with prominent augmentation of protein acetylation in PKD, which results in the activation of downstream signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3. The pathologic role of STAT3 in PKD has been previously reported. We determined that this molecular mechanism of protein acetylation is involved with the interaction between ProT and STAT3; consequently, it causes the deprivation of histone deacetylase 3 from the indicated protein. Conclusively, these results elucidate the significant role of ProT, including protein acetylation and STAT3 activation in PKD, which represent potential for ameliorating the disease progression of PKD.-Chen, Y.-C., Su, Y.-C., Shieh, G.-S., Su, B.-H., Su, W.-C., Huang, P.-H., Jiang, S.-T., Shiau, A.-L., Wu, C.-L. Prothymosin α promotes STAT3 acetylation to induce cystogenesis in Pkd1-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Cheng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chu Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Otolaryngology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Gia-Shing Shieh
- Department of Urology, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Executive Yuan, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Hua Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Cheng Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsin Huang
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Si-Tse Jiang
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Li Shiau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Liang Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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5
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Karachaliou CE, Triantis C, Liolios C, Palamaris L, Zikos C, Tsitsilonis OE, Kalbacher H, Voelter W, Loudos G, Papadopoulos M, Pirmettis I, Livaniou E. In vivo biodistribution and imaging studies with a 99mTc-radiolabeled derivative of the C-terminus of prothymosin alpha in mice bearing experimentally-induced inflammation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 113:188-197. [PMID: 28087377 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Prothymosin alpha (ProTα) is a highly conserved mammalian polypeptide (109 amino acids in man) exerting in vitro and in vivo immunoenhancing activities. Recently, our team has developed a 99mTc-radiolabeled derivative of the C-terminal bioactive decapeptide of ProTα ([99mTc]C1) and employed it in in vitro studies, the results of which support the existence of binding sites on human neutrophils that recognize [99mTc]C1, intact ProTα as well as the C-terminal decapeptide of ProTα and presumably involve Toll-like receptor 4. In the present work, [99mTc]C1 was administered to Swiss albino mice with experimentally-induced inflammation for in vivo biodistribution and imaging studies, in parallel with a suitable negative control, which differs from [99mTc]C1 only in bearing a scrambled version of the ProTα decapeptide. The biodistribution data obtained with [99mTc]C1 demonstrated fast clearance of radioactivity from blood, heart, lungs, normal muscle, and predominantly urinary excretion. Most importantly, slow clearance of radioactivity from the inflammation focus was observed, resulting in a high ratio of inflamed/normal muscle tissue (9.15 at 30min post injection, which remained practically stable up to 2h). The inflammation-targeting capacity of [99mTc]C1 was confirmed by imaging studies and might be attributed to neutrophils, which are recruited at the inflamed areas and bear binding sites for [99mTc]C1. In this respect, apart from being a valuable tool for further studies on ProTα in in vitro and in vivo systems, [99mTc]C1 merits further evaluation as a radiopharmaceutical for specific imaging of inflammation foci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula-Evangelia Karachaliou
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety (INRASTES), National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" (NCSR "Demokritos"), Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Charalampos Triantis
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety (INRASTES), National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" (NCSR "Demokritos"), Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Christos Liolios
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety (INRASTES), National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" (NCSR "Demokritos"), Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Lazaros Palamaris
- Department of Medical Instruments Technology, Technological Educational Institute, Athens 12243, Greece
| | - Christos Zikos
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety (INRASTES), National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" (NCSR "Demokritos"), Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Ourania E Tsitsilonis
- Division of Animal and Human Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece
| | - Hubert Kalbacher
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Voelter
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - George Loudos
- Department of Medical Instruments Technology, Technological Educational Institute, Athens 12243, Greece
| | - Minas Papadopoulos
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety (INRASTES), National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" (NCSR "Demokritos"), Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Ioannis Pirmettis
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety (INRASTES), National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" (NCSR "Demokritos"), Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Evangelia Livaniou
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy and Safety (INRASTES), National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos" (NCSR "Demokritos"), Athens 15310, Greece.
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6
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Radulovic M, Baqader NO, Stoeber K, Godovac-Zimmermann J. Spatial Cross-Talk between Oxidative Stress and DNA Replication in Human Fibroblasts. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:1907-38. [PMID: 27142241 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MS-based proteomics has been applied to a differential network analysis of the nuclear-cytoplasmic subcellular distribution of proteins between cell-cycle arrest: (a) at the origin activation checkpoint for DNA replication, or (b) in response to oxidative stress. Significant changes were identified for 401 proteins. Cellular response combines changes in trafficking and in total abundance to vary the local compartmental abundances that are the basis of cellular response. Appreciable changes for both perturbations were observed for 245 proteins, but cross-talk between oxidative stress and DNA replication is dominated by 49 proteins that show strong changes for both. Many nuclear processes are influenced by a spatial switch involving the proteins {KPNA2, KPNB1, PCNA, PTMA, SET} and heme/iron proteins HMOX1 and FTH1. Dynamic spatial distribution data are presented for proteins involved in caveolae, extracellular matrix remodelling, TGFβ signaling, IGF pathways, emerin complexes, mitochondrial protein import complexes, spliceosomes, proteasomes, and so on. The data indicate that for spatially heterogeneous cells cross-compartmental communication is integral to their system biology, that coordinated spatial redistribution for crucial protein networks underlies many functional changes, and that information on dynamic spatial redistribution of proteins is essential to obtain comprehensive pictures of cellular function. We describe how spatial data of the type presented here can provide priorities for further investigation of crucial features of high-level spatial coordination across cells. We suggest that the present data are related to increasing indications that much of subcellular protein transport is constitutive and that perturbation of these constitutive transport processes may be related to cancer and other diseases. A quantitative, spatially resolved nucleus-cytoplasm interaction network is provided for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Radulovic
- Division of Medicine, University College London, Center for Nephrology , Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom.,Insitute of Oncology and Radiology , Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Noor O Baqader
- Division of Medicine, University College London, Center for Nephrology , Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | - Kai Stoeber
- Research Department of Pathology and UCL Cancer Institute, Rockefeller Building, University College London , University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jasminka Godovac-Zimmermann
- Division of Medicine, University College London, Center for Nephrology , Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
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7
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Zhang BC, Sun L. Tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) prothymosin alpha: Cytokine-like activities associated with the intact protein and the C-terminal region that lead to antiviral immunity via Myd88-dependent and -independent pathways respectively. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 53:96-104. [PMID: 26162512 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Prothymosin alpha (ProTα) is a small protein that in mammals is known to participate in diverse biological processes including immunomodulation. In teleost, the immunological function of ProTα is unknown. In the current study, we investigated the expression and function of the ProTα (named CsProTα) from the teleost fish tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). We found that CsProTα expression was abundant in immune relevant tissues and upregulated by megalocytivirus infection. Immunoblot detected secretion of CsProTα by peripheral blood leukocytes. Recombinant CsProTα (rCsProTα) as well as the C-terminal 11-residue (Ct11) were able to bind head kidney monocytes (HKM) and induce immune gene expression; however, the induction patterns caused by rCsProTα and Ct11 differed considerably. When introduced in vivo, rCsProTα and Ct11 significantly reduced megalocytivirus infection in fish tissues, whereas rCsProTα antibody significantly promoted viral replication. Blocking of Myd88 activity abolished the virus-inhibitory effect of rCsProTα but not Ct11. Taken together, these results demonstrate for the first time that both the intact protein and the C-terminal segment of a teleost ProTα can act like cytokines and induce antiviral immunity via, however, distinct signaling pathways that differ in the requirement of Myd88.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-cun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Li Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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8
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Teixeira A, Yen B, Gusella GL, Thomas AG, Mullen MP, Aberg J, Chen X, Hoshida Y, van Bakel H, Schadt E, Basler CF, García-Sastre A, Mosoian A. Prothymosin α variants isolated from CD8+ T cells and cervicovaginal fluid suppress HIV-1 replication through type I interferon induction. J Infect Dis 2015; 211:1467-75. [PMID: 25404520 PMCID: PMC4425839 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble factors from CD8(+) T cells and cervicovaginal mucosa of women are recognized as important in controlling human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and transmission. Previously, we have shown the strong anti-HIV-1 activity of prothymosin α (ProTα) derived from CD8(+) T cells. ProTα is a small acidic protein with wide cell distribution, to which several functions have been ascribed, depending on its intracellular or extracellular localization. To date, activities of ProTα have been attributed to a single protein known as isoform 2. Here we report the isolation and identification of 2 new ProTα variants from CD8(+) T cells and cervicovaginal lavage with potent anti-HIV-1 activity. The first is a splice variant of the ProTα gene, known as isoform CRA_b, and the second is the product of a ProTα gene, thus far classified as a pseudogene 7. Native or recombinant ProTα variants potently restrict HIV-1 replication in macrophages through the induction of type I interferon. The baseline expression of interferon-responsive genes in primary human cervical tissues positively correlate with high levels of intracellular ProTα, and the knockdown of ProTα variants by small interfering RNA leads to downregulation of interferon target genes. Overall, these findings suggest that ProTα variants are innate immune mediators involved in immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology
| | - Eric Schadt
- Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology
| | | | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Medicine
- Department of Microbiology
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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9
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Karachaliou CE, Liolios C, Triantis C, Zikos C, Samara P, Tsitsilonis OE, Kalbacher H, Voelter W, Papadopoulos M, Pirmettis I, Livaniou E. Specific in vitro binding of a new (99m)Tc-radiolabeled derivative of the C-terminal decapeptide of prothymosin alpha on human neutrophils. Int J Pharm 2015; 486:1-12. [PMID: 25796124 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Prothymosin alpha (ProTα) is a conserved mammalian polypeptide with intracellular functions associated with cell proliferation and apoptosis and an extracellular role associated with immunopotentiation. The N-terminal fragment [1-28], which is identical with the immunostimulating peptide thymosin α1 (Tα1), was earlier considered as the immunoactive region of the polypeptide; however, recent data suggest that ProTα may exert a discrete immunomodulating action through its central or C-terminal region, via targeting Toll-like receptor- 4 (TLR4). In this work, a derivative of the C-terminal fragment ProTα[100-109] (ProTα-D1) that can be radiolabeled with (99m)Tc was developed. The biological activity of the non-radioactive (185/187)rhenium-complex of this derivative ([(185/187)Re]ProTα-D1, structurally similar with [(99m)Tc]ProTα-D1) was verified through suitable in vitro bioassays on human neutrophils. Subsequent cell-binding studies revealed specific, time-dependent and saturable binding of [(99m)Tc]ProTα-D1 on neutrophils, which was inhibited by intact ProTα and ProTα[100-109], as well as by a "prototype" TLR4-ligand (lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli). Overall, our results support the existence of ProTα-binding sites on human neutrophils, recognizing [(99m)Tc]ProTα-D1, which might involve TLR4. [(99m)Tc]ProTα-D1 may be a useful tool for conducting further in vitro and in vivo studies, aiming to elucidate the extracellular mode of action of ProTα and, eventually, develop ProTα-based immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula-Evangelia Karachaliou
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy and Safety (INRaSTES), National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Christos Liolios
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy and Safety (INRaSTES), National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Charalampos Triantis
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy and Safety (INRaSTES), National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Christos Zikos
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy and Safety (INRaSTES), National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Pinelopi Samara
- Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece
| | | | - Hubert Kalbacher
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Voelter
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72076, Germany
| | - Minas Papadopoulos
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy and Safety (INRaSTES), National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Ioannis Pirmettis
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy and Safety (INRaSTES), National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Evangelia Livaniou
- Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy and Safety (INRaSTES), National Center for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece.
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10
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Su BH, Tseng YL, Shieh GS, Chen YC, Shiang YC, Wu P, Li KJ, Yen TH, Shiau AL, Wu CL. Prothymosin α overexpression contributes to the development of pulmonary emphysema. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1906. [PMID: 23695700 PMCID: PMC3674284 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Emphysema is one of the disease conditions that comprise chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Prothymosin α transgenic mice exhibit an emphysema phenotype, but the pathophysiological role of prothymosin α in emphysema remains unclear. Here we show that prothymosin α contributes to the pathogenesis of emphysema by increasing acetylation of histones and nuclear factor-kappaB, particularly upon cigarette smoke exposure. We find a positive correlation between prothymosin α levels and the severity of emphysema in prothymosin α transgenic mice and emphysema patients. Prothymosin α overexpression increases susceptibility to cigarette smoke-induced emphysema, and cigarette smoke exposure further enhances prothymosin α expression. We show that prothymosin α inhibits the association of histone deacetylases with histones and nuclear factor-kappaB, and that prothymosin α overexpression increases expression of nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent matrix metalloproteinase 2 and matrix metalloproteinase 9, which are found in the lungs of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. These results demonstrate the clinical relevance of prothymosin α in regulating acetylation events during the pathogenesis of emphysema. Pulmonary emphysema obstruct airflow in the lung and often develop in smokers. Here Su et al. show that prothymosin α contributes to emphysema development through alterations in the acetylation of histones and the transcription factor NF-κB, and that exposure to cigarette smoke increases prothymosin α expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Hua Su
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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11
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Gatta V, D'Aurora M, Lanuti P, Pierdomenico L, Sperduti S, Palka G, Gesi M, Marchisio M, Miscia S, Stuppia L. Gene expression modifications in Wharton's Jelly mesenchymal stem cells promoted by prolonged in vitro culturing. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:635. [PMID: 24053474 PMCID: PMC3849041 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been demonstrated that the umbilical cord matrix, represented by the Wharton's Jelly (WJ), contains a great number of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), characterized by the expression of specific MSCs markers, shared by both human and animal models. The easy access to massive WJ amount makes it an attractive source of MSCs for cell-based therapies. However, as in other stem cell models, a deeper investigation of WJ-derived MSCs (WJ-MSCs) biological properties, probably modulated by their prolonged expansion and fast growth abilities, is required before their use in clinical settings. In this context, in order to analyze specific gene expression modifications occurring in WJ-MSCs, along with their culture prolongation, we investigated the transcriptomic profiles of WJ-MSCs after 4 and 12 passages of in vitro expansion by microarray analysis. RESULTS Hierarchical clustering analysis of the data set originated from a total of 6 experiments revealed that in vitro expansion of WJ-MSCs up to 12 passages promote selective over-expression of 157 genes and down-regulation of 440 genes compared to the 4th passage. IPA software analysis of the biological functions related to the identified sets of genes disclosed several transcripts related to inflammatory and cell stress response, cell proliferation and maturation, and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these modifications may lead to an impairment of both cell expansion ability and resistance to apoptosis, two hallmarks of aging cells. In conclusion, results provided by the present study suggest the need to develop novel culture protocols able to preserve stem cell plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gatta
- Department of Medicine and Aging Science, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University "G, d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, via dei Vestini 31, 66013, Chieti, Italy.
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Emmanouilidou A, Karetsou Z, Tzima E, Kobayashi T, Papamarcaki T. Knockdown of prothymosin α leads to apoptosis and developmental defects in zebrafish embryos. Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 91:325-32. [PMID: 24032683 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2012-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prothymosin alpha (ProTα) is an abundant nuclear protein involved in cellular processes intricately linked to development, such as cell proliferation and apoptosis. Although it is known that ProTα inhibits the formation of apoptosome and blocks caspase-3 activity, its mechanism of function in the apoptotic machinery is still under investigation. We have studied the cellular role of ProTα by knocking down its expression in HeLa cells with small hairpin RNA (shRNA) in the absence of apoptotic stimuli. Flow cytometric analysis showed that the live cell population was significantly decreased with a concomitant increase of the apoptotic populations. To understand the physiological role of ProTα within the context of embryonic development, we knocked down the Ptmab zebrafish ortholog using 2 specific morpholino oligonucleotides. Ptmab morphants exhibited growth retardation, bended trunks, and curly tails. The frequency of occurrence of the phenotypic defects was increased in a morpholino dose-dependent manner. Co-injection of ptmaa mRNA with ptmab morpholino partially rescued the morphological defects. Immunostaining with the anti-phospho-histone H3 (pH3) antibody suggested that the abnormalities of Ptmab morphants could be due to defective cell proliferation that results in growth imbalances. TUNEL fluorescent labelling and Acridine Orange staining of the morphants showed high rates of cell death in the head and tail regions. Concomitantly, the active form of caspase-3 was detected in Ptmab morphants. Our data suggest a conserved anti-apoptotic role of ProTα between zebrafish and humans, and provide the first evidence that ProTα is important for early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Emmanouilidou
- a Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece
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Cao H, Lei S, Deng HW, Wang YP. Identification of genes for complex diseases using integrated analysis of multiple types of genomic data. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42755. [PMID: 22957024 PMCID: PMC3434191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Various types of genomic data (e.g., SNPs and mRNA transcripts) have been employed to identify risk genes for complex diseases. However, the analysis of these data has largely been performed in isolation. Combining these multiple data for integrative analysis can take advantage of complementary information and thus can have higher power to identify genes (and/or their functions) that would otherwise be impossible with individual data analysis. Due to the different nature, structure, and format of diverse sets of genomic data, multiple genomic data integration is challenging. Here we address the problem by developing a sparse representation based clustering (SRC) method for integrative data analysis. As an example, we applied the SRC method to the integrative analysis of 376821 SNPs in 200 subjects (100 cases and 100 controls) and expression data for 22283 genes in 80 subjects (40 cases and 40 controls) to identify significant genes for osteoporosis (OP). Comparing our results with previous studies, we identified some genes known related to OP risk (e.g., 'THSD4', 'CRHR1', 'HSD11B1', 'THSD7A', 'BMPR1B' 'ADCY10', 'PRL', 'CA8','ESRRA', 'CALM1', 'CALM1', 'SPARC', and 'LRP1'). Moreover, we uncovered novel osteoporosis susceptible genes ('DICER1', 'PTMA', etc.) that were not found previously but play functionally important roles in osteoporosis etiology from existing studies. In addition, the SRC method identified genes can lead to higher accuracy for the diagnosis/classification of osteoporosis subjects when compared with the traditional T-test and Fisher-exact test, which further validates the proposed SRC approach for integrative analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Shufeng Lei
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Genomics, School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Yu-Ping Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Intracellular and extracellular cytokine-like functions of prothymosin α: implications for the development of immunotherapies. Future Med Chem 2012; 3:1199-208. [PMID: 21806381 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.11.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prothymosin α (ProTα) is a 12.5-kDa, highly acidic protein widely distributed in different cell types expressed intracellularly and extracellularly. ProTα does not contain a secretion-signal sequence and is released by a nonclassical secretory pathway with a cargo protein. New findings on the extracellular function of ProTα have yielded exciting insights into the cytokine-like functions of this host protein that stimulates type I interferon via Toll-like receptor 4. Here, we discuss the intracellular function of ProTα, how new findings of cytokine-like activities of ProTα aid our understanding of mechanisms that direct ProTα functions, and the potential application of these new insights to the development of immunotherapies.
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Zakharova NI, Sokolov VV, Suvorova AA, Shiau AL, Wu CL, Evstafieva AG. Prothymosin alpha interacts with C-terminal domain of histone H1 and dissociates p53-histone H1 complex. Mol Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893311040157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tripathi SC, Matta A, Kaur J, Grigull J, Chauhan SS, Thakar A, Shukla NK, Duggal R, Choudhary AR, DattaGupta S, Sharma MC, Ralhan R, Siu KWM. Overexpression of prothymosin alpha predicts poor disease outcome in head and neck cancer. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19213. [PMID: 21573209 PMCID: PMC3088661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In our recent study, tissue proteomic analysis of oral pre-malignant lesions (OPLs) and normal oral mucosa led to the identification of a panel of biomarkers, including prothymosin alpha (PTMA), to distinguish OPLs from histologically normal oral tissues. This study aimed to determine the clinical significance of PTMA overexpression in oral squamous cell hyperplasia, dysplasia and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Methodology Immunohistochemistry of PTMA protein was performed in HNSCCs (n = 100), squamous cell hyperplasia (n = 116), dysplasia (n = 50) and histologically normal oral tissues (n = 100). Statistical analysis was carried out to determine the association of PTMA overexpression with clinicopathological parameters and disease prognosis over 7 years for HNSCC patients. Results Our immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated significant overexpression of nuclear PTMA in squamous cell hyperplasia (63.8%), dysplasia (50%) and HNSCC (61%) in comparison with oral normal mucosa (ptrend<0.001). Chi-square analysis showed significant association of nuclear PTMA with advanced tumor stages (III+IV). Kaplan Meier survival analysis indicated reduced disease free survival (DFS) in HNSCC patients (p<0.001; median survival 11 months). Notably, Cox-multivariate analysis revealed nuclear PTMA as an independent predictor of poor prognosis of HNSCC patients (p<0.001, Hazard's ratio, HR = 5.2, 95% CI = 2.3–11.8) in comparison with the histological grade, T-stage, nodal status and tumor stage. Conclusions Nuclear PTMA may serve as prognostic marker in HNSCC to determine the subset of patients that are likely to show recurrence of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ajay Matta
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jatinder Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Jorg Grigull
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shyam Singh Chauhan
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Alok Thakar
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nootan Kumar Shukla
- Department of Surgery, Dr. B. R. A. Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritu Duggal
- Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ajoy Roy Choudhary
- Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Mehar Chand Sharma
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranju Ralhan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Joseph and Mildred Sonshine Family Centre for Head and Neck Diseases and Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Alex and Simona Shnaider Laboratory in Molecular Oncology and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (RR); (KWMS)
| | - K. W. Michael Siu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (RR); (KWMS)
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Stępkowski TM, Kruszewski MK. Molecular cross-talk between the NRF2/KEAP1 signaling pathway, autophagy, and apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:1186-95. [PMID: 21295136 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, perturbations in the cellular thiol level and redox balance, affects many cellular functions, including signaling pathways. This, in turn, may cause the induction of autophagy or apoptosis. The NRF2/KEAP1 signaling pathway is the main pathway responsible for cell defense against oxidative stress and maintaining the cellular redox balance at physiological levels. The relation between NRF2/KEAP1 signaling and regulation of apoptosis and autophagy is not well understood. In this hypothesis article we discuss how KEAP1 protein and its direct interactants (such as PGAM5, prothymosin α, FAC1 (BPTF), and p62) provide a molecular foundation for a possible cross-talk between NRF2/KEAP1, apoptosis, and autophagy pathways. We present a hypothesis for how NRF2/KEAP1 may interfere with the cellular apoptosis-regulatory machinery through activation of the ASK1 kinase by a KEAP1 binding partner-PGAM5. Based on very recent experimental evidence, new hypotheses for a cross-talk between NF-κB and the NRF2/KEAP1 pathway in the context of autophagy-related "molecular hub" protein p62 are also presented. The roles of KEAP1 molecular binding partners in apoptosis regulation during carcinogenesis and in neurodegenerative diseases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M Stępkowski
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Center for Radiobiology and Biological Dosimetry, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland.
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Kobayashi T, Ishida J, Musashi M, Ota S, Yoshida T, Shimizu Y, Chuma M, Kawakami H, Asaka M, Tanaka J, Imamura M, Kobayashi M, Itoh H, Edamatsu H, Sutherland LC, Brachmann RK. p53 transactivation is involved in the antiproliferative activity of the putative tumor suppressor RBM5. Int J Cancer 2010; 128:304-18. [PMID: 20309933 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RBM5 (RNA-binding motif protein 5) is a nuclear RNA binding protein containing 2 RNA recognition motifs. The RBM5 gene is located at the tumor suppressor locus 3p21.3. Deletion of this locus is the most frequent genetic alteration in lung cancer, but is also found in other human cancers. RBM5 is known to induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest but the molecular mechanisms of RBM5 function are poorly understood. Here, we show that RBM5 is important for the activity of the tumor suppressor protein p53. Overexpression of RBM5 enhanced p53-mediated inhibition of cell growth and colony formation. Expression of RBM5 augmented p53 transcriptional activity in reporter gene assays and resulted in increased mRNA and protein levels for endogenous p53 target genes. In contrast, shRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous RBM5 led to decreased p53 transcriptional activity and reduced levels of mRNA and protein for endogenous p53 target genes. RBM5 affected protein, but not mRNA, levels of endogenous p53 after DNA damage suggest that RBM5 contributes to p53 activity through post-transcriptional mechanisms. Our results show that RBM5 contributes to p53 transcriptional activity after DNA damage and that growth suppression and apoptosis mediated by RBM5 are linked to activity of the tumor suppressor protein p53.
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Transgenic expression of prothymosin alpha on zebrafish epidermal cells promotes proliferation and attenuates UVB-induced apoptosis. Transgenic Res 2009; 19:655-65. [PMID: 20012190 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-009-9350-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study generated a transgenic zebrafish line Tg(k18:Ptmaa-RFP) with overexpression of Prothymosin alpha type a (Ptmaa) in the skin epidermis. Red fluorescence first appears very weakly in the early stage, become stronger and mainly restricted in the nuclei of the epithelial cells from 3 dpf-larvae to adult fish. However, no evident morphological abnormalities were observed. Thus, overexpression of Ptmaa alone is not sufficient to cause disorganized growths or even cancer in zebrafish skin. Molecular and histological evidences showed that Tg(k18:Ptmaa-RFP) embryos have more proliferating cells in the pelvic fins [WT: 3.92 +/- 7.15; Tg(k18:Ptmaa-RFP): 38.00 +/- 10.87] and thicker skin [WT: 10.98 +/- 1.41 mum; Tg(k18:Ptmaa-RFP): 14.02 +/- 1.32 mum], indicating that overexpression of Ptmaa can promote proliferation. On the other hand, fewer apoptotic signals were found when Tg(k18:Ptmaa-RFP) embryos were exposed to UVB. Together with quantitative RT-PCR data, we suggest that UVB-induced epidermal cell apoptosis of zebrafish larvae can be attenuated by overexpression of Ptmaa through the enhancement of transcriptions of bcl2 mRNAs. Taken together, we conclude that overexpression of Ptmaa in zebrafish epidermal cells promotes proliferation and attenuates UVB-induced apoptosis but does not cause skin cancer.
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Jou YC, Tung CL, Tsai YS, Shen CH, Syue-Yi C, Shiau AL, Tsai HT, Wu CL, Tzai TS. Prognostic Relevance of Prothymosin-α Expression in Human Upper Urinary Tract Transitional Cell Carcinoma. Urology 2009; 74:951-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2008.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 11/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Gauger KJ, Hugh JM, Troester MA, Schneider SS. Down-regulation of sfrp1 in a mammary epithelial cell line promotes the development of a cd44high/cd24low population which is invasive and resistant to anoikis. Cancer Cell Int 2009; 9:11. [PMID: 19422694 PMCID: PMC2687411 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-9-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Wnt family of secreted proteins is implicated in the regulation of cell fate during development, as well as in cell proliferation, morphology, and migration. Aberrant activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway leads to the development of several human cancers, including breast cancer. Secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) antagonizes this pathway by competing with the Frizzled receptor for Wnt ligands resulting in an attenuation of the signal transduction cascade. Loss of SFRP1 expression is observed in breast cancer, along with several other cancers, and is associated with poor patient prognosis. However, it is not clear whether the loss of SFRP1 expression predisposes the mammary gland to tumorigenesis. Results When SFRP1 is knocked down in a non-malignant immortalized mammary epithelial cell line (76 N TERT), nuclear levels of β-catenin rise and the Wnt pathway is stimulated. The SFRP1 knockdown cells exhibit increased expression of the pro-proliferative Cyclin D1 gene and increased cellular proliferation, undergo a partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), are resistant to anchorage-independent cell death, exhibit increased migration, are significantly more invasive, and exhibit a CD24low/CD44high cell surface marker expression pattern. Conclusion Our study suggests that loss of SFRP1 allows non-malignant cells to acquire characteristics associated with breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Gauger
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, MA 01199, USA.
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Klimentzou P, Drougou A, Fehrenbacher B, Schaller M, Voelter W, Barbatis C, Paravatou-Petsotas M, Livaniou E. Immunocytological and preliminary immunohistochemical studies of prothymosin alpha, a human cancer-associated polypeptide, with a well-characterized polyclonal antibody. J Histochem Cytochem 2008; 56:1023-31. [PMID: 18711212 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.2008.950956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prothymosin alpha (ProTalpha) is a nuclear polypeptide of great biological and, possibly clinical, importance, because its expression levels have been associated with early diagnosis/prognosis of human cancer. It is therefore interesting to raise easily available and cost-effective antibodies that would be applied to develop reliable ProTalpha immunodiagnostics. In this study, New Zealand white rabbits and laying hens were parallel immunized against intact ProTalpha or the synthetic fragments ProTalpha[1-28], ProTalpha[87-109], and ProTalpha[101-109], all conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). The corresponding antibodies G and Y were immunochemically evaluated in parallel with ELISA and Western blot systems and applied to fluorescence immunocytology experiments using various cancer cell lines and normal cells. The antibody G raised against ProTalpha[101-109]/KLH had excellent functional characteristics in the Western blot and immunocytology experiments, where the fluorescent signal was almost exclusively shown in the cell nucleus independently of the cells assayed. The above antibody has been applied to preliminary IHC staining of human cancer prostate tissues, leading to a high percentage of clearly and intensively stained nuclei in the adenocarcinoma tissue; this antibody can be further used in cancer tissue immunostaining and in research concerning the role of ProTalpha in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Persefoni Klimentzou
- Institute of Radioisotopes and Radiodiagnostic Products, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos," Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
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Zakharova NI, Sokolov VV, Roudko VV, Melnikov SV, Vartapetian AB, Evstafieva AG. Effect of prothymosin α and its mutants on the activity of the p53 tumor suppressor. Mol Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s002689330804016x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Big wheel keeps on turning: apoptosome regulation and its role in chemoresistance. Cell Death Differ 2007; 15:443-52. [PMID: 17975549 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death, enables organisms to maintain tissue homeostasis through deletion of extraneous cells and also serves as a means to eliminate potentially harmful cells. Numerous stress signals have been shown to engage the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, with the release from mitochondria of proapoptotic factors such as cytochrome c and the subsequent formation of a cytosolic complex between apoptotic protease-activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) and procaspase-9, known as the apoptosome. Recent studies have led to the identification of an array of factors that control the formation and activation of the apoptosome under physiological conditions. Moreover, deregulation of apoptosome function has been documented in various forms of human cancer, and may play a role in both carcinogenesis and chemoresistance. We discuss how the apoptosome is regulated in normal and disease states, and how targeting of apoptosome-dependent, post-mitochondrial stages of apoptosis may serve as a rational approach to cancer treatment.
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Melnikov SV, Evstafieva AG, Vartapetian AB. Interaction with Keap1 does not lead to ubiquitination and degradation of prothymosin α. Mol Biol 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893307050123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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