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Joshi JN, Lerner AD, Scallo F, Grumet AN, Matteson P, Millonig JH, Valvezan AJ. mTORC1 activity oscillates throughout the cell cycle, promoting mitotic entry and differentially influencing autophagy induction. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114543. [PMID: 39067023 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) is a master metabolic regulator that is active in nearly all proliferating eukaryotic cells; however, it is unclear whether mTORC1 activity changes throughout the cell cycle. We find that mTORC1 activity oscillates from lowest in mitosis/G1 to highest in S/G2. The interphase oscillation is mediated through the TSC complex but is independent of major known regulatory inputs, including Akt and Mek/Erk signaling. By contrast, suppression of mTORC1 activity in mitosis does not require the TSC complex. mTORC1 has long been known to promote progression through G1. We find that mTORC1 also promotes progression through S and G2 and is important for satisfying the Chk1/Wee1-dependent G2/M checkpoint to allow entry into mitosis. We also find that low mTORC1 activity in G1 sensitizes cells to autophagy induction in response to partial mTORC1 inhibition or reduced nutrient levels. Together, these findings demonstrate that mTORC1 is differentially regulated throughout the cell cycle, with important phase-specific consequences for proliferating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay N Joshi
- Molecular Biosciences Program, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Ariel D Lerner
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Frank Scallo
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Paul Matteson
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - James H Millonig
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Alexander J Valvezan
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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2
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Liu X, Li W, Yi L, Wang J, Liu W, Cheng H, Ren S. CDK4/6 inhibitors dephosphorylate RNF26 to stabilize TSC1 and increase the sensitivity of ccRCC to mTOR inhibitors. Br J Cancer 2024; 131:444-456. [PMID: 38890443 PMCID: PMC11300639 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-024-02750-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combined use of CDK4/6 inhibitors and mTOR inhibitors has achieved some clinical success in ccRCC. Exploring the underlying mechanism of the CDK4/6 pathway in cancer cells and the drug interactions of CDK4/6 inhibitors in combination therapy could help identify new therapeutic strategies for ccRCC. Notably, CDK4/6 inhibitors inactivate the mTOR pathway by increasing the protein levels of TSC1, but the mechanism by which CDK4/6 inhibitors regulate TSC1 is still unclear. METHODS Mass spectrometry analysis, coimmunoprecipitation analysis, GST pull-down assays, immunofluorescence assays, Western blot analysis and RT‒qPCR analysis were applied to explore the relationships among CDK4, RNF26 and TSC1. Transwell assays, tube formation assays, CCK-8 assays, colony formation assays and xenograft assays were performed to examine the biological role of RNF26 in renal cancer cells.TCGA-KIRC dataset analysis and RT‒qPCR analysis were used to examine the pathways affected by RNF26 silencing. RESULTS CDK4/6 inhibitors stabilized TSC1 in cancer cells. We showed that CDK4 enhances the interaction between TSC1 and RNF26 and that RNF26 activates the mTOR signaling pathway in ccRCC, contributes to ccRCC progression and angiogenesis, and promotes tumorigenesis. We then found that RNF26 functions as an E3 ligase of TSC1 to regulate CDK4-induced TSC1. This finding suggested that RNF26 promotes ccRCC progression and angiogenesis to some extent by negatively regulating TSC1. CONCLUSION Our results revealed a novel CDK4/RNF26/TSC1 axis that regulates the anticancer efficacy of CDK4/6 inhibitors and mTOR inhibitors in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlin Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Uro-Oncology Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Smart and Precise Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Uro-Oncology Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Smart and Precise Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Lu Yi
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Uro-Oncology Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Smart and Precise Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Jianxi Wang
- Department of Urology, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Wentao Liu
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
- Uro-Oncology Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Smart and Precise Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
| | - Hongtao Cheng
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Breast Cancer, Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Breast Cancer. No.116 Zhuo Daoquan South Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, China.
| | - Shangqing Ren
- Robotic Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.
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3
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Joshi JN, Lerner AD, Scallo F, Grumet AN, Matteson P, Millonig JH, Valvezan AJ. mTORC1 activity oscillates throughout the cell cycle promoting mitotic entry and differentially influencing autophagy induction. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.06.579216. [PMID: 38370755 PMCID: PMC10871213 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.06.579216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) is a master metabolic regulator that stimulates anabolic cell growth while suppressing catabolic processes such as autophagy. mTORC1 is active in most, if not all, proliferating eukaryotic cells. However, it remains unclear whether and how mTORC1 activity changes from one cell cycle phase to another. Here we tracked mTORC1 activity through the complete cell cycle and uncover oscillations in its activity. We find that mTORC1 activity peaks in S and G2, and is lowest in mitosis and G1. We further demonstrate that multiple mechanisms are involved in controlling this oscillation. The interphase oscillation is mediated through the TSC complex, an upstream negative regulator of mTORC1, but is independent of major known regulatory inputs to the TSC complex, including Akt, Mek/Erk, and CDK4/6 signaling. By contrast, suppression of mTORC1 activity in mitosis does not require the TSC complex, and instead involves CDK1-dependent control of the subcellular localization of mTORC1 itself. Functionally, we find that in addition to its well-established role in promoting progression through G1, mTORC1 also promotes progression through S and G2, and is important for satisfying the Wee1- and Chk1- dependent G2/M checkpoint to allow entry into mitosis. We also find that low mTORC1 activity in G1 sensitizes cells to autophagy induction in response to partial mTORC1 inhibition or reduced nutrient levels. Together these findings demonstrate that mTORC1 is differentially regulated throughout the cell cycle, with important phase-specific functional consequences in proliferating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay N. Joshi
- Molecular Biosciences Program, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Ariel D. Lerner
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Frank Scallo
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Present affiliation: Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Paul Matteson
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - James H. Millonig
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Alexander J. Valvezan
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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4
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Yang Z, Feng J, Jing J, Huang Y, Ye WW, Lei L, Wang XJ, Cao WM. Resistance to anti-HER2 therapy associated with the TSC2 nonsynonymous variant c.4349 C > G (p.Pro1450Arg) is reversed by CDK4/6 inhibitor in HER2-positive breast cancer. NPJ Breast Cancer 2023; 9:36. [PMID: 37160904 PMCID: PMC10170158 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-023-00542-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
HER2-positive breast cancer patients carrying the germline TSC2 nonsynonymous variant c.4349 C > G (p.Pro1450Arg) are resistant to anti-HER2 therapy. Multi-predictor in silico analysis reveals that this variant is deleterious. We explore the potential mechanism of this TSC2 variant and investigate methods for overcoming anti-HER2 resistance. TSC2 c.4349 C > G reverses the inhibitory effect on mTOR and downstream signaling by increasing TSC2 phosphorylation at Thr1462 and confers significant lapatinib resistance in vitro and in vivo. The combination of lapatinib and the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib inhibits cyclin D1/CDK4/Rb alternative pathway and TSC2 phosphorylation, thereby partially attenuating mTOR activity and inducing TSC2-mutant cell blockage at G1/G0. In in vitro and xenograft models, palbociclib+lapatinib shows higher anti-tumor activity than monotherapy and overcomes the resistance of the TSC2 c.4349 C > G-related variant to anti-HER2 therapy. We reveal a new mechanism of resistance to anti-HER2 therapy and provide a strategy to increase the efficiency of anti-HER2 therapy in HER2-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Yang
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, 310022, China
- Cancer Center, Department of Medical Oncology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310063, China
| | - Jianguo Feng
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310063, China
- Zhejiang Cancer Institute, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Ji Jing
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310063, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, 310022, China
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310063, China
| | - Wei-Wu Ye
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, 310022, China
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310063, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, 310022, China
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310063, China
| | - Xiao-Jia Wang
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, 310022, China.
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310063, China.
| | - Wen-Ming Cao
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Hangzhou, 310022, China.
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine (ICBM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310063, China.
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5
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Targeting mTOR to overcome resistance to hormone and CDK4/6 inhibitors in ER-positive breast cancer models. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2710. [PMID: 36792625 PMCID: PMC9932145 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29425-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to therapy remains a major obstacle in cancer management. Although treatment with hormone and CDK4/6 inhibitors is successful in luminal breast cancer, resistance to these treatments is frequent, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic strategies to delay disease progression and improve patient survival. Here, we assessed the mechanisms of acquired resistance using T47D and MCF-7 tamoxifen- and palbociclib-resistant cell-line variants in culture and as xenografts, and patient-derived cells (PDCs) obtained from sensitive or resistant patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). In these models, we analyzed the effect of specific kinase inhibitors on survival, signaling and cellular aggressiveness. Our results revealed that mTOR inhibition is more effective than PI3K inhibition in overcoming resistance, irrespective of PIK3CA mutation status, by decreasing cell proliferation and tumor growth, as well as reducing cell migration and stemness. Moreover, a combination of mTOR and CDK4/6 inhibitors may prevent pathway reactivation downstream of PI3K, interfering with the survival of resistant cells and consequent tumor escape. In conclusion, we highlight the benefits of incorporating mTOR inhibitors into the current therapy in ER + breast cancer. This alternative therapeutic strategy not only enhances the antitumor response but may also delay the emergence of resistance and tumor recurrence.
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6
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Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and CDK6 are critical mediators of cellular transition into S phase and are important for the initiation, growth and survival of many cancer types. Pharmacological inhibitors of CDK4/6 have rapidly become a new standard of care for patients with advanced hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. As expected, CDK4/6 inhibitors arrest sensitive tumour cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. However, the effects of CDK4/6 inhibition are far more wide-reaching. New insights into their mechanisms of action have triggered identification of new therapeutic opportunities, including the development of novel combination regimens, expanded application to a broader range of cancers and use as supportive care to ameliorate the toxic effects of other therapies. Exploring these new opportunities in the clinic is an urgent priority, which in many cases has not been adequately addressed. Here, we provide a framework for conceptualizing the activity of CDK4/6 inhibitors in cancer and explain how this framework might shape the future clinical development of these agents. We also discuss the biological underpinnings of CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance, an increasingly common challenge in clinical oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shom Goel
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Johann S Bergholz
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jean J Zhao
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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7
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Sager RA, Backe SJ, Ahanin E, Smith G, Nsouli I, Woodford MR, Bratslavsky G, Bourboulia D, Mollapour M. Therapeutic potential of CDK4/6 inhibitors in renal cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Urol 2022; 19:305-320. [PMID: 35264774 PMCID: PMC9306014 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-022-00571-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of advanced and metastatic kidney cancer has entered a golden era with the addition of more therapeutic options, improved survival and new targeted therapies. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors and immune checkpoint blockade have all been shown to be promising strategies in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, little is known about the best therapeutic approach for individual patients with RCC and how to combat therapeutic resistance. Cancers, including RCC, rely on sustained replicative potential. The cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6 are involved in cell-cycle regulation with additional roles in metabolism, immunogenicity and antitumour immune response. Inhibitors of CDK4 and CDK6 are now commonly used as approved and investigative treatments in breast cancer, as well as several other tumours. Furthermore, CDK4/6 inhibitors have been shown to work synergistically with other kinase inhibitors, including mTOR inhibitors, as well as with immune checkpoint inhibitors in preclinical cancer models. The effect of CDK4/6 inhibitors in kidney cancer is relatively understudied compared with other cancers, but the preclinical studies available are promising. Collectively, growing evidence suggests that targeting CDK4 and CDK6 in kidney cancer, alone and in combination with current therapeutics including mTOR and immune checkpoint inhibitors, might have therapeutic benefit and should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Sager
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Sarah J Backe
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Elham Ahanin
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Garrett Smith
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Imad Nsouli
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Syracuse VA Medical Center, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Mark R Woodford
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Gennady Bratslavsky
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Dimitra Bourboulia
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Mehdi Mollapour
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
- Upstate Cancer Center, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
- Syracuse VA Medical Center, Syracuse, NY, USA.
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8
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Watt AC, Goel S. Cellular mechanisms underlying response and resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors in the treatment of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2022; 24:17. [PMID: 35248122 PMCID: PMC8898415 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-022-01510-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) are now an established standard of care for patients with advanced hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. The canonical mechanism underlying CDK4/6 inhibitor activity is the suppression of phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein, which serves to prevent cancer cell proliferation. Recent data suggest that these agents induce other diverse effects within both tumor and stromal compartments, which serve to explain aspects of their clinical activity. Here, we review these phenomena and discuss how they might be leveraged in the development of novel CDK4/6 inhibitor-containing combination treatments. We also briefly review the various known mechanisms of acquired resistance in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- April C Watt
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Shom Goel
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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9
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Lim C, Dismuke T, Malawsky D, Ramsey JD, Hwang D, Godfrey VL, Kabanov AV, Gershon TR, Sokolsky-Papkov M. Enhancing CDK4/6 inhibitor therapy for medulloblastoma using nanoparticle delivery and scRNA-seq-guided combination with sapanisertib. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl5838. [PMID: 35080986 PMCID: PMC8791615 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl5838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of CDK4/6 inhibitors for brain tumors has been limited by recurrence. To address recurrence, we tested a nanoparticle formulation of CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib (POx-Palbo) in mice genetically-engineered to develop SHH-driven medulloblastoma, alone or in combination with specific agents suggested by our analysis. Nanoparticle encapsulation reduced palbociclib toxicity, enabled parenteral administration, improved CNS pharmacokinetics, and extended mouse survival, but recurrence persisted. scRNA-seq identified up-regulation of glutamate transporter Slc1a2 and down-regulation of diverse ribosomal genes in proliferating medulloblastoma cells in POx-Palbo-treated mice, suggesting mTORC1 signaling suppression, subsequently confirmed by decreased 4EBP1 phosphorylation. Combining POx-Palbo with the mTORC1 inhibitor sapanisertib produced mutually enhancing effects and prolonged mouse survival compared to either agent alone, contrasting markedly with other tested drug combinations. Our data show the potential of nanoparticle formulation and scRNA-seq analysis of resistance to improve brain tumor treatment and identify POx-Palbo + Sapanisertib as effective combinatorial therapy for SHH medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaemin Lim
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Taylor Dismuke
- Department of Neurology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pathology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Daniel Malawsky
- Department of Neurology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Jacob D. Ramsey
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Duhyeong Hwang
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Virginia L. Godfrey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alexander V. Kabanov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Laboratory of Chemical Design of Bionanomaterials, Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Timothy R. Gershon
- Department of Neurology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Marina Sokolsky-Papkov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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10
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Hu Y, Gao J, Wang M, Li M. Potential Prospect of CDK4/6 Inhibitors in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:5223-5237. [PMID: 34234565 PMCID: PMC8257068 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s310649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive, difficult-to-treat subtype of cancer with a poor prognosis; there is an urgent need for effective, targeted molecular therapies. The cyclin D/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)4/6–retinoblastoma protein (Rb) pathway plays a critical role in regulating cell cycle checkpoints, a process which is often disrupted in cancer cells. Selective CDK4/6 inhibitors can prevent retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation by invoking cell cycle arrest in the first growth phase (G1), and may therefore represent an effective treatment option. In this article, we review the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic efficacy of CDK4/6 inhibitors in combination with other targeted therapies for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer. Three selective CDK4/6 inhibitors have so far received the approval of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for patients with estrogen receptor (ER)+/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) breast cancer. Trilaciclib, a small molecule short-acting inhibitor of CDK4/6, has also been approved recently for people with small cell lung cancer, and is also expected to be clinically effective against breast cancer. Although the efficacy of CDK4/6 inhibitors in patients with triple-negative breast cancer remains uncertain, their use in conjunction with other targeted therapies may improve outcomes and is therefore currently being explored. Identifying biomarkers for response or resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitor treatment may optimize the personalization of treatment strategies for this disease. Ongoing and future clinical trials and biomarker studies will shed further light on these topics, and help to realize the full potential of CDK4/6 inhibitor treatment in triple-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Hu
- Department of Oncology & Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyue Gao
- Department of Oncology & Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiling Wang
- Department of Oncology & Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Oncology & Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
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11
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Romero-Pozuelo J, Figlia G, Kaya O, Martin-Villalba A, Teleman AA. Cdk4 and Cdk6 Couple the Cell-Cycle Machinery to Cell Growth via mTORC1. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107504. [PMID: 32294430 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell growth is coupled to cell-cycle progression in mitotically proliferating mammalian cells, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. CyclinD-Cdk4/6 is known to phosphorylate RB to promote S-phase entry, but recent work suggests they have additional functions. We show here that CyclinD-Cdk4/6 activates mTORC1 by binding and phosphorylating TSC2 on Ser1217 and Ser1452. Pharmacological inhibition of Cdk4/6 leads to a rapid, TSC2-dependent reduction of mTORC1 activity in multiple human and mouse cell lines, including breast cancer cells. By simultaneously driving mTORC1 and E2F, CyclinD-Cdk4/6 couples cell growth to cell-cycle progression. Consistent with this, we see that mTORC1 activity is cell cycle dependent in proliferating neural stem cells of the adult rodent brain. We find that Cdk4/6 inhibition reduces cell proliferation partly via TSC2 and mTORC1. This is of clinical relevance, because Cdk4/6 inhibitors are used for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Romero-Pozuelo
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gianluca Figlia
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oguzhan Kaya
- Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ana Martin-Villalba
- Molecular Neurobiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aurelio A Teleman
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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12
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Ohara M, Saito K, Kageyama K, Terai M, Cheng H, Aplin AE, Sato T. Dual Targeting of CDK4/6 and cMET in Metastatic Uveal Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051104. [PMID: 33806615 PMCID: PMC7961994 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Up to 50% of uveal melanoma patients subsequently develop metastases, for which no effective treatment has been identified. In this study, 87.5% of uveal melanoma patients’ samples were positive for phosphorylated retinoblastoma (RB), and ex vivo incubation of patients’ biopsy specimens with CDK4/6 inhibitor decreased the phosphorylation of RB. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), which is rich in the liver microenvironment, diminished the efficacy of CDK4/6 inhibitor. In human HGF knock-in NOD.Cg-Prkdc scid Il2rg tm1Wjl/SzJ mice, combination of CDK4/6 inhibitor and cMET inhibitor showed significant growth suppression in implanted metastatic uveal melanoma cells, compared to CDK4/6 inhibitor alone. Taken together, our preclinical study indicated that combining CDK4/6 inhibitor and cMET inhibitor would provide significant clinical benefit to patients with metastatic uveal melanoma. Abstract Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common cancer of the eye in adults. Up to 50% of UM patients subsequently develop metastases, especially in the liver. It has been reported that the retinoblastoma (RB) pathway is deregulated in more than 90% of UM despite the rarity of mutations in the RB1 gene itself. CDK4/6 inhibition (CDK4/6i) is a rational strategy for treatment of UM. In this report, we investigated the antiproliferative activity of a selective CDK4/6 inhibitor on metastatic UM. A CDK4/6 inhibitor suppressed UM cell lines growth in in vitro and in vivo experiments. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) decreased the effect of CDK4/6 inhibitor on metastatic UM cell lines. When CDK4/6i was combined with cMET inhibitor, enhanced growth suppression was observed in metastatic UM tumors grown in human-HGF knock-in xenograft mouse models. HGF is enriched in the liver and the majority of liver metastases from UM express activated forms of cMET; therefore, signaling through cMET could contribute to the resistance mechanisms against CDK4/6i, especially in UM patients with hepatic metastasis. Together, these results provide a rationale for the use of cMET inhibitor in combination with a CDK4/6 inhibitor for the treatment of metastatic UM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Ohara
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Suite 1024, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (K.S.); (K.K.); (M.T.); (T.S.)
- Department of Breast Surgery, Hiroshima General Hospital, 1-3-3 Jigozen, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 738-8503, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-215-955-1195; Fax: +1-215-923-0797
| | - Kengo Saito
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Suite 1024, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (K.S.); (K.K.); (M.T.); (T.S.)
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuou-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Ken Kageyama
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Suite 1024, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (K.S.); (K.K.); (M.T.); (T.S.)
- Department of Radiology, Osaka City University, 1-4-3 Asahimachi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Mizue Terai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Suite 1024, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (K.S.); (K.K.); (M.T.); (T.S.)
| | - Hanyin Cheng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (H.C.); (A.E.A.)
- Hematologics Inc., 3161 Elliott Ave., Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98121, USA
| | - Andrew E. Aplin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (H.C.); (A.E.A.)
| | - Takami Sato
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut Street, Suite 1024, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (K.S.); (K.K.); (M.T.); (T.S.)
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13
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A quantitative systems pharmacological approach identified activation of JNK signaling pathway as a promising treatment strategy for refractory HER2 positive breast cancer. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2021; 48:273-293. [PMID: 33389550 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-020-09732-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
HER2-positive breast cancer (BC) is a rapidly growing and aggressive BC subtype that predominantly affects younger women. Despite improvements in patient outcomes with anti-HER2 therapy, primary and/or acquired resistance remain a major clinical challenge. Here, we sought to use a quantitative systems pharmacological (QSP) approach to evaluate the efficacy of lapatinib (LAP), abemaciclib (ABE) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) mono- and combination therapies in JIMT-1 cells, a HER2+ BC cell line exhibiting intrinsic resistance to trastuzumab. Concentration-response relationships and temporal profiles of cellular viability were assessed upon exposure to single agents and their combinations. To quantify the nature and intensity of drug-drug interactions, pharmacodynamic cellular response models were generated, to characterize single agent and combination time course data. Temporal changes in cell-cycle phase distributions, intracellular protein signaling, and JIMT-1 cellular viability were quantified, and a systems-based protein signaling network model was developed, integrating protein dynamics to drive the observed changes in cell viability. Global sensitivity analyses for each treatment arm were performed, to identify the most influential parameters governing cellular responses. Our QSP model was able to adequately characterize protein dynamic and cellular viability trends following single and combination drug exposure. Moreover, the model and subsequent sensitivity analyses suggest that the activation of the stress pathway, through pJNK, has the greatest impact over the observed declines of JIMT-1 cell viability in vitro. These findings suggest that dual HER2 and CDK 4/6 inhibition may be a promising novel treatment strategy for refractory HER2+ BC, however, proof-of-concept in vivo studies are needed to further evaluate the combined use of these therapies.
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14
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Huber K, Mestres-Arenas A, Fajas L, Leal-Esteban LC. The multifaceted role of cell cycle regulators in the coordination of growth and metabolism. FEBS J 2020; 288:3813-3833. [PMID: 33030287 PMCID: PMC8359344 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adapting to changes in nutrient availability and environmental conditions is a fundamental property of cells. This adaptation requires a multi‐directional coordination between metabolism, growth, and the cell cycle regulators (consisting of the family of cyclin‐dependent kinases (CDKs), their regulatory subunits known as cyclins, CDK inhibitors, the retinoblastoma family members, and the E2F transcription factors). Deciphering the mechanisms accountable for this coordination is crucial for understanding various patho‐physiological processes. While it is well established that metabolism and growth affect cell division, this review will focus on recent observations that demonstrate how cell cycle regulators coordinate metabolism, cell cycle progression, and growth. We will discuss how the cell cycle regulators directly regulate metabolic enzymes and pathways and summarize their involvement in the endolysosomal pathway and in the functions and dynamics of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Huber
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Lluis Fajas
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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Yang Y, Luo J, Chen X, Yang Z, Mei X, Ma J, Zhang Z, Guo X, Yu X. CDK4/6 inhibitors: a novel strategy for tumor radiosensitization. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:188. [PMID: 32933570 PMCID: PMC7490904 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01693-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the focus of enhancing tumor radiosensitivity has shifted from chemotherapeutics to targeted therapies. Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors are a novel class of selective cell cycle therapeutics that target the cyclin D-CDK4/6 complex and induce G1 phase arrest. These agents have demonstrated favorable effects when used as monotherapy or combined with endocrine therapy and targeted inhibitors, stimulating further explorations of other combination strategies. Multiple preclinical studies have indicated that CDK4/6 inhibitors exhibit a synergistic effect with radiotherapy both in vitro and in vivo. The principal mechanisms of radiosensitization effects include inhibition of DNA damage repair, enhancement of apoptosis, and blockade of cell cycle progression, which provide the rationale for clinical use. CDK4/6 inhibitors also induce cellular senescence and promote anti-tumor immunity, which might represent potential mechanisms for radiosensitization. Several small sample clinical studies have preliminarily indicated that the combination of CDK4/6 inhibitors and radiotherapy exhibited well-tolerated toxicity and promising efficacy. However, most clinical trials in combined therapy remain in the recruitment stage. Further work is required to seek optimal radiotherapy-drug combinations. In this review, we describe the effects and underlying mechanisms of CDK4/6 inhibitors as a radiosensitizer and discuss previous clinical studies to evaluate the prospects and challenges of this combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilan Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jurui Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xingxing Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhaozhi Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xin Mei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jinli Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaomao Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xiaoli Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 DongAn Road, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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16
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PI3K p110α Blockade Enhances Anti-Tumor Efficacy of Abemaciclib in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092500. [PMID: 32899250 PMCID: PMC7564416 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the second highest cause of cancer related mortality worldwide. Especially, the survival of advanced CRC patients who were failed to achieve durable remission after the anti-angiogenic and anti-epithelial growth factor receptor agents are still poor. The aim of our study was to investigate the anti-tumor activity of the CDK4/6 inhibitor, abemaciclib, as a single agent and to identify an optimal combination agent with abemaciclib in CRC cell lines. We confirmed that abemaciclib monotherapy showed anti-tumor activity and combination therapy with abemaciclib and BYL719 demonstrated synergistic effects in CRC cell lines. Moreover, our study suggested that PIK3CA mutation could be a predictive marker for efficacy of abemaciclib and BYL719 combination therapy. These findings provide novel insight into a possible therapeutic strategy for patients with relapsed and refractory CRC. Abstract Targeting cell cycle regulation in colorectal cancer has not been fully evaluated. We investigated the efficacy of the CDK4/6 inhibitor, abemaciclib, and confirmed a synergistic interaction for PI3K p110α and CDK dual inhibition in colorectal cancer cell lines. Caco-2 and SNU-C4 cell lines were selected to explore the mechanism of action for and resistance to abemaciclib. In vitro and in vivo models were used to validate the anti-tumor activity of abemaciclib monotherapy and BYL719 combination therapy. Abemaciclib monotherapy inhibited cell cycle progression and proliferation in Caco-2 and SNU-C4 cells. CDK2-mediated Rb phosphorylation and AKT phosphorylation appeared to be potential resistance mechanisms to abemaciclib monotherapy. Abemaciclib/BYL719 combination therapy demonstrated synergistic effects regardless of PIK3CA mutation status but showed greater efficacy in the PIK3CA mutated SNU-C4 cell line. Growth inhibition, cell cycle arrest, and migration inhibition were confirmed as mechanisms of action for this combination. In an SNU-C4 mouse xenograft model, abemaciclib/BYL719 combination resulted in tumor growth inhibition and apoptosis with tolerable toxicity. Dual blockade of PI3K p110α and CDK4/6 showed synergistic anti-tumor effects in vivo and in vitro in human colorectal cancer cell lines. This combination could be a promising candidate for the treatment of patients with advanced colorectal cancer.
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17
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Natarajan N, Thiruvenkatam V. An Insight of Scientific Developments in TSC for Better Therapeutic Strategy. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:2080-2093. [PMID: 32842942 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200825170355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare genetic disease, which is characterized by noncancerous tumors in multi-organ systems in the body. Mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 genes are known to cause the disease. The resultant mutant proteins TSC1 (hamartin) and TSC2 (tuberin) complex evade its normal tumor suppressor function, which leads to abnormal cell growth and proliferation. Both TSC1 and TSC2 are involved in several protein-protein interactions, which play a significant role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. The recent biochemical, genetic, structural biology, clinical and drug discovery advancements on TSC give a useful insight into the disease as well as the molecular aspects of TSC1 and TSC2. The complex nature of TSC disease, a wide range of manifestations, mosaicism and several other factors limits the treatment choices. This review is a compilation of the course of TSC, starting from its discovery to the current findings that would take us a step ahead in finding a cure for TSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini Natarajan
- Discipline of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
| | - Vijay Thiruvenkatam
- Discipline of Biological Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gujarat-382355, India
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18
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Combined inhibition of PIM and CDK4/6 suppresses both mTOR signaling and Rb phosphorylation and potentiates PI3K inhibition in cancer cells. Oncotarget 2020; 11:1478-1492. [PMID: 32391118 PMCID: PMC7197449 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of mitogenic signaling pathways in cancer promotes growth and proliferation of cells by activating mTOR and S6 phosphorylation, and D-cyclin kinases and Rb phosphorylation, respectively. Correspondingly, inhibition of phosphorylation of both Rb and S6 is required for robust anti-tumor efficacy of drugs that inhibit cell signaling. The best-established mechanism of mTOR activation in cancer is via PI3K/Akt signaling, but mTOR activity can also be stimulated by CDK4 and PIM kinases. In this study, we show that the CDK4/6 inhibitor abemaciclib inhibits PIM kinase and S6 phosphorylation in cancer cells and concurrent inhibition of PIM, CDK4, and CDK6 suppresses both S6 and Rb phosphorylation. TSC2 or PIK3CA mutations obviate the requirement for PIM kinase and circumvent the inhibition of S6 phosphorylation by abemaciclib. Combination with a PI3K inhibitor restored suppression of S6 phosphorylation and synergized to curtail cell growth. By combining abemaciclib with a PI3K inhibitor, three pathways (Akt, PIM, and CDK4) to mTOR activation are neutralized, suggesting a potential combination strategy for the treatment of PIK3CA-mutant ER+ breast cancer.
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19
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Pancholi S, Ribas R, Simigdala N, Schuster E, Nikitorowicz-Buniak J, Ressa A, Gao Q, Leal MF, Bhamra A, Thornhill A, Morisset L, Montaudon E, Sourd L, Fitzpatrick M, Altelaar M, Johnston SR, Marangoni E, Dowsett M, Martin LA. Tumour kinome re-wiring governs resistance to palbociclib in oestrogen receptor positive breast cancers, highlighting new therapeutic modalities. Oncogene 2020; 39:4781-4797. [PMID: 32307447 PMCID: PMC7299844 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1284-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Combination of CDK4/6 inhibitors and endocrine therapy improves clinical outcome in advanced oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer, however relapse is inevitable. Here, we show in model systems that other than loss of RB1 few gene-copy number (CN) alterations are associated with irreversible-resistance to endocrine therapy and subsequent secondary resistance to palbociclib. Resistance to palbociclib occurred as a result of tumour cell re-wiring leading to increased expression of EGFR, MAPK, CDK4, CDK2, CDK7, CCNE1 and CCNE2. Resistance altered the ER genome wide-binding pattern, leading to decreased expression of ‘classical’ oestrogen-regulated genes and was accompanied by reduced sensitivity to fulvestrant and tamoxifen. Persistent CDK4 blockade decreased phosphorylation of tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2) enhancing EGFR signalling, leading to the re-wiring of ER. Kinome-knockdown confirmed dependency on ERBB-signalling and G2/M–checkpoint proteins such as WEE1, together with the cell cycle master regulator, CDK7. Noteworthy, sensitivity to CDK7 inhibition was associated with loss of ER and RB1 CN. Overall, we show that resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors is dependent on kinase re-wiring and the redeployment of signalling cascades previously associated with endocrine resistance and highlights new therapeutic networks that can be exploited upon relapse after CDK4/6 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Pancholi
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Ricardo Ribas
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Nikiana Simigdala
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Eugene Schuster
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | | | - Anna Ressa
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Qiong Gao
- CRUK, Bioinformatic Cofacility, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Mariana Ferreira Leal
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Amandeep Bhamra
- Proteomic Unit, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Allan Thornhill
- Centre for Cancer Imaging, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, SM2 5NG, UK
| | | | - Elodie Montaudon
- Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Laura Sourd
- Department of Translational Research, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Martin Fitzpatrick
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Mitch Dowsett
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK.,Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Lesley-Ann Martin
- Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SW7 3RP, UK.
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20
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González-Ruiz L, González-Moles MÁ, González-Ruiz I, Ruiz-Ávila I, Ayén Á, Ramos-García P. An update on the implications of cyclin D1 in melanomas. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 33:788-805. [PMID: 32147907 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin D1 is a protein encoded by the CCND1 gene, located on 11q13 chromosome, which is a key component of the physiological regulation of the cell cycle. CCND1/cyclin D1 is upregulated in several types of human tumors including melanoma and is currently classified as an oncogene that promotes uncontrolled cell proliferation. Despite the demonstrated importance of CCND1/cyclin D1 as a central oncogene in several types of human tumors, its knowledge in melanoma is still limited. This review examines data published on upregulation of the CCND1 gene and cyclin D1 protein in the melanoma setting, focusing on the pathways and molecular mechanisms involved in the activation of the gene and on the clinical and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia González-Ruiz
- Dermatology Service, Ciudad Real General University Hospital, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | | | - Isabel Ruiz-Ávila
- Biohealth Research Institute, Granada, Spain.,Pathology Service, San Cecilio Hospital Complex, Granada, Spain
| | - Ángela Ayén
- Dermatology Service, San Cecilio Hospital Complex, Granada, Spain
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21
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Leal-Esteban LC, Fajas L. Cell cycle regulators in cancer cell metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165715. [PMID: 32035102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer proliferation and progression involves altered metabolic pathways as a result of continuous demand for energy and nutrients. In the last years, cell cycle regulators have been involved in the control of metabolic processes, such as glucose and insulin pathways and lipid synthesis, in addition to their canonical function controlling cell cycle progression. Here we describe recent data demonstrating the role of cell cycle regulators in the metabolic control especially in studies performed in cancer models. Moreover, we discuss the importance of these findings in the context of current cancer therapies to provide an overview of the relevance of targeting metabolism using inhibitors of the cell cycle regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia C Leal-Esteban
- Metabolism and Cancer Laboratory, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lluis Fajas
- Metabolism and Cancer Laboratory, Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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22
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Li M, Yang J, Liu K, Yang J, Zhan X, Wang L, Shen X, Chen J, Mao Z. p16 promotes proliferation in cervical carcinoma cells through CDK6-HuR-IL1A axis. J Cancer 2020; 11:1457-1467. [PMID: 32047552 PMCID: PMC6995400 DOI: 10.7150/jca.35479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 (p16) acts as a tumor suppressor in most cells, but for HPV transformed cervical cancer, in which oncoprotein E7 expressed by human papillomavirus (HPV) mediates the degradation of retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p16 exhibits oncogenic activity. Our study was conducted to study the mechanism underling p16 mediated promoting effect of cell proliferation in cervical cancer cell lines. CCK8 assay and EdU incorporation were conducted to evaluate cell proliferation. Loss-of-function assay was used to silence p16 in Ca Ski and SiHa cells. Next, western blot, qPCR, RNA silencing, luciferase activity assay, run-on assay, mRNA stability assay, RNA immunoprecipitation, co-immunoprecipitation Immunofluorescence were performed to examine the interaction between CDK6, HuR, and IL1A mRNA in p16 mediated proliferation promoting effect. Our results showed that: (1) Silencing p16 inhibited the proliferation of cervical cancer cells by decreasing the half-life of IL1A mRNA in CDK6 dependent manner; (2) The stabilization of IL1A mRNA was regulated by HuR which could be inactivated by p16/CDK6 mediated phosphorylation at Ser202; (3) IL1A mediated the oncogenic activity of p16 in cervical carcinoma cell lines. In conclusion, p16 promotes proliferation in cervical carcinoma cells through CDK6-HuR-IL1A axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhe Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jiong Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Kaiyu Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jianming Yang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangwen Zhan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomeng Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zebin Mao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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23
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Wang C, Wang X, Liu J, Huang Z, Li C, Liu Y, Sang X, Yang L, Wang S, Su Y, Liu C, Liu Y, Wang Z. Embryonic stem cell microenvironment suppresses the malignancy of cutaneous melanoma cells by down-regulating PI3K/AKT pathway. Cancer Med 2019; 8:4265-4277. [PMID: 31173492 PMCID: PMC6675703 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant cancer cells engage in a dynamic reciprocity with the tumor microenvironment (TME) that promotes tumor growth, development, and resistance to therapy. Early embryonic blastocyst microenvironments can reverse the tumorigenic phenotype of malignant cancer cells via ameliorating of TME. It is potential to apply embryonic stem cell (ESC) microenvironment to suppress the malignant behaviors of cancer cells. This study aimed to investigate a better method and the mechanism of ESC microenvironment supplied by ESCs on suppressing the malignancy of cutaneous melanoma cells. Cutaneous melanoma cell line A2058 were cultured and divided into four groups: (a) A2058-only (Control); (b) A2058 and ESCs continuously co-cultured (Group One); (c) A2058 co-cultured with daily refreshed ESCs (Group two); (d) Group one with VO-Ohpic, inhibitor of PTEN (VO-Ohpic Group). The results showed that, compared to control group, A2058 cells in group one exhibited decreased cellular proliferation, migration, invasiveness and vasculogenic mimicry concomitant with an increase in cell apoptosis, accompanied by down-regulation of PI3K/AKT pathway. Besides, the above mentioned anti-tumor effects on A2058 cells were significantly enhanced in group two but statistically weakened after administration of VO-Ohpic compared to group one. We demonstrate that ESC microenvironment reduces the malignancy of A2058 by down-regulating PI3K/AKT pathway. Notably, such anti-tumor effects can be enhanced by appropriately increasing the quality and quantity of ESCs in co-culture system. Our results suggest that ESC microenvironment could be an effective and safe approach to treating cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou 510060China
| | - Xiaoran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou 510060China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou 510060China
| | - Zheqian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou 510060China
| | - Chaoyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou 510060China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou 510060China
| | - Xuan Sang
- State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou 510060China
| | - Liu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou 510060China
| | - Shoubi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou 510060China
| | - Yaru Su
- State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou 510060China
| | - Chengxiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou 510060China
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou 510060China
| | - Zhichong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of OphthalmologyZhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou 510060China
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24
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Death effector domain-containing protein induces vulnerability to cell cycle inhibition in triple-negative breast cancer. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2860. [PMID: 31253784 PMCID: PMC6599020 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10743-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lacking targetable molecular drivers, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most clinically challenging subtype of breast cancer. In this study, we reveal that Death Effector Domain-containing DNA-binding protein (DEDD), which is overexpressed in > 60% of TNBCs, drives a mitogen-independent G1/S cell cycle transition through cytoplasm localization. The gain of cytosolic DEDD enhances cyclin D1 expression by interacting with heat shock 71 kDa protein 8 (HSC70). Concurrently, DEDD interacts with Rb family proteins and promotes their proteasome-mediated degradation. DEDD overexpression renders TNBCs vulnerable to cell cycle inhibition. Patients with TNBC have been excluded from CDK 4/6 inhibitor clinical trials due to the perceived high frequency of Rb-loss in TNBCs. Interestingly, our study demonstrated that, irrespective of Rb status, TNBCs with DEDD overexpression exhibit a DEDD-dependent vulnerability to combinatorial treatment with CDK4/6 inhibitor and EGFR inhibitor in vitro and in vivo. Thus, our study provided a rationale for the clinical application of CDK4/6 inhibitor combinatorial regimens for patients with TNBC.
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25
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Qie S, Yoshida A, Parnham S, Oleinik N, Beeson GC, Beeson CC, Ogretmen B, Bass AJ, Wong KK, Rustgi AK, Diehl JA. Targeting glutamine-addiction and overcoming CDK4/6 inhibitor resistance in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1296. [PMID: 30899002 PMCID: PMC6428878 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09179-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of Fbxo4-cyclin D1 axis occurs at high frequency in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), where it promotes ESCC development and progression. However, defining a therapeutic vulnerability that results from this dysregulation has remained elusive. Here we demonstrate that Rb and mTORC1 contribute to Gln-addiction upon the dysregulation of the Fbxo4-cyclin D1 axis, which leads to the reprogramming of cellular metabolism. This reprogramming is characterized by reduced energy production and increased sensitivity of ESCC cells to combined treatment with CB-839 (glutaminase 1 inhibitor) plus metformin/phenformin. Of additional importance, this combined treatment has potent efficacy in ESCC cells with acquired resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors in vitro and in xenograft tumors. Our findings reveal a molecular basis for cancer therapy through targeting glutaminolysis and mitochondrial respiration in ESCC with dysregulated Fbxo4-cyclin D1 axis as well as cancers resistant to CDK4/6 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Qie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Akihiro Yoshida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Stuart Parnham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Natalia Oleinik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Gyda C Beeson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Craig C Beeson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Besim Ogretmen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Adam J Bass
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - J Alan Diehl
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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26
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Goel S, Zhao JJ. CDK4/6 inhibition: the late harvest cycle begins. Oncotarget 2018; 7:48854-48856. [PMID: 27391058 PMCID: PMC5226473 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shom Goel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jean J Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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27
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Goel S, DeCristo MJ, McAllister SS, Zhao JJ. CDK4/6 Inhibition in Cancer: Beyond Cell Cycle Arrest. Trends Cell Biol 2018; 28:911-925. [PMID: 30061045 PMCID: PMC6689321 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacologic inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) have recently entered the therapeutic armamentarium of clinical oncologists, and show promising activity in patients with breast and other cancers. Although their chief mechanism of action is inhibition of retinoblastoma (RB) protein phosphorylation and thus the induction of cell cycle arrest, CDK4/6 inhibitors alter cancer cell biology in other ways that can also be leveraged for therapeutic benefit. These include modulation of mitogenic kinase signaling, induction of a senescence-like phenotype, and enhancement of cancer cell immunogenicity. We describe here the less-appreciated effects of CDK4/6 inhibitors on cancer cells, and suggest ways by which they might be exploited to enhance the benefits of these agents for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shom Goel
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Molly J DeCristo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sandra S McAllister
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Hematology Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jean J Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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28
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Jiang M, Rao R, Wang J, Wang J, Xu L, Wu LM, Chan JR, Wang H, Lu QR. The TSC1-mTOR-PLK axis regulates the homeostatic switch from Schwann cell proliferation to myelination in a stage-specific manner. Glia 2018; 66:1947-1959. [PMID: 29722913 PMCID: PMC6185760 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Proper peripheral myelination depends upon the balance between Schwann cell proliferation and differentiation programs. The serine/threonine kinase mTOR integrates various environmental cues to serve as a central regulator of cell growth, metabolism, and function. We report here that tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (TSC1), a negative regulator of mTOR activity, establishes a stage-dependent program for Schwann cell lineage progression and myelination by controlling cell proliferation and myelin homeostasis. Tsc1 ablation in Schwann cell progenitors in mice resulted in activation of mTOR signaling, and caused over-proliferation of Schwann cells and blocked their differentiation, leading to hypomyelination. Transcriptome profiling analysis revealed that mTOR activation in Tsc1 mutants resulted in upregulation of a polo-like kinase (PLK)-dependent pathway and cell cycle regulators. Attenuation of mTOR or pharmacological inhibition of polo-like kinases partially rescued hypomyelination caused by Tsc1 loss in the developing peripheral nerves. In contrast, deletion of Tsc1 in mature Schwann cells led to redundant and overgrown myelin sheaths in adult mice. Together, our findings indicate stage-specific functions for the TSC1-mTOR-PLK signaling axis in controlling the transition from proliferation to differentiation and myelin homeostasis during Schwann cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minqing Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- The Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rohit Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Lingli Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Lai Man Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jonah R. Chan
- Department of Neurology and Programs in Biomedical and Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Huimin Wang
- The Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Q. Richard Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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29
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Kallen A, Polotsky AJ, Johnson J. Untapped Reserves: Controlling Primordial Follicle Growth Activation. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:319-331. [PMID: 29452791 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Even with the benefit of assisted reproductive technologies (ART), many women are unable to conceive and deliver healthy offspring. One common cause of infertility is the inability to produce eggs capable of contributing to live birth. This can occur despite standard-of-care treatment to maximize the recovery of eggs from growing ovarian follicles. Dormant primordial follicles in the human ovary are a 'reserve ' that can be exploited clinically to overcome this problem. We discuss how controlling primordial follicle growth activation (PFGA) can produce increased numbers of high-quality eggs available for fertility treatment(s). We consider the state of the art in interventions used to control PFGA, and consider genetic and epigenetic strategies on the horizon that might improve compromised oocyte quality to increase live births.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Kallen
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alex J Polotsky
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Divisions of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility and Reproductive Sciences, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Joshua Johnson
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Divisions of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility and Reproductive Sciences, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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30
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Tarrado-Castellarnau M, de Atauri P, Tarragó-Celada J, Perarnau J, Yuneva M, Thomson TM, Cascante M. De novo MYC addiction as an adaptive response of cancer cells to CDK4/6 inhibition. Mol Syst Biol 2017; 13:940. [PMID: 28978620 PMCID: PMC5658703 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20167321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin‐dependent kinases (CDK) are rational cancer therapeutic targets fraught with the development of acquired resistance by tumor cells. Through metabolic and transcriptomic analyses, we show that the inhibition of CDK4/6 leads to a metabolic reprogramming associated with gene networks orchestrated by the MYC transcription factor. Upon inhibition of CDK4/6, an accumulation of MYC protein ensues which explains an increased glutamine metabolism, activation of the mTOR pathway and blunting of HIF‐1α‐mediated responses to hypoxia. These MYC‐driven adaptations to CDK4/6 inhibition render cancer cells highly sensitive to inhibitors of MYC, glutaminase or mTOR and to hypoxia, demonstrating that metabolic adaptations to antiproliferative drugs unveil new vulnerabilities that can be exploited to overcome acquired drug tolerance and resistance by cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Míriam Tarrado-Castellarnau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine of Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) and CSIC-Associated Unit, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro de Atauri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine of Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) and CSIC-Associated Unit, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Tarragó-Celada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine of Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) and CSIC-Associated Unit, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Perarnau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine of Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) and CSIC-Associated Unit, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Timothy M Thomson
- Institute of Molecular Biology of Barcelona, National Research Council (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Cascante
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain .,Institute of Biomedicine of Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) and CSIC-Associated Unit, Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Romero-Pozuelo J, Demetriades C, Schroeder P, Teleman AA. CycD/Cdk4 and Discontinuities in Dpp Signaling Activate TORC1 in the Drosophila Wing Disc. Dev Cell 2017; 42:376-387.e5. [PMID: 28829945 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms regulating animal tissue size during development are unclear. This question has been extensively studied in the Drosophila wing disc. Although cell growth is regulated by the kinase TORC1, no readout exists to visualize TORC1 activity in situ in Drosophila. Both the cell cycle and the morphogen Dpp are linked to tissue growth, but whether they regulate TORC1 activity is not known. We develop here an anti-phospho-dRpS6 antibody that detects TORC1 activity in situ. We find, unexpectedly, that TORC1 activity in the wing disc is patchy. This is caused by elevated TORC1 activity at the cell cycle G1/S transition due to CycD/Cdk4 phosphorylating TSC1/2. We find that TORC1 is also activated independently of CycD/Cdk4 when cells with different levels of Dpp signaling or Brinker protein are juxtaposed. We thereby characterize the spatial distribution of TORC1 activity in a developing organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Romero-Pozuelo
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Constantinos Demetriades
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Phillip Schroeder
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aurelio A Teleman
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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32
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Spatial Activation of TORC1 Is Regulated by Hedgehog and E2F1 Signaling in the Drosophila Eye. Dev Cell 2017; 42:363-375.e4. [PMID: 28829944 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) regulates cell growth in response to nutrients and growth factors. Although TORC1 signaling has been thoroughly studied at the cellular level, the regulation of TORC1 in multicellular tissues and organs has remained elusive. Here we found that TORC1 is selectively activated in the second mitotic wave (SMW), the terminal synchronous cell division, of the developing Drosophila eye. We demonstrated that Hedgehog (Hh) signaling regulates TORC1 through E2F1 and the cyclin D/Cdk4 complex in the SMW, and this regulation is independent from insulin and amino acid signaling pathways. TORC1 is necessary for the proper G1/S transition of the cells, and the activation of TORC1 rescues the cell-cycle defect of Hh signaling-deficient cells in the SMW. Based on this evolutionarily conserved regulation of TORC1 by Hh signaling, we propose that Hh-dependent developmental signaling pathways spatially regulate TORC1 activity in multicellular organisms.
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33
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Pérez-Hidalgo L, Moreno S. Coupling TOR to the Cell Cycle by the Greatwall-Endosulfine-PP2A-B55 Pathway. Biomolecules 2017; 7:biom7030059. [PMID: 28777780 PMCID: PMC5618240 DOI: 10.3390/biom7030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell growth and division are two processes tightly coupled in proliferating cells. While Target of Rapamycin (TOR) is the master regulator of growth, the cell cycle is dictated by the activity of the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). A long-standing question in cell biology is how these processes may be connected. Recent work has highlighted that regulating the phosphatases that revert CDK phosphorylations is as important as regulating the CDKs for cell cycle progression. At mitosis, maintaining a low level of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A)-B55 activity is essential for CDK substrates to achieve the correct level of phosphorylation. The conserved Greatwall–Endosulfine pathway has been shown to be required for PP2A-B55 inhibition at mitosis in yeasts and multicellular organisms. Interestingly, in yeasts, the Greatwall–Endosulfine pathway is negatively regulated by TOR Complex 1 (TORC1). Moreover, Greatwall–Endosulfine activation upon TORC1 inhibition has been shown to regulate the progression of the cell cycle at different points: the G1 phase in budding yeast, the G2/M transition and the differentiation response in fission yeast, and the entry into quiescence in both budding and fission yeasts. In this review, we discuss the recent findings on how the Greatwall–Endosulfine pathway may provide a connection between cell growth and the cell cycle machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Pérez-Hidalgo
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (IBFG), CSIC/University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University Hospital of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Sergio Moreno
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (IBFG), CSIC/University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University Hospital of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
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34
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[Effect of TSC2 gene expression downregulation by lentivirus induced RNA interference on U937 cell line and its mechanism]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2017; 38:612-617. [PMID: 28810331 PMCID: PMC7342282 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
目的 研究下调TSC2基因表达对白血病U937细胞系的生物学作用及其对mTOR通路活性的影响。 方法 选择TSC2高表达的U937细胞系,通过慢病毒介导的RNA干扰技术下调TSC2基因表达;采用CCK-8比色法、细胞集落形成实验和流式细胞术检测其对细胞增殖、分化和凋亡的影响;采用Western blot法和实时荧光定量PCR(RQ-PCR)法检测TSC2表达下调对mTOR通路蛋白表达及活性的影响。 结果 TSC2基因表达降低能够促进U937细胞的增殖和集落形成(P<0.05);能够使U937细胞G1期[(52.53±3.75)%对(75.10±4.33)%,t=6.829,P=0.002]比例明显降低,G2/M期[(22.43±1.00)%对(15.47±1.20)%,t=−5.581,P=0.019]、S期[(25.03±4.34)%对(14.33±0.91)%,t=−5.413,P=0.013]比例升高;对细胞分化和细胞凋亡没有明显影响(P>0.05)。TSC2基因表达下调后,mTOR活性升高,磷酸化的4EBP1和S6K1蛋白活性升高,而AKT蛋白活性没有明显变化;与细胞增殖相关的基因cyclin D1、c-myc表达升高,PTEN基因表达升高,P27KIP基因和凋亡相关基因BCL-XL的表达没有明显的改变。 结论 TSC2基因表达下调可以通过调节mTOR通路活性促进白血病细胞的增殖。
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35
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Ramos-García P, Gil-Montoya JA, Scully C, Ayén A, González-Ruiz L, Navarro-Triviño FJ, González-Moles MA. An update on the implications of cyclin D1 in oral carcinogenesis. Oral Dis 2017; 23:897-912. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Ramos-García
- School of Dentistry; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - JA Gil-Montoya
- School of Dentistry; University of Granada; Granada Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - C Scully
- University College of London; London UK
| | - A Ayén
- School of Medicine; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - L González-Ruiz
- Servicio de Dermatología; Hospital General Universitario de Ciudad Real; Ciudad Real Spain
| | - FJ Navarro-Triviño
- Servicio de Dermatología; Complejo Hospitalario San Cecilio; Granada Spain
| | - MA González-Moles
- School of Dentistry; University of Granada; Granada Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina; University of Granada; Granada Spain
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36
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Corona SP, Ravelli A, Cretella D, Cappelletti MR, Zanotti L, Dester M, Gobbi A, Petronini PG, Generali D. CDK4/6 inhibitors in HER2-positive breast cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 112:208-214. [PMID: 28325261 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Notwithstanding the continuous progress made in cancer treatment in the last 20 years, and the availability of new targeted therapies, metastatic Breast Cancer (BC) is still incurable. Targeting the cell cycle machinery has emerged as an attractive strategy to tackle cancer progression, showing very promising results in the preclinical and clinical settings. The first selective inhibitors of CDK4/6 received breakthrough status and FDA approval in combination with letrozole (February 2015) and fulvestrant (February 2016) as first-line therapy in ER-positive advanced and metastatic BC. Considering the success of this family of compounds in hormone-positive BC, new possible applications are being investigated in other molecular subtypes. This review summarizes the latest findings on the use of CDK4/6 inhibitors in HER2 positive BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Paola Corona
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Radiation Oncology Department, Moorabbin Campus, East Bentleigh Victoria 3165, Australia.
| | - Andrea Ravelli
- Universita degli Studi di Parma, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Experimental Oncology Unit, Via Gramsci, 14, Parma, Italy
| | - Daniele Cretella
- Universita degli Studi di Parma, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Experimental Oncology Unit, Via Gramsci, 14, Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Cappelletti
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Cremona, U.O. Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, U.S. Terapia Molecolare e Farmacogenomica, Cremona, Italy
| | - Laura Zanotti
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Cremona, U.O. Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, U.S. Terapia Molecolare e Farmacogenomica, Cremona, Italy
| | - Martina Dester
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Cremona, U.O. Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, U.S. Terapia Molecolare e Farmacogenomica, Cremona, Italy
| | - Angela Gobbi
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Cremona, U.O. Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, U.S. Terapia Molecolare e Farmacogenomica, Cremona, Italy
| | - Pier Giorgio Petronini
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Cremona, U.O. Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, U.S. Terapia Molecolare e Farmacogenomica, Cremona, Italy
| | - Daniele Generali
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Cremona, U.O. Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, U.S. Terapia Molecolare e Farmacogenomica, Cremona, Italy; Universita degli Studi di Trieste, Department of Medical, Surgery and Health Sciences, Trieste, Italy
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Pikman Y, Alexe G, Roti G, Conway AS, Furman A, Lee ES, Place AE, Kim S, Saran C, Modiste R, Weinstock DM, Harris M, Kung AL, Silverman LB, Stegmaier K. Synergistic Drug Combinations with a CDK4/6 Inhibitor in T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:1012-1024. [PMID: 28151717 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Although significant progress has been made in the treatment of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), many patients will require additional therapy for relapsed/refractory disease. Cyclin D3 (CCND3) and CDK6 are highly expressed in T-ALL and have been effectively targeted in mutant NOTCH1-driven mouse models of this disease with a CDK4/6 small-molecule inhibitor. Combination therapy, however, will be needed for the successful treatment of human disease.Experimental Design: We performed preclinical drug testing using a panel of T-ALL cell lines first with LEE011, a CDK4/6 inhibitor, and next with the combination of LEE011 with a panel of drugs relevant to T-ALL treatment. We then tested the combination of LEE011 with dexamethasone or everolimus in three orthotopic mouse models and measured on-target drug activity.Results: We first determined that both NOTCH1-mutant and wild-type T-ALL are highly sensitive to pharmacologic inhibition of CDK4/6 when wild-type RB is expressed. Next, we determined that CDK4/6 inhibitors are antagonistic when used either concurrently or in sequence with many of the drugs used to treat relapsed T-ALL (methotrexate, mercaptopurine, asparaginase, and doxorubicin) but are synergistic with glucocorticoids, an mTOR inhibitor, and gamma secretase inhibitor. The combinations of LEE011 with the glucocorticoid dexamethasone or the mTOR inhibitor everolimus were tested in vivo and prolonged survival in three orthotopic mouse models of T-ALL. On-target activity was measured in peripheral blood and tissue of treated mice.Conclusions: We conclude that LEE011 is active in T-ALL and that combination therapy with corticosteroids and/or mTOR inhibitors warrants further investigation. Clin Cancer Res; 23(4); 1012-24. ©2016 AACRSee related commentary by Carroll et al., p. 873.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Pikman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gabriela Alexe
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Bioinformatics Graduate Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Giovanni Roti
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Amy Saur Conway
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew Furman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emily S Lee
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew E Place
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sunkyu Kim
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Chitra Saran
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Rebecca Modiste
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David M Weinstock
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marian Harris
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew L Kung
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Lewis B Silverman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kimberly Stegmaier
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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38
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Guri Y, Hall MN. mTOR Signaling Confers Resistance to Targeted Cancer Drugs. Trends Cancer 2016; 2:688-697. [PMID: 28741507 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease and a leading cause of death worldwide. Extensive research over decades has led to the development of therapies that target cancer-specific signaling pathways. However, the clinical benefits of such drugs are at best transient due to tumors displaying intrinsic or adaptive resistance. The underlying compensatory pathways that allow cancer cells to circumvent a drug blockade are poorly understood. We review here recent studies suggesting that mammalian TOR (mTOR) signaling is a major compensatory pathway conferring resistance to many cancer drugs. mTOR-mediated resistance can be cell-autonomous or non-cell-autonomous. These findings suggest that mTOR signaling should be monitored routinely in tumors and that an mTOR inhibitor should be considered as a co-therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakir Guri
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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39
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Goel S, Wang Q, Watt AC, Tolaney SM, Dillon DA, Li W, Ramm S, Palmer AC, Yuzugullu H, Varadan V, Tuck D, Harris LN, Wong KK, Liu XS, Sicinski P, Winer EP, Krop IE, Zhao JJ. Overcoming Therapeutic Resistance in HER2-Positive Breast Cancers with CDK4/6 Inhibitors. Cancer Cell 2016; 29:255-269. [PMID: 26977878 PMCID: PMC4794996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Using transgenic mouse models, cell line-based functional studies, and clinical specimens, we show that cyclin D1/CDK4 mediate resistance to targeted therapy for HER2-positive breast cancer. This is overcome using CDK4/6 inhibitors. Inhibition of CDK4/6 not only suppresses Rb phosphorylation, but also reduces TSC2 phosphorylation and thus partially attenuates mTORC1 activity. This relieves feedback inhibition of upstream EGFR family kinases, resensitizing tumors to EGFR/HER2 blockade. Consequently, dual inhibition of EGFR/HER2 and CDK4/6 invokes a more potent suppression of TSC2 phosphorylation and hence mTORC1/S6K/S6RP activity. The suppression of both Rb and S6RP enhances G1 arrest and a phenotype resembling cellular senescence. In vivo, CDK4/6 inhibitors sensitize patient-derived xenograft tumors to HER2-targeted therapies and delay tumor recurrence in a transgenic model of HER2-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shom Goel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - April C Watt
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sara M Tolaney
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Deborah A Dillon
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Center for Functional Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Susanne Ramm
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adam C Palmer
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Program in Therapeutic Science, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Haluk Yuzugullu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Vinay Varadan
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - David Tuck
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lyndsay N Harris
- Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - X Shirley Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Center for Functional Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Piotr Sicinski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eric P Winer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ian E Krop
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jean J Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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40
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Abstract
CDK4/6 inhibitors have received approval for treating hormone-positive breast tumors, but whether other aggressive cancers respond to these molecules is not yet clear. In this issue of Cancer Cell, Goel et al. (2016) report an unexpected activity of CDK4/6 inhibitors in reducing mTOR function and re-sensitizing HER2-positive cancers to EGFR/HER2 blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Malumbres
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
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41
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CDK6-a review of the past and a glimpse into the future: from cell-cycle control to transcriptional regulation. Oncogene 2015; 35:3083-91. [PMID: 26500059 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The G1 cell-cycle kinase CDK6 has long been thought of as a redundant homolog of CDK4. Although the two kinases have very similar roles in cell-cycle progression, it has recently become apparent that they differ in tissue-specific functions and contribute differently to tumor development. CDK6 is directly involved in transcription in tumor cells and in hematopoietic stem cells. These functions point to a role of CDK6 in tissue homeostasis and differentiation that is partially independent of CDK6's kinase activity and is not shared with CDK4. We review the literature on the contribution of CDK6 to transcription in an attempt to link the new findings on CDK6's transcriptional activity to cell-cycle progression. Finally, we note that anticancer therapies based on the inhibition of CDK6 kinase activity fail to take into account its kinase-independent role in tumor development.
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42
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Heilmann AM, Perera RM, Ecker V, Nicolay BN, Bardeesy N, Benes CH, Dyson NJ. CDK4/6 and IGF1 receptor inhibitors synergize to suppress the growth of p16INK4A-deficient pancreatic cancers. Cancer Res 2014; 74:3947-58. [PMID: 24986516 PMCID: PMC4122288 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in p16(INK4A) (CDKN2A) occur in approximately 80% of sporadic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), contributing to its early progression. Although this loss activates the cell-cycle-dependent kinases CDK4/6, which have been considered as drug targets for many years, p16(INK4A)-deficient PDAC cells are inherently resistant to CDK4/6 inhibitors. This study searched for targeted therapies that might synergize with CDK4/6 inhibition in this setting. We report that the IGF1R/IR inhibitor BMS-754807 cooperated with the CDK4/6 inhibitor PD-0332991 to strongly block proliferation of p16(INK4A)-deficient PDAC cells in vitro and in vivo. Sensitivity to this drug combination correlated with reduced activity of the master cell growth regulator mTORC1. Accordingly, replacing the IGF1R/IR inhibitor with the rapalog inhibitor temsirolimus broadened the sensitivity of PDAC cells to CDK4/6 inhibition. Our results establish targeted therapy combinations with robust cytostatic activity in p16(INK4A)-deficient PDAC cells and possible implications for improving treatment of a broad spectrum of human cancers characterized by p16(INK4A) loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M Heilmann
- Authors' Affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Rushika M Perera
- Authors' Affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Veronika Ecker
- Authors' Affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Brandon N Nicolay
- Authors' Affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Nabeel Bardeesy
- Authors' Affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Cyril H Benes
- Authors' Affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Nicholas J Dyson
- Authors' Affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
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43
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Kollmann K, Heller G, Schneckenleithner C, Warsch W, Scheicher R, Ott R, Schäfer M, Fajmann S, Schlederer M, Schiefer AI, Reichart U, Mayerhofer M, Hoeller C, Zöchbauer-Müller S, Kerjaschki D, Bock C, Kenner L, Hoefler G, Freissmuth M, Green A, Moriggl R, Busslinger M, Malumbres M, Sexl V. A kinase-independent function of CDK6 links the cell cycle to tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Cell 2013; 24:167-81. [PMID: 23948297 PMCID: PMC3743049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to its close homolog CDK4, the cell cycle kinase CDK6 is expressed at high levels in lymphoid malignancies. In a model for p185BCR-ABL+ B-acute lymphoid leukemia, we show that CDK6 is part of a transcription complex that induces the expression of the tumor suppressor p16INK4a and the pro-angiogenic factor VEGF-A. This function is independent of CDK6's kinase activity. High CDK6 expression thus suppresses proliferation by upregulating p16INK4a, providing an internal safeguard. However, in the absence of p16INK4a, CDK6 can exert its full tumor-promoting function by enhancing proliferation and stimulating angiogenesis. The finding that CDK6 connects cell-cycle progression to angiogenesis confirms CDK6's central role in hematopoietic malignancies and could underlie the selection pressure to upregulate CDK6 and silence p16INK4a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Kollmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerwin Heller
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Wolfgang Warsch
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruth Scheicher
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rene G. Ott
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Schäfer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Fajmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Schlederer
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana-Iris Schiefer
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Reichart
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Mayerhofer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Hoeller
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Zöchbauer-Müller
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dontscho Kerjaschki
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Hoefler
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Freissmuth
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anthony R. Green
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Hematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
- Department of Hematology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcos Malumbres
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Corresponding author
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44
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MEK drives cyclin D1 hyperelevation during geroconversion. Cell Death Differ 2013; 20:1241-9. [PMID: 23852369 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
When the cell cycle becomes arrested, MTOR (mechanistic Target of Rapamycin) converts reversible arrest into senescence (geroconversion). Hyperexpression of cyclin D1 is a universal marker of senescence along with hypertrophy, beta-Gal staining and loss of replicative/regenerative potential (RP), namely, the ability to restart proliferation when the cell cycle is released. Inhibition of MTOR decelerates geroconversion, although only partially decreases cyclin D1. Here we show that in p21- and p16-induced senescence, inhibitors of mitogen-activated/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK) (U0126, PD184352 and siRNA) completely prevented cyclin D1 accumulation, making it undetectable. We also used MEL10 cells in which MEK inhibitors do not inhibit MTOR. In such cells, U0126 by itself induced senescence that was remarkably cyclin D1 negative. In contrast, inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 by PD0332991 caused cyclin D1-positive senescence in MEL10 cells. Both types of senescence were suppressed by rapamycin, converting it into reversible arrest. We confirmed that the inhibitor of CDK4/6 caused cyclin D1 positive senescence in normal RPE cells, whereas U0126 prevented cyclin D1 expression. Elimination of cyclin D1 by siRNA did not prevent other markers of senescence that are consistent with the lack of its effect on MTOR. Our data confirmed that a mere inhibition of the cell cycle was sufficient to cause senescence, providing MTOR was active, and inhibition of MEK partially inhibited MTOR in a cell-type-dependent manner. Second, hallmarks of senescence may be dissociated, and hyperelevated cyclin D1, a marker of hyperactivation of senescent cells, did not necessarily determine other markers of senescence. Third, inhibition of MEK was sufficient to eliminate cyclin D1, regardless of MTOR.
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45
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Dungrawala H, Hua H, Wright J, Abraham L, Kasemsri T, McDowell A, Stilwell J, Schneider BL. Identification of new cell size control genes in S. cerevisiae. Cell Div 2012; 7:24. [PMID: 23234503 PMCID: PMC3541103 DOI: 10.1186/1747-1028-7-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell size homeostasis is a conserved attribute in many eukaryotic species involving a tight regulation between the processes of growth and proliferation. In budding yeast S. cerevisiae, growth to a “critical cell size” must be achieved before a cell can progress past START and commit to cell division. Numerous studies have shown that progression past START is actively regulated by cell size control genes, many of which have implications in cell cycle control and cancer. Two initial screens identified genes that strongly modulate cell size in yeast. Since a second generation yeast gene knockout collection has been generated, we screened an additional 779 yeast knockouts containing 435 new ORFs (~7% of the yeast genome) to supplement previous cell size screens. Upon completion, 10 new strong size mutants were identified: nine in log-phase cells and one in saturation-phase cells, and 97% of the yeast genome has now been screened for cell size mutations. The majority of the logarithmic phase size mutants have functions associated with translation further implicating the central role of growth control in the cell division process. Genetic analyses suggest ECM9 is directly associated with the START transition. Further, the small (whi) mutants mrpl49Δ and cbs1Δ are dependent on CLN3 for cell size effects. In depth analyses of new size mutants may facilitate a better understanding of the processes that govern cell size homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huzefa Dungrawala
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th St Rm, 5C119, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA.
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46
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Leontieva OV, Lenzo F, Demidenko ZN, Blagosklonny MV. Hyper-mitogenic drive coexists with mitotic incompetence in senescent cells. Cell Cycle 2012. [PMID: 23187803 PMCID: PMC3562309 DOI: 10.4161/cc.22937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
When the cell cycle is arrested, even though growth-promoting pathways such as mTOR are still active, then cells senesce. For example, induction of either p21 or p16 arrests the cell cycle without inhibiting mTOR, which, in turn, converts p21/p16-induced arrest into senescence (geroconversion). Here we show that geroconversion is accompanied by dramatic accumulation of cyclin D1 followed by cyclin E and replicative stress. When p21 was switched off, senescent cells (despite their loss of proliferative potential) progressed through S phase, and levels of cyclins D1 and E dropped. Most cells entered mitosis and then died, either during mitotic arrest or after mitotic slippage, or underwent endoreduplication. Next, we investigated whether inhibition of mTOR would prevent accumulation of cyclins and loss of mitotic competence in p21-arrested cells. Both nutlin-3, which inhibits mTOR in these cells, and rapamycin suppressed geroconversion during p21-induced arrest, decelerated accumulation of cyclins D1 and E and decreased replicative stress. When p21 was switched off, cells successfully progressed through both S phase and mitosis. Also, senescent mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) overexpressed cyclin D1. After release from cell cycle arrest, senescent MEFs entered S phase but could not undergo mitosis and did not proliferate. We conclude that cellular senescence is characterized by futile hyper-mitogenic drive associated with mTOR-dependent mitotic incompetence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Leontieva
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Musgrove EA, Caldon CE, Barraclough J, Stone A, Sutherland RL. Cyclin D as a therapeutic target in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2011; 11:558-72. [PMID: 21734724 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1018] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin D1, and to a lesser extent the other D-type cyclins, is frequently deregulated in cancer and is a biomarker of cancer phenotype and disease progression. The ability of these cyclins to activate the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) CDK4 and CDK6 is the most extensively documented mechanism for their oncogenic actions and provides an attractive therapeutic target. Is this an effective means of targeting the cyclin D oncogenes, and how might the patient subgroups that are most likely to benefit be identified?
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Musgrove
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia
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Sun C, Rosendahl AH, Andersson R, Wu D, Wang X. The role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathways in pancreatic cancer. Pancreatology 2011; 11:252-60. [PMID: 21625196 DOI: 10.1159/000327715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is a highly malignant cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death. It is characterized by a rapid disease progression, a highly invasive tumor phenotype, and frequently resistance to chemotherapy. Despite significant advances in diagnosis, staging, and surgical management of the disease during the past decade, prognosis of pancreatic cancer is still dismal. METHODS AND RESULTS The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways regulate cellular growth, metabolism, survival, and motility in pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancer is associated with a high degree of genetic alterations that can result in aberrant activation of the PI3K signaling pathway. Elucidating the role of the PI3K signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer may thus be both meaningful and necessary. CONCLUSION Improved knowledge of the PI3K signaling pathway in pancreatic cancer would furthermore be helpful in understanding mechanisms of tumor initiation and progression, and in identifying appropriate targeted anticancer treatment in pancreatic cancer. and IAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Sun
- Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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The TSC1–TSC2 Complex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-6047(10)28002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
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Robert F, Pelletier J. Translation initiation: a critical signalling node in cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009; 13:1279-93. [PMID: 19705976 DOI: 10.1517/14728220903241625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a master regulator of translation initiation that controls the recruitment of ribosomes to mRNA templates in response to intracellular and extracellular cues. Evidence suggests that mTOR and its direct downstream targets, S6K and eIF4E/4E-BP, play significant roles in oncogenesis, and that inhibiting this pathway holds promise as an anti-proliferative approach. Recent genome-wide analyses of mutations in human cancers indicate that transformed cells activate a handful of processes and signalling pathways that are major contributors to their phenotype. Here we review the current literature implicating mTOR and translation initiation downstream of many of these various signalling pathways and processes usurped in human cancers. This review highlights the widespread activation of mTOR/eIF4E following acquisition of oncogenic lesions and its implication in promoting the transformation phenotype and indicates that targeting the control of translation initiation makes logical sense as a broad-acting therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Robert
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman cancer centre, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Sciences Building, Room 810, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1Y6, Canada
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