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Miller KA, Degan S, Wang Y, Cohen J, Ku SY, Goodrich DW, Gelman IH. PTEN-regulated PI3K-p110 and AKT isoform plasticity controls metastatic prostate cancer progression. Oncogene 2024; 43:22-34. [PMID: 37875657 PMCID: PMC10766561 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02875-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
PTEN loss, one of the most frequent mutations in prostate cancer (PC), is presumed to drive disease progression through AKT activation. However, two transgenic PC models with Akt activation plus Rb loss exhibited different metastatic development: Pten/RbPE:-/- mice produced systemic metastatic adenocarcinomas with high AKT2 activation, whereas RbPE:-/- mice deficient for the Src-scaffolding protein, Akap12, induced high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasias and indolent lymph node dissemination, correlating with upregulated phosphotyrosyl PI3K-p85α. Using PC cells isogenic for PTEN, we show that PTEN-deficiency correlated with dependence on both p110β and AKT2 for in vitro and in vivo parameters of metastatic growth or motility, and with downregulation of SMAD4, a known PC metastasis suppressor. In contrast, PTEN expression, which dampened these oncogenic behaviors, correlated with greater dependence on p110α plus AKT1. Our data suggest that metastatic PC aggressiveness is controlled by specific PI3K/AKT isoform combinations influenced by divergent Src activation or PTEN-loss pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina A Miller
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14209, USA
- American Society of Human Genetics, Rockville, MD, 20852, USA
| | - Seamus Degan
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14209, USA
| | - Yanqing Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14209, USA
| | - Joseph Cohen
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14209, USA
- Sequence, Inc., Morrisville, NC, USA
| | - Sheng Yu Ku
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David W Goodrich
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14209, USA
| | - Irwin H Gelman
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14209, USA.
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Gelman IH. Metastasis suppressor genes in clinical practice: are they druggable? Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:1169-1188. [PMID: 37749308 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10135-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Since the identification of NM23 (now called NME1) as the first metastasis suppressor gene (MSG), a small number of other gene products and non-coding RNAs have been identified that suppress specific parameters of the metastatic cascade, yet which have little or no ability to regulate primary tumor initiation or maintenance. MSG can regulate various pathways or cell biological functions such as those controlling mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway mediators, cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix protein adhesion, cytoskeletal architecture, G-protein-coupled receptors, apoptosis, and transcriptional complexes. One defining facet of this gene class is that their expression is typically downregulated, not mutated, in metastasis, such that any effective therapeutic intervention would involve their re-expression. This review will address the therapeutic targeting of MSG, once thought to be a daunting task only facilitated by ectopically re-expressing MSG in metastatic cells in vivo. Examples will be cited of attempts to identify actionable oncogenic pathways that might suppress the formation or progression of metastases through the re-expression of specific metastasis suppressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irwin H Gelman
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
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3
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Kim N, Kwon J, Shin US, Jung J. Fisetin induces the upregulation of AKAP12 mRNA and anti-angiogenesis in a patient-derived organoid xenograft model. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115613. [PMID: 37801904 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with high incidence and mortality rates. Targeted therapies for CRC cause various adverse effects, necessitating the development of novel approaches to control CRC progression. In this milieu, we investigated the anti-CRC effects of fisetin, a natural plant flavonoid. Cytotoxicity was performed in CRC patient-derived organoids (30 T and 33 T). Fisetin-induced tumor growth was evaluated in a CRC patient-derived organoid xenograft (PDOX) model. RNA sequencing, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting were performed subsequently. Fisetin significantly decreased organoid viability in a dose-dependent manner. In the PDOX model, fisetin significantly delayed tumor growth, showing a decrease in Ki-67 expression and the induction of apoptosis. In tumor tissues, four genes were identified as differentially expressed between the control and fisetin-treated groups. Among these, A-kinase anchoring protein 12 (AKAP12) level was significantly increased by fisetin treatment (fold change > 2, p < 0.05). Notably, fisetin significantly inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) via upregulation of AKAP12. Our results demonstrate the upregulation of AKAP12 mRNA and inhibition of angiogenesis by fisetin as a therapeutic strategy against CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayun Kim
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, the Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, the Republic of Korea
| | - Junhye Kwon
- Department of Radiological & Clinical Research, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS), Seoul 01812, the Republic of Korea
| | - Ui Sup Shin
- Department of Surgery, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, KIRAMS, Seoul 01812, the Republic of Korea
| | - Joohee Jung
- Duksung Innovative Drug Center, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, the Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, the Republic of Korea.
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Miller K, Degan S, Wang Y, Cohen J, Ku SY, Goodrich D, Gelman I. PTEN regulated PI3K-p110 and AKT isoform plasticity controls metastatic prostate cancer progression. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2924750. [PMID: 37292818 PMCID: PMC10246239 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2924750/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PTEN loss, one of the most frequent mutations in prostate cancer (PC), is presumed to drive disease progression through AKT activation. However, two transgenic PC models with Akt activation plus Rb loss exhibited different metastasis development: Pten/RbPE:-/- mice produced systemic metastatic adenocarcinomas with high AKT2 activation, whereas RbPE:-/- mice deficient for the Src-scaffolding protein, Akap12, induced high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasias and indolent lymph node disseminations, correlating with upregulated phosphotyrosyl PI3K-p85α. Using PC cells isogenic for PTEN, we show that PTEN-deficiency correlated with dependence on both p110β and AKT2 for in vitro and in vivo parameters of metastatic growth or motility, and with downregulation of SMAD4, a known PC metastasis suppressor. In contrast, PTEN expression, which dampened these oncogenic behaviors, correlated with greater dependence on p110α plus AKT1. Our data suggest that metastatic PC aggressiveness is controlled by specific PI3K/AKT isoform combinations influenced by divergent Src activation or PTEN-loss pathways.
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5
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Li H. Physiologic and pathophysiologic roles of AKAP12. Sci Prog 2022; 105:368504221109212. [PMID: 35775596 PMCID: PMC10450473 DOI: 10.1177/00368504221109212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A kinase anchoring protein (AKAP) 12 is a scaffolding protein that improves the specificity and efficiency of spatiotemporal signal through assembling intracellular signal proteins into a specific complex. AKAP12 is a negative mitogenic regulator that plays an important role in controlling cytoskeletal architecture, maintaining endothelial integrity, regulating glial function and forming blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood retinal barrier (BRB). Moreover, elevated or reduced AKAP12 contributes to a variety of diseases. Complex connections between AKAP12 and various diseases including chronic liver diseases (CLDs), inflammatory diseases and a series of cancers will be tried to delineate in this paper. We first describe the expression, distribution and physiological function of AKAP12. Then we summarize the current knowledge of different connections between AKAP12 expression and various diseases. Some research groups have found paradoxical roles of AKAP12 in different diseases and further confirmation is needed. This paper aims to assess the role of AKAP12 in physiology and diseases to help lay the foundation for the design of small molecules for specific AKAP12 to correct the pathological signal defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Central Laboratory, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
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AKAP12 Supports Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity against Ischemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239078. [PMID: 33260683 PMCID: PMC7730430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A-kinase anchor protein 12 (AKAP12) is a scaffolding protein that associates with intracellular molecules to regulate multiple signal transductions. Although the roles of AKAP12 in the central nervous system are still relatively understudied, it was previously shown that AKAP12 regulates blood-retinal barrier formation. In this study, we asked whether AKAP12 also supports the function and integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In a mouse model of focal ischemia, the expression level of AKAP12 in cerebral endothelial cells was upregulated during the acute phase of stroke. Also, in cultured cerebral endothelial cells, oxygen-glucose deprivation induced the upregulation of AKAP12. When AKAP12 expression was suppressed by an siRNA approach in cultured endothelial cells, endothelial permeability was increased along with the dysregulation of ZO-1/Claudin 5 expression. In addition, the loss of AKAP12 expression caused an upregulation/activation of the Rho kinase pathway, and treatment of Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 mitigated the increase of endothelial permeability in AKAP12-deficient endothelial cell cultures. These in vitro findings were confirmed by our in vivo experiments using Akap12 knockout mice. Compared to wild-type mice, Akap12 knockout mice showed a larger extent of BBB damage after stroke. However, the inhibition of rho kinase by Y-27632 tightened the BBB in Akap12 knockout mice. These data may suggest that endogenous AKAP12 works to alleviate the damage and dysfunction of the BBB caused by ischemic stress. Therefore, the AKAP12-rho-kinase signaling pathway represents a novel therapeutic target for stroke.
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Benz PM, Ding Y, Stingl H, Loot AE, Zink J, Wittig I, Popp R, Fleming I. AKAP12 deficiency impairs VEGF-induced endothelial cell migration and sprouting. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 228:e13325. [PMID: 31162891 PMCID: PMC6916389 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aim Protein kinase (PK) A anchoring protein (AKAP) 12 is a scaffolding protein that anchors PKA to compartmentalize cyclic AMP signalling. This study assessed the consequences of the downregulation or deletion of AKAP12 on endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis. Methods The consequences of siRNA‐mediated downregulation AKAP12 were studied in primary cultures of human endothelial cells as well as in endothelial cells and retinas from wild‐type versus AKAP12−/− mice. Molecular interactions were investigated using a combination of immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry. Results AKAP12 was expressed at low levels in confluent endothelial cells but its expression was increased in actively migrating cells, where it localized to lamellipodia. In the postnatal retina, AKAP12 was expressed by actively migrating tip cells at the angiogenic front, and its deletion resulted in defective extension of the vascular plexus. In migrating endothelial cells, AKAP12 was co‐localized with the PKA type II‐α regulatory subunit as well as multiple key regulators of actin dynamics and actin filament‐based movement; including components of the Arp2/3 complex and the vasodilator‐stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP). Fitting with the evidence of a physical VASP/AKAP12/PKA complex, it was possible to demonstrate that the VEGF‐stimulated and PKA‐dependent phosphorylation of VASP was dependent on AKAP12. Indeed, AKAP12 colocalized with phospho‐Ser157 VASP at the leading edge of migrating endothelial cells. Conclusion The results suggest that compartmentalized AKAP12/PKA signalling mediates VASP phosphorylation at the leading edge of migrating endothelial cells to translate angiogenic stimuli into altered actin dynamics and cell movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Benz
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Germany
- German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Yindi Ding
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Germany
- German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Heike Stingl
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Germany
- German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Annemarieke E. Loot
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Joana Zink
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Germany
- German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Ilka Wittig
- German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain Frankfurt am Main Germany
- Functional Proteomics, SFB 815 Core Unit, Faculty of Medicine Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Rüdiger Popp
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Germany
- German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Germany
- German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain Frankfurt am Main Germany
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Çiçek H, Saygılı Ö, Sever ÖN, Kaya V, Ulusal H, Yıldırım M. The diagnostic role of A-kinase anchoring protein 12, Bcl-2 and high mobility group box Protein-1 levels in breast cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jons.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
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McGrath J, Panzica L, Ransom R, Withers HG, Gelman IH. Identification of Genes Regulating Breast Cancer Dormancy in 3D Bone Endosteal Niche Cultures. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:860-869. [PMID: 30651373 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cell dormancy is a significant clinical problem in breast cancer. We used a three-dimensional (3D) in vitro model of the endosteal bone niche (EN), consisting of endothelial, bone marrow stromal cells, and fetal osteoblasts in a 3D collagen matrix (GELFOAM), to identify genes required for dormancy. Human triple-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, but not the bone-tropic metastatic variant, BoM1833, established dormancy in 3D-EN cultures in a p38-MAPK-dependent manner, whereas both cell types proliferated on two-dimensional (2D) plastic or in 3D collagen alone. "Dormancy-reactivation suppressor genes" (DRSG) were identified using a genomic short hairpin RNA (shRNA) screen in MDA-MB-231 cells for gene knockdowns that induced proliferation in the 3D-EN. DRSG candidates enriched for genes controlling stem cell biology, neurogenesis, MYC targets, ribosomal structure, and translational control. Several potential DRSG were confirmed using independent shRNAs, including BHLHE41, HBP1, and WNT3. Overexpression of the WNT3/a antagonists secreted frizzled-related protein 2 or 4 (SFRP2/4) and induced MDA-MB-231 proliferation in the EN. In contrast, overexpression of SFRP3, known not to antagonize WNT3/a, did not induce proliferation. Decreased WNT3 or BHLHE41 expression was found in clinical breast cancer metastases compared with primary-site lesions, and the loss of WNT3 or BHLHE41 or gain of SFRP1, 2, and 4 in the context of TP53 loss/mutation correlated with decreased progression-free and overall survival. IMPLICATIONS: These data describe several novel, potentially targetable pathways controlling breast cancer dormancy in the EN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie McGrath
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Louis Panzica
- University at Buffalo School of Law, Buffalo, New York
| | | | - Henry G Withers
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
| | - Irwin H Gelman
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York.
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Soh RYZ, Lim JP, Samy RP, Chua PJ, Bay BH. A-kinase anchor protein 12 (AKAP12) inhibits cell migration in breast cancer. Exp Mol Pathol 2018; 105:364-370. [PMID: 30385176 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A-kinase anchor protein 12 (AKAP12) also known as Gravin and SSeCKS, is a novel potent scaffold protein for many key signaling factors, such as protein kinase C (PKC), PKA, cyclins as well as F-actin. AKAP12 expression is known to be suppressed in several human malignancies including breast, prostate, gastric and colon cancers. In this study, we evaluated the role of AKAP12 in the migration of breast cancer cells, an important cellular process in cancer progression. AKAP12 gene expression was analyzed in human breast cancer tissues using the Gene expression-based Outcome for Breast cancer Online (GOBO) database and TissueScan array, followed by relapse free survival (RFS) analysis with the Kaplan-Meier Plotter. AKAP12 protein was then analyzed in normal MCF10A breast cell line and six different breast cancer cell lines (AU565, Hs578T, MCF7, MDA-MB-231, T47D and ZR751). After which, siRNA-mediated knockdown of AKAP12 was carried out in MCF10A, MDA-MB-231 and Hs578T cells, followed by phenotypic assays. AKAP12 was observed to be reduced in breast cancer tissues as analyzed by GOBO and TissueScan array. Kaplan Meier survival analysis revealed that patients with AKAP12 gene expression had a higher RFS survival. There was also decreased AKAP12 protein expression in breast cancer cell lines compared to MCF10A normal epithelial breast cell line. Knockdown of AKAP12 in both MCF10A cells and Hs578T cells induced cell migration but did not alter cell proliferation. Moreover, siAKAP12 in aggressive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells led to an increase in cell migration. Immunofluorescence analysis of AKAP12 depleted MCF10A cells also revealed formation of thick stress fibers which could affect cell migration. Hence, the findings in this study suggest that AKAP12 is a potential metastasis suppressor in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina You Zhen Soh
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, MD10, 117594 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jia Pei Lim
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, MD10, 117594 Singapore, Singapore; Translational Biomedical Proteomics Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, 138673 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ramar Perumal Samy
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, MD10, 117594 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pei Jou Chua
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, MD10, 117594 Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Boon Huat Bay
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 4 Medical Drive, MD10, 117594 Singapore, Singapore.
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SSeCKS/Akap12 suppresses metastatic melanoma lung colonization by attenuating Src-mediated pre-metastatic niche crosstalk. Oncotarget 2018; 9:33515-33527. [PMID: 30323895 PMCID: PMC6173366 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
SSeCKS/Gravin/AKAP12 (SSeCKS) controls metastasis-associated PKC and Src signaling through direct scaffolding activity. SSeCKS is downregulated in the metastases of many human cancer types, and its forced re-expression suppresses the metastatic behavior of prostate cancer cells. SSeCKS is also downregulated in breast and prostate cancer stroma, and SSeCKS-null mice (KO) are metastasis-prone, suggesting a role in suppressing formation of the pre-metastatic niche. Here, we show that lung colonization and metastasis formation by B16F10 and SM1WT1[BrafV600E] mouse melanoma cells is 9-fold higher in syngeneic KO compared to WT hosts, although there is no difference in orthotopic tumor volumes. Although melanoma cells adhered equally to KO or WT lung fibroblasts (LF), co-injection of melanoma cells with KO (vs. WT) LF increased lung macrometastasis formation in WT hosts, marked by increased melanoma colonization at foci of leaky vasculature. Increased melanoma adhesion on KO lung endothelial cells (LEC) was facilitated by increased E-Selectin levels and by increased STAT3-regulated secretion of senescence-associated factors from KO-LF, such as Vegf. Finally, the ability of SSeCKS to attenuate IFNα-induced Stat3 activation in KO-LF required its Src-scaffolding domain. Taken together, these data suggest that SSeCKS normally suppresses metastatic colonization in the lung by attenuating the expression of Selectin adhesion proteins, which can be controlled autonomously by local endothelial cells or enhanced by senescence factors secreted by neighboring fibroblasts in a SSeCKS-regulated, Src/Stat3-dependent manner.
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Ćetković H, Harcet M, Roller M, Bosnar MH. A survey of metastasis suppressors in Metazoa. J Transl Med 2018; 98:554-570. [PMID: 29453400 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-018-0024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis suppressors are genes/proteins involved in regulation of one or more steps of the metastatic cascade while having little or no effect on tumor growth. The list of putative metastasis suppressors is constantly increasing although thorough understanding of their biochemical mechanism(s) and evolutionary history is still lacking. Little is known about tumor-related genes in invertebrates, especially non-bilaterians and unicellular relatives of animals. However, in the last few years we have been witnessing a growing interest in this subject since it has been shown that many disease-related genes are already present in simple non-bilateral animals and even in their unicellular relatives. Studying human diseases using simpler organisms that may better represent the ancestral conditions in which the specific disease-related genes appeared could provide better understanding of how those genes function. This review represents a compilation of published literature and our bioinformatics analysis to gain a general insight into the evolutionary history of metastasis-suppressor genes in animals (Metazoa). Our survey suggests that metastasis-suppressor genes emerged in three different periods in the evolution of Metazoa: before the origin of metazoans, with the emergence of first animals and at the origin of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Ćetković
- Laboratory for Molecular Genetics, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matija Harcet
- Laboratory for Molecular Genetics, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maša Roller
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102A, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Herak Bosnar
- Laboratory for Protein Dynamics, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Khan I, Steeg PS. Metastasis suppressors: functional pathways. J Transl Med 2018; 98:198-210. [PMID: 28967874 PMCID: PMC6545599 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a complex process and a major contributor of death in cancer patients. Metastasis suppressor genes are identified by their ability to inhibit metastasis at a secondary site without affecting the growth of primary tumor. In this review, we have conducted a survey of the metastasis suppressor literature to identify common downstream pathways. The metastasis suppressor genes mechanistically target MAPK, G-protein-coupled receptor, cell adhesion, cytoskeletal, transcriptional regulatory, and metastasis susceptibility pathways. The majority of the metastasis suppressor genes are functionally multifactorial, inhibiting metastasis at multiple points in the cascade, and many operate in a context-dependent fashion. A greater understanding of common pathways/molecules targeted by metastasis suppressor could improve metastasis treatment strategies.
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Reggi E, Diviani D. The role of A-kinase anchoring proteins in cancer development. Cell Signal 2017; 40:143-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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SSeCKS/AKAP12 induces repulsion between human prostate cancer and microvessel endothelial cells through the activation of Semaphorin 3F. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 490:1394-1398. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Muramatsu M, Gao L, Peresie J, Balderman B, Akakura S, Gelman IH. SSeCKS/AKAP12 scaffolding functions suppress B16F10-induced peritoneal metastasis by attenuating CXCL9/10 secretion by resident fibroblasts. Oncotarget 2017; 8:70281-70298. [PMID: 29050279 PMCID: PMC5642554 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SSeCKS/Gravin/AKAP12 (SSeCKS) is a kinase scaffolding protein known to suppress metastasis by attenuating tumor-intrinsic PKC- and Src-mediated signaling pathways [1]. In addition to downregulation in metastatic cells, in silico analyses identified SSeCKS downregulation in prostate or breast cancer-derived stroma, suggesting a microenvironmental cell role in controlling malignancy. Although orthotopic B16F10 and SM1WT1[BrafV600E] mouse melanoma tumors grew similarly in syngeneic WT or SSeCKS-null (KO) mice, KO hosts exhibited 5- to 10-fold higher levels of peritoneal metastasis, and this enhancement could be adoptively transferred by pre-injecting naïve WT mice with peritoneal fluid (PF), but not non-adherent peritoneal cells (PC), from naïve KO mice. B16F10 and SM1WT1 cells showed increased chemotaxis to KO-PF compared to WT-PF, corresponding to increased PF levels of multiple inflammatory mediators, including the Cxcr3 ligands, Cxcl9 and 10. Cxcr3 knockdown abrogated enhanced chemotaxis to KO-PF and peritoneal metastasis in KO hosts. Conditioned media from KO peritoneal membrane fibroblasts (PMF), but not from KO-PC, induced increased B16F10 chemotaxis over controls, which could be blocked with Cxcl10 neutralizing antibody. KO-PMF exhibited increased levels of the senescence markers, SA-β-galactosidase, p21waf1 and p16ink4a, and enhanced Cxcl10 secretion induced by inflammatory mediators, lipopolysaccharide, TNFα, IFNα and IFNγ. SSeCKS scaffolding-site mutants and small molecule kinase inhibitors were used to show that the loss of SSeCKS-regulated PKC, PKA and PI3K/Akt pathways are responsible for the enhanced Cxcl10 secretion. These data mark the first description of a role for stromal SSeCKS/AKAP12 in suppressing metastasis, specifically by attenuating signaling pathways that promote secretion of tumor chemoattractants in the peritoneum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Muramatsu
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Lingqiu Gao
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo 14263, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer Peresie
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo 14263, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin Balderman
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo 14263, NY, USA
| | - Shin Akakura
- Frontiers in Bioscience Research Institute in Aging and Cancer, Irvine 92618, CA, USA
| | - Irwin H Gelman
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo 14263, NY, USA
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17
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Li S, Ma Y, Xie C, Wu Z, Kang Z, Fang Z, Su B, Guan M. EphA6 promotes angiogenesis and prostate cancer metastasis and is associated with human prostate cancer progression. Oncotarget 2016; 6:22587-97. [PMID: 26041887 PMCID: PMC4673184 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the primary cause of prostate cancer (CaP)-related death. We investigate the molecular, pathologic and clinical outcome associations of EphA6 expression and CaP metastasis. The expression profiling of Eph receptors (Ephs) and their ephrin ligands was performed in parental and metastatic CaP cell lines. Among Ephs and ephrins, only EphA6 is consistently overexpressed in metastatic CaP cells. Metastatic potential of EphA6 is assessed by RNAi in a CaP spontaneous metastasis mouse model. EphA6 knock-down in human PC-3M cells causes decreased invasion in vitro and reduced lung and lymph node metastasis in vivo. In addition, knock-down of EphA6 decreases tube formation in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo. EphA6 mRNA expression is higher in 112 CaP tumor samples compared with benign tissues from 58 benign prostate hyperplasia patients. Positive correlation was identified between EphA6 expression and vascular invasion, neural invasion, PSA level, and TNM staging in CaP cases. Further, genome-wide gene expression analysis in EphA6 knock-down cells identified a panel of differentially regulated genes including PIK3IPA, AKT1, and EIF5A2, which could contribute to EphA6-regulated cancer progression. These findings identify EphA6 as a potentially novel metastasis gene which positively correlates with CaP progression. EphA6 may be a therapeutic target in metastatic CaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibao Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yingyu Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Chongwei Xie
- Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen-PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518036, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Zhihua Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Zujun Fang
- Department of Urology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Bing Su
- Xinxiang Key Lab of Translational Cancer Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Ming Guan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
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18
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TFAP2C promotes lung tumorigenesis and aggressiveness through miR-183- and miR-33a-mediated cell cycle regulation. Oncogene 2016; 36:1585-1596. [PMID: 27593936 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and thus new molecular targets need to be identified to improve treatment efficacy. Although epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/KRAS mutation-driven lung tumorigenesis is well understood, the mechanism of EGFR/KRAS-independent signal activation remains elusive. Enhanced TFAP2C (transcription factor activating enhancer-binding protein 2C) expression is associated with poor prognosis in some types of cancer patients, but little is known of its relation with the pathogenesis of lung cancer. In the present study, we found that TFAP2C overexpression was associated with cell cycle activation and NSCLC cell tumorigenesis. Interestingly, TFAP2C blocked AKAP12-mediated cyclin D1 inhibition by inducing the overexpression of oncogenic microRNA (miRNA)-183 and simultaneously activated cyclin-dependent kinase 6-mediated cell cycle progression by downregulating tumor-suppressive miRNA-33a. In a mouse xenograft model, TFAP2C promoted lung tumorigenesis and disease aggressiveness via the miR-183 and miR-33a pathways. The study provides a mechanism of mitogenic and oncogenic signaling via two functionally opposed miRNAs and suggests that TFAP2C-induced cell cycle hyperactivation contributes to lung tumorigenesis.
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19
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Ma H, Lu T, Zhang X, Li C, Xiong J, Huang L, Liu P, Li Y, Liu L, Ding Z. HSPA12B: a novel facilitator of lung tumor growth. Oncotarget 2016; 6:9924-36. [PMID: 25909170 PMCID: PMC4496407 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung tumor progression is regulated by proangiogenic factors. Heat shock protein A12B (HSPA12B) is a recently identified regulator of expression of proangiogenic factors. However, whether HSPA12B plays a role in lung tumor growth is unknown. To address this question, transgenic mice overexpressing HSPA12B (Tg) and wild-type littermates (WT) were implanted with Lewis lung cancer cells to induce lung tumorigenesis. Tg mice showed significantly higher number and bigger size of tumors than WT mice. Tg tumors exhibited increased angiogenesis and proliferation while reduced apoptosis compared with WT tumors. Interestingly, a significantly enhanced upregulation of Cox-2 was detected in Tg tumors than in WT tumors. Also, Tg tumors demonstrated upregulation of VEGF and angiopoietin-1, downregulation of AKAP12, and increased eNOS phosphorylation compared with WT tumors. Celecoxib, a selective Cox-2 inhibitor, suppressed the HSPA12B-induced increase in lung tumor burden. Moreover, celecoxib decreased angiogenesis and proliferation whereas increased apoptosis in Tg tumors. Additionally, celecoxib reduced angiopoietin-1 expression and eNOS phosphorylation but increased AKAP12 levels in Tg tumors. Our results indicate that HSPA12B stimulates lung tumor growth via a Cox-2-dependent mechanism. The present study identified HSPA12B as a novel facilitator of lung tumor growth and a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chuanfu Li
- Department of Surgery, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Jingwei Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuehua Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengnian Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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20
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MiR-103 regulates hepatocellular carcinoma growth by targeting AKAP12. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 71:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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21
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Zhao P, Fu J, Yao B, Jia Y, Zhang H, Li X, Dong L, Gao Y, Liu W, Chen W, Zhou Z. Label-free quantitative proteomic analysis of benzo(a)pyrene-transformed 16HBE cells serum-free culture supernatant and xenografted nude mice sera. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 245:39-49. [PMID: 26748308 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To screen potential biomarkers of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP)-induced lung cancer, the proteomic profiles of BaP-transformed 16HBE cell line T-16HBE-C1 cells serum-free culture supernatant and xenografted nude mice sera were compared with those of 16HBE group by utilizing label-free quantitative proteomic strategy. By employing nano-LC-MS/MS technology followed by MaxQuant and Perseus processing, 489 differentially expressed proteins were identified between T-16HBE-C1 and 16HBE cells serum-free culture supernatant, and 49 significantly up-regulated proteins were identified in T-16HBE-C1 xenografted nude mice sera. Three proteins neuropilin-2 (NRP2), clusterin (CLU) and A-kinase anchor protein 12 (AKAP12) were up-regulated in the serum-free culture supernatant of T-16HBE-C1 cells. These 3 human proteins were present in the sera of nude mice xenografted with T-16HBE-C1 cells, but were undetectable in mice xenografted with 16HBE cells. The proteomic results of NRP2 and AKAP12 were confirmed by Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, respectively. Moreover, the serum NRP2 levels were significantly elevated at the 4th day after tumor cell implantation and showed good positive correlation with tumor growth characterized by tumor volume. In conclusion, serum NRP2, CLU and AKAP12 could be potential biomarkers of BaP-induced lung cancer. The proteomic results will gain deeper insights into the mechanisms of BaP-induced carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- Department of Toxicology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, PR China.
| | - Juanling Fu
- Department of Toxicology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Biyun Yao
- Department of Toxicology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Yongrui Jia
- Medical and Healthy Analytical Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Xuehui Li
- Department of Toxicology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Lisha Dong
- Department of Toxicology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Ya Gao
- Department of Toxicology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Wenli Liu
- Department of Toxicology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, PR China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, PR China
| | - Zongcan Zhou
- Department of Toxicology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, PR China.
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22
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Sun Y, Ye C, Guo X, Wen W, Long J, Gao YT, Shu XO, Zheng W, Cai Q. Evaluation of potential regulatory function of breast cancer risk locus at 6q25.1. Carcinogenesis 2015; 37:163-168. [PMID: 26645718 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In a genome-wide association study conducted among Chinese women, we identified the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2046210 at 6q25.1 for breast cancer risk. To explore a potential regulatory role for this risk locus, we measured expression levels of nine genes at the locus in breast cancer tissue and adjacent normal tissue samples obtained from 67 patients recruited in the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. We found that rs2046210 had a statistically significant association with the expression levels of the AKAP12 and ESR1 genes in adjacent normal breast tissues. Women who carry the AA/AG risk genotypes had higher expressions of these two genes compared to those who carry G/G genotypes (P = 0.02 and 0.04 for the AKAP12 and ESR1, respectively). However, no significant differences of SNP rs2046210 with gene expression levels were found in tumor tissues. In The Cancer Genome Atlas samples, the AA/AG risk genotypes of SNP rs2046210 were associated with a significantly higher expression level of the AKAP12 gene and a lower level of the ESR1 gene in tumor tissue. Functional analysis using ENCODE data revealed that SNP rs7763637, which is in strong linkage disequilibrium with SNP rs2046210, is likely a potential functional variant, regulating the AKAP12 gene. Taken together, these results from our study suggest that the association between the 6q25.1 locus and breast cancer risk may be mediated through SNPs that regulate expressions of the AKAP12 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Sun
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA.,Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China and
| | - Chuanzhong Ye
- Division of Epidemiology , Department of Medicine , Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville , TN, 37203 , USA
| | - Xingyi Guo
- Division of Epidemiology , Department of Medicine , Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville , TN, 37203 , USA
| | - Wanqing Wen
- Division of Epidemiology , Department of Medicine , Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville , TN, 37203 , USA
| | - Jirong Long
- Division of Epidemiology , Department of Medicine , Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville , TN, 37203 , USA
| | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology , Shanghai Cancer Institute , Shanghai , China
| | - Xiao Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology , Department of Medicine , Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville , TN, 37203 , USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology , Department of Medicine , Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville , TN, 37203 , USA
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology , Department of Medicine , Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville , TN, 37203 , USA
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23
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Bateman NW, Jaworski E, Ao W, Wang G, Litzi T, Dubil E, Marcus C, Conrads KA, Teng PN, Hood BL, Phippen NT, Vasicek LA, McGuire WP, Paz K, Sidransky D, Hamilton CA, Maxwell GL, Darcy KM, Conrads TP. Elevated AKAP12 in paclitaxel-resistant serous ovarian cancer cells is prognostic and predictive of poor survival in patients. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:1900-10. [PMID: 25748058 DOI: 10.1021/pr5012894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A majority of high-grade (HG) serous ovarian cancer (SOC) patients develop resistant disease despite high initial response rates to platinum/paclitaxel-based chemotherapy. We identified shed/secreted proteins in preclinical models of paclitaxel-resistant human HGSOC models and correlated these candidate proteins with patient outcomes using public data from HGSOC patients. Proteomic analyses of a HGSOC cell line secretome was compared to those from a syngeneic paclitaxel-resistant variant and from a line established from an intrinsically chemorefractory HGSOC patient. Associations between the identified candidate proteins and patient outcome were assessed in a discovery cohort of 545 patients and two validation cohorts totaling 795 independent SOC patients. Among the 81 differentially abundant proteins identified (q < 0.05) from paclitaxel-sensitive vs -resistant HGSOC cell secretomes, AKAP12 was verified to be elevated in all models of paclitaxel-resistant HGSOC. Furthermore, elevated AKAP12 transcript expression was associated with worse progression-free and overall survival. Associations with outcome were observed in three independent cohorts and remained significant after adjusted multivariate modeling. We further provide evidence to support that differential gene methylation status is associated with elevated expression of AKAP12 in taxol-resistant ovarian cancer cells and ovarian cancer patient subsets. Elevated expression and shedding/secretion of AKAP12 is characteristic of paclitaxel-resistant HGSOC cells, and elevated AKAP12 transcript expression is a poor prognostic and predictive marker for progression-free and overall survival in SOC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Bateman
- †Women's Health Integrated Research Center at Inova Health System, Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, 3289 Woodburn Road, Annandale, Virginia 22003, United States
| | - Elizabeth Jaworski
- †Women's Health Integrated Research Center at Inova Health System, Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, 3289 Woodburn Road, Annandale, Virginia 22003, United States
| | - Wei Ao
- †Women's Health Integrated Research Center at Inova Health System, Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, 3289 Woodburn Road, Annandale, Virginia 22003, United States
| | - Guisong Wang
- †Women's Health Integrated Research Center at Inova Health System, Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, 3289 Woodburn Road, Annandale, Virginia 22003, United States
| | - Tracy Litzi
- †Women's Health Integrated Research Center at Inova Health System, Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, 3289 Woodburn Road, Annandale, Virginia 22003, United States
| | - Elizabeth Dubil
- †Women's Health Integrated Research Center at Inova Health System, Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, 3289 Woodburn Road, Annandale, Virginia 22003, United States.,‡Gynecologic Oncology Service, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Charlotte Marcus
- †Women's Health Integrated Research Center at Inova Health System, Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, 3289 Woodburn Road, Annandale, Virginia 22003, United States.,‡Gynecologic Oncology Service, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Kelly A Conrads
- †Women's Health Integrated Research Center at Inova Health System, Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, 3289 Woodburn Road, Annandale, Virginia 22003, United States
| | - Pang-ning Teng
- †Women's Health Integrated Research Center at Inova Health System, Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, 3289 Woodburn Road, Annandale, Virginia 22003, United States
| | - Brian L Hood
- †Women's Health Integrated Research Center at Inova Health System, Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, 3289 Woodburn Road, Annandale, Virginia 22003, United States
| | - Neil T Phippen
- †Women's Health Integrated Research Center at Inova Health System, Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, 3289 Woodburn Road, Annandale, Virginia 22003, United States.,‡Gynecologic Oncology Service, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Lisa A Vasicek
- †Women's Health Integrated Research Center at Inova Health System, Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, 3289 Woodburn Road, Annandale, Virginia 22003, United States
| | - William P McGuire
- §Massey Cancer Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Keren Paz
- ∥Champions Oncology, Inc., 855 North Wolfe Street, Suite 619, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - David Sidransky
- ⊥Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Chad A Hamilton
- †Women's Health Integrated Research Center at Inova Health System, Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, 3289 Woodburn Road, Annandale, Virginia 22003, United States.,‡Gynecologic Oncology Service, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - G Larry Maxwell
- †Women's Health Integrated Research Center at Inova Health System, Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, 3289 Woodburn Road, Annandale, Virginia 22003, United States.,#Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Inova Fairfax Hospital, 3300 Gallows Road, Falls Church, Virginia 22042, United States
| | - Kathleen M Darcy
- †Women's Health Integrated Research Center at Inova Health System, Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, 3289 Woodburn Road, Annandale, Virginia 22003, United States
| | - Thomas P Conrads
- †Women's Health Integrated Research Center at Inova Health System, Gynecologic Cancer Center of Excellence, 3289 Woodburn Road, Annandale, Virginia 22003, United States
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24
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Ramchandani D, Weber GF. Interactions between osteopontin and vascular endothelial growth factor: Implications for cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1855:202-22. [PMID: 25732057 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For this comprehensive review, 257 publications with the keywords "osteopontin" or "OPN" and "vascular endothelial growth factor" or "VEGF" in PubMed were screened (time frame from year 1996 to year 2014). 37 articles were excluded because they were not focused on the interactions between these molecules, and papers relevant for transformation-related phenomena were selected. Osteopontin (OPN) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are characterized by a convergence in function for regulating cell motility and angiogenesis, the response to hypoxia, and apoptosis. Often, they are co-expressed or one molecule induces the other, however, in some settings OPN-associated pathways and VEGF-associated pathways are distinct. Their relationships affect the pathogenesis in cancer, where they contribute to progression and angiogenesis and serve as markers for poor prognosis. The inhibition of OPN may reduce VEGF levels and suppress tumor progression. In vascular pathologies, these two cytokines mediate remodeling, but may also perpetuate inflammation and narrowing of the arteries. OPN and VEGF are elevated and contribute to vascularization in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georg F Weber
- James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, USA.
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25
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Ko HK, Guo LW, Su B, Gao L, Gelman IH. Suppression of chemotaxis by SSeCKS via scaffolding of phosphoinositol phosphates and the recruitment of the Cdc42 GEF, Frabin, to the leading edge. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111534. [PMID: 25356636 PMCID: PMC4214753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotaxis is controlled by interactions between receptors, Rho-family GTPases, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases, and cytoskeleton remodeling proteins. We investigated how the metastasis suppressor, SSeCKS, attenuates chemotaxis. Chemotaxis activity inversely correlated with SSeCKS levels in mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF), DU145 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. SSeCKS loss induced chemotactic velocity and linear directionality, correlating with replacement of leading edge lamellipodia with fascin-enriched filopodia-like extensions, the formation of thickened longitudinal F-actin stress fibers reaching to filopodial tips, relative enrichments at the leading edge of phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)P3 (PIP3), Akt, PKC-ζ, Cdc42-GTP and active Src (SrcpoY416), and a loss of Rac1. Leading edge lamellipodia and chemotaxis inhibition in SSeCKS-null MEF could be restored by full-length SSeCKS or SSeCKS deleted of its Src-binding domain (ΔSrc), but not by SSeCKS deleted of its three MARCKS (myristylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate) polybasic domains (ΔPBD), which bind PIP2 and PIP3. The enrichment of activated Cdc42 in SSeCKS-null leading edge filopodia correlated with recruitment of the Cdc42-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Frabin, likely recruited via multiple PIP2/3-binding domains. Frabin knockdown in SSeCKS-null MEF restores leading edge lamellipodia and chemotaxis inhibition. However, SSeCKS failed to co-immunoprecipitate with Rac1, Cdc42 or Frabin. Consistent with the notion that chemotaxis is controlled by SSeCKS-PIP (vs. -Src) scaffolding activity, constitutively-active phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase could override the ability of the Src inhibitor, SKI-606, to suppress chemotaxis and filopodial enrichment of Frabin in SSeCKS-null MEF. Our data suggest a role for SSeCKS in controlling Rac1 vs. Cdc42-induced cellular dynamics at the leading chemotactic edge through the scaffolding of phospholipids and signal mediators, and through the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton controlling directional movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kyung Ko
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Li-wu Guo
- Div. of Genetic & Reproductive Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Bing Su
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Lingqiu Gao
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Irwin H. Gelman
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Banerjee S, Jha HC, Robertson ES. Regulation of the metastasis suppressor Nm23-H1 by tumor viruses. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2014; 388:207-24. [PMID: 25199839 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-014-1043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the most common cause of cancer mortality. To increase the survival of patients, it is necessary to develop more effective methods for treating as well as preventing metastatic diseases. Recent advancement of knowledge in cancer metastasis provides the basis for development of targeted molecular therapeutics aimed at the tumor cell or its interaction with the host microenvironment. Metastasis suppressor genes (MSGs) are promising targets for inhibition of the metastasis process. During the past decade, functional significance of these genes, their regulatory pathways, and related downstream effector molecules have become a major focus of cancer research. Nm23-H1, first in the family of Nm23 human homologues, is a well-characterized, anti-metastatic factor linked with a large number of human malignancies. Mounting evidence to date suggests an important role for Nm23-H1 in reducing virus-induced tumor cell motility and migration. A detailed understanding of the molecular association between oncogenic viral antigens with Nm23-H1 may reveal the underlying mechanisms for tumor virus-associated malignancies. In this review, we will focus on the recent advances to our understanding of the molecular basis of oncogenic virus-induced progression of tumor metastasis by deregulation of Nm23-H1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuvomoy Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology and Tumor Virology Program, Abramson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 201E Johnson Pavilion, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Microenvironmental Influences on Metastasis Suppressor Expression and Function during a Metastatic Cell's Journey. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2014; 7:117-31. [PMID: 24938990 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-014-0148-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the process of primary tumor cells breaking away and colonizing distant secondary sites. In order for a tumor cell growing in one microenvironment to travel to, and flourish in, a secondary environment, it must survive a series of events termed the metastatic cascade. Before departing the primary tumor, cells acquire genetic and epigenetic changes that endow them with properties not usually associated with related normal differentiated cells. Those cells also induce a subset of bone marrow-derived stem cells to mobilize and establish pre-metastatic niches [1]. Many tumor cells undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), where they transiently acquire morphologic changes, reduced requirements for cell-cell contact and become more invasive [2]. Invasive tumor cells eventually enter the circulatory (hematogenous) or lymphatic systems or travel across body cavities. In transit, tumor cells must resist anoikis, survive sheer forces and evade detection by the immune system. For blood-borne metastases, surviving cells then arrest or adhere to endothelial linings before either proliferating or extravasating. Eventually, tumor cells complete the process by proliferating to form a macroscopic mass [3].Up to 90 % of all cancer related morbidity and mortality can be attributed to metastasis. Surgery manages to ablate most primary tumors, especially when combined with chemotherapy and radiation. But if cells have disseminated, survival rates drop precipitously. While multiple parameters of the primary tumor are predictive of local or distant relapse, biopsies remain an imperfect science. The introduction of molecular and other biomarkers [4, 5] continue to improve the accuracy of prognosis. However, the invasive procedure introduces new complications for the patient. Likewise, the heterogeneity of any tumor population [3, 6, 7] means that sampling error (i.e., since it is impractical to examine the entire tumor) necessitates further improvements.In the case of breast cancer, for example, women diagnosed with stage I diseases (i.e., no evidence of invasion through a basement membrane) still have a ~30 % likelihood of developing distant metastases [8]. Many physicians and patients opt for additional chemotherapy in order to "mop up" cells that have disseminated and have the potential to grow into macroscopic metastases. This means that ~ 70 % of patients receive unnecessary therapy, which has undesirable side effects. Therefore, improving prognostic capability is highly desirable.Recent advances allow profiling of primary tumor DNA sequences and gene expression patterns to define a so-called metastatic signature [9-11], which can be predictive of patient outcome. However, the genetic changes that a tumor cell must undergo to survive the initial events of the metastatic cascade and colonize a second location belie a plasticity that may not be adequately captured in a sampling of heterogeneous tumors. In order to tailor or personalize patient treatments, a more accurate assessment of the genetic profile in the metastases is needed. Biopsy of each individual metastasis is not practical, safe, nor particularly cost-effective. In recent years, there has been a resurrection of the notion to do a 'liquid biopsy,' which essentially involves sampling of circulating tumor cells (CTC) and/or cell free nucleic acids (cfDNA, including microRNA (miRNA)) present in blood and lymph [12-16].The rationale for liquid biopsy is that tumors shed cells and/or genetic fragments into the circulation, theoretically making the blood representative of not only the primary tumor but also distant metastases. Logically, one would predict that the proportion of CTC and/or cfDNA would be proportionate to the likelihood of developing metastases [14]. While a linear relationship does not exist, the information within CTC or cfDNA is beginning to show great promise for enabling a global snapshot of the disease. However, the CTC and cfDNA are present at extremely low levels. Nonetheless, newer technologies capture enough material to enrich and sequence the patient's DNA or quantification of some biomarkers.Among the biomarkers showing great promise are metastasis suppressors which, by definition, block a tumor cell's ability to complete the metastatic process without prohibiting primary tumor growth [17]. Since the discovery of the first metastasis suppressor, Nm23, more than 30 have been functionally characterized. They function at various stages of the metastatic cascade, but their mechanisms of action, for the most part, remain ill-defined. Deciphering the molecular interactions of functional metastasis suppressors may provide insights for targeted therapies when these regulators cease to function and result in metastatic disease.In this brief review, we summarize what is known about the various metastasis suppressors and their functions at individual steps of the metastatic cascade (Table 1). Some of the subdivisions are rather arbitrary in nature, since many metastasis suppressors affect more than one step in the metastatic cascade. Nonetheless what emerges is a realization that metastasis suppressors are intimately associated with the microenvironments in which cancer cells find themselves [18].
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Ko HK, Akakura S, Peresie J, Goodrich DW, Foster BA, Gelman IH. A transgenic mouse model for early prostate metastasis to lymph nodes. Cancer Res 2014; 74:945-53. [PMID: 24492704 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of recurrent, metastatic prostate cancer following the failure of androgen-deprivation therapy represents the lethal phenotype of this disease. However, little is known regarding the genes and pathways that regulate this metastatic process, and moreover, it is unclear whether metastasis is an early or late event. The individual genetic loss of the metastasis suppressor, SSeCKS/Gravin/AKAP12 or Rb, genes that are downregulated or deleted in human prostate cancer, results in prostatic hyperplasia. Here, we show that the combined loss of Akap12 and Rb results in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) that fails to progress to malignancy after 18 months. Strikingly, 83% of mice with PIN lesions exhibited metastases to draining lymph nodes, marked by relatively differentiated tumor cells expressing markers of basal (p63, cytokeratin 14) and luminal (cytokeratin 8 and androgen receptor) epithelial cells, although none expressed the basal marker, cytokeratin 5. The finding that PIN lesions contain increased numbers of p63/AR-positive, cytokeratin 5-negative basal cells compared with WT or Akap12-/- prostate lobes suggests that these transitional cells may be the source of the lymph node metastases. Taken together, these data suggest that in the context of Rb loss, Akap12 suppresses the oncogenic proliferation and early metastatic spread of basal-luminal prostate tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kyung Ko
- Authors' Affiliations: Departments of Cancer Genetics and Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
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Metastasis suppressors in breast cancers: mechanistic insights and clinical potential. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 92:13-30. [PMID: 24311119 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-013-1109-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
For the most part, normal epithelial cells do not disseminate to other parts of the body and proliferate, as do metastatic cells. Presumably, a class of molecules-termed metastasis suppressors-are involved in this homeostatic control. Metastasis suppressors are, by definition, cellular factors that, when re-expressed in metastatic cells, functionally inhibit metastasis without significantly inhibiting tumor growth. In this brief review, we catalog known metastasis suppressors, what is known about their mechanism(s) of action, and experimental and clinical associations to date.
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Differential expression of the tumor suppressor A-kinase anchor protein 12 in human diffuse and pilocytic astrocytomas is regulated by promoter methylation. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2013; 72:933-41. [PMID: 24042196 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3182a59a88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The scaffold protein A-kinase anchor protein 12 (AKAP12) exerts tumor suppressor activity and is downregulated in several tumor entities. We characterized AKAP12 expression and regulation in astrocytomas, including pilocytic and diffusely infiltrating astrocytomas. We examined 194 human gliomas and 23 normal brain white matter samples by immunohistochemistry or immunoblotting for AKAP12 expression. We further performed quantitative methylation analysis of the AKAP12 promoter by MassARRAY® of normal brain, World Health Organization (WHO) grade I to IV astrocytomas, and glioma cell lines. Our results show that AKAP12 is expressed in a perivascular distribution in normal CNS, strongly upregulated in tumor cells in pilocytic astrocytomas, and weakly expressed in diffuse astrocytomas of WHO grade II to IV. Methylation analyses revealed specific hypermethylation of AKAP12α promoter in WHO grade II to IV astrocytomas. Restoration experiments using 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine in primary glioblastoma cells decreased AKAP12α promoter methylation and markedly increased AKAP12α mRNA levels. In summary, we demonstrate that AKAP12 is differentially expressed in human astrocytomas showing high expression in pilocytic but low expression in diffuse astrocytomas of all WHO-grades. Our results further indicate that epigenetic mechanisms are involved in silencing AKAP12 in diffuse astrocytomas; however, a tumor suppressive role of AKAP12 in distinct astrocytoma subtypes remains to be determined.
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Weissmüller T, Glover LE, Fennimore B, Curtis VF, MacManus CF, Ehrentraut SF, Campbell EL, Scully M, Grove BD, Colgan SP. HIF-dependent regulation of AKAP12 (gravin) in the control of human vascular endothelial function. FASEB J 2013; 28:256-64. [PMID: 24029533 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-238741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia has been widely implicated in many pathological conditions, including those associated with inflammation and tumorigenesis. A number of recent studies have implicated hypoxia in the control of vasculogenesis and permeability, the basis for which is not fully understood. Here we examine the transcriptional regulation of angiogenesis and permeability by hypoxia in endothelial cells. Guided by a global profiling approach in cultured endothelial cells, these studies revealed the selective induction of human gravin (protein kinase A anchoring protein 12) by hypoxia. Analysis of the cloned gravin promoter identified a functional hypoxia-responsive region including 2 binding sites for hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). Site-directed mutagenesis identified the most distal HIF-binding site as essential for the induction of gravin by hypoxia. Further studies examining gravin gain and loss of function confirmed strong dependence of gravin in control of microvascular endothelial tube formation, wherein gravin functions as a "braking" system for angiogenesis. Additional studies in confluent endothelia revealed that gravin functionally couples to control endothelial barrier function in response to protein kinase A (PKA) agonists. Taken together, these results demonstrate transcriptional coordination of gravin by HIF-1α and amplified PKA-dependent endothelial responses. These findings provide an important link between hypoxia and metabolic conditions associated with inflammation and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Weissmüller
- 1Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, 12700 E. 19th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Monteverde M, Tonissi F, Fischel JL, Etienne-Grimaldi MC, Milano G, Merlano M, Lo Nigro C. Combination of docetaxel and vandetanib in docetaxel-sensitive or resistant PC3 cell line. Urol Oncol 2013; 31:776-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2011.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Suppression of tumor and metastasis progression through the scaffolding functions of SSeCKS/Gravin/AKAP12. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2013; 31:493-500. [PMID: 22684366 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-012-9360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Scaffolding proteins such as SSeCKS/Gravin/AKAP12 ("AKAP12") are thought to control oncogenic signaling pathways by regulating key mediators in a spatiotemporal manner. The downregulation of AKAP12 in many human cancers, often associated with promoter hypermethylation, or the loss of its locus at 6q24-25.2, correlates with progression to malignancy and metastasis. The forced re-expression of AKAP12 in cancer cell lines suppresses in vitro parameters of oncogenic growth, invasiveness, and cell motility through its ability to scaffold protein kinase C (PKC), F-actin, cyclins, Src, and phosphoinositides, and possibly through additional scaffolding domains for PKA, calmodulin, β1,4-galactosyltransferase-polypeptide-1, β2-adrenergic receptors, and cAMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4D. Moreover, AKAP12 re-expression in tumor models results in metastasis suppression through the inhibition of Src-regulated, VEGF-mediated neovascularization at distal sites. The current review will describe the emerging understanding of how AKAP12 regulates cellular senescence and oncogenic progression at the level of tumor cells and tumor-associated microenvironment via its multiple scaffolding functions.
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Ko HK, Akakura S, Peresie J, Goodrich DW, Foster BA, Gelman IH. Abstract 3863: Transgenic model for early prostate metastasis to the lymph nodes. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-3863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: The emergence of recurrent, metastatic prostate cancer following the failure of androgen-deprivation therapy represents the lethal phenotype of this disease. However, little is known regarding the genes and pathways that regulate this metastatic process, and moreover, it is unclear whether metastasis is an early or late event. The SSeCKS/Gravin/AKAP12 (“SSeCKS”) gene, previously shown to suppress prostate cancer metastasis upon re-expression (1,2), as well as the tumor suppressor gene, Rb, are either transcriptionally downregulated or deleted in human prostate cancers (3,4). Mouse models deficient in either SSeCKS or Rb exhibit prostatic hyperplasia (5,6). Moreover, SSeCKS-null fibroblasts as well as SSeCKS-null prostates display Rb-dependent premature senescence markers (7). Methods: In order to determine whether the combined loss of AKAP12 and Rb in the prostate synergizes to induce oncogenic progression, Akap12-/- mice were crossed with Pb4-Cre;RbloxP/loxP mice to generate Akap12-/-;RbPE-/− progeny, with the Probasin-Cre passed only through males. Results: The combined loss of SSeCKS and Rb results in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) starting at 6 months of age that fails to progress to malignancy (adenocarcinoma) after 18 months. The PIN lesions were marked by increased Ki-67 proliferation of cytokeratin 8 (CK8), p63-negative luminal cells as well as p63-positive basal cells. Interestingly, these lesions also had increased numbers of androgen-receptor (AR)-positive, p63-positive, CK5-negative cells. There was evidence of reactive stroma including mural hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration. Strikingly, 83% of mice with PIN lesions exhibited metastases to draining lymph nodes (LN), marked by well-differentiated tumors cells expressing markers of basal (p63, CK14) and luminal (CK8 and AR) epithelial cells, although none expressed the basal marker, CK5. PCR-based tests for the deleted floxed Rb allele from laser capture microdissected LN lesions confirmed the prostatic origin of these metastatic cells. The LN lesions showed very limited inflammation, based on very few cells staining with the histiocyte marker, CD68. Conclusions: Taken together, these data suggest that in the context of Rb loss, SSeCKS suppresses the oncogenic proliferation and early metastatic spread of transitional, basal-luminal prostate tumor cells.
Citation Format: Hyun-Kyung Ko, Shin Akakura, Jennifer Peresie, David W. Goodrich, Barbara A. Foster, Irwin H. Gelman. Transgenic model for early prostate metastasis to the lymph nodes. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3863. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3863
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shin Akakura
- 2Frontiers in Bioscience Research Institute, San Diego, CA
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Turtoi A, Mottet D, Matheus N, Dumont B, Peixoto P, Hennequière V, Deroanne C, Colige A, De Pauw E, Bellahcène A, Castronovo V. The angiogenesis suppressor gene AKAP12 is under the epigenetic control of HDAC7 in endothelial cells. Angiogenesis 2012; 15:543-54. [PMID: 22584896 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-012-9279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a family of 18 enzymes that deacetylate lysine residues of both histone and nonhistone proteins and to a large extent govern the process of angiogenesis. Previous studies have shown that specific inhibition of HDAC7 blocks angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not fully understood and hence preclude any meaningful development of suitable therapeutic modalities. The goal of the present study was to further the understanding of HDAC7 epigenetic control of angiogenesis in human endothelial cells using the proteomic approach. The underlying problem was approached through siRNA-mediated gene-expression silencing of HDAC7 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). To this end, HUVEC proteins were extracted and proteomically analyzed. The emphasis was placed on up-regulated proteins, as these may represent potential direct epigenetic targets of HDAC7. Among several proteins, A-kinase anchor protein 12 (AKAP12) was the most reproducibly up-regulated protein following HDAC7 depletion. This overexpression of AKAP12 was responsible for the inhibition of migration and tube formation in HDAC7-depleted HUVEC. Mechanistically, H3 histones associated with AKAP12 promoter were acetylated following the removal of HDAC7, leading to an increase in its mRNA and protein levels. AKAP12 is responsible for protein kinase C mediated phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Phosphorylated STAT3 increasingly binds to the chromatin and AKAP12 promoter and is necessary for maintaining the elevated levels of AKAP12 following HDAC7 knockdown. We demonstrated for the first time that AKAP12 tumor/angiogenesis suppressor gene is an epigenetic target of HDAC7, whose elevated levels lead to a negative regulation of HUVEC migration and inhibit formation of tube-like structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Turtoi
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, GIGA-Cancer, University Hospital, University of Liège, Bat. B23, CHU Sart Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
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The preventative effects of sunitinib malate observed in the course from non-castration to castration LNCaP xenograft prostate tumors. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2012; 138:2137-43. [PMID: 22868821 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-012-1295-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the agent SU-11248 (sunitinib malate) in the course from non-castration to castration LNCaP xenograft prostate tumors. METHODS BALB/c nude mice were injected with human androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell line (LNCaP) and divided into two groups: castration and non-castration. Then the LNCaP-bearing mice were treated with sunitinib (40 mg/kg daily, 0.2 ml p.o. for 3 weeks). Both groups were paired with control groups in which the mice were given water by gavaging daily. The kidneys, livers, hearts, lungs, spleens, stomachs, intestines, skins, and other parts of all the mice were observed carefully during the study. RESULTS At the end of the 3-week dosing schedule, the tumors of the sunitinib-treated mice grew significantly slower than those of control group. Adverse reactions were not significantly found in the mice. We examined the impact of sunitinib on tumor growth and tumor angiogenesis through molecular factors representative of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR-2) and platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFR-β) families, and of apoptosis (Bcl-2), and of proliferation (Ki67). The Ki67 and Von Willebrand factor expression of the control group was higher than that of the treated group. However, there was no significant difference observed between treated and control groups for apoptosis induction (Bcl-2). Immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction results showed both VEGFR-2 and PDGFR-β expression in the control group was higher than that of the sunitinib-treated group. CONCLUSION Sunitinib is safe and effective for treating tumors in the course form non-castration to castration groups in LNCaP xenograft prostate tumors. It is potentially beneficial as a prevention and treatment measure for clinical patients with prostate cancer, especially in the course from androgen-dependent prostate cancer to castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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Pivotal Role of AKAP12 in the Regulation of Cellular Adhesion Dynamics: Control of Cytoskeletal Architecture, Cell Migration, and Mitogenic Signaling. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2012; 2012:529179. [PMID: 22811901 PMCID: PMC3395252 DOI: 10.1155/2012/529179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cellular dynamics are controlled by key signaling molecules such as cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC). AKAP12/SSeCKS/Gravin (AKAP12) is a scaffold protein for PKA and PKC which controls actin-cytoskeleton reorganization in a spatiotemporal manner. AKAP12 also acts as a tumor suppressor which regulates cell-cycle progression and inhibits Src-mediated oncogenic signaling and cytoskeletal pathways. Reexpression of AKAP12 causes cell flattening, reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, and the production of normalized focal adhesion structures. Downregulation of AKAP12 induces the formation of thickened, longitudinal stress fibers and the proliferation of adhesion complexes. AKAP12-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts exhibit hyperactivation of PKC, premature cellular senescence, and defects in cytokinesis, relating to the loss of PKC scaffolding activity by AKAP12. AKAP12-null mice exhibit increased cell senescence and increased susceptibility to carcinogen-induced oncogenesis. The paper describes the regulatory and scaffolding functions of AKAP12 and how it regulates cell adhesion, signaling, and oncogenic suppression.
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Su B, Gao L, Meng F, Guo LW, Rothschild J, Gelman IH. Adhesion-mediated cytoskeletal remodeling is controlled by the direct scaffolding of Src from FAK complexes to lipid rafts by SSeCKS/AKAP12. Oncogene 2012; 32:2016-26. [PMID: 22710722 PMCID: PMC3449054 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic cell migration and invasion are regulated by altered adhesion-mediated signaling to the actin-based cytoskeleton via activated Src-FAK complexes. SSeCKS (the rodent orthologue of human Gravin/AKAP12), whose expression is downregulated by oncogenic Src and in many human cancers, antagonizes oncogenic Src pathways including those driving neovascularization at metastatic sites, metastatic cell motility and invasiveness. This is likely manifested through its function as a scaffolder of F-actin and signaling proteins such as cyclins, calmodulin, protein kinase (PK) C and PKA. Here, we show that in contrast to its ability to inhibit haptotaxis, SSeCKS increased prostate cancer cell adhesion to fibronectin (FN) and type I collagen in a FAK-dependent manner, correlating with a relative increase in FAKpoY397 levels. In contrast, SSeCKS suppressed adhesion-induced Src activation (SrcpoY416) and phosphorylation of FAK at Y925, a known Src substrate site. SSeCKS also induced increased cell spreading, cell flattening, integrin β1 clustering and formation of mature focal adhesion plaques. An in silico analysis identified a Src-binding domain on SSeCKS (a.a.153–166) that is homologous to the Src binding domain of Caveolin-1, and this region is required for SSeCKS-Src interaction, for SSeCKS-enhanced Src activity and sequestration to lipid rafts, and for SSeCKS-enhanced adhesion of MAT-LyLu and CWR22Rv1 prostate cancer cells. Our data suggest a model in which SSeCKS suppresses oncogenic motility by sequestering Src to caveolin-rich lipid rafts, thereby disengaging Src from FAK-associated adhesion and signaling complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Su
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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SSeCKS sequesters cyclin D1 in glomerular parietal epithelial cells and influences proliferative injury in the glomerulus. J Transl Med 2012; 92:499-510. [PMID: 22249313 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Glomerular parietal epithelial cells (PECs) are precursors to podocytes in mature glomeruli; however, as progenitors, the distinct intrinsic mechanisms that allow for repeated periods of cell-cycle arrest and re-entry of PECs after glomerulogenesis are unknown. Here, we show that the Src-suppressed protein kinase C substrate (SSeCKS), a multivalent scaffolding A kinase anchoring protein, sequesters cyclin D1 in the cytoplasm of quiescent PECs. SSeCKS expression is induced in embryonic PECs, but not in embryonic podocytes, starting at the S phase of glomerulogenesis, and is constitutively expressed postnatally by PECs, but not podocytes, in normal glomeruli. Cyclin D1 was immunoprecipitated with SSeCKS from capsulated glomeruli containing PECs, whereas decapsulated glomeruli without PECs lacked SSeCKS and cyclin D1. Cell-cell contact inhibition of proliferation in cultured PECs induced SSeCKS expression and binding of cyclin D1 by SSeCKS in the cytoplasm, whereas phosphorylation of SSeCKS by activated protein kinase C disrupted binding, resulting in nuclear translocation of cyclin D1. SSeCKS(-/-) mice showed hyperplasia of PECs in otherwise normal glomeruli and developed significantly worse proteinuric glomerular disease, marked by increased PEC proliferation and expression of nuclear cyclin D1, from nephrotoxic nephritis. These results suggest that SSeCKS controls the localization and activity of cyclin D1 in PECs and influences proliferative injury in the glomerulus.
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Ko HK, Akakura S, Peresie J, Foster B, Gelman IH. Abstract C56: The combined loss of SSeCKS/Gravin/AKAP12 and Rb in the prostate promotes spontaneous lymph node metastases with basal-luminal transitional phenotypes. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.prca2012-c56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Previous data indicated that the loss of SSeCKS/Gravin/AKAP12 (“SSeCKS”) or Rb correlates with prostate cancer (CaP) progression and that their deletion results in increased prostatic hyperplasia (1,2). SSeCKS re-expression in MAT-LyLu prostate cancer cells has little effect on the growth potential of primary-site tumors and on the ability of metastatic cells to colonize distal sites, yet it suppresses the growth of macrometastases by suppressing tumor-encoded vascular endothelial growth factor expression and neovascularization of the metastatic niche(3). We demonstrated recently that SSeCKS-null (Akap12−/−) mouse embryo fibroblasts (KO-MEF) suffer from an Rb-dependent premature senescence, and that the hyperplastic prostates in KO mice exhibit markers of increased senescence (4). Experimental Procedures: In order to determine whether SSeCKS and Rb act synergistically to promote CaP progression, KO mice were crossed to mice with prostate-specific conditional Rb deletion (Pb-Cre;Rbfl/fl). Results: Compared to controls (WT, Akap12−/− or Pb-Cre;Rbfl/fl mice), 100% of Akap12−/−;Pb-Cre;Rbfl/fl male mice showed evidence of low grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (LG-PIN), with a smaller percentage (22%) displaying high grade (HG) PIN by 10 months of age. These lesions were marked by increased levels of cytoplasmic E-cadherin (compared to the cell-cell junctional staining in normal or hyperplastic luminal prostate layers) in LGPIN and by the loss of E-cadherin expression in HG-PIN. Unexpectedly, Akap12−/−;Pb-Cre;Rbfl/fl males showed increased numbers (1.8- to 2.5-fold) of p63-positive basal cells in all four lobes compared with control mouse prostates. Importantly, whereas control mice showed neither primary-site prostate cancer nor lymph node (LN) metastasis, >/80% of the Akap12−/−;Pb-Cre;Rbfl/fl males displayed metastases in pelvic or inguinal LN. These metastases did not stain for E-cadherin, but were positive for both basal (5 and 14) and luminal (8) cytokeratins, and low levels of androgen receptor. Foci within these lesions were positive for the basal marker, p63, and for the mesenchymal marker, vimentin. The LN lesions contained deletions of their floxed Rb loci, as shown by nested PCR assays, corroborating that they derived from the transgenic prostate cells. Conclusions: The combined loss of SSeCKS and Rb leads to early CaP initiation marked by increased basal cell proliferation in all four lobes, as well as the marked increase in LN metastasis of tumor cells with a basal-luminal transitional phenotype. These data strongly suggest that SSeCKS suppresses parameters of CaP initiation and metastasis.
Citation Format: Hyun-Kyung Ko, Shin Akakura, Jennifer Peresie, Barbara Foster, Irwin H. Gelman. The combined loss of SSeCKS/Gravin/AKAP12 and Rb in the prostate promotes spontaneous lymph node metastases with basal-luminal transitional phenotypes [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Prostate Cancer Research; 2012 Feb 6-9; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(4 Suppl):Abstract nr C56.
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Páez D, Labonte MJ, Bohanes P, Zhang W, Benhanim L, Ning Y, Wakatsuki T, Loupakis F, Lenz HJ. Cancer dormancy: a model of early dissemination and late cancer recurrence. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 18:645-53. [PMID: 22156560 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-2186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer dormancy is a stage in tumor progression in which residual disease remains occult and asymptomatic for a prolonged period of time. Dormant tumor cells can be present as one of the earliest stages in tumor development, as well as a stage in micrometastases, and/or minimal residual disease left after an apparently successful treatment of the primary tumor. The general mechanisms that regulate the transition of disseminated tumor cells that have lain dormant into a proliferative state remain largely unknown. However, regulation of the growth from dormant tumor cells may be explained in part through the interaction of the tumor cell with its microenvironment, limitations in the blood supply, or an active immune system. An understanding of the regulatory machinery of these processes is essential for identifying early cancer biomarkers and could provide a rationale for the development of novel agents to target dormant tumor cells. This review focuses on the different signaling models responsible for early cancer dissemination and tumor recurrence that are involved in dormancy pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Páez
- Division of Medical Oncology and USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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Gelman IH. Emerging Roles for SSeCKS/Gravin/AKAP12 in the Control of Cell Proliferation, Cancer Malignancy, and Barriergenesis. Genes Cancer 2011; 1:1147-56. [PMID: 21779438 DOI: 10.1177/1947601910392984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging data suggest that SSeCKS/Gravin/AKAP12 ("AKAP12"), originally identified as an autoantigen in cases of myasthenia gravis, controls multiple biological processes through its ability to scaffold key signaling proteins such as protein kinase (PK) C and A, calmodulin, cyclins, phosphoinositides, "long" β-1,4 galactosyltransferase (GalTase) isoform, Src, as well as the actin cytoskeleton in a spatiotemporal manner. Specialized functions attributed to AKAP12 include the suppression of cancer malignancy, especially aspects of metastatic progression, regulation of blood-brain and blood-retina barrier formation, and resensitization of β2-adrenergic pain receptors. Recent data identify a direct role for AKAP12 in cytokinesis completion, further suggesting a function as a negative regulator of cell senescence. The current review will discuss the emerging knowledge base of AKAP12-related biological roles and how the factors that affect AKAP12 expression or that interact with AKAP12 at the protein level control cancer progression and blood-tissue barrier formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irwin H Gelman
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Guo LW, Gao L, Rothschild J, Su B, Gelman IH. Control of protein kinase C activity, phorbol ester-induced cytoskeletal remodeling, and cell survival signals by the scaffolding protein SSeCKS/GRAVIN/AKAP12. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:38356-38366. [PMID: 21903576 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.258830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The product of the SSeCKS/GRAVIN/AKAP12 gene ("SSeCKS") is a major protein kinase (PK) C substrate that exhibits tumor- and metastasis-suppressing activity likely through its ability to scaffold multiple signaling mediators such as PKC, PKA, cyclins, calmodulin, and Src. Although SSeCKS and PKCα bind phosphatidylserine, we demonstrate that phosphatidylserine-independent binding of PKC by SSeCKS is facilitated by two homologous SSeCKS motifs, EG(I/V)(T/S)XWXSFK(K/R)(M/L)VTP(K/R)K(K/R)X(K/R)XXXEXXXE(E/D) (amino acids 592-620 and 741-769). SSeCKS binding to PKCα decreased kinase activity and was dependent on the two PKC-binding motifs. SSeCKS scaffolding of PKC was increased in confluent cell cultures, correlating with significantly increased SSeCKS protein levels and decreased PKCα activity, suggesting a role for SSeCKS in suppressing PKC activation during contact inhibition. SSeCKS-null mouse embryo fibroblasts displayed increased relative basal and phorbol ester (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate)-induced PKC activity but were defective in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced actin cytoskeletal reorganization and cell shape change; these responses could be rescued by the forced expression of full-length SSeCKS but not by an SSeCKS variant deleted of its PKC-binding domains. Finally, the PKC binding sites in SSeCKS were required to restore cell rounding and/or decreased apoptosis in phorbol ester-treated LNCaP, LNCaP-C4-2, and MAT-LyLu prostate cancer cells. Thus, PKC-mediated remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton is likely regulated by the ability of SSeCKS to control PKC signaling and activity through a direct scaffolding function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wu Guo
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
| | - Lingqiu Gao
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
| | - Julian Rothschild
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
| | - Bing Su
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263
| | - Irwin H Gelman
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263.
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Liu W, Guan M, Hu T, Gu X, Lu Y. Re-expression of AKAP12 inhibits progression and metastasis potential of colorectal carcinoma in vivo and in vitro. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24015. [PMID: 21918680 PMCID: PMC3168868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background AKAP12/Gravin (A kinase anchor protein 12) is one of the A-kinase scaffold proteins and a potential tumor suppressor gene in human primary cancers. Our recent study demonstrated the highly recurrent loss of AKAP12 in colorectal cancer and AKAP12 reexpression inhibited proliferation and anchorage-independent growth in colorectal cancer cells, implicating AKAP12 in colorectal cancer pathogenesis. Methods To evaluate the effect of this gene on the progression and metastasis of colorectal cancer, we examined the impact of overexpressing AKAP12 in the AKAP12-negative human colorectal cancer cell line LoVo, the single clone (LoVo-AKAP12) compared to mock-transfected cells (LoVo-CON). Results pCMV6-AKAP12-mediated AKAP12 re-expression induced apoptosis (3% to 12.7%, p<0.01), migration (89.6±7.5 cells to 31.0±4.1 cells, p<0.01) and invasion (82.7±5.2 cells to 24.7±3.3 cells, p<0.01) of LoVo cells in vitro compared to control cells. Nude mice injected with LoVo-AKAP12 cells had both significantly reduced tumor volume (p<0.01) and increased apoptosis compared to mice given AKAP12-CON. The quantitative human-specific Alu PCR analysis showed overexpression of AKAP12 suppressed the number of intravasated cells in vivo (p<0.01). Conclusion These results demonstrate that AKAP12 may play an important role in tumor growth suppression and the survival of human colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YL); (WL)
| | - Ming Guan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Central Laboratory, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoye Gu
- Central Laboratory, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YL); (WL)
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Hurst DR, Welch DR. Metastasis suppressor genes at the interface between the environment and tumor cell growth. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 286:107-80. [PMID: 21199781 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385859-7.00003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms and genetic programs required for cancer metastasis are sometimes overlapping, but components are clearly distinct from those promoting growth of a primary tumor. Every sequential, rate-limiting step in the sequence of events leading to metastasis requires coordinated expression of multiple genes, necessary signaling events, and favorable environmental conditions or the ability to escape negative selection pressures. Metastasis suppressors are molecules that inhibit the process of metastasis without preventing growth of the primary tumor. The cellular processes regulated by metastasis suppressors are diverse and function at every step in the metastatic cascade. As we gain knowledge into the molecular mechanisms of metastasis suppressors and cofactors with which they interact, we learn more about the process, including appreciation that some are potential targets for therapy of metastasis, the most lethal aspect of cancer. Until now, metastasis suppressors have been described largely by their function. With greater appreciation of their biochemical mechanisms of action, the importance of context is increasingly recognized especially since tumor cells exist in myriad microenvironments. In this chapter, we assemble the evidence that selected molecules are indeed suppressors of metastasis, collate the data defining the biochemical mechanisms of action, and glean insights regarding how metastasis suppressors regulate tumor cell communication to-from microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Hurst
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Akakura S, Bouchard R, Bshara W, Morrison C, Gelman IH. Carcinogen-induced squamous papillomas and oncogenic progression in the absence of the SSeCKS/AKAP12 metastasis suppressor correlate with FAK upregulation. Int J Cancer 2011; 129:2025-31. [PMID: 21128249 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The ability of SSeCKS/Gravin/AKAP12 (SSeCKS) to negatively regulate cell cycle progression is thought to relate to its spatiotemporal scaffolding activity for key signaling molecules such as protein kinase A and C, calmodulin and cyclins. SSeCKS is downregulated upon progression to malignancy in many cancer types, including melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer. The forced re-expression of SSeCKS is especially potent in suppressing metastasis through the inhibition of VEGF-mediated neovascularization. We have previously shown that SSeCKS-null (KO) mice exhibit hyperplasia and focal dysplasia in the prostate marked by activated Akt. To address whether KO mice exhibit increased skin carcinogenesis, WT and KO C57BL/6 mice were treated topically with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene. Compared to WT mice, KO mice developed squamous papillomas more rapidly and in greater numbers and also exhibited significantly increased progression to squamous cell carcinoma. Untreated KO epidermal layers were thicker than those in age-matched WT mice and exhibited significantly increased levels of FAK and phospho-ERK1/2, known mediators of carcinogen-induced squamous papilloma progression to carcinoma. Compared to protein levels in WT mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF), SSeCKS levels were increased in FAK-null cells, whereas FAK levels were increased in SSeCKS-null cells. RNAi studies in WT MEF cells suggest that SSeCKS and FAK attenuate each other's expression. Our study implicates a role for SSeCKS in preventing of skin cancer progression possibly through negatively regulating FAK expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Akakura
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Regulation of Nm23-H1 and cell invasiveness by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. J Virol 2011; 85:3596-606. [PMID: 21270158 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01596-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causative agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), and the induction of an invasive cellular phenotype by KSHV following de novo infection is an important pathogenic component mediating tumor progression. The metastasis suppressor gene known as Nm23-H1 regulates tumor cell invasiveness, but whether KSHV itself regulates Nm23-H1 expression or subcellular localization, and whether this impacts cell invasiveness, has not been established. We found that KSHV increases expression and nuclear translocation of Nm23-H1 and that nuclear translocation of Nm23-H1 is regulated by the KSHV-encoded latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA). Moreover, activation of the Ras-BRaf-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signal transduction pathway, secretion of promigratory factors associated with this pathway, and cell invasiveness are dependent on KSHV regulation of Nm23-H1. Finally, induction of cytoplasmic overexpression of Nm23-H1 using a pharmacologic inhibitor of DNA methylation reduced KSHV-associated Ras-BRaf-MAPK pathway activation and suppressed KSHV-induced invasiveness. These data provide the first evidence for KSHV regulation of Nm23-H1 as a mechanism for KSHV induction of an invasive cellular phenotype and support the potential utility of targeting Nm23-H1 as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of KS.
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Khamis ZI, Iczkowski KA, Sang QXA. Metastasis suppressors in human benign prostate, intraepithelial neoplasia, and invasive cancer: their prospects as therapeutic agents. Med Res Rev 2011; 32:1026-77. [PMID: 22886631 DOI: 10.1002/med.20232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer, development of metastases remains a major clinical challenge. Research efforts are dedicated to overcome this problem by understanding the molecular basis of the transition from benign cells to prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), localized carcinoma, and metastatic cancer. Identification of proteins that inhibit dissemination of cancer cells will provide new perspectives to define novel therapeutics. Development of antimetastatic drugs that trigger or mimic the effect of metastasis suppressors represents new therapeutic approaches to improve patient survival. This review focuses on different biochemical and cellular functions of metastasis suppressors known to play a role in prostate carcinogenesis and progression. Ten putative metastasis suppressors implicated in prostate cancer are discussed. CD44s is decreased in both PIN and cancer; Drg-1, E-cadherin, KAI-1, RKIP, and SSeCKS show similar expression between benign epithelia and PIN, but are downregulated in invasive cancer; whereas, maspin, MKK4, Nm23 and PTEN are upregulated in PIN and downregulated in cancer. Moreover, the potential role of microRNA in prostate cancer progression, the understanding of the cellular distribution and localization of metastasis suppressors, their mechanism of action, their effect on prostate invasion and metastasis, and their potential use as therapeutics are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa I Khamis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, USA
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Cook LM, Hurst DR, Welch DR. Metastasis suppressors and the tumor microenvironment. Semin Cancer Biol 2010; 21:113-22. [PMID: 21168504 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The most lethal and debilitating attribute of cancer cells is their ability to metastasize. Throughout the process of metastasis, tumor cells interact with other tumor cells, host cells and a variety of molecules. Tumor cells are also faced with a number of insults, such as hemodynamic sheer pressure and immune selection. This brief review explores how metastasis suppressor proteins regulate interactions between tumor cells and the microenvironments in which tumor cells find themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M Cook
- Department of Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Akakura S, Nochajski P, Gao L, Sotomayor P, Matsui SI, Gelman IH. Rb-dependent cellular senescence, multinucleation and susceptibility to oncogenic transformation through PKC scaffolding by SSeCKS/AKAP12. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:4656-65. [PMID: 21099353 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.23.13974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A subset of AKAPs (A Kinase Anchoring Proteins) regulate signaling and cytoskeletal pathways through the spaciotemporal scaffolding of multiple protein kinases (PK) such as PKC and PKA, and associations with the plasma membrane and the actin-based cytoskeleton. SSeCKS/Gravin/Akap12 expression is severely downregulated in many advanced cancers and exhibits tumor- and metastasis-suppressing activity. akap12-null (KO) mice develop prostatic hyperplasia with focal dysplasia, but the precise mechanism how Akap12 prevents oncogenic progression remains unclear. Here, we show that KO mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) exhibit premature senescence marked by polyploidy and multinucleation, and by increased susceptibility to oncogenic transformation. Although p53 and Rb pathways are activated in the absence of Akap12, senescence is dependent on Rb. Senescence is driven by the activation of PKCα, which induces p16(Ink4a)/Rb through a MEK-dependent downregulation of Id1, and PKCδ, which downregulates Lats1/Warts, a mitotic exit network kinase required for cytokinesis. Our data strongly suggest that Akap12 controls Rb-mediated cell aging and oncogenic progression by directly scaffolding and attenuating PKCα/δ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Akakura
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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