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Pasha R, Bashir B, Omed D, Adam S, Kamath A, Elhofy A, Ferdousi M, Azmi S, Soran H. Impact of Lipid-lowering Therapy on Cancer Risk: A Narrative Review. Clin Ther 2024; 46:411-419. [PMID: 38744540 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE There are inconsistent reports of an association between low cholesterol, use of lipid-lowering agents, and carcinogenesis. The purpose of this paper was to examine the relationship between cancer, lipids, statin use, and use of other lipid-lowering therapies. METHODS This comprehensive literature review incorporated article searches in electronic databases (Embase, PubMed, OVID) and reference lists of relevant articles, with the authors' expertise in lipidology. This review considered seminal and novel research looking at the relationship between cholesterol, lipid-lowering therapies, and cancer. FINDINGS Statin use has been reported to reduce the risk for incident cancer or progression of cancer; however, it is unknown whether this reduced risk of carcinogenesis is due to the pleotropic properties of statins or the effects of low cholesterol. The effect of ezetimibe on carcinogenesis has been regarded as neutral, despite earlier concerns of increased cancer risk with its use. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin (PCSK)-9 monoclonal antibodies have been shown to have a neutral effect on carcinogenesis. Despite anti-cancer effects of fibrates in vitro, studies in humans have yielded inconsistent outcomes leaning toward protection against the development and progression of cancer. IMPLICATIONS Statins, fibrates, PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies, and ezetimibe have a neutral effect on cancer risk, and the first three may provide some protection. PSCK9 monoclonal antibodies have the potential to enhance the response to checkpoint inhibitor therapy for cancer. Further research is needed to determine which drugs can be issued in adjuvant therapy to improve outcomes in patients undergoing cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raabya Pasha
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; NIHR/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bilal Bashir
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom; NIHR/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Diya Omed
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Kurdistan, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Safwaan Adam
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Department of Endocrinology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Anoushka Kamath
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed Elhofy
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Maryam Ferdousi
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; NIHR/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Shazli Azmi
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Centre, Manchester University NHS Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Handrean Soran
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; NIHR/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Manchester, United Kingdom; Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Centre, Manchester University NHS Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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Dupuy J, Cogo E, Fouché E, Guéraud F, Pierre F, Plaisancié P. Epithelial-mesenchymal interaction protects normal colonocytes from 4-HNE-induced phenotypic transformation. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302932. [PMID: 38669265 PMCID: PMC11051638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent studies have shown that epithelial-stromal interactions could play a role in the development of colorectal cancer. Here, we investigated the role of fibroblasts in the transformation of normal colonocytes induced by 4-HNE. METHODS Normal Co colonocytes and nF fibroblasts from the same mouse colon were exposed, in monoculture (m) or coculture (c), to 4-HNE (5 μM) twice weekly for 3 weeks. Gene expression was then analysed and the ability of Co colonocytes to grow in anchorage-independent conditions was tested in soft agar. Fibroblasts previously treated or not with 4-HNE were also seeded in culture inserts positioned above the agar layers to allow paracrine exchanges with colonocytes. RESULTS First, 60% of the genes studied were modulated by coculture in Co colonocytes, with notably increased expression of BMP receptors. Furthermore, while 4-HNE increased the ability of monoculture-treated Co colonocytes to form colonies, this effect was not observed in coculture-treated Co colonocytes. Adding a selective BMPR1 inhibitor during the treatment phase abolished the protective effect of coculture. Conversely, addition of a BMP4 agonist to the medium of monoculture-treated Co colonocytes prevented phenotypic transformation by 4-HNE. Second, the presence of nF(m)-HNE fibroblasts during the soft agar assay increased the number and size of Co(m) colonocyte colonies, regardless of whether these cells had been previously treated with 4-HNE in monoculture. For soft agar assays performed with nF(c) and Co(c) cells initially treated in coculture, only the reassociation between Co(c)-HNE and nF(c)-HNE resulted in a small increase in the number of colonies. CONCLUSIONS During the exposure phase, the epithelial-mesenchymal interaction protected colonocytes from 4-HNE-induced phenotypic transformation via activation of the BMP pathway. This intercellular dialogue also limited the ability of fibroblasts to subsequently promote colonocyte-anchorage-independent growth. In contrast, fibroblasts pre-exposed to 4-HNE in monoculture strongly increased the ability of Co(m) colonocytes to form colonies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Dupuy
- Toxalim UMR1331 (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Toulouse University, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Emma Cogo
- Toxalim UMR1331 (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Toulouse University, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Edwin Fouché
- Toxalim UMR1331 (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Toulouse University, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Françoise Guéraud
- Toxalim UMR1331 (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Toulouse University, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabrice Pierre
- Toxalim UMR1331 (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Toulouse University, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Pascale Plaisancié
- Toxalim UMR1331 (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Toulouse University, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Sarabi PZ, Moradi M, Bagheri M, Khalili MR, Moradifard S, Jamialahmadi T, Ghasemi F, Sahebkar A. A Contemporary Review on the Critical Role of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Agents in Colorectal Cancer Therapy. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2024; 24:559-570. [PMID: 38275052 DOI: 10.2174/0118715206271583231206052403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are widely recognized as effective pain relievers and function by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase enzyme (COXs). Moreover, they have been found to participate in various cellular processes through different signaling pathways, such as WNT, MAPK, NF-κB, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR. This makes them potential candidates for chemoprevention of several malignancies, particularly colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the use of NSAIDs in cancer prevention and treatment is a complex issue due to their adverse effects and gastrointestinal toxicity. Therefore, it is crucial to explore combination therapies that can minimize side effects while maximizing synergistic effects with other agents and to evaluate the success rate of such approaches in both pre-clinical and clinical studies. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the effects of NSAIDs in the prevention and treatment of CRC. We will focus on elucidating the possible mechanisms of action of these drugs, the signaling pathways involved in CRC, and the potential synergistic effects when combined with other therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Zia Sarabi
- Laboratorio de Psicobiología, Campus Santiago Ramón y Cajal, University of Sevilla, 41018, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mohammad Moradi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Malihe Bagheri
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Khalili
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Next to Milad Tower, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Moradifard
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Next to Milad Tower, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Faezeh Ghasemi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Next to Milad Tower, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Lepore Signorile M, Grossi V, Fasano C, Simone C. Colorectal Cancer Chemoprevention: A Dream Coming True? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087597. [PMID: 37108756 PMCID: PMC10140862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the deadliest forms of cancer worldwide. CRC development occurs mainly through the adenoma-carcinoma sequence, which can last decades, giving the opportunity for primary prevention and early detection. CRC prevention involves different approaches, ranging from fecal occult blood testing and colonoscopy screening to chemoprevention. In this review, we discuss the main findings gathered in the field of CRC chemoprevention, focusing on different target populations and on various precancerous lesions that can be used as efficacy evaluation endpoints for chemoprevention. The ideal chemopreventive agent should be well tolerated and easy to administer, with low side effects. Moreover, it should be readily available at a low cost. These properties are crucial because these compounds are meant to be used for a long time in populations with different CRC risk profiles. Several agents have been investigated so far, some of which are currently used in clinical practice. However, further investigation is needed to devise a comprehensive and effective chemoprevention strategy for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Lepore Signorile
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS "Saverio de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy
| | - Valentina Grossi
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS "Saverio de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy
| | - Candida Fasano
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS "Saverio de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy
| | - Cristiano Simone
- Medical Genetics, National Institute of Gastroenterology-IRCCS "Saverio de Bellis" Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, 70013 Bari, Italy
- Medical Genetics, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Jonic Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy
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5
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Han JX, Tao ZH, Wang JL, Zhang L, Yu CY, Kang ZR, Xie Y, Li J, Lu S, Cui Y, Xu J, Zhao E, Wang M, Chen J, Wang Z, Liu Q, Chen HM, Su W, Zou TH, Zhou CB, Hong J, Chen H, Xiong H, Chen YX, Fang JY. Microbiota-derived tryptophan catabolites mediate the chemopreventive effects of statins on colorectal cancer. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:919-933. [PMID: 37069401 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01363-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have indicated an association between statin use and reduced incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC), and work in preclinical models has demonstrated a potential chemopreventive effect. Statins are also associated with reduced dysbiosis in the gut microbiome, yet the role of the gut microbiome in the protective effect of statins in CRC is unclear. Here we validated the chemopreventive role of statins by retrospectively analysing a cohort of patients who underwent colonoscopies. This was confirmed in preclinical models and patient cohorts, and we found that reduced tumour burden was partly due to statin modulation of the gut microbiota. Specifically, the gut commensal Lactobacillus reuteri was increased as a result of increased microbial tryptophan availability in the gut after atorvastatin treatment. Our in vivo studies further revealed that L. reuteri administration suppressed colorectal tumorigenesis via the tryptophan catabolite, indole-3-lactic acid (ILA). ILA exerted anti-tumorigenic effects by downregulating the IL-17 signalling pathway. This microbial metabolite inhibited T helper 17 cell differentiation by targeting the nuclear receptor, RAR-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt). Together, our study provides insights into an anti-cancer mechanism driven by statin use and suggests that interventions with L. reuteri or ILA could complement chemoprevention strategies for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Xuan Han
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases; State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes; Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Hang Tao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases; State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes; Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Lin Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases; State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes; Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases; State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes; Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-Yang Yu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases; State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes; Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Ran Kang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases; State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes; Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanhong Xie
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases; State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes; Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialu Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases; State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes; Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiyuan Lu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases; State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes; Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Cui
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases; State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes; Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Enhao Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinxian Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Min Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases; State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes; Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenyu Su
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases; State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes; Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Hui Zou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases; State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes; Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng-Bei Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases; State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes; Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Hong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases; State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes; Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoyan Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases; State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes; Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Xiong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases; State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes; Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ying-Xuan Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases; State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes; Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jing-Yuan Fang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease; NHC Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases; State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes; Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
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Telang N. Stem Cell Models for Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7055. [PMID: 35806056 PMCID: PMC9266363 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic progression of female breast and colon cancer represents a major cause of mortality in women. Spontaneous/acquired resistance to conventional and targeted chemo-endocrine therapy is associated with the emergence of drug-resistant tumor-initiating cancer stem cell populations. The cancer-initiating premalignant stem cells exhibit activation of select cancer cell signaling pathways and undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition, leading to the evolution of a metastatic phenotype. The development of reliable cancer stem cell models provides valuable experimental approaches to identify novel testable therapeutic alternatives for therapy-resistant cancer. Drug-resistant stem cell models for molecular subtypes of clinical breast cancer and for genetically predisposed colon cancer are developed by selecting epithelial cells that survive in the presence of cytostatic concentrations of relevant therapeutic agents. These putative stem cells are characterized by the expression status of select cellular and molecular stem cell markers. The stem cell models are utilized as experimental approaches to examine the stem-cell-targeted growth inhibitory efficacy of naturally occurring dietary phytochemicals. The present review provides a systematic discussion on (i) conceptual and experimental aspects relevant to the chemo-endocrine therapy of breast and colon cancer, (ii) molecular/cellular aspects of cancer stem cells and (iii) potential stem-cell-targeting lead compounds as testable alternatives against the progression of therapy-resistant breast and colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Telang
- Cancer Prevention Research Program, Palindrome Liaisons Consultants, Montvale, NJ 07645-1559, USA
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Shailes H, Tse WY, Freitas MO, Silver A, Martin SA. Statin Treatment as a Targeted Therapy for APC-Mutated Colorectal Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:880552. [PMID: 35712511 PMCID: PMC9197185 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.880552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations in the tumor suppressor gene Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) are found in 80% of sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) tumors and are also responsible for the inherited form of CRC, Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Methods To identify novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of APC mutated CRC, we generated a drug screening platform that incorporates a human cellular model of APC mutant CRC using CRISPR-cas9 gene editing and performed an FDA-approved drug screen targeting over 1000 compounds. Results We have identified the group of HMG-CoA Reductase (HMGCR) inhibitors known as statins, which cause a significantly greater loss in cell viability in the APC mutated cell lines and in in vivo APC mutated patient derived xenograft (PDX) models, compared to wild-type APC cells. Mechanistically, our data reveals this new synthetic lethal relationship is a consequence of decreased Wnt signalling and, ultimately, a reduction in the level of expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Survivin, upon statin treatment in the APC-mutant cells only. This mechanism acts via a Rac1 mediated control of beta-catenin. Conclusion Significantly, we have identified a novel synthetic lethal dependence between APC mutations and statin treatment, which could potentially be exploited for the treatment of APC mutated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Shailes
- Centre for Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wai Yiu Tse
- Centre for Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marta O. Freitas
- Centre for Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Silver
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah A. Martin
- Centre for Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Sarah A. Martin,
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Telang N. Drug-Resistant Stem Cells: Novel Approach for Colon Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052519. [PMID: 35269660 PMCID: PMC8910557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Next to breast cancer, advanced stage metastatic colon cancer represents a major cause for mortality in women. Germline or somatic mutations in tumor suppressor genes or in DNA mismatch repair genes represent risk factors for genetic predisposition of colon cancer that are also detectable in sporadic colon cancer. Conventional chemotherapy for colon cancer includes combination of 5-fluoro-uracil with oxaliplatin and irinotecan or targeted therapy with non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs and selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Major limitations of these therapeutic interventions are associated with systemic toxicity, acquired tumor resistance and the emergence of drug resistant stem cells that favor initiation, progression and metastasis of therapy-resistant disease. These limitations emphasize an unmet need to identify tumor stem cell selective testable alternatives. Drug-resistant stem cell models facilitate the identification of new testable alternatives from natural phytochemicals and herbal formulations. The goal of this review is to provide an overview relevant to the current status of conventional/targeted therapy, the role of cancer stem cells and the status of testable alternatives for therapy-resistant colon cancer. Experimental models: Hyper-proliferative and tumorigenic cell lines from genetically predisposed colonic tissues of female mice represent experimental models. Chemotherapeutic agents select drug-resistant phenotypes that exhibit upregulated expressions of cellular and molecular stem cell markers. Mechanistically distinct natural phytochemicals effectively inhibit stem cell growth and downregulate the expressions of stem cell markers. CONCLUSIONS The present review discusses the status of colon cancer therapy and inherent limitations, cancer stem cell biology, potential lead compounds and their advantages over chemotherapy. The present experimental approaches will facilitate the identification of pharmacological and naturally-occurring agents as lead compounds for stem cell targeted therapy of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Telang
- Cancer Prevention Research Program, Palindrome Liaisons Consultants, Montvale, NJ 07645-1559, USA
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9
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Renelus BD, Dixit D, Nguyen PT, Njoku KK, Patel PB, Pintor-Jimenez K, Yan F, Buscaglia JM, Woods KE, Jamorabo DS. Short-term aspirin and statin chemoprophylaxis did not reduce the risk of developing advanced adenomatous polyps in Black patients. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21:379. [PMID: 34657610 PMCID: PMC8520575 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-01966-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemoprevention of colorectal neoplasia with aspirin and statins is under-investigated in Black patients. Since Black patients suffer disproportionately from colon cancer incidence and mortality compared to other populations, we investigated the utility of aspirin and statin in reducing advanced adenomatous polyp (AAP) risk in Black patients. METHODS We carried out a retrospective cohort study of screening colonoscopies performed at a large urban academic center from 1/1/2011 through 12/31/2019. We analyzed self-identified Black patients with > 1 colonoscopy and no personal history of either inflammatory bowel disease or colon cancer syndromes. Our primary endpoint was first AAP development after index colonoscopy among Black patients taking both aspirin and a statin compared to those taking one or neither medication. We used multivariate logistic regression modeling to investigate our outcomes. RESULTS We found data on chemoprophylaxis use in 560 patients. The mean observation period between index colonoscopy and AAP identification was 4 years. AAP developed in 106/560 (19%) of our cohort. We found no difference in AAP risk among Black patients taking both chemoprevention medications compared to partial or no chemoprophylaxis (20% vs 18% respectively, p = 0.49). This finding remained after adjusting for age, body mass index, and tobacco use (odds ratio 1.04, 95% CI 0.65-1.67; p = 0.87). CONCLUSIONS Short-term aspirin-statin chemoprevention did not reduce the risk of AAP development in our cohort of Black patients. Larger and long-term prospective investigations are needed to investigate the utility of chemoprophylaxis in this population. TRIAL REGISTRATION Not applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Renelus
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Devika Dixit
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Phuong T Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kingsley K Njoku
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Parth B Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Fengxia Yan
- Department of Community Health and Preventative Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jonathan M Buscaglia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stony Brook Medicine, 101 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY, HSC T17-06011794, USA
| | | | - Daniel S Jamorabo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stony Brook Medicine, 101 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY, HSC T17-06011794, USA.
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Nascimento-Gonçalves E, Mendes BA, Silva-Reis R, Faustino-Rocha AI, Gama A, Oliveira PA. Animal Models of Colorectal Cancer: From Spontaneous to Genetically Engineered Models and Their Applications. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8040059. [PMID: 33916402 PMCID: PMC8067250 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8040059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common gastrointestinal malignancies in humans, affecting approximately 1.8 million people worldwide. This disease has a major social impact and high treatment costs. Animal models allow us to understand and follow the colon cancer progression; thus, in vivo studies are essential to improve and discover new ways of prevention and treatment. Dietary natural products have been under investigation for better and natural prevention, envisioning to show their potential. This manuscript intends to provide the readers a review of rodent colorectal cancer models available in the literature, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages, as well as their potential in the evaluation of several drugs and natural compounds’ effects on colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Nascimento-Gonçalves
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (E.N.-G.); (B.A.L.M.); (R.S.-R.)
| | - Bruno A.L. Mendes
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (E.N.-G.); (B.A.L.M.); (R.S.-R.)
| | - Rita Silva-Reis
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (E.N.-G.); (B.A.L.M.); (R.S.-R.)
| | - Ana I. Faustino-Rocha
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (E.N.-G.); (B.A.L.M.); (R.S.-R.)
- Department of Zootechnics, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Évora, 7000-812 Évora, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.I.F.-R.); (P.A.O.)
| | - Adelina Gama
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Paula A. Oliveira
- Center for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (E.N.-G.); (B.A.L.M.); (R.S.-R.)
- Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.I.F.-R.); (P.A.O.)
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11
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Clapper ML, Chang WCL, Cooper HS. Dysplastic Aberrant Crypt Foci: Biomarkers of Early Colorectal Neoplasia and Response to Preventive Intervention. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2021; 13:229-240. [PMID: 32132117 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-19-0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) more than three decades ago not only enhanced our understanding of how colorectal tumors form, but provided new opportunities to detect lesions prior to adenoma development and intervene in the colorectal carcinogenesis process even earlier. Because not all ACF progress to neoplasia, it is important to stratify these lesions based on the presence of dysplasia and establish early detection methods and interventions that specifically target dysplastic ACF (microadenomas). Significant progress has been made in characterizing the morphology and genetics of dysplastic ACF in both preclinical models and humans. Image-based methods have been established and new techniques that utilize bioactivatable probes and capture histologic abnormalities in vivo are emerging for lesion detection. Successful identification of agents that target dysplastic ACF holds great promise for intervening even earlier in the carcinogenesis process to maximize tumor inhibition. Future preclinical and clinical prevention studies should give significant attention to assessing the utility of dysplastic ACF as the earliest identifiable biomarker of colorectal neoplasia and response to therapy.See all articles in this Special Collection Honoring Paul F. Engstrom, MD, Champion of Cancer Prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margie L Clapper
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Wen-Chi L Chang
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Harry S Cooper
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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12
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Celecoxib alleviates zinc deficiency-promoted colon tumorigenesis through suppressing inflammation. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:8320-8334. [PMID: 33686969 PMCID: PMC8034938 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has shown that dietary zinc deficiency (ZD) increases the risk of various cancers including esophageal and gastric cancer. However, the role of ZD in colon tumorigenesis is unknown and the related mechanisms need to be investigated. Apcmin/+ mice, widely used to mimic the spontaneous process of human intestinal tumor, were used to construct a ZD mice model in this study. Inflammatory mediators such as COX-2, TNF-α, CCL, CXCL, and IL chemokines families were evaluated using real-time PCR and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Besides, the immunoreactivities of cyclin D1, PCNA, and COX-2 in the colon were detected by immunohistochemistry. We found that zinc deficiency could promote colon tumorigenesis in Apcmin/+ mice. The mechanisms are involved in the upregulation of inflammatory mediators: COX-2, TNF-α, CCL, CXCL, and IL chemokines families. Administration of celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, decreased colon tumorigenesis in Apcmin/+ mice via inhibiting the inflammatory mediators. ZD plays an important role in the process of colon cancers of Apcmin/+ mice. Celecoxib attenuates ZD-induced colon tumorigenesis in Apcmin/+ mice by inhibiting the inflammatory mediators. Our novel finding would provide potential prevention of colorectal tumor-induced by ZD.
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13
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Intraepithelial Lymphocytes Suppress Intestinal Tumor Growth by Cell-to-Cell Contact via CD103/E-Cadherin Signal. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 11:1483-1503. [PMID: 33515805 PMCID: PMC8025200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The reason why small intestinal cancer is rarer than colorectal cancer is not clear. We hypothesized that intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), which are enriched in the small intestine, are the closest immune cells to epithelial cells, exclude tumor cells via cell-to-cell contact. METHODS We developed DPE-green fluorescent protein (DPE-GFP) × adenomatous polyposis coli; multiple intestinal neoplasia (APCmin ) mice, which is a T-cell-reporter mouse with spontaneous intestinal tumors. We visualized the dynamics of IELs in the intestinal tumor microenvironment and the interaction between IELs and epithelial cells, and the roles of cell-to-cell contact in anti-intestinal tumor immunity using a novel in vivo live-imaging system and a novel in vitro co-culture system. RESULTS In the small intestinal tumor microenvironment, T-cell movement was restricted around blood vessels and the frequency of interaction between IELs and epithelial cells was reduced. Genetic deletion of CD103 decreased the frequency of interaction between IELs and epithelial cells, and increased the number of small intestinal tumors. In the co-culture system, wild-type IELs expanded and infiltrated to intestinal tumor organoids from APCmin mice and reduced the viability of them, which was cell-to-cell contact and CD103 dependent. CONCLUSIONS The abundance of IELs in the small intestine may contribute to a low number of tumors, although this system may not work in the colon because of the sparseness of IELs. Strategies to increase the number of IELs in the colon or enhance cell-to-cell contact between IELs and epithelial cells may be effective for the prevention of intestinal tumors in patients with a high cancer risk.
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14
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Yarla NS, Madka V, Pathuri G, Rao CV. Molecular Targets in Precision Chemoprevention of Colorectal Cancer: An Update from Pre-Clinical to Clinical Trials. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249609. [PMID: 33348563 PMCID: PMC7765969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide. The initiation and progression of CRC is a multi-step process that proceeds via precursor lesions to carcinoma, with each stage characterized by its distinct molecular and tissue microenvironment changes. Precursor lesions of CRC, aberrant crypt foci, and adenoma exhibit drastic changes in genetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic profiles compared to normal tissue. The identification of these changes is essential and provides further validation as an initiator or promoter of CRC and, more so, as lesion-specific druggable molecular targets for the precision chemoprevention of CRC. Mutated/dysregulated signaling (adenomatous polyposis coli, β-catenin, epidermal growth factor receptor, V-Ki-ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS), tumor protein53, Akt, etc.), inflammatory (cyclooxygenase-2, microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and other pro-inflammatory mediators), and metabolic/growth factor (fatty acid synthase, β-Hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, and ornithine decarboxylase) related targets are some of the well-characterized molecular targets in the precision chemoprevention of CRC. In this review, we discuss precursor-lesion specific targets of CRC and the current status of pre-clinical studies regarding clinical interventions and combinations for better efficacy and safety toward future precision clinical chemoprevention. In addition, we provide a brief discussion on the usefulness of secondary precision chemopreventive targets for tertiary precision chemoprevention to improve the disease-free and overall survival of advanced stage CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra S. Yarla
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (N.S.Y.); (V.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Venkateshwar Madka
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (N.S.Y.); (V.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Gopal Pathuri
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (N.S.Y.); (V.M.); (G.P.)
| | - Chinthalapally V. Rao
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (N.S.Y.); (V.M.); (G.P.)
- VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-405-271-3224; Fax: +1-405-271-3225
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15
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Telang N. Stem cell models for genetically predisposed colon cancer. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:138. [PMID: 32934706 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Negative growth regulatory tumor suppressor genes and positive growth regulatory oncogenes serve important roles in initiation/progression of colon cancer. Germline mutation in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor gene represents a primary genetic defect for familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) syndrome, a predisposing factor for clinical colon cancer. Somatic mutations in the APC gene are common in sporadic colon cancer. Preclinical and clinical efficacy is documented for targeted therapy with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors for prostaglandin biosynthesis and selective inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase for polyamine biosynthesis. However, these therapeutic options lead to systemic toxicity, acquired tumor resistance and emergence of therapy resistant cancer stem cells. By contrast, non-toxic natural products are unlikely to exhibit drug resistance and may represent testable alternatives for therapy resistant colon cancer. Tumorigenic Apc [-/-] colonic epithelial cell lines derived from preclinical FAP models provide novel cellular models for drug resistant cancer stem cells. Apc [-/-] Sulindac resistant (SUL-R) cells exhibit upregulated expression levels of cancer stem cell markers. Natural products, such as naturally occurring vitamin A derivative all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and the anti-cancer agent from Turmeric root curcumin (CUR), represent testable alternatives. Relative to the non-tumorigenic Apc [+/+] C57 COL colonic epithelial cells, the tumorigenic Apc [-/-] 1638N COL and Apc [-/-] 850 MIN COL cells exhibit aneuploid cell hyper-proliferation and upregulated expression of Apc target genes β-catenin, cyclin D1, c-myc and COX-2. The SUL-R phenotypes exhibit enhanced tumor spheroid formation and upregulated expression levels of stem cell markers CD44, CD133 and c-Myc. Treatment of the SUL-R stem cells with ATRA and CUR inhibits tumor spheroid formation and reduces the expression of stem cell markers. Stem cell models developed for FAP syndrome provide a novel experimental approach to identify mechanistic leads for efficacious natural products as testable alternatives for therapy-resistant, genetically predisposed colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Telang
- Cancer Prevention Research Program, Palindrome Liaisons Consultants, Montvale, NJ 07645-1559, USA
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16
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Ramzy GM, Koessler T, Ducrey E, McKee T, Ris F, Buchs N, Rubbia-Brandt L, Dietrich PY, Nowak-Sliwinska P. Patient-Derived In Vitro Models for Drug Discovery in Colorectal Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061423. [PMID: 32486365 PMCID: PMC7352800 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lack of relevant preclinical models that reliably recapitulate the complexity and heterogeneity of human cancer has slowed down the development and approval of new anti-cancer therapies. Even though two-dimensional in vitro culture models remain widely used, they allow only partial cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix interactions and therefore do not represent the complex nature of the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, better models reflecting intra-tumor heterogeneity need to be incorporated in the drug screening process to more reliably predict the efficacy of drug candidates. Classic methods of modelling colorectal carcinoma (CRC), while useful for many applications, carry numerous limitations. In this review, we address the recent advances in in vitro CRC model systems, ranging from conventional CRC patient-derived models, such as conditional reprogramming-based cell cultures, to more experimental and state-of-the-art models, such as cancer-on-chip platforms or liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M. Ramzy
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (G.M.R.); (E.D.)
- Translational Research Center in Oncohaematology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thibaud Koessler
- Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (T.K.); (P.-Y.D.)
| | - Eloise Ducrey
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (G.M.R.); (E.D.)
- Translational Research Center in Oncohaematology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas McKee
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva (HUG), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (T.M.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Frédéric Ris
- Translational Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (F.R.); (N.B.)
| | - Nicolas Buchs
- Translational Department of Digestive and Transplant Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (F.R.); (N.B.)
| | - Laura Rubbia-Brandt
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Diagnostic Department, University Hospitals of Geneva (HUG), 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (T.M.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Pierre-Yves Dietrich
- Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (T.K.); (P.-Y.D.)
| | - Patrycja Nowak-Sliwinska
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; (G.M.R.); (E.D.)
- Translational Research Center in Oncohaematology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-22-379-3352
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17
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M. Osman AM, S. Al-Joha H, O. Kamel F, Abdel-Haki O, Abbas Huwa E, M. Sayed-A M. 5-Fluorouracil and Simvastatin Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Effective Treatment of Colorectal Cancer Cells. INT J PHARMACOL 2020. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2020.205.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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El-Hady SM, AbouGhaly MH, El-Ashmoony MM, Helmy HS, El-Gazayerly ON. Colon targeting of celecoxib nanomixed micelles using pulsatile drug delivery systems for the prevention of inflammatory bowel disease. Int J Pharm 2020; 576:118982. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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19
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Katona BW, Weiss JM. Chemoprevention of Colorectal Cancer. Gastroenterology 2020; 158:368-388. [PMID: 31563626 PMCID: PMC6981249 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Although colorectal cancer (CRC) screening has reduced the incidence of and mortality from CRC, chemoprevention strategies have the potential to further reduce CRC incidence and mortality. Chemoprevention agents might be used for average-risk as well as high-risk groups, and to prevent CRC recurrence after therapy. CRC chemoprevention agents that have been studied include aspirin, nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, statins, agents that target metabolic pathways, and vitamins and minerals. We review the prospect of chemoprevention of CRC, results from preclinical and human studies, challenges, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryson W. Katona
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jennifer M. Weiss
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI
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20
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Long X, Wong CC, Tong L, Chu ESH, Ho Szeto C, Go MYY, Coker OO, Chan AWH, Chan FKL, Sung JJY, Yu J. Peptostreptococcus anaerobius promotes colorectal carcinogenesis and modulates tumour immunity. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:2319-2330. [PMID: 31501538 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0541-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence implicates a role of the gut microbiota in colorectal cancer (CRC). Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (P. anaerobius) is an anaerobic bacterium selectively enriched in the faecal and mucosal microbiota from patients with CRC, but its causative role and molecular mechanism in promoting tumorigenesis remain unestablished. We demonstrate that P. anaerobius adheres to the CRC mucosa and accelerates CRC development in ApcMin/+ mice. In vitro assays and transmission electron microscopy revealed that P. anaerobius selectively adheres to CRC cell lines (HT-29 and Caco-2) compared to normal colonic epithelial cells (NCM460). We identified a P. anaerobius surface protein, putative cell wall binding repeat 2 (PCWBR2), which directly interacts with colonic cell lines via α2/β1 integrin, a receptor frequently overexpressed in human CRC tumours and cell lines. Interaction between PCWBR2 and integrin α2/β1 induces the activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway in CRC cells via phospho-focal adhesion kinase, leading to increased cell proliferation and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation. NF-κB in turn triggers a pro-inflammatory response as indicated by increased levels of cytokines, such as interleukin-10 and interferon-γ in the tumours of P. anaerobius-treated ApcMin/+ mice. Analyses of tumour-infiltrating immune cell populations in P. anaerobius-treated ApcMin/+ mice revealed significant expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, tumour-associated macrophages and granulocytic tumour-associated neutrophils, which are associated with chronic inflammation and tumour progression. Blockade of integrin α2/β1 by RGDS peptide, small interfering RNA or antibodies all impair P. anaerobius attachment and abolish P. anaerobius-mediated oncogenic response in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, we show that P. anaerobius drives CRC via a PCWBR2-integrin α2/β1-PI3K-Akt-NF-κB signalling axis and identify the PCWBR2-integrin α2/β1 axis as a potential therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohang Long
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chi Chun Wong
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Tong
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Eagle S H Chu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chun Ho Szeto
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Minne Y Y Go
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Olabisi Oluwabukola Coker
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Anthony W H Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Francis K L Chan
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Joseph J Y Sung
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Chinese University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.
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21
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Lori G, Paoli P, Femia AP, Pranzini E, Caselli A, Tortora K, Romagnoli A, Raugei G, Caderni G. Morin-dependent inhibition of low molecular weight protein tyrosine phosphatase (LMW-PTP) restores sensitivity to apoptosis during colon carcinogenesis: Studies in vitro and in vivo, in an Apc-driven model of colon cancer. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:686-698. [PMID: 30582224 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
LMW-PTP has been associated with the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and with the resistance to chemotherapy in cancer cells. To clarify its role in vivo, we studied LMW-PTP expression in Pirc rats (F344/NTac-Apc am1137 ), genetically prone to CRC and resistant to apoptosis. In the morphologically normal mucosa (NM) of Pirc rats, a dramatic over-expression of LMW-PTP was found compared to wt rats (about 60 times higher). Moreover, LMW-PTP levels further increase in spontaneously developed Pirc colon tumors. To understand if and how LMW-PTP affects resistance to apoptosis, we studied CRC cell lines, sensitive (HT29 and HCT-116), or resistant (HT29R, HCT116R) to 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU): resistant cells over-express LMW-PTP. When resistant cells were challenged with morin, a polyphenol inhibiting LMW-PTP, a fast and dose-related down-regulation of LMW-PTP was observed. 5-FU and morin co-treatment dramatically decreased cell viability, increased apoptosis, and significantly impaired self-renewal ability of all the cancer cell lines we have studied. Similarly, we observed that, in Pirc rats, one-week morin administration (50 mg/kg) down-regulated LMW-PTP and restored the apoptotic response to 5-FU in the NM. Finally, administration of morin for a longer period led to a significant reduction in colon precancerous lesions, together with a down-regulation of LMW-PTP. Taken together, these results document the involvement of LMW-PTP in the process of CRC in vitro and in vivo. Morin treatment may be envisaged as a system to increase the sensitivity to chemotherapy and to prevent carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Lori
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences"Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Paoli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences"Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Angelo Pietro Femia
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Erica Pranzini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences"Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Caselli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences"Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Katia Tortora
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Romagnoli
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Raugei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences"Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanna Caderni
- NEUROFARBA Department, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Zhang QS, Deater M, Phan N, Marcogliese A, Major A, Guinan EC, Grompe M. Combination therapy with atorvastatin and celecoxib delays tumor formation in a Fanconi anemia mouse model. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2019; 66:e27460. [PMID: 30255556 PMCID: PMC6249055 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.27460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fanconi anemia is an inherited bone marrow failure disorder associated with a high incidence of leukemia and solid tumors. Currently, no interventions to prevent or delay the formation of solid tumors are available. PROCEDURE Two of the most important hallmarks of Fanconi anemia are inflammation and oxidative stress. In this study, we administrated the antioxidant atorvastatin and the anti-inflammatory drug celecoxib to cohorts of Fancd2-/- /Trp53+/- mice, a model of Fanconi anemia. Treatment started at weaning and continued until the mice developed a palpable mass or suffered from >20% weight loss. Tumor samples and selected tissues were subjected to histopathological examination. χ2 test was performed to analyze tumor incidence, and Kaplan-Meier survival curves were evaluated with log-rank test. In addition, a small cohort of mice was monitored for the safety of the drugs. RESULTS The combined oral administration of both drugs significantly delayed tumor onset in Fancd2-/- /Trp53+/- mice. Specifically, the treatment delayed the onset of ovarian tumors in Fancd2-/- /Trp53+/- mice and increased the mean ovarian tumor-free survival time by 17%, whereas this combinatorial drug regimen did not have a significant effect on other tumor types. In addition, no detrimental effects on hematopoiesis from the drug treatment were observed during a 12-month safety monitoring. CONCLUSIONS The data presented here suggest that a combination of atorvastatin and celecoxib may be a good candidate for chemoprevention in Fanconi anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-shuo Zhang
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, USA
| | - Matthew Deater
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, USA
| | - Ngoc Phan
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, USA
| | | | - Angela Major
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA
| | - Eva C. Guinan
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, USA,Department of Radiation Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Markus Grompe
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, USA
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Clinically Relevant Anti-Inflammatory Agents for Chemoprevention of Colorectal Cancer: New Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082332. [PMID: 30096840 PMCID: PMC6121559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Substantial efforts are underway for prevention of early stages or recurrence of colorectal cancers (CRC) or new polyp formation by chemoprevention strategies. Several epidemiological, clinical and preclinical studies to date have supported the chemopreventive potentials of several targeted drug classes including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (aspirin, naproxen, sulindac, celecoxib, and licofelone), statins and other natural agents—both individually, and in combinations. Most preclinical trials although were efficacious, only few agents entered clinical trials and have been proven to be potential chemopreventive agents for colon cancer. However, there are limitations for these agents that hinder their approval by the food and drug administration for chemoprevention use in high-risk individuals and in patients with early stages of CRC. In this review, we update the recent advancement in pre-clinical and clinical development of selected anti-inflammatory agents (aspirin, naproxen, sulindac, celecoxib, and licofelone) and their combinations for further development as novel colon cancer chemopreventive drugs. We provide further new perspectives from this old research, and insights into precision medicine strategies to overcome unwanted side-effects and overcoming strategies for colon cancer chemoprevention.
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24
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Chang WCL, Jackson C, Riel S, Cooper HS, Devarajan K, Hensley HH, Zhou Y, Vanderveer LA, Nguyen MT, Clapper ML. Differential preventive activity of sulindac and atorvastatin in Apc +/Min-FCCCmice with or without colorectal adenomas. Gut 2018; 67:1290-1298. [PMID: 29122850 PMCID: PMC6031273 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-313942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The response of subjects to preventive intervention is heterogeneous. The goal of this study was to determine if the efficacy of a chemopreventive agent differs in non-tumour-bearing animals versus those with colorectal tumours. Sulindac and/or atorvastatin was administered to Apc+/Min-FCCC mice with known tumour-bearing status at treatment initiation. DESIGN Male mice (6-8 weeks old) underwent colonoscopy and received control chow or chow with sulindac (300 ppm), atorvastatin (100 ppm) or sulindac/atorvastatin. Tissues were collected from mice treated for 14 weeks (histopathology) or 7 days (gene expression). Cell cycle analyses were performed on SW480 colon carcinoma cells treated with sulindac, atorvastatin or both. RESULTS The multiplicity of colorectal adenomas in untreated mice bearing tumours at baseline was 3.6-fold higher than that of mice that were tumour free at baseline (P=0.002). Atorvastatin completely inhibited the formation of microadenomas in mice that were tumour free at baseline (P=0.018) and altered the expression of genes associated with stem/progenitor cells. Treatment of tumour-bearing mice with sulindac/atorvastatin led to a 43% reduction in the multiplicity of colorectal adenomas versus untreated tumour-bearing mice (P=0.049). Sulindac/atorvastatin increased the expression of Hoxb13 and Rprm significantly, suggesting the importance of cell cycle regulation in tumour inhibition. Treatment of SW480 cells with sulindac/atorvastatin led to cell cycle arrest (G0/G1). CONCLUSIONS The tumour status of animals at treatment initiation dictates response to therapeutic intervention. Atorvastatin eliminated microadenomas in tumour-free mice. The tumour inhibition observed with Sul/Atorva in tumour-bearing mice was greater than that achieved with each agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chi L Chang
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christina Jackson
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stacy Riel
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Harry S Cooper
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Karthik Devarajan
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Harvey H Hensley
- Biological Imaging Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yan Zhou
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lisa A Vanderveer
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Minhhuyen T Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Margie L Clapper
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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25
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Faluyi OO, Fitch P, Howie SEM. An increased CD25-positive intestinal regulatory T lymphocyte population is dependent upon Cox-2 activity in the Apc min/+ model. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 191:32-41. [PMID: 28940183 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Only mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient colorectal cancer (CRC) appears to respond well to programmed death (PD)-1 inhibition at the present time. Emerging evidence suggests a role for micro-environmental factors such as CD25+ cells modulating response to PD-1 inhibition. In the ApcMin/+ model of familial adenomatous polyposis (MMR-proficient CRC), increased Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) expression by cells which include alternatively activated mononuclear phagocytes promotes intestinal tumorigenesis by mechanisms which may include immune suppression. To gain insight into this, we compared regulatory T cell (Treg ) populations between ApcMin/+ and wild-type mice prior to and after the phase of increased intestinal Cox-2-dependent prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) production. There was no difference in systemic Treg function or numbers between ApcMin/+ and wild-type mice. However, increased numbers of small intestinal CD25+ Tregs were observed with increased Cox-2 activity in the absence of any difference in the expression of Tgf-β or Tslp between ApcMin/+ and wild-type mice. Cox-2 inhibitor therapy (Celecoxib) reversed the increase in ApcMin/+ intestinal CD25+ Treg numbers, without decreasing numbers of CD25+ systemic Tregs . Forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3+ ) and Cox-2+ cells were co-localized to the interstitium of adenomas of Apcmin/+ mice. These results suggest selective dependence of an 'activated Treg ' phenotype on paracrine Cox-2 activity in ApcMin/+ small intestine. For therapeutic potential, further studies are required to evaluate the relevance of these findings to human cancer as well as the functional significance of CD25+ intestinal Tregs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- O O Faluyi
- Edinburgh Cancer Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.,MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - P Fitch
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S E M Howie
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
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26
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Papanagnou P, Stivarou T, Papageorgiou I, Papadopoulos GE, Pappas A. Marketed drugs used for the management of hypercholesterolemia as anticancer armament. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:4393-4411. [PMID: 28932124 PMCID: PMC5598753 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s140483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of novel pharmacologic agents as well as their approval for sale in markets all over the world is a tedious and pricey process. Inevitably, oncologic patients commonly experience unwanted effects of new anticancer drugs, while the acquisition of clinical experience for these drugs is largely based on doctor–patient partnership which is not always effective. The repositioning of marketed non-antineoplastic drugs that hopefully exhibit anticancer properties into the field of oncology is a challenging option that gains ground and attracts preclinical and clinical research in an effort to override all these hindrances and minimize the risk for reduced efficacy and/or personalized toxicity. This review aims to present the anticancer properties of drugs used for the management of hypercholesterolemia. A global view of the antitumorigenicity of all marketed antihypercholesterolemic drugs is of major importance, given that atherosclerosis, which is etiologically linked to hypercholesterolemia, is a leading worldwide cause of morbidity and mortality, while hypercholesterolemia and tumorigenesis are known to be interrelated. In vitro, in vivo and clinical literature data accumulated so far outline the mechanistic basis of the antitumor function of these agents and how they could find application at the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theodora Stivarou
- Immunology Laboratory, Immunology Department, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
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27
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Blaes A, Prizment A, Koene RJ, Konety S. Cardio-oncology Related to Heart Failure: Common Risk Factors Between Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease. Heart Fail Clin 2017; 13:367-380. [PMID: 28279422 DOI: 10.1016/j.hfc.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence that suggests cancer and cardiovascular disease have a shared biological mechanism. Although there are several shared risk factors for both diseases, including advancing age, gender, obesity, diabetes, physical activity, tobacco use, and diet, inflammation and biomarkers, such as insulinlike growth factor 1, leptin, estrogen, and adiponectin, may also play a role in the biology of these diseases. This article provides an overview of the shared biological mechanism between cancer and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Blaes
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street, Southeast, MMC 480, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Anna Prizment
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, 1300 South 2nd Street, 7525A, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
| | - Ryan J Koene
- Division of Cardiology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street, Southeast, MMC 480, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Suma Konety
- Division of Cardiology, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street, Southeast, MMC 508, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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28
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Hull MA, Cuthbert RJ, Ko CWS, Scott DJ, Cartwright EJ, Hawcroft G, Perry SL, Ingram N, Carr IM, Markham AF, Bonifer C, Coletta PL. Paracrine cyclooxygenase-2 activity by macrophages drives colorectal adenoma progression in the Apc Min/+ mouse model of intestinal tumorigenesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6074. [PMID: 28729694 PMCID: PMC5519705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06253-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 abrogates intestinal adenoma development at early stages of colorectal carcinogenesis. COX-2 is localised to stromal cells (predominantly macrophages) in human and mouse intestinal adenomas. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that paracrine Cox-2-mediated signalling from macrophages drives adenoma growth and progression in vivo in the ApcMin/+ mouse model of intestinal tumorigenesis. Using a transgenic C57Bl/6 mouse model of Cox-2 over-expression driven by the chicken lysozyme locus (cLys-Cox-2), which directs integration site-independent, copy number-dependent transgene expression restricted to macrophages, we demonstrated that stromal macrophage Cox-2 in colorectal (but not small intestinal) adenomas from cLys-Cox-2 x ApcMin/+ mice was associated with significantly increased tumour size (P = 0.025) and multiplicity (P = 0.025), compared with control ApcMin/+ mice. Transgenic macrophage Cox-2 expression was associated with increased dysplasia, epithelial cell Cox-2 expression and submucosal tumour invasion, as well as increased nuclear β-catenin translocation in dysplastic epithelial cells. In vitro studies confirmed that paracrine macrophage Cox-2 signalling drives catenin-related transcription in intestinal epithelial cells. Paracrine macrophage Cox-2 activity drives growth and progression of ApcMin/+ mouse colonic adenomas, linked to increased epithelial cell β-catenin dysregulation. Stromal cell (macrophage) gene regulation and signalling represent valid targets for chemoprevention of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Hull
- Section of Molecular Gastroenterology, Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom.
| | - Richard J Cuthbert
- Section of Molecular Gastroenterology, Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - C W Stanley Ko
- Section of Molecular Gastroenterology, Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Scott
- Section of Molecular Gastroenterology, Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth J Cartwright
- Section of Molecular Gastroenterology, Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Hawcroft
- Section of Molecular Gastroenterology, Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L Perry
- Section of Molecular Gastroenterology, Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Ingram
- Section of Molecular Gastroenterology, Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M Carr
- Section of Translational Medicine, Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander F Markham
- Section of Translational Medicine, Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - Constanze Bonifer
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
| | - P Louise Coletta
- Section of Molecular Gastroenterology, Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7TF, United Kingdom
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29
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Mion F, Vetrano S, Tonon S, Valeri V, Piontini A, Burocchi A, Petti L, Frossi B, Gulino A, Tripodo C, Colombo MP, Pucillo CE. Reciprocal influence of B cells and tumor macro and microenvironments in the ApcMin/+ model of colorectal cancer. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1336593. [PMID: 28919998 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1336593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most fascinating aspects of the immune system is its dynamism, meant as the ability to change and readapt according to the organism needs. Following an insult, we assist to the spontaneous organization of different immune cells which cooperate, locally and at distance, to build up an appropriate response. Throughout tumor progression, adaptations within the systemic tumor environment, or macroenvironment, result in the promotion of tumor growth, tumor invasion and metastasis to distal organs, but also to dramatic changes in the activity and composition of the immune system. In this work, we show the changes of the B-cell arm of the immune system following tumor progression in the ApcMin/+ model of colorectal cancer. Tumor macroenvironment leads to an increased proportion of total and IL-10-competent B cells in draining LNs while activates a differentiation route that leads to the expansion of IgA+ lymphocytes in the spleen and peritoneum. Importantly, serum IgA levels were significantly higher in ApcMin/+ than Wt mice. The peculiar involvement of IgA response in the adenomatous transformation had correlates in the gut-mucosal compartment where IgA-positive elements increased from normal mucosa to areas of low grade dysplasia while decreasing upon overt carcinomatous transformation. Altogether, our findings provide a snapshot of the tumor education of B lymphocytes in the ApcMin/+ model of colorectal cancer. Understanding how tumor macroenvironment affects the differentiation, function and distribution of B lymphocytes is pivotal to the generation of specific therapies, targeted to switching B cells to an anti-, rather than pro-, tumoral phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mion
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Stefania Vetrano
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Tonon
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Viviana Valeri
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Andrea Piontini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessia Burocchi
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Immunology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Italy
| | - Luciana Petti
- Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Barbara Frossi
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gulino
- Department of Health Science, Tumor Immunology Unit, Human Pathology Section, Palermo University School of Medicine, Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudio Tripodo
- Department of Health Science, Tumor Immunology Unit, Human Pathology Section, Palermo University School of Medicine, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario P Colombo
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Immunology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milano, Italy
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30
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Potentiating NK cell activity by combination of Rosuvastatin and Difluoromethylornithine for effective chemopreventive efficacy against Colon Cancer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37046. [PMID: 27841323 PMCID: PMC5107958 DOI: 10.1038/srep37046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second highest cause of cancer-related deaths. A successful strategy to improve chemopreventive efficacies is by down-regulating tumor polyamines and enhancing NK cell activities. Colonic carcinogenesis was induced by azoxymethane (AOM) in male F344 rats. Eight weeks after AOM treatment, animals were fed diets containing Rosuvastatin and difluromethylornithine (DFMO) individually and in combination for 40 weeks. Both agents showed significant suppression of adenocarcinoma multiplicity and incidence with no toxicity compared to untreated rats. Low-dose Rosuvastatin plus DFMO suppressed colon adenocarcinoma multiplicity by 76% compared to low-dose Rosuvastatin (29%) and DFMO (46%), suggesting additive efficacy. Furthermore, low-dose combination caused a delay in colonic adenocarcinoma progression. DFMO, Rosuvastatin and/or combinations significantly decreased polyamine content and increased intra-tumoral NK cells expressing perforin plus IFN-γ compared to untreated colon tumors. Further ex-vivo analysis of splenic NK cells exposed to DFMO, Rosuvastatin or combination resulted in an increase of NKs with perforin expression. This is the first report on Rosuvastatin alone or combination strategy using clinically relevant statin plus DFMO doses which shows a significant suppression of colon adenocarcinomas, and their potential in increasing functional NK cells. This strategy has potential for further testing in high risk individuals for colon cancer.
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31
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Jung YS, Park CH, Eun CS, Park DI, Han DS. Statin use and the risk of colorectal adenoma: A meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31:1823-1830. [PMID: 27043957 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although statin use has been reported to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer beyond its cholesterol-lowering effects, the benefit of statins against colorectal adenoma has not been fully clarified. We aimed to investigate the association between statin use and the risk of colorectal adenoma. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature search on MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library using the primary keywords "adenoma," "polyp," "colorectal," "colon," "rectal," "rectum," "neoplasia," "neoplasm," "statin," "3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A," and "HMG-CoA." Studies were included if they evaluated the association between statin use and adenoma and reported relative risks (RRs) or odds ratios or provided data for estimation. Pooled estimates were calculated using the random-effects model. RESULTS Six studies including 13 239 patients were analyzed. The median proportion of patients with any adenoma was 29.7% (range, 20.9-38.4%) in patients taking statins and 31.2% (range, 19.6-63.4%) in patients not taking statins across included studies. The median proportion of patients with advanced adenoma in those taking statins was 7.7% (range, 3.1-27.2%), whereas that in patients not taking statins was 11.3% (range, 3.5-32.4%). On meta-analysis, statin use did not significantly affect the risk of any adenoma (pooled RR = 0.901; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.735-1.104); however, it was associated with a lower risk of advanced adenoma (pooled RR = 0.833; 95% CI, 0.750-0.925). CONCLUSIONS Statin use seems to be associated with a reduced risk of advanced adenoma, but not any adenoma. Statins may prevent neoplastic progression of adenomas rather than the development of adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Suk Jung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan Hyuk Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Korea
| | - Chang Soo Eun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Korea
| | - Dong Il Park
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Soo Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Korea
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Ganai SA. Histone deacetylase inhibitor pracinostat in doublet therapy: a unique strategy to improve therapeutic efficacy and to tackle herculean cancer chemoresistance. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:1926-1935. [PMID: 26853619 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1135966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Context Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) have shown promising results in neurodegeneration and cancer. Hydroxamate HDACi, including vorinostat, have shown encouraging results in haematological malignancies, but the poor pharmacokinetic of these inhibitors leads to insufficient tumour concentration limiting their application against solid malignancies. Objective This article deals with novel HDAC inhibitor pracinostat (SB939) and delineates its therapeutic role in solid and haematological malignancies. The article provides rigorous details about the underlying molecular mechanisms modulated by pracinostat to exert cytotoxic effect. The article further highlights the doublet therapy that may be used to tackle monotonous cancer chemoresistance. Methods Both old and the latest literature on pracinostat was retrieved from diverse sources, such as PubMed, Science Direct, Springer Link, general Google search using both pracinostat and SB939 keywords in various ways: after thorough evaluation the topic which can fulfil the current gap was chosen. Results Pracinostat shows potent anticancer activity against both solid and haematological malignancies compared to the FDA-approved drug vorinostat. This marvellous inhibitor has better physicochemical, pharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic properties than the defined inhibitor vorinostat. Pracinostat has >100-fold more affinity towards HDACs compared to other zinc-dependent metalloenzymes and shows maximum efficacy when used in doublet therapy. Conclusion Pracinostat shows potent anticancer activity even against therapeutically challenging cancers when used in doublet therapy. However, the triplet combination studies of the defined inhibitor that may prove even more beneficial are still undone, emphasizing the desperate need of further research in the defined gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabir Ahmad Ganai
- a Plant Virology and Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology , Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir , Shalimar , Srinagar , Jammu & Kashmir , India
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Vaish V, Kim J, Shim M. Lentivirus-mediated somatic recombination and development of a novel mouse model for sporadic colorectal cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2016; 55:577-90. [PMID: 27037682 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we have developed a novel mouse model for sporadic colorectal cancer (CRC) by utilizing APC conditional knockout (Apc(CKO) ) mouse and lentivirus encoding Cre recombinase and a reporter gene (EGFP or LacZ). Lentiviral transduction of colonic crypt stem cells allowed for the long-term expression of reporter gene as well as excision of floxed Apc alleles, which resulted in tumor development. Tumors represented adenoma stages along with the nuclear accumulation of β-catenin. Loss of E-cadherin at the cellular junctions and strong expression of Vimentin suggested the sign of active epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Moreover, nuclear staining of Ki67 inside epithelial cells of aberrant crypts demonstrated their higher proliferative nature. Erratic downstream signaling of activated Wnt/β-catenin, AKT/mTOR, and Notch pathways provided strong evidence towards the higher proliferative index of epithelial cells inside the aberrant crypts. These results do recapitulate the findings of previous APC mutant mouse models. Our model represents sporadic CRC more precisely as (i) tumors result from somatic mutations but not from germline; (ii) tumors develop in colon not in small intestine; (iii) few tumors develop at the distal end of colons. Additionally, our model allows for the long-term expression of the gene(s), which get integrated into the host cell genome and provides an ability to track the tumor growth. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Vaish
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Colon Cancer Research, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208
| | - Joohwee Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Colon Cancer Research, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208
| | - Minsub Shim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Colon Cancer Research, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208
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Xu S, Chen M, Chen W, Hui J, Ji J, Hu S, Zhou J, Wang Y, Liang G. Chemopreventive effect of chalcone derivative, L2H17, in colon cancer development. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:870. [PMID: 26552551 PMCID: PMC4638100 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1901-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colon cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Chalcone and its derivatives are reported to exhibit anti-cancer effects in several cancer cell lines, including colon cancer cells. In addition, chalcones have advantages such as poor interaction with DNA and low risk of mutagenesity. In our previous study, a group of chalcone derivatives were synthesized and exhibited strong anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we evaluated the anti-cancer effects of the chalcone derivative, L2H17, in colon cancer cells. METHODS The cytotoxicities of L2H17 on various colon cancer cell lines were investigated by MTT and clonogenic assay. Cell cycle and apoptosis analysis were performed to evaluate the molecular mechanism of L2H17-mediated inhibition of tumor growth. Also, scratch wound and matrigel invasion experiments were performed to estimate the cell migration and invasion after L2H17 treatment. Finally, we observed the anti-colon cancer effects of L2H17 in vivo. RESULTS Our data show that compound L2H17 exhibited selective cytotoxic effect on colon cancer cells, via inducing G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in CT26.WT cells. Furthermore, L2H17 treatment decreased cell migration and invasion of CT26.WT cells. In addition, L2H17 possessed marked anti-tumor activity in vivo. The molecular mechanism of L2H17-mediated inhibition of tumor promotion and progression were function through inactivated NF-κB and Akt signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS All these findings show that L2H17 might be a potential growth inhibitory chalcones derivative for colon cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmei Xu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Minxiao Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Wenbo Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Junguo Hui
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China. .,Department of Radiology, the 5th Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jiansong Ji
- Department of Radiology, the 5th Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shuping Hu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Jianmin Zhou
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
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Golovko D, Kedrin D, Yilmaz ÖH, Roper J. Colorectal cancer models for novel drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 10:1217-29. [PMID: 26295972 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2015.1079618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite increased screening rates and advances in targeted therapy, colorectal cancer (CRC) remains the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality. CRC models that recapitulate key features of human disease are essential to the development of novel and effective therapeutics. Classic methods of modeling CRC such as human cell lines and xenograft mice, while useful for many applications, carry significant limitations. Recently developed in vitro and in vivo models overcome some of these deficiencies and thus can be utilized to better model CRC for mechanistic and translational research. AREAS COVERED The authors review established models of in vitro cell culture and describe advances in organoid culture for studying normal and malignant intestine. They also discuss key features of classic xenograft models and describe other approaches for in vivo CRC research, including patient-derived xenograft, carcinogen-induced, orthotopic transplantation and transgenic mouse models. We also describe mouse models of metastatic CRC. EXPERT OPINION No single model is optimal for drug discovery in CRC. Genetically engineered models overcome many limitations of xenograft models. Three-dimensional organoids can be efficiently derived from both normal and malignant tissue for large-scale in vitro and in vivo (transplantation) studies and are thus a significant advance in CRC drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Golovko
- a 1 Tufts Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Molecular Oncology Research Institute , Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Dmitriy Kedrin
- b 2 MIT, The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,c 3 Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Division of Gastroenterology , Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ömer H Yilmaz
- b 2 MIT, The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,d 4 Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Department of Pathology , Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jatin Roper
- a 1 Tufts Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology and Molecular Oncology Research Institute , Boston, MA 02111, USA .,b 2 MIT, The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Department of Biology , Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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A lovastatin-elicited genetic program inhibits M2 macrophage polarization and enhances T cell infiltration into spontaneous mouse mammary tumors. Oncotarget 2014; 4:2288-301. [PMID: 24317954 PMCID: PMC3926827 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond their ability to inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis, the statins have pleiotropic effects that include anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. Statins could have clinical utility, alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutics, in the treatment of cancer. The mechanisms that underlie the anti-tumor activity of the statins are nonetheless poorly defined. No studies have analyzed how they alter the tumor-associated leukocyte infiltrate, a central factor that influences tumor stroma and cancer evolution. Here we used HER2/neu transgenic (Tg-neu) mice to analyze the effect of lovastatin (Lov) on the inflammatory reaction of spontaneous mammary tumors. Lov treatment of tumor-bearing Tg-neu mice did not alter growth of established tumors, but significantly reduced the number of new oncogenic lesions in these mice. Moreover, Lov inhibited the growth of newly implanted Tg-neu tumors in immunocompetent but not in immunodeficient mice. We found that Lov enhanced tumor infiltration by effector T cells, and reduced the number of immunosuppressive and pro-angiogenic M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). Concomitantly, the drug improved the structure and function of the tumor vasculature, measured as enhanced tumor oxygenation and penetration of cytotoxic drugs. Microarray analysis identified a Lov-elicited genetic program in Tg-neu tumors that might explain these effects; we observed Lov-induced downregulation of placental growth factor, which triggers aberrant angiogenesis and M2-like TAM polarization. Our results identify a role for lovastatin in the shaping and re-education of the inflammatory infiltrate in tumors, with functional consequences in angiogenesis and antitumor immunity.
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Kim JY, Alam F, Chung SW, Park J, Jeon OC, Kim SY, Son WC, Byun Y. Combinational chemoprevention effect of celecoxib and an oral antiangiogenic LHD4 on colorectal carcinogenesis in mice. Anticancer Drugs 2014; 25:1061-71. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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de Jong PR, Takahashi N, Harris AR, Lee J, Bertin S, Jeffries J, Jung M, Duong J, Triano AI, Lee J, Niv Y, Herdman DS, Taniguchi K, Kim CW, Dong H, Eckmann L, Stanford SM, Bottini N, Corr M, Raz E. Ion channel TRPV1-dependent activation of PTP1B suppresses EGFR-associated intestinal tumorigenesis. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3793-806. [PMID: 25083990 DOI: 10.1172/jci72340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium has a high rate of turnover, and dysregulation of pathways that regulate regeneration can lead to tumor development; however, the negative regulators of oncogenic events in the intestinal epithelium are not fully understood. Here we identified a feedback loop between the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a known mediator of proliferation, and the transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member 1 (TRPV1), in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). We found that TRPV1 was expressed by IECs and was intrinsically activated upon EGFR stimulation. Subsequently, TRPV1 activation inhibited EGFR-induced epithelial cell proliferation via activation of Ca2+/calpain and resulting activation of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B). In a murine model of multiple intestinal neoplasia (Apc(Min/+) mice), TRPV1 deficiency increased adenoma formation, and treatment of these animals with an EGFR kinase inhibitor reversed protumorigenic phenotypes, supporting a functional association between TRPV1 and EGFR signaling in IECs. Administration of a TRPV1 agonist suppressed intestinal tumorigenesis in Apc(Min/+) mice, similar to--as well as in conjunction with--a cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, which suggests that targeting both TRPV1 and COX-2 has potential as a therapeutic approach for tumor prevention. Our findings implicate TRPV1 as a regulator of growth factor signaling in the intestinal epithelium through activation of PTP1B and subsequent suppression of intestinal tumorigenesis.
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Chemopreventive effects of oplopantriol A, a novel compound isolated from Oplopanax horridus, on colorectal cancer. Nutrients 2014; 6:2668-80. [PMID: 25045937 PMCID: PMC4113763 DOI: 10.3390/nu6072668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oplopanax horridus is a North American botanical that has received limited investigations. We previously isolated over a dozen of the constituents from O. horridus, and among them oplopantriol A (OPT A) is a novel compound. In this study, we firstly evaluated the in vivo chemoprevention activities of OPT A using the xenograft colon cancer mouse model. Our data showed that this compound significantly suppressed tumor growth with dose-related effects (p < 0.01). Next, we characterized the compound's growth inhibitory effects in human colorectal cancer cell lines HCT-116 and SW-480. With OPT A treatment, these malignant cells were significantly inhibited in both a concentration- and time-dependent manner (both p < 0.01). The IC50 was approximately 5 µM for HCT-116 and 7 µM for SW-480 cells. OPT A significantly induced apoptosis and arrested the cell cycle at the G2/M phase. From further mechanism explorations, our data showed that OPT A significantly upregulated the expression of a cluster of genes, especially the tumor necrosis factor receptor family and caspase family, suggesting that the tumor necrosis factor-related apoptotic pathway plays a key role in OPT A induced apoptosis.
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Abstract
The antitumour effect of statins has already been proven in animal experiments and human cancer cell lines in several gastrointestinal cancers. The chemopreventive mechanism is not completely clarified but the enhancement of oxidative stress, increased autophagy, altered expression of pro- and antiproliferative proteins and their influence on intracellular signaling pathways may play a role. Randomized studies, however, failed to confirme the expected results obtained from experimental studies. The goal of this review is to summarize the data available in the literature regarding the chemopreventive effects of statins on several gastrointestinal cancers. Results of clinical trials suggest that 10-20 mg statin daily has no or minimal antitumour effect. Chemopreventive effect of hydrophilic statins could not be detected but it seems to be significant in the case of hydrophobic statins. There are only few data available on the long-term daily use of 30-40 mg statins. Further long-term evaluation of the effect of statins regarding gastrointestinal cancers is needed, and an analysis of compound- and dose-related subgroups would be beneficial. Chemoprevention with statins cannot yet be accepted as standard medical practice. Use of statins as chemopreventive agents cannot be a substitute for regular oncological screening or surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Sági
- Zala Megyei Kórház Belgyógyászati Osztály Zalaegerszeg Zrínyi M. u. 1. 8900
| | - László Herszényi
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar II. Belgyógyászati Klinika Budapest
| | - Zsolt Tulassay
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Általános Orvostudományi Kar II. Belgyógyászati Klinika Budapest
| | - Beáta Gasztonyi
- Zala Megyei Kórház Belgyógyászati Osztály Zalaegerszeg Zrínyi M. u. 1. 8900
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Pathuri G, Li Q, Mohammed A, Gali H, Pento JT, Rao CV. Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of N-ethylamino-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxamide for inhibition of intestinal tumorigenesis in APC(Min/+) mice. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1380-2. [PMID: 24507628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A selective KGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, N-ethylamino-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-quinoline-3-carboxamide, was synthesized and its possible inhibitory effects on the development of colon polyps and colorectal tumors was examined in APC(Min/+) mice, a mouse model of human intestinal familial adenomatous polyposis. The present study shows for the first time that a dietary administration of a selective KGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor lacks the overt-toxicities and significantly reduced the growth of small intestinal polyps in both male and female APC(Min/+) mice. This inhibition of polyp growth appears to occur at a greater extent in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Pathuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA; Hematology/Oncology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Hematology/Oncology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA; Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
| | - Altaf Mohammed
- Hematology/Oncology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA; Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
| | - Hariprasad Gali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA; Experimental Therapeutics Program, Peggy and Charles Stephenson Oklahoma Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
| | - J Thomas Pento
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA; Experimental Therapeutics Program, Peggy and Charles Stephenson Oklahoma Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA.
| | - Chinthalapally V Rao
- Hematology/Oncology Section, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA; Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
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Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in the world. CRC is responsible for more than 600,000 deaths annually and incidence rates are increasing in most of the developing countries. Epidemiological and laboratory investigations suggest that environmental factors such as western style dietary habits, tobacco-smoking, and lack of physical activities are considered as risks for CRC. Molecular pathobiology of CRC implicates pro-inflammatory conditions to promote the tumor malignant progression, invasion, and metastasis. It is well known that patients with inflammatory bowel disease are at higher risk of CRC. Many evidences exist reiterating the link between Inflammation and CRC. Inflammation involves interaction between various immune cells, inflammatory cells, chemokines, cytokines, and pro-inflammatory mediators, such as cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) pathways, which may lead to signaling towards, tumor cell proliferation, growth, and invasion. Thus, this review will focus on mechanisms by which pro-inflammatory mediators and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species play a role in promoting CRC. Based on these mechanisms, various preventive strategies, involving anti-inflammatory agents, such as COX inhibitors, COX-LOX inhibitors, iNOS inhibitors, natural supplements/agents, and synthetic agents, that blocks the inflammatory pathways and suppress CRC are discussed in this review.
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Sugie S, Tsukino H, Mukai S, Akioka T, Shibata N, Nagano M, Kamoto T. Cyclooxygenase 2 genotypes influence prostate cancer susceptibility in Japanese Men. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:2717-21. [PMID: 24203817 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1358-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the relationship between the cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) G1195A (rs689465) polymorphism and the risk of prostate cancer in a Japanese population and the associations between COX2 polymorphisms and clinicopathological characteristics, including Gleason grade and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) grade. We recruited 134 patients with prostate cancer and 86 healthy controls matched for age and smoking status. The COX2 G1195A polymorphism status was determined by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Genotype distributions (p = 0.028) and allelic frequencies (p = 0.014) differed significantly between prostate cancer and control groups in terms of the COX2 G1195A polymorphism (Pearson's χ (2) test). Logistic regression analysis of case and control outcomes showed an odds ratio between the GG and AA genotypes of 3.15 (95% confidence interval = 1.27-8.08, p = 0.014), indicating an increased risk of prostate cancer associated with the AA genotype. Subset analysis revealed no significant associations between this polymorphism and clinicopathological characteristics of prostate cancer. This study demonstrated a relationship between the COX2 G1195A variant and prostate cancer risk. This polymorphism may merit further investigation as a potential genomic marker for the early detection of prostate cancer. Our results support the hypothesis that rs689465 influences susceptibility to prostate cancer; however, prostate cancer progression was not associated with rs689465 in a Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Sugie
- Departments of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake-cho, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
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Corcos L, Le Jossic-Corcos C. Statins: perspectives in cancer therapeutics. Dig Liver Dis 2013; 45:795-802. [PMID: 23490341 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Virtually any cell type in a mammalian organism uses Acetyl CoA to yield mevalonate, through the activity of the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase enzyme and, ultimately, cholesterol. Statins have long and quite successfully been used as cholesterol lowering drugs. They reversibly inhibit the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase activity, which is rate limiting in the early steps of the cholesterol synthesis pathway. In addition to these effects, it has also been amply shown that statins may efficiently trigger cancer cell apoptosis, making them a plausible therapeutic option for the treatment of cancer. Whether statins may prevent cancer occurrence is a matter of debate and an unanswered question; undoubtedly experimental models have clearly demonstrated the potential of statins as direct cytotoxic agents, which can reduce tumour development or metastasis spread, even more so when combined with cytotoxic drugs. Until now, however, only few data in humans support the idea that statins could rightfully belong to the group of anticancer drugs. Nevertheless, as cancer cell metabolism is being thoroughly revisited, the mevalonate pathway has recently been reported as truly oncogenic, presenting the attractive possibility that mevalonate pathway inhibitors, such as statins, may join the ranks of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Corcos
- INSERM U1078-ECLA and SFR-ScInBioS, European University, Bretagne, France.
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Abstract
Cancer risk reduction using pharmacological means is an attractive modern preventive approach that supplements the classical behavioural prevention recommendations. Medications that are commonly used by large populations to treat a variety of common, non-cancer-related, medical situations are an attractive candidate pool. This Review discusses three pharmacological agents with the most evidence for their potential as cancer chemopreventive agents: anti-hypercholesterolaemia medications (statins), an antidiabetic agent (metformin) and antiosteoporosis drugs (bisphosphonates). Data are accumulating to support a significant negative association of certain statins with cancer occurrence or survival in several major tumour sites (mostly gastrointestinal tumours and breast cancer), with an augmented combined effect with aspirin or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Metformin, but not other hypoglycaemic drugs, also seems to have some antitumour growth activity, but the amount of evidence in human studies, mainly in breast cancer, is still limited. Experimental and observational data have identified bisphosphonates as a pharmacological group that could have significant impact on incidence and mortality of more than one subsite of malignancy. At the current level of evidence these potential chemopreventive drugs should be considered in high-risk situations or using the personalized approach of maximizing individual benefits and minimizing the potential for adverse effects with the aid of pharmacogenetic indicators.
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Lo Sasso G, Bovenga F, Murzilli S, Salvatore L, Di Tullio G, Martelli N, D'Orazio A, Rainaldi S, Vacca M, Mangia A, Palasciano G, Moschetta A. Liver X receptors inhibit proliferation of human colorectal cancer cells and growth of intestinal tumors in mice. Gastroenterology 2013; 144:1497-507, 1507.e1-13. [PMID: 23419360 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Liver X receptors (LXRs) are transcriptional regulators of cholesterol metabolism, controlling cholesterol flow into cells, catabolism, and efflux. Cholesterol controls cell proliferation; disruptions in cholesterol metabolism have been associated with the development of colon cancer. We investigated whether expression of activated LXR protects against intestinal tumorigenesis in mice. METHODS We analyzed the development of colon cancer in mice that express a constitutive active form of LXRα only in the intestinal epithelium, under the control of villin promoter (iVP16LXRα). These mice were crossed with adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc)(min/+) mice, or given azoxymethane followed by dextran sodium sulfate, to assess intestinal tumor formation. We also assessed proliferation and apoptosis of a human colorectal cancer cell line (HT29) transfected with an adenoviral vector that expressed Ad VP16hLXRα, compared with cells expressing AdVP16 (control), and their ability to form xenograft tumors in mice. HT29 cells also were incubated with the LXR ligand GW3965. RESULTS In human colorectal cancer cells, ligand-induced activation of LXR or transfection with Ad VP16hLXRα blocked the G1 phase, increased caspase-dependent apoptosis, and slowed growth of xenograft tumors in mice. iVP16LXRα mice formed fewer, smaller tumors than VP16 (control) mice after administration of azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate. APC(min/+)/iVP16LXRα mice also developed fewer, smaller intestinal tumors than APC(min/+)/iVP16 mice. Gene expression analysis indicated that activation of LXRα affected lipid metabolic networks and increased cholesterol efflux in the intestine. CONCLUSIONS Expression of activated LXRα blocks proliferation of human colorectal cancer cells and slows the growth of xenograft tumors in mice. It also reduces intestinal tumor formation after administration of chemical carcinogens, and in Apc(min/+) mice. LXR agonists therefore might be developed as therapeutic treatments for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lo Sasso
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Department of Translational Pharmacology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Italy
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Mohammed A, Janakiram NB, Brewer M, Vedala K, Steele VE, Rao CV. Multitargeted low-dose GLAD combination chemoprevention: a novel and promising approach to combat colon carcinogenesis. Neoplasia 2013; 15:481-90. [PMID: 23633920 PMCID: PMC3638351 DOI: 10.1593/neo.13282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical studies have shown that gefitinib, licofelone, atorvastatin, and α-difluoromethylornithine (GLAD) are promising colon cancer chemopreventive agents. Because low-dose combination regimens can offer potential additive or synergistic effects without toxicity, GLAD combination was tested for toxicity and chemopreventive efficacy for suppression of intestinal tumorigenesis in adenomatous polyposis coli (APC)(Min/+) mice. Six-week-old wild-type and APC(Min/+) mice were fed modified American Institute of Nutrition 76A diets with or without GLAD (25 + 50 + 50 + 500 ppm) for 14 weeks. Dietary GLAD caused no signs of toxicity based on organ pathology and liver enzyme profiles. GLAD feeding strongly inhibited (80-83%, P < .0001) total intestinal tumor multiplicity and size in APC(Min/+) mice (means ± SEM tumors for control vs GLAD were 67.1 ± 5.4 vs. 11.3 ± 1.1 in males and 72.3 ± 8.9 vs 14.5 ± 2.8 in females). Mice fed GLAD had >95% fewer polyps with sizes of >2 mm compared with control mice and showed 75% and 85% inhibition of colonic tumors in males and females, respectively. Molecular analyses of polyps suggested that GLAD exerts efficacy by inhibiting cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, decreasing β-catenin and caveolin-1 levels, increasing caspase-3 cleavage and p21, and modulating expression profile of inflammatory cytokines. These observations demonstrate that GLAD, a novel cocktail of chemopreventive agents at very low doses, suppresses intestinal tumorigenesis in APC(Min/+) mice with no toxicity. This novel strategy to prevent colorectal cancer is an important step in developing agents with high efficacy without unwanted side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf Mohammed
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hematology-Oncology Section, Department of Medicine, PC Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Broughton T, Sington J, Beales ILP. Statin use is associated with a reduced incidence of colorectal adenomatous polyps. Int J Colorectal Dis 2013; 28:469-76. [PMID: 23114474 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-012-1601-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) have been shown to have potentially useful anticancer effects against colorectal cancers in experimental studies, but clinical studies have shown inconsistent results on colorectal cancer incidence. Most colorectal cancers are believed to develop through the polyp-cancer sequence. We hypothesized that statins may protect against the development of adenomatous polyps, and this may contribute to the apparent cancer-protective effects. OBJECTIVE This study aims to compare previous statin use in patients with newly diagnosed adenomatous polyps against a control group without polyps. METHOD A case-control study involving 264 patients attending for diagnostic colonoscopy at the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital was used. Polyp cases were age and sex matched against controls with normal colonoscopies. Structured patient interviews and clinical notes were used to ascertain drug and risk factor. Logistic regression was used to compare statin exposure and correct for confounding factors. RESULTS There was a significant negative association between prior statin use and a diagnosis of adenomatous polyps [odds ratio (OR) = 0.40 (0.24-0.76)]. The association was significantly stronger with higher statin doses [≥40 mg simvastatin or equivalent; OR 0.33 (0.10-0.53)] or longer duration of use [>5 years; OR 0.36 (0.10-0.67)]. Statin use was negatively associated with both high- and low-risk polyps. CONCLUSIONS Statins may have a protective effect against the development of adenomatous polyps. The negative association between statin use and polyp incidence showed a significant dose and duration relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Broughton
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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Lochhead P, Chan AT. Statins and colorectal cancer. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 11:109-18; quiz e13-4. [PMID: 22982096 PMCID: PMC3703461 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2012.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, more commonly referred to as statins, comprise a family of lipid-lowering drugs that are prescribed on a global scale on account of their proven safety and efficacy in reducing mortality from cardiovascular disease. Beyond their potent pharmacologic inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis, statins appear to have pleiotropic effects, including modulation of cell growth, apoptosis, and inflammation. Through modulation of these pathways, statins have the potential to influence a wide range of disease processes, including cancer. Much attention has focused on the association between statins and colorectal cancer, raising the prospect that these well-tolerated compounds could form the basis of future chemopreventive strategies. Herein, we review the epidemiologic, clinical, and preclinical data relevant to statins and colorectal neoplasia, and discuss the current status and future potential of statins as chemopreventive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lochhead
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Division of Applied Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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Constitutive TLR4 signalling in intestinal epithelium reduces tumor load by increasing apoptosis in APCMin/+ mice. Oncogene 2013; 33:369-77. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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