1
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Chen SN, Mai ZY, Mai JN, Liang W, Dong ZX, Ju FE, Chan SH, Fang Z, Xu Y, Uziel O, He C, Zhang XD, Zheng Y. E2F2 modulates cell adhesion through the transcriptional regulation of PECAM1 in multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2023; 202:840-855. [PMID: 37365680 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common haematological malignancy. Despite the development of new drugs and treatments in recent years, the therapeutic outcomes of patients are not satisfactory. It is necessary to further investigate the molecular mechanism underlying MM progression. Herein, we found that high E2F2 expression was correlated with poor overall survival and advanced clinical stages in MM patients. Gain- and loss-of-function studies showed that E2F2 inhibited cell adhesion and consequently activated cell epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migration. Further experiments revealed that E2F2 interacted with the PECAM1 promoter to suppress its transcriptional activity. The E2F2-knockdown-mediated promotion of cell adhesion was significantly reversed by the repression of PECAM1 expression. Finally, we observed that silencing E2F2 significantly inhibited viability and tumour progression in MM cell models and xenograft mouse models respectively. This study demonstrates that E2F2 plays a vital role as a tumour accelerator by inhibiting PECAM1-dependent cell adhesion and accelerating MM cell proliferation. Therefore, E2F2 may serve as a potential independent prognostic marker and therapeutic target for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Na Chen
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Hematological Malignancy Targeted Medicine of Guangdong Provincial Drug Administration, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Mai
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Hematological Malignancy Targeted Medicine of Guangdong Provincial Drug Administration, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jun-Na Mai
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiyao Liang
- Key Laboratory for Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Hematological Malignancy Targeted Medicine of Guangdong Provincial Drug Administration, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhao-Xia Dong
- Key Laboratory for Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Hematological Malignancy Targeted Medicine of Guangdong Provincial Drug Administration, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fei-Er Ju
- Key Laboratory for Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Hematological Malignancy Targeted Medicine of Guangdong Provincial Drug Administration, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sze-Hoi Chan
- Key Laboratory for Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Hematological Malignancy Targeted Medicine of Guangdong Provincial Drug Administration, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhigang Fang
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yichuan Xu
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Orit Uziel
- The Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Institute of Hematology Rabin Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Chengwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Xing-Ding Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of Hematological Malignancy Targeted Medicine of Guangdong Provincial Drug Administration, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yongjiang Zheng
- Department of Hematology, Institute of Hematology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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2
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The genomic architecture of metastasis in breast cancer: focus on mechanistic aspects, signalling pathways and therapeutic strategies. Med Oncol 2021; 38:95. [PMID: 34268641 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01547-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a multifactorial, heterogeneous disease and the second most frequent cancer amongst women worldwide. Metastasis is one of the most leading causes of death in these patients. Early-stage or locally advanced breast cancer is limited to the breast or nearby lymph nodes. When breast cancer spreads to farther tissues/organs from its original site, it is referred to as metastatic or stage IV breast cancer. Normal breast development is regulated by specific genes and signalling pathways controlling cell proliferation, cell death, cell differentiation and cell motility. Dysregulation of genes involved in various signalling pathways not only leads to the formation of primary tumour but also to the metastasis as well. The metastatic cascade is represented by a multi-step process including invasion of the local tumour cell followed by its entry into the vasculature, exit of malignant cells from the circulation and ultimately their colonization at the distant sites. These stages are referred to as formation of primary tumour, angiogenesis, invasion, intravasation and extravasation, respectively. The major sites of metastasis of breast cancer are the lymph nodes, bone, brain and lung. Only about 28% five-year survival rate has been reported for stage IV breast cancer. Metastasis is a serious concern for breast cancer and therefore, various therapeutic strategies such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been developed to target specific dysregulated genes and various signalling pathways involved in different steps of metastasis. In addition, other therapies like hyperbaric oxygen therapy, RNA interference and CRISPR/Cas9 are also being explored as novel strategies to cure the stage IV/metastatic breast cancer. Therefore, the current review has been compiled with an aim to evaluate the genetic basis of stage IV breast cancer with a focus on the molecular mechanisms. In addition, the therapeutic strategies targeting these dysregulated genes involved in various signalling pathways have also been discussed. Genome editing technologies that can target specific genes in the affected areas by making knock-in and knock-out alternations and thereby bring significant treatment outcomes in breast cancer have also been summarized.
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3
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Abstract
E2F transcription factor 2 (E2F2) is a member of the E2F family of transcription factors. The classical view is that some E2Fs act as "activators" and others "inhibitors" of cell cycle gene expression. However, the so-called "activator" E2F2 is particularly enigmatic, with seemingly contradictory roles in the cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation, and cell migration and invasion. How can we rationalize the apparently opposing functions of E2F2 in different situations? This is difficult because different methods of studying E2F2 have yielded conflicting results, so extrapolating mechanisms from an observed endpoint is challenging. This review will attempt to summarize and clarify these issues. This review focuses on genetic studies that have helped elucidate the biological functions of E2F2 and that have enhanced our understanding of how E2F2 is integrated into pathways controlling the cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation, and cell migration and invasion. This review will also discuss the function of E2F2 in cancer and other diseases. This review provides a strong basis for further research on the biological function and clinical potential of E2F2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luwen Li
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University, Ji'nan, China.,Key Lab for Biotech-Drugs of National Health Commission, Ji'nan, China.,Key Lab for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Shandong First Medical University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Shiguan Wang
- Medical College, Shandong University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Yihang Zhang
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University, Ji'nan, China.,Key Lab for Biotech-Drugs of National Health Commission, Ji'nan, China.,Key Lab for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Shandong First Medical University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Jihong Pan
- Biomedical Sciences College & Shandong Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Shandong First Medical University, Ji'nan, China.,Key Lab for Biotech-Drugs of National Health Commission, Ji'nan, China.,Key Lab for Rare & Uncommon Diseases of Shandong Province, Shandong First Medical University, Ji'nan, China
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4
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Grape Seed Procyanidins Inhibit the Growth of Breast Cancer MCF-7 Cells by Down-Regulating the EGFR/VEGF/MMP9 Pathway. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x21991691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer in women and the second leading cause of cancer death in women. However, it is not clear about its effective treatments. As a potential anticancer agent, grape seed procyanidins (GSPs) have been shown to inhibit the proliferation of various cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. In this study, it was shown that GSPs significantly inhibit MCF-7 cell proliferation in a concentration/time-dependent manner. The flow cytometric data clearly demonstrated that GSPs cause cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, followed by cell apoptosis. Moreover, it also confirmed that growth inhibition mediated by treatment with GSPs is related to the induction of apoptosis due to p53 elevation, purportedly by inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) pathway. Taken together, these findings suggest that GSPs inhibit MCF-7 cells proliferation and induce cell apoptosis by suppressing EGFR/VEGF/MMP9 pathway.
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5
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Jilek JL, Tu MJ, Zhang C, Yu AM. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Factors Contribute to Synergism between Let-7c-5p and 5-Fluorouracil in Inhibiting Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Viability. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:1257-1263. [PMID: 33051247 PMCID: PMC7684025 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological interventions for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are hindered by complex factors, and rational combination therapy may be developed to improve therapeutic outcomes. Very recently, we have identified a bioengineered microRNA let-7c-5p (or let-7c) agent as an effective inhibitor against HCC in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we sought to identify small-molecule drugs that may synergistically act with let-7c against HCC. Interestingly, we found that let-7c exhibited a strong synergism with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in the inhibition of HCC cell viability as manifested by average combination indices of 0.3 and 0.5 in Hep3B and Huh7 cells, respectively. By contrast, coadministration of let-7c with doxorubicin or sorafenib inhibited HCC cell viability with, rather surprisingly, no or minimal synergy. Further studies showed that protein levels of multidrug resistance–associated protein (MRP) ATP-binding cassette subfamily C member 5 (MRP5/ABCC5), a 5-FU efflux transporter, were reduced around 50% by let-7c in HCC cells. This led to a greater degree of intracellular accumulation of 5-FU in Huh7 cells as well as the second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate, an endogenous substrate of MRP5. Since 5-FU is an irreversible inhibitor of thymidylate synthetase (TS), we investigated the interactions of let-7c with 5-FU at pharmacodynamic level. Interestingly, our data revealed that let-7c significantly reduced TS protein levels in Huh7 cells, which was associated with the suppression of upstream transcriptional factors as well as other regulatory factors. Collectively, these results indicate that let-7c interacts with 5-FU at both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic levels, and these findings shall offer insight into molecular mechanisms of synergistic drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Jilek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Mei-Juan Tu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Ai-Ming Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
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6
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Abstract
Oncogenic activation of RAS isoforms leads tumor initiation and progression in many types of cancers and is gaining increasing interest as target for novel therapeutic strategies. In sharp contrast with other types of cancer, the importance of RAS in breast tumorigenesis has long been undermined by the low frequency of its oncogenic mutation in human breast lesions. Nevertheless, a wealth of studies over the last years have revealed how the engagement of RAS function might be mandatory downstream varied oncogenic alterations for the progression, metastatic dissemination, and therapy resistance in breast cancers. We review herein the major studies over the last three decades which have explored the controversial role of RAS proteins and their mutation status in breast tumorigenesis and have contributed to reveal their role as supporting actors, instead of as primary cause, in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Galiè
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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7
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Meng P, Bedolla RG, Yun H, Fitzpatrick JE, Kumar AP, Ghosh R. Contextual role of E2F1 in suppression of melanoma cell motility and invasiveness. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:1701-1710. [PMID: 31124185 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The general transcription factor E2F1 reportedly functions in a protumorigenic manner in several cancer models. We show that the genetic context of cancer cells influence E2F1's role to impede the protumorigenic role. Thirty to fifty percent of melanoma patients carry mutant BRAF with about 90% of mutant BRAF melanomas being V600E mutation. Tissue microarrays from melanoma patients were used to establish an association between E2F1 and BRAFV600E . We show for the first time that low E2F1 levels in BRAFV600E melanomas are associated with lymph node metastasis. Genetic manipulation of E2F1 in BRAFV600E and BRAFwt cells were used to determine its role in malignant melanoma progression by examining effects on migration and invasion. E2F1-mediated negative regulation of myosin light chain kinase (MYLK) increased migration and invasion in BRAFV600E cells by phosphorylating myosin light chain and increased stress fiber formation. We show that E2F1 inhibits extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in BRAFV600E cells and provide evidence for a negative feedback loop between E2F1 and ERK in these cells. This study shows for the first time that E2F1 has a cancer protective role in oncogenic BRAF-activated melanoma cells and that loss of E2F1 can allow disease progression through a novel mechanism of E2F1-mediated MYLK regulation. This study has implications for oncogenic BRAF-activated tumors and resistance to targeted oncogenic BRAF therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Meng
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Roble G Bedolla
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Huiyoung Yun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - James E Fitzpatrick
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Addanki P Kumar
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Molecular Medicine, & Mays Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Rita Ghosh
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Molecular Medicine, & Mays Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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8
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Carpenter BL, Liu J, Qi L, Wang C, O'Connor KL. Integrin α6β4 Upregulates Amphiregulin and Epiregulin through Base Excision Repair-Mediated DNA Demethylation and Promotes Genome-wide DNA Hypomethylation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6174. [PMID: 28733611 PMCID: PMC5522472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06351-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation patterns are a common theme across all cancer types. Specific DNA demethylation of regulatory sequences can result in upregulation of genes that are critical for tumor development and progression. Integrin α6β4 is highly expressed in pancreatic carcinoma and contributes to cancer progression, in part, through the specific DNA demethylation and upregulation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands amphiregulin (AREG) and epiregulin (EREG). Whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) revealed that integrin α6β4 signaling promotes an overall hypomethylated state and site specific DNA demethylation of enhancer elements within the proximal promoters of AREG and EREG. Additionally, we find that the base excision repair (BER) pathway is required to maintain expression of AREG and EREG, as blocking DNA repair molecules, TET1 GADD45A, TDG, or PARP-1 decreased gene expression. Likewise, we provide the novel finding that integrin α6β4 confers an enhanced ability on cells to repair DNA lesions and survive insult. Therefore, while many known signaling functions mediated by integrin α6β4 that promote invasive properties have been established, this study demonstrates that integrin α6β4 can dramatically impact the epigenome of cancer cells, direct global DNA methylation levels toward a hypomethylated state, and impact DNA repair and subsequent cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L Carpenter
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40506-0509, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40506-0509, USA
| | - Jinpeng Liu
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40506-0509, USA
| | - Lei Qi
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40506-0509, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40506-0509, USA
| | - Chi Wang
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40506-0509, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Division of Cancer Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40506-0509, USA
| | - Kathleen L O'Connor
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40506-0509, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40506-0509, USA.
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9
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Rocca A, Schirone A, Maltoni R, Bravaccini S, Cecconetto L, Farolfi A, Bronte G, Andreis D. Progress with palbociclib in breast cancer: latest evidence and clinical considerations. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2017; 9:83-105. [PMID: 28203301 PMCID: PMC5298405 DOI: 10.1177/1758834016677961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of the cell cycle is a hallmark of cancer, and research on cell cycle control has allowed identification of potential targets for anticancer treatment. Palbociclib is a selective inhibitor of the cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6), which are involved, with their coregulatory partners cyclin D, in the G1-S transition. Inhibition of this step halts cell cycle progression in cells in which the involved pathway, including the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) and the E2F family of transcription factors, is functioning, although having been deregulated. Among breast cancers, those with functioning cyclin D-CDK4/6-Rb-E2F are mainly hormone-receptor (HR) positive, with some HER2-positive and rare triple-negative cases. Deregulation results from genetic or otherwise occurring hyperactivation of molecules subtending cell cycle progression, or inactivation of cell cycle inhibitors. Based on results of randomized clinical trials, palbociclib was granted accelerated approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in combination with letrozole as initial endocrine-based therapy for metastatic disease in postmenopausal women with HR-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer, and was approved for use in combination with fulvestrant in women with HR-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer with disease progression following endocrine therapy. This review provides an update of the available knowledge on the cell cycle and its regulation, on the alterations in cyclin D-CDK4/6-Rb-E2F axis in breast cancer and their roles in endocrine resistance, on the preclinical activity of CDK4/6 inhibitors in breast cancer, both as monotherapy and as partners of combinatorial synergic treatments, and on the clinical development of palbociclib in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rocca
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Via Maroncelli 40, Meldola, FC 47014, Italy
| | - Alessio Schirone
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Roberta Maltoni
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Sara Bravaccini
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cecconetto
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Alberto Farolfi
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bronte
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
| | - Daniele Andreis
- Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, FC, Italy
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10
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The opposing roles of laminin-binding integrins in cancer. Matrix Biol 2017; 57-58:213-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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11
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Thangavel C, Boopathi E, Liu Y, Haber A, Ertel A, Bhardwaj A, Addya S, Williams N, Ciment SJ, Cotzia P, Dean JL, Snook A, McNair C, Price M, Hernandez JR, Zhao SG, Birbe R, McCarthy JB, Turley EA, Pienta KJ, Feng FY, Dicker AP, Knudsen KE, Den RB. RB Loss Promotes Prostate Cancer Metastasis. Cancer Res 2016; 77:982-995. [PMID: 27923835 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-1589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RB loss occurs commonly in neoplasia but its contributions to advanced cancer have not been assessed directly. Here we show that RB loss in multiple murine models of cancer produces a prometastatic phenotype. Gene expression analyses showed that regulation of the cell motility receptor RHAMM by the RB/E2F pathway was critical for epithelial-mesenchymal transition, motility, and invasion by cancer cells. Genetic modulation or pharmacologic inhibition of RHAMM activity was sufficient and necessary for metastatic phenotypes induced by RB loss in prostate cancer. Mechanistic studies in this setting established that RHAMM stabilized F-actin polymerization by controlling ROCK signaling. Collectively, our findings show how RB loss drives metastatic capacity and highlight RHAMM as a candidate therapeutic target for treating advanced prostate cancer. Cancer Res; 77(4); 982-95. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chellappagounder Thangavel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ettickan Boopathi
- Sidney Kimmel Center for Translation Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alex Haber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Adam Ertel
- Cancer Genomics, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anshul Bhardwaj
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, X-ray Crystallography and Molecular Interactions, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sankar Addya
- Cancer Genomics, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Noelle Williams
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen J Ciment
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Paolo Cotzia
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffry L Dean
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Adam Snook
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chris McNair
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Matt Price
- Department of Laboratory of Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - James R Hernandez
- Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shuang G Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ruth Birbe
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James B McCarthy
- Department of Laboratory of Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Eva A Turley
- London Health Sciences Center, Departments of Oncology, Biochemistry and Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth J Pienta
- Department of Urology, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Felix Y Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Adam P Dicker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Karen E Knudsen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Urology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert B Den
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. .,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Urology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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12
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Johnson J, Thijssen B, McDermott U, Garnett M, Wessels LF, Bernards R. Targeting the RB-E2F pathway in breast cancer. Oncogene 2016; 35:4829-35. [PMID: 26923330 PMCID: PMC4950965 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutations of the retinoblastoma tumor-suppressor gene (RB1) or components regulating the CDK-RB-E2F pathway have been identified in nearly every human malignancy. Re-establishing cell cycle control through cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibition has therefore emerged as an attractive option in the development of targeted cancer therapy. The most successful example of this today is the use of the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib combined with aromatase inhibitors for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers. Multiple studies have demonstrated that the CDK-RB-E2F pathway is critical for the control of cell proliferation. More recently, studies have highlighted additional roles of this pathway, especially E2F transcription factors themselves, in tumor progression, angiogenesis and metastasis. Specific E2Fs also have prognostic value in breast cancer, independent of clinical parameters. We discuss here recent advances in understanding of the RB-E2F pathway in breast cancer. We also discuss the application of genome-wide genetic screening efforts to gain insight into synthetic lethal interactions of CDK4/6 inhibitors in breast cancer for the development of more effective combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Johnson
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Cancer Genomics Netherlands The Netherlands Cancer Institute Plesmanlaan 121 1066 CX Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Bram Thijssen
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Cancer Genomics Netherlands The Netherlands Cancer Institute Plesmanlaan 121 1066 CX Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ultan McDermott
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB10 1SA
| | - Mathew Garnett
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom CB10 1SA
| | - Lodewyk F.A. Wessels
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Cancer Genomics Netherlands The Netherlands Cancer Institute Plesmanlaan 121 1066 CX Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - René Bernards
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Cancer Genomics Netherlands The Netherlands Cancer Institute Plesmanlaan 121 1066 CX Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Wang Y, Alla V, Goody D, Gupta SK, Spitschak A, Wolkenhauer O, Pützer BM, Engelmann D. Epigenetic factor EPC1 is a master regulator of DNA damage response by interacting with E2F1 to silence death and activate metastasis-related gene signatures. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 44:117-33. [PMID: 26350215 PMCID: PMC4705687 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor E2F1 is a key regulator of cell proliferation and apoptosis. Recently, it has been shown that aberrant E2F1 expression often detectable in advanced cancers contributes essentially to cancer cell propagation and characterizes the aggressive potential of a tumor. Conceptually, this requires a subset of malignant cells capable of evading apoptotic death through anticancer drugs. The molecular mechanism by which the pro-apoptotic activity of E2F1 is antagonized is widely unclear. Here we report a novel function for EPC1 (enhancer of polycomb homolog 1) in DNA damage protection. Depletion of EPC1 potentiates E2F1-mediated apoptosis in response to genotoxic treatment and abolishes tumor cell motility. We found that E2F1 directly binds to the EPC1 promoter and EPC1 vice versa physically interacts with bifunctional E2F1 to modulate its transcriptional activity in a target gene-specific manner. Remarkably, nuclear-colocalized EPC1 activates E2F1 to upregulate the expression of anti-apoptotic survival genes such as BCL-2 or Survivin/BIRC5 and inhibits death-inducing targets. The uncovered cooperativity between EPC1 and E2F1 triggers a metastasis-related gene signature in advanced cancers that predicts poor patient survival. These findings unveil a novel oncogenic function of EPC1 for inducing the switch into tumor progression-relevant gene expression that may help to set novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Wang
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Vijay Alla
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Deborah Goody
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Shailendra K Gupta
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alf Spitschak
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Olaf Wolkenhauer
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Brigitte M Pützer
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - David Engelmann
- Institute of Experimental Gene Therapy and Cancer Research, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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Schaal C, Pillai S, Chellappan SP. The Rb-E2F transcriptional regulatory pathway in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 121:147-182. [PMID: 24889531 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800249-0.00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein Rb plays a major role in regulating G1/S transition and is a critical regulator of cell proliferation. Rb protein exerts its growth regulatory properties mainly by physically interacting with the transcriptionally active members of the E2F transcription factor family, especially E2Fs 1, 2, and 3. Given its critical role in regulating cell proliferation, it is not surprising that Rb is inactivated in almost all tumors, either through the mutation of Rb gene itself or through the mutations of its upstream regulators including K-Ras and INK4. Recent studies have revealed a significant role for Rb and its downstream effectors, especially E2Fs, in regulating various aspects of tumor progression, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Thus, components of the Rb-E2F pathway have been shown to regulate the expression of genes involved in angiogenesis, including VEGF and VEGFR, genes involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition including E-cadherin and ZEB proteins, and genes involved in invasion and migration like matrix metalloproteinases. Rb has also been shown to play a major role in the functioning of normal and cancer stem cells; further, Rb and E2F appear to play a regulatory role in the energy metabolism of cancer cells. These findings raise the possibility that mutational events that initiate tumorigenesis by inducing uncontrolled cell proliferation might also contribute to the progression and metastasis of cancers through the mediation of the Rb-E2F transcriptional regulatory pathway. This review highlights these recent studies on tumor promoting functions of the Rb-E2F pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Schaal
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Smitha Pillai
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Srikumar P Chellappan
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
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15
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Engel BE, Cress WD, Santiago-Cardona PG. THE RETINOBLASTOMA PROTEIN: A MASTER TUMOR SUPPRESSOR ACTS AS A LINK BETWEEN CELL CYCLE AND CELL ADHESION. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 7:1-10. [PMID: 28090172 DOI: 10.2147/chc.s28079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
RB1 was the first tumor suppressor gene discovered. Over four decades of work have revealed that the Rb protein (pRb) is a master regulator of biological pathways influencing virtually every aspect of intrinsic cell fate including cell growth, cell-cycle checkpoints, differentiation, senescence, self-renewal, replication, genomic stability and apoptosis. While these many processes may account for a significant portion of RB1's potency as a tumor suppressor, a small, but growing stream of evidence suggests that RB1 also significantly influences how a cell interacts with its environment, including cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix interactions. This review will highlight pRb's role in the control of cell adhesion and how alterations in the adhesive properties of tumor cells may drive the deadly process of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Engel
- Molecular Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - W D Cress
- Molecular Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA
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16
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Goel HL, Pursell B, Chang C, Shaw LM, Mao J, Simin K, Kumar P, Vander Kooi CW, Shultz LD, Greiner DL, Norum JH, Toftgard R, Kuperwasser C, Mercurio AM. GLI1 regulates a novel neuropilin-2/α6β1 integrin based autocrine pathway that contributes to breast cancer initiation. EMBO Mol Med 2013; 5:488-508. [PMID: 23436775 PMCID: PMC3628099 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201202078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of cells with tumour initiating potential is significant for advancing our understanding of cancer and improving therapy. Aggressive, triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are enriched for tumour-initiating cells (TICs). We investigated that hypothesis that VEGF receptors expressed on TNBC cells mediate autocrine signalling that contributes to tumour initiation. We discovered the VEGF receptor neuropilin-2 (NRP2) is expressed preferentially on TICs, involved in the genesis of TNBCs and necessary for tumour initiation. The mechanism by which NRP2 signalling promotes tumour initiation involves stimulation of the α6β1 integrin, focal adhesion kinase-mediated activation of Ras/MEK signalling and consequent expression of the Hedgehog effector GLI1. GLI1 also induces BMI-1, a key stem cell factor, and it enhances NRP2 expression and the function of α6β1, establishing an autocrine loop. NRP2 can be targeted in vivo to retard tumour initiation. These findings reveal a novel autocrine pathway involving VEGF/NRP2, α6β1 and GLI1 that contributes to the initiation of TNBC. They also support the feasibility of NRP2-based therapy for the treatment of TNBC that targets and impedes the function of TICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Lal Goel
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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17
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Modulation of cancer traits by tumor suppressor microRNAs. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:1822-42. [PMID: 23325049 PMCID: PMC3565350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14011822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are potent post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. In mammalian cells, miRNAs typically suppress mRNA stability and/or translation through partial complementarity with target mRNAs. Each miRNA can regulate a wide range of mRNAs, and a single mRNA can be regulated by multiple miRNAs. Through these complex regulatory interactions, miRNAs participate in many cellular processes, including carcinogenesis. By altering gene expression patterns, cancer cells can develop specific phenotypes that allow them to proliferate, survive, secure oxygen and nutrients, evade immune recognition, invade other tissues and metastasize. At the same time, cancer cells acquire miRNA signature patterns distinct from those of normal cells; the differentially expressed miRNAs contribute to enabling the cancer traits. Over the past decade, several miRNAs have been identified, which functioned as oncogenic miRNAs (oncomiRs) or tumor-suppressive miRNAs (TS-miRNAs). In this review, we focus specifically on TS-miRNAs and their effects on well-established cancer traits. We also discuss the rising interest in TS-miRNAs in cancer therapy.
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18
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Lin YS, Chen SF, Liu CL, Nieh S. The chemoadjuvant potential of grape seed procyanidins on p53-related cell death in oral cancer cells. J Oral Pathol Med 2011; 41:322-31. [PMID: 22103929 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2011.01103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To clarify the efficacy of grape seed procyanidin (GSP) on antiproliferative effects related to p53 functional status of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) for its chemoadjuvant potential. METHODS We used GSP to investigate SCC-25 cells with wild-type p53 gene and OEC-M1 cells with mutant p53 gene for the assessment of antiproliferative effects including cell viability, cell cycle, apoptosis, migration and invasion potential, and alterations of associated oncoproteins involved in cellular and molecular events. RESULTS The findings suggest that GSP on OEC-M1 cells leads to cell cycle arrest by increasing the expression of p21(Cip1) /p27(Kip1) protein without functioning mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, whereas GSP on SCC-25 cells inhibits cell proliferation via both G1-phase arrest and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner as a result of alterations of Bcl-2. GSP also inhibits the migration and invasion of both cells, which are associated with the suppression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), MMP-2 and MMP-9. CONCLUSION Antiproliferative effectiveness of GSP is closely associated with the p53 status of OSCC cells. GSP displays chemoadjuvant potential via cell cycle blockage and apoptotic induction. Our findings clearly suggest that GSP may play a role as a novel chemopreventive or therapeutic agent for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoh-Shiang Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National Defense Medical Centre & Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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19
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Koh MS, Moon A. Activation of H-Ras and Rac1 correlates with epidermal growth factor-induced invasion in Hs578T and MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 406:25-9. [PMID: 21281602 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.01.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable experimental evidence that hyperactive Ras proteins promote breast cancer growth and development including invasiveness, despite the low frequency of mutated forms of Ras in breast cancer. We have previously shown that H-Ras, but not N-Ras, induces an invasive phenotype mediated by small GTPase Rac1 in MCF10A human breast epithelial cells. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) plays an important role in aberrant growth and metastasis formation of many tumor types including breast cancer. The present study aims to investigate the correlation between EGF-induced invasiveness and Ras activation in four widely used breast cancer cell lines. Upon EGF stimulation, invasive abilities and H-Ras activation were significantly increased in Hs578T and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, but not in MDA-MB-453 and T47D cell lines. Using small interfering RNA (siRNA) to target H-Ras, we showed a crucial role of H-Ras in the invasive phenotype induced by EGF in Hs578T and MDA-MB-231 cells. Moreover, siRNA-knockdown of Rac1 significantly inhibited the EGF-induced invasiveness in these cells. Taken together, this study characterized human breast cancer cell lines with regard to the relationship between H-Ras activation and the invasive phenotype induced by EGF. Our data demonstrate that the activation of H-Ras and the downstream molecule Rac1 correlates with EGF-induced breast cancer cell invasion, providing important information on the regulation of malignant progression in mammary carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Soo Koh
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 132-714, Republic of Korea
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20
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Wei Y, Zhou F, Ge Y, Chen H, Cui C, Liu D, Yang Z, Wu G, Shen J, Gu J, Jiang J. Regulation of the beta1,4-Galactosyltransferase I promoter by E2F1. J Biochem 2010; 148:263-71. [PMID: 20538716 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvq061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell surface carbohydrate chains are widely known to contribute to cell migration, recognition and proliferation. beta1,4-Galactosyltransferase I (beta1,4GalT I) transfers galactose to the terminal N-acetylglucosamine of complex-type N-glycan, and contributes to cell proliferation, differentiation and migration. Here, we identified beta1,4GalT I as a novel target gene of cell cycle regulator E2F1. E2F1 proteins interact with the promoter of the beta1,4GalT I gene in vivo, and E2F1 over-expression stimulates the activity of beta1,4GalT I promoter and the mRNA and protein expression of beta1,4GalT I, and augments the level of beta1, 4-galactosyltion. Site-specific mutagenesis revealed that this region which contains two E2F1 binding site (nt -215 to -207 and +1 to +6) is necessary for beta1,4GalT I activation by E2F1. Furthermore, down-regulation of beta1,4GalT I expression attenuates E2F1-induced DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression as well as the expression of cell-cycle regulator Cyclin D1. Thus, beta1,4GalT I is an important E2F1 target gene that is required for cell cycle progression in mammalian cells, which elicits a new mechanism of cell growth and a new mechanism of beta1,4GalT I transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjuates Research, Ministry of Public Health & Gene Research Center, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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22
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23
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Kim TH, Kim HI, Soung YH, Shaw LA, Chung J. Integrin (alpha6beta4) signals through Src to increase expression of S100A4, a metastasis-promoting factor: implications for cancer cell invasion. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7:1605-12. [PMID: 19808905 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-09-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Integrin alpha6beta4 is linked to cancer cell motility and invasion in aggressive and metastatic cancer cells. In this study, we showed that expression of the beta4 integrin in MDA-MB-435 cancer cells (MDA-MB-435/beta4) leads to a dramatic increase in expression of a metastasis-promoting factor, S100A4, as determined by affymetrix gene chip microarray, quantitative real-time PCR, and Western blot analysis. Alternatively, knocking down beta4 integrin expression in MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells by shRNA reduced the level of S100A4 expression. The mechanism by which alpha6beta4 enhances S100A4 expression involves Src, Akt, and NFAT. We have further shown that Y1494, a tyrosine residue of the ITIM motif in the cytoplasmic domain of the beta4 integrin subunit, is essential for alpha6beta4-dependent S100A4 expression. Reduction of S100A4 expression by shRNA blocked migration, invasion, and anchorage-independent growth of MDA-MB-435/beta4, SUM-159, and MDA-MB-231 cells. These studies define a novel mechanism by which integrin alpha6beta4 promotes cancer cell motility and invasion, and provides insight into how S100A4 expression is regulated in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Hyong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
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24
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Skuli N, Monferran S, Delmas C, Favre G, Bonnet J, Toulas C, Cohen-Jonathan Moyal E. Alphavbeta3/alphavbeta5 integrins-FAK-RhoB: a novel pathway for hypoxia regulation in glioblastoma. Cancer Res 2009; 69:3308-16. [PMID: 19351861 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The presence of hypoxic areas in glioblastoma is an important determinant in tumor response to therapy and, in particular, to radiotherapy. Here we have explored the involvement of integrins, up to now known as regulators of angiogenesis and invasion, in the regulation of tumor hypoxia driven from the tumor cell. We first show that hypoxia induces the recruitment of alpha(v)beta(3) and alpha(v)beta(5) integrins to the cellular membrane of U87 and SF763 glioblastoma cells, thereby activating the focal adhesion kinase (FAK). We then show that inhibiting alpha(v)beta(3) or alpha(v)beta(5) integrins in hypoxic cells with a specific inhibitor or with siRNA decreases the hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) intracellular level. This integrin-dependent regulation of HIF-1alpha is mediated through the regulation of FAK, which in turn activates the small GTPase RhoB, leading to the inhibition of GSK3-beta. Furthermore, silencing this pathway in glioma cells of established xenografts dramatically reduces glioma hypoxia, associated with a significant decrease in vessel density. Our present results unravel a new mechanism of hypoxia regulation by establishing the existence of an alpha(v)beta(3)/alpha(v)beta(5) integrin-dependent loop of hypoxia autoregulation in glioma. Targeting this hypoxia loop may be crucial to optimizing radiotherapy efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Skuli
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U563, Department of Signaling, Oncogenesis, and Therapeutic Innovation, Toulouse, France
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25
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Justenhoven C, Pierl CB, Haas S, Fischer HP, Hamann U, Baisch C, Harth V, Spickenheuer A, Rabstein S, Vollmert C, Illig T, Pesch B, Brüning T, Dippon J, Ko YD, Brauch H. Polymorphic loci of E2F2, CCND1 and CCND3 are associated with HER2 status of breast tumors. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:2077-81. [PMID: 19142864 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in breast tumors is associated with bad prognosis. Therefore, it is highly relevant to further improve understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of HER2 expression. In addition to gene amplification, transcriptional regulation plays a crucial role in HER2 overexpression. In this study, we analyzed 3 polymorphisms E2F2_-5368_A>G, CCND1_870_A>G and CCND3_-677_C>T located in genes involved in cell cycle regulation in the GENICA population-based and age-matched breast cancer case-control study from Germany. We genotyped 1,021 cases and 1,015 controls by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Statistical analyses were performed by conditional logistic regression. We observed no differences in genotype frequencies between breast cancer cases and controls. Subgroup analysis showed associations between carriers of the E2F2_-5368_G allele (OR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.42-0.85), carriers of the CCND1_870_G allele (OR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.45-0.96) and carriers of the CCND3_-677_T allele (OR: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.20-2.49) and HER2 expression in breast tumors. This finding points to an association of an increased expression of these cell cycle regulators with lower expression of HER2. An explanation for this observation might be that low expression of E2F2, CCND1 and CCND3 decrease levels of factors down-regulating HER2. We conclude that the analyzed polymorphisms located in E2F2, CCND1 and CCND3 are potential markers for HER2 status of breast tumors.
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26
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Chen M, Sinha M, Luxon BA, Bresnick AR, O'Connor KL. Integrin alpha6beta4 controls the expression of genes associated with cell motility, invasion, and metastasis, including S100A4/metastasin. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:1484-94. [PMID: 19011242 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m803997200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrin alpha6beta4 is associated with carcinoma progression by contributing to apoptosis resistance, invasion, and metastasis, due in part to the activation of select transcription factors. To identify genes regulated by the alpha6beta4 integrin, we compared gene expression profiles of MDA-MB-435 cells that stably express integrin alpha6beta4 (MDA/beta4) and vector-only-transfected cells (MDA/mock) using Affymetrix GeneChip analysis. Our results show that integrin alpha6beta4 altered the expression of 538 genes (p < 0.01). Of these genes, 36 are associated with pathways implicated in cell motility and metastasis, including S100A4/metastasin. S100A4 expression correlated well with integrin alpha6beta4 expression in established cell lines. Suppression of S100A4 by small interference RNA resulted in a reduced capacity of alpha6beta4-expressing cells to invade a reconstituted basement membrane in response to lysophosphatidic acid. Using small interference RNA, promoter analysis, and chromatin immunoprecipitation, we demonstrate that S100A4 is regulated by NFAT5, thus identifying the first target of NFAT5 in cancer. In addition, several genes that are known to be regulated by DNA methylation were up-regulated dramatically by integrin alpha6beta4 expression, including S100A4, FST, PDLIM4, CAPG, and Nkx2.2. Notably, inhibition of DNA methyltransferases stimulated expression of these genes in cells lacking the alpha6beta4 integrin, whereas demethylase inhibitors suppressed expression in alpha6beta4 integrin-expressing cells. Alterations in DNA methylation were confirmed by bisulfate sequencing, thus suggesting that integrin alpha6beta4 signaling can lead to the demethylation of select promoters. In summary, our data suggest that integrin alpha6beta4 confers a motile and invasive phenotype to breast carcinoma cells by regulating proinvasive and prometastatic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
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27
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Abstract
The retinoblastoma (RB) tumour suppressor gene is functionally inactivated in a broad range of paediatric and adult cancers, and a plethora of cellular functions and partners have been identified for the RB protein. Data from human tumours and studies from mouse models indicate that loss of RB function contributes to both cancer initiation and progression. However, we still do not know the identity of the cell types in which RB normally prevents cancer initiation in vivo, and the specific functions of RB that suppress distinct aspects of the tumorigenic process are poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah L Burkhart
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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28
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Wansbury O, Panchal H, James M, Parry S, Ashworth A, Howard B. Dynamic Expression of Erbb Pathway Members during Early Mammary Gland Morphogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:1009-21. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Bon G, Folgiero V, Di Carlo S, Sacchi A, Falcioni R. Involvement of alpha6beta4 integrin in the mechanisms that regulate breast cancer progression. Breast Cancer Res 2007; 9:203. [PMID: 17319974 PMCID: PMC1851390 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin α6β4 is mostly expressed in epithelial tissues and endothelial and Schwann cells. Expression of α6β4 is increased in many epithelial tumours, implicating its involvement in tumour malignancy. Moreover, this integrin activates several key signalling molecules in carcinoma cells, but its ability to activate the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway is among the mechanisms by which α6β4 integrin regulates tumour behaviour. In this review we discuss the biological and clinical features of α6β4 integrin that allow it to promote tumour survival and progression of mammary tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bon
- Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Department of Experimental Oncology, Molecular Oncogenesis Laboratory, Via delle Messi d'Oro, 00158 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Folgiero
- Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Department of Experimental Oncology, Molecular Oncogenesis Laboratory, Via delle Messi d'Oro, 00158 Rome, Italy
| | - Selene Di Carlo
- Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Department of Experimental Oncology, Molecular Oncogenesis Laboratory, Via delle Messi d'Oro, 00158 Rome, Italy
| | - Ada Sacchi
- Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Department of Experimental Oncology, Molecular Oncogenesis Laboratory, Via delle Messi d'Oro, 00158 Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Falcioni
- Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Department of Experimental Oncology, Molecular Oncogenesis Laboratory, Via delle Messi d'Oro, 00158 Rome, Italy
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30
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Blum R, Elkon R, Yaari S, Zundelevich A, Jacob-Hirsch J, Rechavi G, Shamir R, Kloog Y. Gene expression signature of human cancer cell lines treated with the ras inhibitor salirasib (S-farnesylthiosalicylic acid). Cancer Res 2007; 67:3320-8. [PMID: 17409441 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of Ras pathways results in complex abnormalities of multiple signaling cascades that contribute to human malignancies. Ras is therefore considered an appropriate target for cancer therapy. In light of the complexity of the deregulated Ras pathway, it is important to decipher at the molecular level the response of cancer cells to Ras inhibitors that would reregulate it. In the present study, we used gene expression profiling as a robust method for the global dissection of gene expression alterations that resulted from treatment with the Ras inhibitor S-farnesylthiosalicylic acid (FTS; salirasib). Use of a ranking-based procedure, combined with functional analysis and promoter sequence analysis, enabled us to decipher the common and most prominent patterns of the transcriptional response of five different human cancer cell lines to FTS. Remarkably, the analysis identified a distinctive core transcriptional response to FTS that was common to all cancer cell lines tested. This signature fits well to a recently described deregulated Ras pathway signature that predicted sensitivity to FTS. Taken together, these studies provide strong support for the conclusion that FTS specifically reregulates defective Ras pathways in human tumor cells. Ras pathway reregulation by FTS was manifested by repression of E2F-regulated and NF-Y-regulated genes and of the transcription factor FOS (all of which control cell proliferation), repression of survivin expression (which blocks apoptosis), and induction of activating transcription factor-regulated and Bach2-regulated genes (which participate in translation and stress responses). Our results suggest that cancer patients with deregulated Ras pathway tumors might benefit from FTS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Blum
- Department of Neurobiochemistry, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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