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Zhou Y, Tao L, Qiu J, Xu J, Yang X, Zhang Y, Tian X, Guan X, Cen X, Zhao Y. Tumor biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and targeted therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:132. [PMID: 38763973 PMCID: PMC11102923 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01823-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor biomarkers, the substances which are produced by tumors or the body's responses to tumors during tumorigenesis and progression, have been demonstrated to possess critical and encouraging value in screening and early diagnosis, prognosis prediction, recurrence detection, and therapeutic efficacy monitoring of cancers. Over the past decades, continuous progress has been made in exploring and discovering novel, sensitive, specific, and accurate tumor biomarkers, which has significantly promoted personalized medicine and improved the outcomes of cancer patients, especially advances in molecular biology technologies developed for the detection of tumor biomarkers. Herein, we summarize the discovery and development of tumor biomarkers, including the history of tumor biomarkers, the conventional and innovative technologies used for biomarker discovery and detection, the classification of tumor biomarkers based on tissue origins, and the application of tumor biomarkers in clinical cancer management. In particular, we highlight the recent advancements in biomarker-based anticancer-targeted therapies which are emerging as breakthroughs and promising cancer therapeutic strategies. We also discuss limitations and challenges that need to be addressed and provide insights and perspectives to turn challenges into opportunities in this field. Collectively, the discovery and application of multiple tumor biomarkers emphasized in this review may provide guidance on improved precision medicine, broaden horizons in future research directions, and expedite the clinical classification of cancer patients according to their molecular biomarkers rather than organs of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhou
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lei Tao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiahao Qiu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- School of Medicine, Tibet University, Lhasa, 850000, China
| | - Xinyu Tian
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xinqi Guan
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaobo Cen
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yinglan Zhao
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Friebel J, Schinnerling K, Weigt K, Heldt C, Fromm A, Bojarski C, Siegmund B, Epple HJ, Kikhney J, Moter A, Schneider T, Schulzke JD, Moos V, Schumann M. Uptake of Tropheryma whipplei by Intestinal Epithelia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076197. [PMID: 37047170 PMCID: PMC10094206 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Tropheryma whipplei (TW) can cause different pathologies, e.g., Whipple’s disease and transient gastroenteritis. The mechanism by which the bacteria pass the intestinal epithelial barrier, and the mechanism of TW-induced gastroenteritis are currently unknown. Methods: Using ex vivo disease models comprising human duodenal mucosa exposed to TW in Ussing chambers, various intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) cultures exposed to TW and a macrophage/IEC coculture model served to characterize endocytic uptake mechanisms and barrier function. Results: TW exposed ex vivo to human small intestinal mucosae is capable of autonomously entering IECs, thereby invading the mucosa. Using dominant-negative mutants, TW uptake was shown to be dynamin- and caveolin-dependent but independent of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Complementary inhibitor experiments suggested a role for the activation of the Ras/Rac1 pathway and actin polymerization. TW-invaded IECs underwent apoptosis, thereby causing an epithelial barrier defect, and were subsequently subject to phagocytosis by macrophages. Conclusions: TW enters epithelia via an actin-, dynamin-, caveolin-, and Ras-Rac1-dependent endocytosis mechanism and consecutively causes IEC apoptosis primarily in IECs invaded by multiple TW bacteria. This results in a barrier leak. Moreover, we propose that TW-packed IECs can be subject to phagocytic uptake by macrophages, thereby opening a potential entry point of TW into intestinal macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Friebel
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Deutsches Herzzentrum der Charité, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katina Schinnerling
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Kathleen Weigt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Heldt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Fromm
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Bojarski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Jörg Epple
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith Kikhney
- Institute for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology, Biofilmcenter, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- MoKi Analytics GmbH, 12207 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annette Moter
- Institute for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases, and Immunology, Biofilmcenter, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- German Konsiliarlabor for Tropheryma whipplei, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Moter Diagnostics, 12207 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg D. Schulzke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Verena Moos
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Schumann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12203 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-450-513536
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Almarán B, Ramis G, Fernández de Mattos S, Villalonga P. Rnd3 Is a Crucial Mediator of the Invasive Phenotype of Glioblastoma Cells Downstream of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signalling. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233716. [PMID: 36496976 PMCID: PMC9741382 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced invasiveness is one of the defining biological traits of glioblastoma cells, which exhibit an infiltrative nature that severely hinders surgical resection. Among the molecular lesions responsible for GBM aggressiveness, aberrant receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signalling is well-characterised. Enhanced RTK signalling directly impacts a myriad of cellular pathways and downstream effectors, which include the Rho GTPase family, key regulators of actin cytoskeletal dynamics. Here, we have analysed the functional crosstalk between oncogenic signals emanating from RTKs and Rho GTPases and focused on the specific contribution of Rnd3 to the invasive phenotype of GBM in this context. We found that RTK inhibition with a panel of RTK inhibitors decreased cell motility and cell invasion and promoted dramatic actin cytoskeleton reorganisation through activation of the RhoA/Rho-associated protein kinase 1 (ROCK) axis. RTK inhibition also significantly decreased Rnd3 expression levels. Consistently, shRNA-mediated Rnd3 silencing revealed that Rnd3 depletion promoted substantial changes in the actin cytoskeleton and reduced cell motility and invasion capacity, recapitulating the effects observed upon RTK inhibition. Our results indicate that Rnd3 is a crucial mediator of RTK oncogenic signalling involved in actin cytoskeletal reorganisation, which contributes to determining the invasive phenotype of GBM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Almarán
- Cancer Cell Biology Laboratory, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Guillem Ramis
- Cancer Cell Biology Laboratory, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
- Serveis Científico-Tècnics, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Silvia Fernández de Mattos
- Cancer Cell Biology Laboratory, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
- Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - Priam Villalonga
- Cancer Cell Biology Laboratory, Institut Universitari d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut (IUNICS), Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
- Departament de Biologia Fonamental i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-971-259961
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4
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Kaur N, Lum M, Lewis RE, Black AR, Black JD. A novel anti-proliferative PKCα-Ras-ERK signaling axis in intestinal epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102121. [PMID: 35697074 PMCID: PMC9270260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that the serine/threonine kinase PKCα triggers MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK)-dependent G1→S cell cycle arrest in intestinal epithelial cells, characterized by downregulation of cyclin D1 and inhibitor of DNA-binding protein 1 (Id1) and upregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21Cip1. Here, we use pharmacological inhibitors, genetic approaches, siRNA-mediated knockdown, and immunoprecipitation to further characterize anti-proliferative ERK signaling in intestinal cells. We show that PKCα signaling intersects the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK kinase cascade at the level of Ras small GTPases, and that anti-proliferative effects of PKCα require active Ras, Raf, MEK and ERK, core ERK pathway components that are also essential for pro-proliferative ERK signaling induced by epidermal growth factor (EGF). However, PKCα-induced anti-proliferative signaling differs from EGF signaling in that it is independent of the Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factors (Ras-GEFs), SOS1/2, and involves prolonged rather than transient ERK activation. PKCα forms complexes with A-Raf, B-Raf and C-Raf that dissociate upon pathway activation, and all three Raf isoforms can mediate PKCα-induced anti-proliferative effects. At least two PKCα-ERK pathways that collaborate to promote growth arrest were identified: one pathway requiring the Ras-GEF, RasGRP3, and H-Ras, leads to p21Cip1 upregulation, while additional pathway(s) mediate PKCα-induced cyclin D1 and Id1 downregulation. PKCα also induces ERK-dependent SOS1 phosphorylation, indicating possible negative crosstalk between anti-proliferative and growth-promoting ERK signaling. Importantly, the spatio-temporal activation of PKCα and ERK in the intestinal epithelium in vivo supports the physiological relevance of these pathways and highlights the importance of anti-proliferative ERK signaling to tissue homeostasis in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Kaur
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Michelle Lum
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Robert E Lewis
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Adrian R Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jennifer D Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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Barreto N, Caballero M, Bonfanti AP, de Mato FCP, Munhoz J, da Rocha-E-Silva TAA, Sutti R, Vitorino-Araujo JL, Verinaud L, Rapôso C. Spider venom components decrease glioblastoma cell migration and invasion through RhoA-ROCK and Na +/K +-ATPase β2: potential molecular entities to treat invasive brain cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:576. [PMID: 33327966 PMCID: PMC7745393 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01643-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GB) cells have the ability to migrate and infiltrate the normal parenchyma, leading to the formation of recurrent tumors often adjacent to the surgical extraction site. We recently showed that Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom (PnV) has anticancer effects mainly on the migration of human GB cell lines (NG97 and U-251). The present work aimed to investigate the effects of isolated components from the venom on migration, invasiveness, morphology and adhesion of GB cells, also evaluating RhoA-ROCK signaling and Na+/K+-ATPase β2 (AMOG) involvement. METHODS Human (NG97) GB cells were treated with twelve subfractions (SFs-obtained by HPLC from PnV). Migration and invasion were evaluated by scratch wound healing and transwell assays, respectively. Cell morphology and actin cytoskeleton were shown by GFAP and phalloidin labeling. The assay with fibronectin coated well plate was made to evaluate cell adhesion. Western blotting demonstrated ROCK and AMOG levels and a ROCK inhibitor was used to verify the involvement of this pathway. Values were analyzed by the GraphPad Prism software package and the level of significance was determinate using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett's multiple comparisons test. RESULTS Two (SF1 and SF11) of twelve SFs, decreased migration and invasion compared to untreated control cells. Both SFs also altered actin cytoskeleton, changed cell morphology and reduced adhesion. SF1 and SF11 increased ROCK expression and the inhibition of this protein abolished the effects of both subfractions on migration, morphology and adhesion (but not on invasion). SF11 also increased Na+/K+-ATPase β2. CONCLUSION All components of the venom were evaluated and two SFs were able to impair human glioblastoma cells. The RhoA effector, ROCK, was shown to be involved in the mechanisms of both PnV components. It is possible that AMOG mediates the effect of SF11 on the invasion. Further investigations to isolate and biochemically characterize the molecules are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Barreto
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-865, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcus Caballero
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-865, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Pires Bonfanti
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-865, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Cezar Pinheiro de Mato
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-865, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Munhoz
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-865, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Sutti
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - João Luiz Vitorino-Araujo
- Disciplina de Neurocirurgia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Liana Verinaud
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Catarina Rapôso
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-865, Brazil.
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Al Haddad M, El-Rif R, Hanna S, Jaafar L, Dennaoui R, Abdellatef S, Miskolci V, Cox D, Hodgson L, El-Sibai M. Differential regulation of rho GTPases during lung adenocarcinoma migration and invasion reveals a novel role of the tumor suppressor StarD13 in invadopodia regulation. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:144. [PMID: 32900380 PMCID: PMC7487901 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00635-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer is the second most commonly occurring cancer. The ability to metastasize and spread to distant locations renders the tumor more aggressive. Members of the Rho subfamily of small GTP-binding proteins (GTPases) play a central role in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and in cancer cell migration and metastasis. In this study we investigated the role of the RhoA/Cdc42 GAP, StarD13, a previously described tumor suppressor, in malignancy, migration and invasion of the lung cancer cells A549. Methods We knocked down StarD13 expression in A549 lung cancer cells and tested the effect on cell migration and invadopodia formation using time lapse imaging and invasion assays. We also performed rescue experiments to determine the signaling pathways downstream of StarD13 and transfected the cells with FRET biosensors for RhoGTPases to identify the proteins involved in invadopodia formation. Results We observed a decrease in the level of expression of StarD13 in lung tumor tissues compared to normal lung tissues through immunohistochemistry. StarD13 also showed a lower expression in the lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 compared to normal lung cells, WI38. In addition, the depletion of StarD13 increased cell proliferation and viability in WI38 and A549 cells, suggesting that StarD13 might potentially be a tumor suppressor in lung cancer. The depletion of StarD13, however, inhibited cell motility, conversely demonstrating a positive regulatory role in cell migration. This was potentially due to the constitutive activation of RhoA detected by pull down and FRET assays. Surprisingly, StarD13 suppressed cell invasion by inhibiting Cdc42-mediated invadopodia formation. Indeed, TKS4 staining and invadopodia assay revealed that StarD13 depletion increased Cdc42 activation as well as invadopodia formation and matrix degradation. Normal lung cells depleted of StarD13 also produced invadopodia, otherwise a unique hallmark of invasive cancer cells. Cdc42 knock down mimicked the effects of StarD13, while overexpression of a constitutively active Cdc42 mimicked the effects of its depletion. Finally, immunostaining and FRET analysis revealed the absence of StarD13 in invadopodia as compared to Cdc42, which was activated in invadopodia at the sites of matrix degradation. Conclusion In conclusion, StarD13 plays distinct roles in lung cancer cell migration and invasion through its differential regulation of Rho GTPases. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Al Haddad
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053. Chouran, Beirut, 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Rayane El-Rif
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053. Chouran, Beirut, 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Samer Hanna
- Department of Pediatrics HemeOnc division, Weill Cornell Medicine, Joan & Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - Leila Jaafar
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053. Chouran, Beirut, 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Rayanne Dennaoui
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053. Chouran, Beirut, 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Sandra Abdellatef
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053. Chouran, Beirut, 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Veronika Miskolci
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Dianne Cox
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, USA.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Louis Hodgson
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, USA.,Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Mirvat El-Sibai
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053. Chouran, Beirut, 1102 2801, Lebanon.
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7
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The Role of Rho GTPases in VEGF Signaling in Cancer Cells. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2020; 2020:2097214. [PMID: 32377503 PMCID: PMC7182966 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2097214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) consist of five molecules (VEGFA through D as well as placental growth factor) which are crucial for regulating key cellular and tissue functions. The role of VEGF and its intracellular signaling and downstream molecular pathways have been thoroughly studied. Activation of VEGF signal transduction can be initiated by the molecules' binding to two classes of transmembrane receptors: (1) the VEGF tyrosine kinase receptors (VEGF receptors 1 through 3) and (2) the neuropilins (NRP1 and 2). The involvement of Rho GTPases in modulating VEGFA signaling in both cancer cells and endothelial cells has also been well established. Additionally, different isoforms of Rho GTPases, namely, RhoA, RhoC, and RhoG, have been shown to regulate VEGF expression as well as blood vessel formation. This review article will explore how Rho GTPases modulate VEGF signaling and the consequences of such interaction on cancer progression.
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The Role of Rho GTPases in Motility and Invasion of Glioblastoma Cells. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2020; 2020:9274016. [PMID: 32089990 PMCID: PMC7013281 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9274016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytomas are primary malignant brain tumors that originate from astrocytes. Grade IV astrocytoma or glioblastoma is a highly invasive tumor that occur within the brain parenchyma. The Rho family of small GTPases, which includes Rac1, Cdc42, and RhoA, is an important family whose members are key regulators of the invasion and migration of glioblastoma cells. In this review, we describe the role played by the Rho family of GTPases in the regulation of the invasion and migration of glioblastoma cells. Specifically, we focus on the role played by RhoA, Rac1, RhoG, and Cdc42 in cell migration through rearrangement of actin cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, and invasion. Finally, we highlight the importance of potentially targeting Rho GTPases in the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Ljubimova JY, Braubach O, Patil R, Chiechi A, Tang J, Galstyan A, Shatalova ES, Kleinman MT, Black KL, Holler E. Coarse particulate matter (PM 2.5-10) in Los Angeles Basin air induces expression of inflammation and cancer biomarkers in rat brains. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5708. [PMID: 29632393 PMCID: PMC5890281 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23885-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is linked to brain inflammation, which accelerates tumorigenesis and neurodegeneration. The molecular mechanisms that connect air pollution with brain pathology are largely unknown but seem to depend on the chemical composition of airborne particulate matter (PM). We sourced ambient PM from Riverside, California, and selectively exposed rats to coarse (PM2.5–10: 2.5–10 µm), fine (PM<2.5: <2.5 µm), or ultrafine particles (UFPM: <0.15 µm). We characterized each PM type via atomic emission spectroscopy and detected nickel, cobalt and zinc within them. We then exposed rats separately to each PM type for short (2 weeks), intermediate (1–3 months) and long durations (1 year). All three metals accumulated in rat brains during intermediate-length PM exposures. Via RNAseq analysis we then determined that intermediate-length PM2.5–10 exposures triggered the expression of the early growth response gene 2 (EGR2), genes encoding inflammatory cytokine pathways (IL13-Rα1 and IL-16) and the oncogene RAC1. Gene upregulation occurred only in brains of rats exposed to PM2.5–10 and correlated with cerebral nickel accumulation. We hypothesize that the expression of inflammation and oncogenesis-related genes is triggered by the combinatorial exposure to certain metals and toxins in Los Angeles Basin PM2.5–10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Y Ljubimova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, 90048, USA
| | - Oliver Braubach
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, 90048, USA.
| | - Rameshwar Patil
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, 90048, USA
| | - Antonella Chiechi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, 90048, USA
| | - Jie Tang
- Genomics Core, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, 90048, USA
| | - Anna Galstyan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, 90048, USA
| | | | - Michael T Kleinman
- Department of Community and Environmental Medicine Air Pollution Health Effects Laboratory, University of California, Irvine, 92697, USA
| | - Keith L Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, 90048, USA
| | - Eggehard Holler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, 90048, USA.,Institut für Biophysik und Physikalische Biochemie der Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, 93040, Germany
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10
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Alizadeh D, White EE, Sanchez TC, Liu S, Zhang L, Badie B, Berlin JM. Immunostimulatory CpG on Carbon Nanotubes Selectively Inhibits Migration of Brain Tumor Cells. Bioconjug Chem 2018. [PMID: 29526082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Even when treated with aggressive current therapies, patients with glioblastoma usually survive less than two years and exhibit a high rate of recurrence. CpG is an oligonucleotide that activates the innate immune system via Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) activation. Injection of CpG into glioblastoma tumors showed promise as an immunotherapy in mouse models but proved disappointing in human trials. One aspect of glioma that is not addressed by CpG therapy alone is the highly invasive nature of glioma cells, which is associated with resistance to radiation and chemotherapy. Here, we demonstrate that single-walled carbon nanotubes noncovalently functionalized with CpG (SWNT/CpG), which retain the immunostimulatory property of the CpG, selectively inhibit the migration of glioma cells and not macrophages without affecting cell viability or proliferation. SWNT/CpG also selectively decreased NF-κB activation in glioma cells, while activating macrophages by induction of the TLR9/NF-κB pathway, as we have previously reported. The migration inhibition of glioma cells was correlated with selective reduction of intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), suggesting that an antioxidant-based mechanism mediates the observed effects. To the best of our knowledge, SWNT/CpG is the first nanomaterial that inhibits the migration of cancer cells while stimulating the immune system.
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11
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Yao Q, An Y, Hou W, Cao YN, Yao MF, Ma NN, Hou L, Zhang H, Liu HJ, Zhang B. LRP6 promotes invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer through cytoskeleton dynamics. Oncotarget 2017; 8:109632-109645. [PMID: 29312635 PMCID: PMC5752548 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein-6 (LRP6) is an important co-receptor of Wnt pathway, which plays a predominant role in development and progression of colorectal cancer. Recently, dysregulation of LRP6 has proved to be involved in the progression of cancers, but its biological role and clinical significance in colorectal cancer remain unclear. In present study, we revealed that phosphorylation of LRP6 was aberrantly upregulated in colorectal carcinoma correlating with TNM or Dukes staging and worse prognosis. In addition, phosphorylated LRP6 was positively correlated with nuclear accumulation of β-catenin. Overexpression or activation of LRP6 could activate Wnt signaling and promote tumor cell migration in vitro. The activation of LRP6 could induce microtubule dynamics and actin remodeling, probably through regulation of microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B), microtubule actin cross-linking factor 1 (MACF1) and Rho GTPase--RhoA and Rac1. The investigation suggests that LRP6 may be a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target in the progression of colorectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yu An
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Hou
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ya-Nan Cao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Meng-Fei Yao
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ning-Ning Ma
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lin Hou
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hai-Jing Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
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12
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Sekerdag E, Lüle S, Bozdağ Pehlivan S, Öztürk N, Kara A, Kaffashi A, Vural I, Işıkay I, Yavuz B, Oguz KK, Söylemezoğlu F, Gürsoy-Özdemir Y, Mut M. A potential non-invasive glioblastoma treatment: Nose-to-brain delivery of farnesylthiosalicylic acid incorporated hybrid nanoparticles. J Control Release 2017; 261:187-198. [PMID: 28684169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
New drug delivery systems are highly needed in research and clinical area to effectively treat gliomas by reaching a high antineoplastic drug concentration at the target site without damaging healthy tissues. Intranasal (IN) administration, an alternative route for non-invasive drug delivery to the brain, bypasses the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) and eliminates systemic side effects. This study evaluated the antitumor efficacy of farnesylthiosalicylic acid (FTA) loaded (lipid-cationic) lipid-PEG-PLGA hybrid nanoparticles (HNPs) after IN application in rats. FTA loaded HNPs were prepared, characterized and evaluated for cytotoxicity. Rat glioma 2 (RG2) cells were implanted unilaterally into the right striatum of female Wistar rats. 10days later, glioma bearing rats received either no treatment, or 5 repeated doses of 500μM freshly prepared FTA loaded HNPs via IN or intravenous (IV) application. Pre-treatment and post-treatment tumor sizes were determined with MRI. After a treatment period of 5days, IN applied FTA loaded HNPs achieved a significant decrease of 55.7% in tumor area, equal to IV applied FTA loaded HNPs. Herewith, we showed the potential utility of IN application of FTA loaded HNPs as a non-invasive approach in glioblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Sekerdag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Neuroscience Research Lab, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koҫ University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Sevda Lüle
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Neuroscience Center and Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Sibel Bozdağ Pehlivan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Naile Öztürk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aslı Kara
- Department of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Biology, Faculty of Art and Science, Hitit University, Çorum, Turkey
| | - Abbas Kaffashi
- Department of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Imran Vural
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ilkay Işıkay
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burҫin Yavuz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kader Karlı Oguz
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Figen Söylemezoğlu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Gürsoy-Özdemir
- Neuroscience Research Lab, Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koҫ University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Koҫ University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melike Mut
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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13
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Armento A, Ilina EI, Kaoma T, Muller A, Vallar L, Niclou SP, Krüger MA, Mittelbronn M, Naumann U. Carboxypeptidase E transmits its anti-migratory function in glioma cells via transcriptional regulation of cell architecture and motility regulating factors. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:702-714. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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14
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Kaffashi A, Lüle S, Bozdağ Pehlivan S, Sarısözen C, Vural İ, Koşucu H, Demir T, Buğdaycı KE, Söylemezoğlu F, Karlı Oğuz K, Mut M. Farnesylthiosalicylic acid-loaded lipid-polyethylene glycol-polymer hybrid nanoparticles for treatment of glioblastoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 69:1010-1021. [PMID: 28471040 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to develop lipid-polyethylene glycol (PEG)-polymer hybrid nanoparticles, which have high affinity to tumour tissue with active ingredient, a new generation antineoplastic drug, farnesylthiosalicylic acid (FTA) for treatment of glioblastoma. METHOD Farnesylthiosalicylic acid-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-1,2 distearoyl-glycerol-3-phospho-ethanolamine-N [methoxy (PEG)-2000] ammonium salt (PLGA-DSPE-PEG) with or without 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP) hybrid nanoparticles has been prepared and evaluated for in-vitro characterization. Cytotoxicity of FTA-loaded nanoparticles along with its efficacy on rat glioma-2 (RG2) cells was also evaluated both in vitro (in comparison with non-malignant cell line, L929) and in vivo. KEY FINDINGS Scanning electron microscopy studies showed that all formulations prepared had smooth surface and spherical in shape. FTA and FTA-loaded nanoparticles have cytotoxic activity against RG2 glioma cell lines in cell culture studies, which further increases with addition of DOTAP. Magnetic resonance imaging and histopathologic evaluation on RG2 tumour cells in rat glioma model (49 female Wistar rats, 250-300 g) comparing intravenous and intratumoral injections of the drug have been performed and FTA-loaded nanoparticles reduced tumour size significantly in in-vivo studies, with higher efficiency of intratumoral administration than intravenous route. CONCLUSION Farnesylthiosalicylic acid-loaded PLGA-DSPE-PEG-DOTAP hybrid nanoparticles are proven to be effective against glioblastoma in both in-vitro and in-vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Kaffashi
- Department of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevda Lüle
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel Bozdağ Pehlivan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Can Sarısözen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - İmran Vural
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hüsnü Koşucu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Taner Demir
- Bilkent University National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM), Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kadir Emre Buğdaycı
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Figen Söylemezoğlu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kader Karlı Oğuz
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Melike Mut
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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15
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Brijwani N, Jain M, Dhandapani M, Zahed F, Mukhopadhyay P, Biswas M, Khatri D, Radhakrishna VD, Majumder B, Radhakrishnan P, Thiyagarajan S. Rationally co-targeting divergent pathways in KRAS wild-type colorectal cancers by CANscript technology reveals tumor dependence on Notch and Erbb2. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1502. [PMID: 28473715 PMCID: PMC5431418 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01566-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
KRAS mutation status can distinguish between metastatic colorectal carcinoma (mCRC) patients who may benefit from therapies that target the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), such as cetuximab. However, patients whose tumors harbor mutant KRAS (codons 12/13, 61 and 146) are often excluded from EGFR-targeted regimens, while other patients with wild type KRAS will sometimes respond favorably to these same drugs. These conflicting observations suggest that a more robust approach to individualize therapy may enable greater frequency of positive clinical outcome for mCRC patients. Here, we utilized alive tumor tissues in ex-vivo platform termed CANscript, which preserves the native tumor heterogeneity, in order to interrogate the antitumor effects of EGFR-targeted drugs in mCRC (n = 40). We demonstrated that, irrespective of KRAS status, cetuximab did not induce an antitumor response in a majority of patient tumors. In the subset of non-responsive tumors, data showed that expression levels of EGFR ligands contributed to a mechanism of resistance. Transcriptomic and phosphoproteomic profiling revealed deregulation of multiple pathways, significantly the Notch and Erbb2. Targeting these nodes concurrently resulted in antitumor efficacy in a majority of cetuximab-resistant tumors. These findings highlight the importance of integrating molecular profile and functional testing tools for optimization of alternate strategies in resistant population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Brijwani
- Division of Molecular Profiling, Mitra Biotech, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560099, India.,Symbiosis International University (SIU), Lavale, Mulshi Taluka, Pune, Maharashtra, 412115, India
| | - Misti Jain
- Division of Molecular Profiling, Mitra Biotech, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560099, India
| | - Muthu Dhandapani
- Division of Cancer Biology, Mitra Biotech, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560099, India
| | - Farrah Zahed
- Division of Molecular Profiling, Mitra Biotech, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560099, India
| | | | - Manjusha Biswas
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Mitra Biotech, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560099, India
| | - Deepak Khatri
- Division of Cancer Biology, Mitra Biotech, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560099, India
| | - Vinod D Radhakrishna
- Division of Oncology Pharmacology, Mitra Biotech, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560099, India
| | - Biswanath Majumder
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Mitra Biotech, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560099, India
| | | | - Saravanan Thiyagarajan
- Division of Cancer Biology, Mitra Biotech, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560099, India. .,Division of Oncology Pharmacology, Mitra Biotech, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560099, India.
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16
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Liao S, Ruiz Y, Gulzar H, Yelskaya Z, Ait Taouit L, Houssou M, Jaikaran T, Schvarts Y, Kozlitina K, Basu-Roy U, Mansukhani A, Mahajan SS. Osteosarcoma cell proliferation and survival requires mGluR5 receptor activity and is blocked by Riluzole. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171256. [PMID: 28231291 PMCID: PMC5322947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcomas are malignant tumors of bone, most commonly seen in children and adolescents. Despite advances in modern medicine, the poor survival rate of metastatic osteosarcoma has not improved in two decades. In the present study we have investigated the effect of Riluzole on a human and mouse metastatic osteosarcoma cells. We show that LM7 cells secrete glutamate in the media and that mGluR5 receptors are required for the proliferation of LM7 cells. Riluzole, which is known to inhibit glutamate release, inhibits proliferation, induces apoptosis and prevents migration of LM7 cells. This is also seen with Fenobam, a specific blocker of mGluR5. We also show that Riluzole alters the phosphorylation status of AKT/P70 S6 kinase, ERK1/2 and JNK1/2. Thus Riluzole is an effective drug to inhibit proliferation and survival of osteosarcoma cells and has therapeutic potential for the treatment of osteosarcoma exhibiting autocrine glutamate signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Liao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Yuleisy Ruiz
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Hira Gulzar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Zarina Yelskaya
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Lyes Ait Taouit
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Murielle Houssou
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Trisha Jaikaran
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Yuriy Schvarts
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Kristina Kozlitina
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Upal Basu-Roy
- Department of Microbiology & Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Alka Mansukhani
- Department of Microbiology & Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Shahana S. Mahajan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States of America
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17
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Progression of Human Renal Cell Carcinoma via Inhibition of RhoA-ROCK Axis by PARG1. Transl Oncol 2017; 10:142-152. [PMID: 28131798 PMCID: PMC5284488 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most lethal urological malignancy with high risk of recurrence; thus, new prognostic biomarkers are needed. In this study, a new RCC antigen, PTPL1 associated RhoGAP1 (PARG1), was identified by using serological identification of recombinant cDNA expression cloning with sera from RCC patients. PARG1 protein was found to be differentially expressed in RCC cells among patients. High PARG1 expression is significantly correlated with various clinicopathological factors relating to cancer cell proliferation and invasion, including G3 percentage (P = .0046), Ki-67 score (p expression is also correlated with high recurrence of N0M0 patients (P = .0084) and poor prognosis in RCC patients (P = .0345). Multivariate analysis has revealed that high PARG1 expression is an independent factor for recurrence (P = .0149) of N0M0 RCC patients. In in vitro studies, depletion of PARG1by siRNA in human RCC cell lines inhibited their proliferation through inducing G1 cell cycle arrest via upregulation of p53 and subsequent p21Cip1/Waf1, which are mediated by increased RhoA-ROCK activities. Similarly, PARG1 depletion cells inhibited invasion ability via increasing RhoA-ROCK activities in the RCC cell lines. Conversely, overexpression of PARG1 on human embryonic kidney cell line HEK293T promotes its cell proliferation and invasion. These results indicate that PARG1 plays crucial roles in progression of human RCC in increasing cell proliferation and invasion ability via inhibition of the RhoA-ROCK axis, and PARG1 is a poor prognostic marker, particularly for high recurrence of N0M0 RCC patients.
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18
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Luhtala N, Aslanian A, Yates JR, Hunter T. Secreted Glioblastoma Nanovesicles Contain Intracellular Signaling Proteins and Active Ras Incorporated in a Farnesylation-dependent Manner. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:611-628. [PMID: 27909058 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.747618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are malignant brain tumors with a median survival of less than 18 months. Redundancy of signaling pathways represented within GBMs contributes to their therapeutic resistance. Exosomes are extracellular nanovesicles released from cells and present in human biofluids that represent a possible biomarker of tumor signaling state that could aid in personalized treatment. Herein, we demonstrate that mouse GBM cell-derived extracellular nanovesicles resembling exosomes from an H-RasV12 myr-Akt mouse model for GBM are enriched for intracellular signaling cascade proteins (GO: 0007242) and Ras protein signal transduction (GO: 0007265), and contain active Ras. Active Ras isolated from human and mouse GBM extracellular nanovesicles lysates using the Ras-binding domain of Raf also coprecipitates with ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport)-associated exosome proteins Vps4a and Alix. Although we initially hypothesized a role for active Ras protein signaling in exosome biogenesis, we found that GTP binding of K-Ras was dispensable for its packaging within extracellular nanovesicles and for the release of Alix. By contrast, farnesylation of K-Ras was required for its packaging within extracellular nanovesicles, yet expressing a K-Ras farnesylation mutant did not decrease the number of nanovesicles or the amount of Alix protein released per cell. Overall, these results emphasize the primary importance of membrane association in packaging of extracellular nanovesicle factors and indicate that screening nanovesicles within human fluids could provide insight into tissue origin and the wiring of signaling proteins at membranes to predict onset and behavior of cancer and other diseases linked to deregulated membrane signaling states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Luhtala
- From the Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037 and
| | - Aaron Aslanian
- From the Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037 and.,the Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - John R Yates
- the Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Tony Hunter
- From the Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037 and
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19
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Zou Q, Wu H, Fu F, Yi W, Pei L, Zhou M. RKIP suppresses the proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer cell lines through up-regulation of miR-185 targeting HMGA2. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 610:25-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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20
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Lu W, Wang X, Liu J, He Y, Liang Z, Xia Z, Cai Y, Zhou L, Zhu H, Liang S. Downregulation of ARHGDIA contributes to human glioma progression through activation of Rho GTPase signaling pathway. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10.1007/s13277-016-5374-6. [PMID: 27726098 PMCID: PMC5250662 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein ARHGDIA has been found to play distinct roles in cancer progression for several tumors. However, it remains elusive whether and how ARHGDIA plays functions in human glioma. In this study, we discovered that ARHGDIA is much downregulated in human glioma; meanwhile, its expression negatively correlates with glioma malignancy and positively relates to prognosis of glioma patients. It has independent predictive value of ARHGDIA expression level for overall survival of human glioma patients. Glioma patients with ARHGDIA-positive expression have a longer overall survival time than ARHGDIA-negative patients. Knockdown of ARHGDIA promotes cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and cell migration due to the activation of Rho GTPases (Rac1, Cdc42, and RhoA) and Akt phosphorylation, whereas overexpression of ARHGDIA suppresses cell growth, cell cycle progression, and cell migration. ARHGDIA is a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target for human glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, No.17, 3rd Section of People’s South Road, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Xixi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, No.17, 3rd Section of People’s South Road, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, No.17, 3rd Section of People’s South Road, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Yu He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, No.17, 3rd Section of People’s South Road, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Ziwei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, No.17, 3rd Section of People’s South Road, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Zijing Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, No.17, 3rd Section of People’s South Road, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Ying Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, No.17, 3rd Section of People’s South Road, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Liangxue Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Hongxia Zhu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute & Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100034 China
| | - Shufang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, No.17, 3rd Section of People’s South Road, Chengdu, 610041 China
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21
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Chen WL, Barszczyk A, Turlova E, Deurloo M, Liu B, Yang BB, Rutka JT, Feng ZP, Sun HS. Inhibition of TRPM7 by carvacrol suppresses glioblastoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Oncotarget 2016; 6:16321-40. [PMID: 25965832 PMCID: PMC4599272 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas are progressive brain tumors with devastating proliferative and invasive characteristics. Ion channels are the second largest target class for drug development. In this study, we investigated the effects of the TRPM7 inhibitor carvacrol on the viability, resistance to apoptosis, migration, and invasiveness of the human U87 glioblastoma cell line. The expression levels of TRPM7 mRNA and protein in U87 cells were detected by RT-PCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence. TRPM7 currents were recorded using whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. An MTT assay was used to assess cell viability and proliferation. Wound healing and transwell experiments were used to evaluate cell migration and invasion. Protein levels of p-Akt/t-Akt, p-ERK1/2/t-ERK1/2, cleaved caspase-3, MMP-2 and phosphorylated cofilin were also detected. TRPM7 mRNA and protein expression in U87 cells is higher than in normal human astrocytes. Whole-cell patch-clamp recording showed that carvacrol blocks recombinant TRPM7 current in HEK293 cells and endogenous TRPM7-like current in U87 cells. Carvacrol treatment reduced the viability, migration and invasion of U87 cells. Carvacrol also decreased MMP-2 protein expression and promoted the phosphorylation of cofilin. Furthermore, carvacrol inhibited the Ras/MEK/MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Therefore, carvacrol may have therapeutic potential for the treatment of glioblastomas through its inhibition of TRPM7 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Liang Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrew Barszczyk
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Turlova
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marielle Deurloo
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Baosong Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Burton B Yang
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - James T Rutka
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zhong-Ping Feng
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hong-Shuo Sun
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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22
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Quah SY, Tan MS, Teh YH, Stanslas J. Pharmacological modulation of oncogenic Ras by natural products and their derivatives: Renewed hope in the discovery of novel anti-Ras drugs. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 162:35-57. [PMID: 27016467 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic rat sarcoma (Ras) is linked to the most fatal cancers such as those of the pancreas, colon, and lung. Decades of research to discover an efficacious drug that can block oncogenic Ras signaling have yielded disappointing results; thus, Ras was considered "undruggable" until recently. Inhibitors that directly target Ras by binding to previously undiscovered pockets have been recently identified. Some of these molecules are either isolated from natural products or derived from natural compounds. In this review, we described the potential of these compounds and other inhibitors of Ras signaling in drugging Ras. We highlighted the modes of action of these compounds in suppressing signaling pathways activated by oncogenic Ras, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathways. The anti-Ras strategy of these compounds can be categorized into four main types: inhibition of Ras-effector interaction, interference of Ras membrane association, prevention of Ras-guanosine triphosphate (GTP) formation, and downregulation of Ras proteins. Another promising strategy that must be validated experimentally is enhancement of the intrinsic Ras-guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activity by small chemical entities. Among the inhibitors of Ras signaling that were reported thus far, salirasib and TLN-4601 have been tested for their clinical efficacy. Although both compounds passed phase I trials, they failed in their respective phase II trials. Therefore, new compounds of natural origin with relevant clinical activity against Ras-driven malignancies are urgently needed. Apart from salirasib and TLN-4601, some other compounds with a proven inhibitory effect on Ras signaling include derivatives of salirasib, sulindac, polyamine, andrographolide, lipstatin, levoglucosenone, rasfonin, and quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Ying Quah
- Pharmacotherapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Michelle Siying Tan
- Pharmacotherapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yuan Han Teh
- Pharmacotherapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Johnson Stanslas
- Pharmacotherapeutics Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Plexin-B1 indirectly affects glioma invasiveness and angiogenesis by regulating the RhoA/αvβ3 signaling pathway and SRPK1. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:11225-36. [PMID: 26944058 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4849-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are one of the most common primary brain tumors in adults. They display aggressive invasiveness, are highly vascular, and have a poor prognosis. Plexin-B1 is involved in numerous cellular processes, especially cellular migration and angiogenesis. However, the role and regulatory mechanisms of Plexin-B1 in gliomas are not understood and were thus investigated in this study. By using multiple and diverse experimental techniques, we investigated cell apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, cell migration and invasion, angiogenesis, PI3K and Akt phosphorylation, and also the levels of SRPK1 and αvβ3 in glioma cells and animal glioma tissues. The results indicated that Plexin-B1 expression in glioma cell lines is increased compared to normal human astrocytes. Plexin-B1 mediates RhoA/integrin αvβ3 involved in the PI3K/Akt pathway and SRPK1 to influence the growth of glioma cell, angiogenesis, and motility in vitro and in vivo. Thus, Plexin-B1 signaling regulates the Rho/αvβ3/PI3K/Akt pathway and SRPK1, which are involved in glioma invasiveness and angiogenesis. Therefore, the new drug research should focus on Plexin-B1 as a target for the treatment of glioma invasion and angiogenesis.
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24
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RasGRP3 regulates the migration of glioma cells via interaction with Arp3. Oncotarget 2015; 6:1850-64. [PMID: 25682201 PMCID: PMC4359336 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive primary brain tumors, are highly infiltrative. Although GBM express high Ras activity and Ras proteins have been implicated in gliomagenesis, Ras-activating mutations are not frequent in these tumors. RasGRP3, an important signaling protein responsive to diacylglycerol (DAG), increases Ras activation. Here, we examined the expression and functions of RasGRP3 in GBM and glioma cells. RasGRP3 expression was upregulated in GBM specimens and glioma stem cells compared with normal brains and neural stem cells, respectively. RasGRP3 activated Ras and Rap1 in glioma cells and increased cell migration and invasion partially via Ras activation. Using pull-down assay and mass spectroscopy we identified the actin-related protein, Arp3, as a novel interacting protein of RasGRP3. The interaction of RasGRP3 and Arp3 was validated by immunofluorescence staining and co-immunoprecipitation, and PMA, which activates RasGRP3 and induces its translocation to the peri-nuclear region, increased the association of Arp3 and RasGRP3. Arp3 was upregulated in GBM, regulated cell spreading and migration and its silencing partially decreased these effects of RasGRP3 in glioma cells. In summary, RasGRP3 acts as an important integrating signaling protein of the DAG and Ras signaling pathways and actin polymerization and represents an important therapeutic target in GBM.
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25
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Xiong W, Yin A, Mao X, Zhang W, Huang H, Zhang X. Resveratrol suppresses human glioblastoma cell migration and invasion via activation of RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2015; 11:484-490. [PMID: 26870238 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that resveratrol has a potential use in cancer prevention and treatment. However, the effects of resveratrol on cancer cell motility and invasiveness remain unclear. The current study aimed to examine the effects of resveratrol on cell migration and invasion in human glioblastoma cells, and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms. In wound-healing and Matrigel transwell assays, resveratrol was found to significantly inhibit the migration and invasion of U87MG, T98G and U251 glioblastoma cells in vitro. Results from western blot analysis and gelatin zymography revealed that resveratrol also suppressed the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2; P<0.05), an important mediator of cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, using a pull-down assay, increased activation of RhoA was observed in glioblastoma cells treated with resveratrol vs. controls (P<0.05). Notably, inhibition of the RhoA/Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) pathway by C3 transferase or Y-27362 was found to attenuate the resveratrol-induced reductions in cell migration and invasion (P<0.05), and also partially rescued the decreased expression and activity of MMP-2 induced by resveratrol (P<0.05). Taken together, the results suggest that resveratrol may inhibit glioblastoma cell motility and invasiveness via activating the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China; Trauma Centre, The 196th Hospital of PLA, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524000, P.R. China
| | - Anan Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xinggang Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Huiyong Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Institute of Clinical Neuroscience, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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26
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Xu Y, Lu W, Yang P, Peng W, Wang C, Li M, Li Y, Li G, Meng N, Lin H, Kan L, Wang S, Yang S, Yu L, Zhao Y. A small molecular agent YL529 inhibits VEGF-D-induced lymphangiogenesis and metastasis in preclinical tumor models in addition to its known antitumor activities. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:525. [PMID: 26187637 PMCID: PMC4506598 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1451-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The lymph node metastasis is a key early step of the tumor metastatic process. VEGFD-mediated tumor lymphangiogenesis plays a key role, since down-regulation of p-VEGFR-3 could block the lymph node metastasis. YL529 has been reported to possess potent anti-angiogenesis and antitumor activities; however, its roles in tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis remain unclear. Method We investigated the effect of YL529 on tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis using in vitro lymph node metastasis models and in vivo subcutaneous tumor models in C57 BL/6 mice. Result We found that YL529 inhibited VEGF-D-induced survival, proliferation and tube-formation of Human Lymphatic Endothelial Cells. Furthermore, in established in vitro and in vivo lymph node metastasis models using VEGF-D-LL/2 cells, YL529 significantly inhibited the tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis and metastasis. At molecular level, YL529 down-regulated p-VEGFR-3, p-JNK and Bax while up-regulated Bcl-2. Conclusion YL529 provided the therapeutic benefits by both direct effects on tumor cells and inhibiting lymphangiogenesis and metastasis via the VEGFR-3 signaling pathway, which may have significant direct clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youzhi Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81#, Mei Shan Road, Hefei, 230032, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, 17#, 3rd Section, Ren min South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Wenjie Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, 81#, Mei Shan Road, Hefei, 230032, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, 17#, 3rd Section, Ren min South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Peng Yang
- Department of Transfusion, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 81#, Mei Shan Road, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Wen Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, 17#, 3rd Section, Ren min South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Department of Oncology, The People's Hospital of Guizhou Province, 83#, Zhong Shan East Road, Guiyang, 550004, China.
| | - Chunting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, 17#, 3rd Section, Ren min South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Manli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, 17#, 3rd Section, Ren min South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, 17#, 3rd Section, Ren min South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Guobo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, 17#, 3rd Section, Ren min South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Nana Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, 17#, 3rd Section, Ren min South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Hongjun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, 17#, 3rd Section, Ren min South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Lixin Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, 17#, 3rd Section, Ren min South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Siying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, 17#, 3rd Section, Ren min South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Shengyong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, 17#, 3rd Section, Ren min South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Luoting Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, 17#, 3rd Section, Ren min South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - YingLan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Sichuan University, 17#, 3rd Section, Ren min South Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Inference of Low and High-Grade Glioma Gene Regulatory Networks Delineates the Role of Rnd3 in Establishing Multiple Hallmarks of Cancer. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005325. [PMID: 26132659 PMCID: PMC4488580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are a highly heterogeneous group of brain tumours that are refractory to treatment, highly invasive and pro-angiogenic. Glioblastoma patients have an average survival time of less than 15 months. Understanding the molecular basis of different grades of glioma, from well differentiated, low-grade tumours to high-grade tumours, is a key step in defining new therapeutic targets. Here we use a data-driven approach to learn the structure of gene regulatory networks from observational data and use the resulting models to formulate hypothesis on the molecular determinants of glioma stage. Remarkably, integration of available knowledge with functional genomics datasets representing clinical and pre-clinical studies reveals important properties within the regulatory circuits controlling low and high-grade glioma. Our analyses first show that low and high-grade gliomas are characterised by a switch in activity of two subsets of Rho GTPases. The first one is involved in maintaining normal glial cell function, while the second is linked to the establishment of multiple hallmarks of cancer. Next, the development and application of a novel data integration methodology reveals novel functions of RND3 in controlling glioma cell migration, invasion, proliferation, angiogenesis and clinical outcome. Gliomas are aggressive brain tumours that are invasive, heterogeneous, refractory to treatment and show poor survival rates. Surgical resection and chemotherapy can increase patient survival but ultimately the disease is fatal. Multiple grades of glioma exist, with lower grades associated to better prognosis. While the majority of high-grade gliomas occur de novo, it is common that low-grade gliomas progress to the more aggressive form known as glioblastoma. In this article, we have shown that by combining advanced network biology approaches with the right experimental models, we are able to reveal novel regulatory circuits controlling multiple hallmarks of glioma. Through analysis of multiple network models representing protein-protein interaction or gene co-expression data we have revealed a switch in the role of regulatory Rho GTPases between low and high-grade gliomas. Amongst these, we show that RND3 is up-regulated in glioblastomas and is a key regulator of tumour proliferation, migration and invasion. We confirm that expression and genomic copy number of RND3 are predictive of clinical outcome, suggesting that changes in the activity of this particular Rho GTPase could be an early event associated to transformation and tumour expansion.
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MacKay JL, Kumar S. Simultaneous and independent tuning of RhoA and Rac1 activity with orthogonally inducible promoters. Integr Biol (Camb) 2015; 6:885-94. [PMID: 25044255 DOI: 10.1039/c4ib00099d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The GTPases RhoA and Rac1 are key regulators of cell spreading, adhesion, and migration, and they exert distinct effects on the actin cytoskeleton. While RhoA classically stimulates stress fiber assembly and contraction, Rac1 promotes branched actin polymerization and membrane protrusion. These competing influences are reinforced by antagonistic crosstalk between RhoA and Rac1, which has complicated efforts to identify the specific mechanisms by which each GTPase regulates cell behavior. We therefore wondered whether RhoA and Rac1 are intrinsically coupled or whether they can be manipulated independently. To address this question, we placed constitutively active (CA) RhoA under a doxycycline-inducible promoter and CA Rac1 under an orthogonal cumate-inducible promoter, and we stably introduced both constructs into glioblastoma cells. We found that doxycycline addition increased RhoA activity without altering Rac1, and similarly cumate addition increased Rac1 activity without altering RhoA. Furthermore, co-expression of both mutants enabled high activation of RhoA and Rac1 simultaneously. When cells were cultured on collagen hydrogels, RhoA activation prevented cell spreading and motility, whereas Rac1 activation stimulated migration and dynamic cell protrusions. Interestingly, high activation of both GTPases induced a third phenotype, in which cells migrated at intermediate speeds similar to control cells but also aggregated into large, contractile clusters. In addition, we demonstrate dynamic and reversible switching between high RhoA and high Rac1 phenotypes. Overall, this approach represents a unique way to access different combinations of RhoA and Rac1 activity levels in a single cell and may serve as a valuable tool for multiplexed dissection and control of mechanobiological signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna L MacKay
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Xyloketal B suppresses glioblastoma cell proliferation and migration in vitro through inhibiting TRPM7-regulated PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK signaling pathways. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:2505-25. [PMID: 25913706 PMCID: PMC4413223 DOI: 10.3390/md13042505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, the most common and aggressive type of brain tumors, has devastatingly proliferative and invasive characteristics. The need for finding a novel and specific drug target is urgent as the current approaches have limited therapeutic effects in treating glioblastoma. Xyloketal B is a marine compound obtained from mangrove fungus Xylaria sp. (No. 2508) from the South China Sea, and has displayed antioxidant activity and protective effects on endothelial and neuronal oxidative injuries. In this study, we used a glioblastoma U251 cell line to (1) explore the effects of xyloketal B on cell viability, proliferation, and migration; and (2) investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways. MTT assay, colony formation, wound healing, western blot, and patch clamp techniques were employed. We found that xyloketal B reduced cell viability, proliferation, and migration of U251 cells. In addition, xyloketal B decreased p-Akt and p-ERK1/2 protein expressions. Furthermore, xyloketal B blocked TRPM7 currents in HEK-293 cells overexpressing TRPM7. These effects were confirmed by using a TRPM7 inhibitor, carvacrol, in a parallel experiment. Our findings indicate that TRPM7-regulated PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK signaling is involved in anti-proliferation and migration effects of xyloketal B on U251 cells, providing in vitro evidence for the marine compound xyloketal B to be a potential drug for treating glioblastoma.
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30
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Tian Y, Hao S, Ye M, Zhang A, Nan Y, Wang G, Jia Z, Yu K, Guo L, Pu P, Huang Q, Zhong Y. MicroRNAs let-7b/i suppress human glioma cell invasion and migration by targeting IKBKE directly. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 458:307-12. [PMID: 25656572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.01.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated that IKBKE is overexpressed in human gliomas and that the downregulation of IKBKE markedly inhibits the proliferative and invasive abilities of glioma cells, which is consistent with the results reported by several different research groups. Therefore, IKBKE represents a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of glioma. In the present study, we verified that the microRNAs let-7b and let-7i target IKBKE through luciferase assays and found that let-7b/i mimics can knock down IKBKE and upregulate E-cadherin through western blot analysis. Moreover, the expression levels of let-7b/i were significantly lower in glioma cell lines than that in normal brain tissues, as determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Furthermore, let-7b/i inhibit the invasion and migration of glioma cells, as determined through wound healing and Transwell assays. The above-mentioned data suggest that let-7b/i inhibit the invasive ability of glioma cells by directly downregulating IKBKE and indirectly upregulating E-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Variation and Regeneration, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Municipal Government, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaobo Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Variation and Regeneration, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Municipal Government, People's Republic of China
| | - Minhua Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Anling Zhang
- Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Variation and Regeneration, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Municipal Government, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Nan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangxiu Wang
- Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Variation and Regeneration, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Municipal Government, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifan Jia
- Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Variation and Regeneration, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Municipal Government, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianmei Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiyu Pu
- Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma, Variation and Regeneration, Ministry of Education and Tianjin Municipal Government, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yue Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, People's Republic of China.
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Ling Y, Zhao X, Li X, Wang X, Yang Y, Wang Z, Wang X, Zhang J, Zhang Y. Novel FTS-diamine/cinnamic acid hybrids inhibit tumor cell proliferation and migration and promote apoptosis via blocking Ras-related signaling in vitro. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2014; 75:381-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-014-2650-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Goldshmit Y, Trangle SS, Kloog Y, Pinkas-Kramarski R. Interfering with the interaction between ErbB1, nucleolin and Ras as a potential treatment for glioblastoma. Oncotarget 2014; 5:8602-13. [PMID: 25261371 PMCID: PMC4226707 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The three oncogenes, ErbB receptors, Ras proteins and nucleolin may contribute to malignant transformation. Previously, we demonstrated that nucleolin could bind both Ras protein and ErbB receptors. We also showed that the crosstalk between the three proteins facilitates anchorage independent growth and tumor growth in nude mice, and that inhibition of this interaction in prostate and colon cancer cells reduces tumorigenicity. In the present study, we show that treatment with Ras and nucleolin inhibitors reduces the oncogenic effect induced by ErbB1 receptor in U87-MG cells. This combined treatment enhances cell death, reduces cell proliferation and cell migration. Moreover, we demonstrate a pivotal role of nucleolin in ErbB1 activation by its ligand. Nucleolin inhibitor prevents EGF-induced receptor activation and its downstream signaling followed by reduced proliferation. Furthermore, inhibition of Ras by Salirasib (FTS), mainly reduces cell viability and motility. The combined treatment, which targets both Ras and nucleolin, additively reduces tumorigenicity both in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that targeting both nucleolin and Ras may represent an additional opportunity for inhibiting cancers, including glioblastoma, that are driven by these oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yona Goldshmit
- Department of Neurobiology, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Australia
| | | | - Yoel Kloog
- Department of Neurobiology, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel
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Rasfonin, a novel 2-pyrone derivative, induces ras-mutated Panc-1 pancreatic tumor cell death in nude mice. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1241. [PMID: 24853419 PMCID: PMC4047882 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Rasfonin is a novel 2-pyrone derivative reported to induce apoptosis in ras-dependent cells. In this study, its effects on ras-mutated pancreatic cancer cells were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Two human pancreatic cancer cell lines Panc-1 (mutated K-ras) and BxPC-3 (wild-type K-ras) were selected to test the effects of rasfonin on cell proliferation, clone formation, migration and invasion in vitro. Immunoblotting was used to detect the expressions of EGFR-Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway proteins. Ras activity was measured using a pull-down ELISA kit and guanine exchange factor (GEF)/GTPase-activating proteins (GAP) activity was measured by [(3)H]-GDP radiometric ligand binding. For an in vivo study, CD1 nude mice bearing Panc-1 cells were treated with rasfonin or Salirasib (FTS). We found that rasfonin suppressed proliferation more strongly in Panc-1 cells (IC50=5.5 μM) than BxPC-3 cells (IC50=10 μM) in vitro. Clone formation, migration and invasion by Panc-1 cells were also reduced by rasfonin. Rasfonin had little effect on the farnesylation of Ras, but it strongly downregulated Ras activity and consequently phosphorylation of c-Raf/MEK/ERK. Further experiments indicated that rasfonin reduced Son of sevenless (Sos1) expression but did not alter GEF and GAP activities. The in vivo experiments also revealed that rasfonin (30 mg/kg) delayed the growth of xenograft tumors originating from Panc-1 cells. Tumor weight was ultimately decreased after 20 days of treatment of rasfonin. Rasfonin is a robust inhibitor of pancreatic cancers with the K-ras mutation. The reduction of Sos1 expression and the consequently depressed Ras-MAPK activity could be important in its anticancer activity.
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Elsner JJ, Kraitzer A, Grinberg O, Zilberman M. Highly porous drug-eluting structures: from wound dressings to stents and scaffolds for tissue regeneration. BIOMATTER 2014; 2:239-70. [PMID: 23507890 PMCID: PMC3568110 DOI: 10.4161/biom.22838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
For many biomedical applications, there is need for porous implant materials. The current article focuses on a method for preparation of drug-eluting porous structures for various biomedical applications, based on freeze drying of inverted emulsions. This fabrication process enables the incorporation of any drug, to obtain an "active implant" that releases drugs to the surrounding tissue in a controlled desired manner. Examples for porous implants based on this technique are antibiotic-eluting mesh/matrix structures used for wound healing applications, antiproliferative drug-eluting composite fibers for stent applications and local cancer treatment, and protein-eluting films for tissue regeneration applications. In the current review we focus on these systems. We show that the release profiles of both types of drugs, water-soluble and water-insoluble, are affected by the emulsion's formulation parameters. The former's release profile is affected mainly through the emulsion stability and the resulting porous microstructure, whereas the latter's release mechanism occurs via water uptake and degradation of the host polymer. Hence, appropriate selection of the formulation parameters enables to obtain desired controllable release profile of any bioactive agent, water-soluble or water-insoluble, and also fit its physical properties to the application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Elsner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Overexpression of RKIP inhibits cell invasion in glioma cell lines through upregulation of miR-98. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:695179. [PMID: 24392454 PMCID: PMC3874320 DOI: 10.1155/2013/695179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Raf-1 kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) is a tumor and metastasis suppressor in cancer cells. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been suggested to play a vital role in tumor initiation and progression by negatively regulating oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Quite recently, studies have identified some miRNAs operating to promote or suppress tumor invasion or metastasis via regulating metastasis-related genes, providing potential therapeutic targets on antimetastasis strategy. In this study, we found that the expression of RKIP and miR-98 in glioma tissues were significantly lower than that in normal brain tissues. Overexpression of RKIP upregulated miR-98 expression and inhibited glioma cell invasion and miR-98 target gene HMGA2 but had no effect in glioma cell proliferation. Moreover, forced expression of miR-98 accelerated the inhibition of glioma cell invasion and the expression of HMGA2 also had no effect in glioma cell proliferation. Our findings newly described RKIP/miR-98 to HMGA2 link and provided a potential mechanism for glioma cell invasion. RKIP and miR-98 may illustrate the potential therapeutic utility of signaling pathway signatures.
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Heo JC, Jung TH, Jung DY, Park WK, Cho H. Indatraline inhibits Rho- and calcium-mediated glioblastoma cell motility and angiogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 443:749-55. [PMID: 24333442 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and lethal primary brain tumor of the central nervous system (CNS). As an attempt to identify drugs for GBM therapeutics, phenotypic assays were used to screen 1000 chemicals from a clinical compound library. GBM subtypes exhibited different capabilities to induce angiogenesis when cultured on Matrigel; proneural cells migrated and formed a tube-like structure without endothelial cells. Among the compounds screened, indatraline, a nonselective monoamine transporter inhibitor, suppressed these morphological changes; it dose dependently inhibited cell spreading, migration, and in vitro/in vivo tube formation. In addition to intracellular calcium concentration, indatraline increased the level of Rho GTPase and its activity. Moreover, indatraline downregulated angiogenesis-related genes such as IGFBP2, PTN, VEGFA, PDGFRA, and VEGFR as well as nestin, a stem cell marker. These findings collectively suggest that the activation of Rho GTPase and the suppression of angiogenesis-related factors mediate the antiangiogenic activity of indatraline in proneural GBM culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Chul Heo
- Pharmacology Research Group, Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hoon Jung
- Pharmacology Research Group, Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea; Pharmacology Research Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Young Jung
- Pharmacology Research Group, Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Kyu Park
- Pharmacology Research Group, Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeyeong Cho
- Pharmacology Research Group, Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea.
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Natan S, Tsarfaty G, Horev J, Haklai R, Kloog Y, Tsarfaty I. Interplay Between HGF/SF-Met-Ras Signaling, Tumor Metabolism and Blood Flow as a Potential Target for Breast Cancer Therapy. Oncoscience 2013; 1:30-38. [PMID: 25593982 PMCID: PMC4295761 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High glucose uptake and increase blood flow is a characteristic of most metastatic tumors. Activation of Ras signaling increases glycolytic flux into lactate, de novo nucleic acid synthesis and uncoupling of ATP synthase from the proton gradient. Met tyrosine kinase receptor signaling upon activation by its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF), increases glycolysis, oxidative phosporylation, oxygen consumption, and tumor blood volume. Ras is a key factor in Met signaling. Using the Ras inhibitor S-trans,trans-farnesylthiosalicylic acid (FTS), we investigated interplay between HGF/SF-Met–Ras signaling, metabolism, and tumor blood-flow regulation. In vitro, HGF/SF-activated Met increased Ras activity, Erk phosphorylation, cell motility and glucose uptake, but did not affect ATP. FTS inhibited basal and HGF/SF-induced signaling and cell motility, while further increasing glucose uptake and inhibiting ATP production. In vivo, HGF/SF rapidly increased tumor blood volume. FTS did not affect basal blood-flow but abolished the HGF/SF effect. Our results further demonstrate the complex interplay between growth-factor-receptor signaling and cellular and tumor metabolism, as reflected in blood flow. Inhibition of Ras signaling does not affect glucose consumption or basal tumor blood flow but dramatically decreases ATP synthesis and the HGF/SF induced increase in tumor blood volume. These findings demonstrate that the HGF/SF-Met–Ras pathway critically influences tumor-cell metabolism and tumor blood-flow regulation. This pathway could potentially be used to individualize tumor therapy based on functional molecular imaging, and for combined signaling/anti-metabolic targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Natan
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University.,This work was done in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree of S.N
| | - Galia Tsarfaty
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Judith Horev
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University
| | - Roni Haklai
- Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yoel Kloog
- Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ilan Tsarfaty
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University
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Khalil BD, Hanna S, Saykali BA, El-Sitt S, Nasrallah A, Marston D, El-Sabban M, Hahn KM, Symons M, El-Sibai M. The regulation of RhoA at focal adhesions by StarD13 is important for astrocytoma cell motility. Exp Cell Res 2013; 321:109-22. [PMID: 24333506 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Malignant astrocytomas are highly invasive into adjacent and distant regions of the normal brain. Rho GTPases are small monomeric G proteins that play important roles in cytoskeleton rearrangement, cell motility, and tumor invasion. In the present study, we show that the knock down of StarD13, a GTPase activating protein (GAP) for RhoA and Cdc42, inhibits astrocytoma cell migration through modulating focal adhesion dynamics and cell adhesion. This effect is mediated by the resulting constitutive activation of RhoA and the subsequent indirect inhibition of Rac. Using Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (TIRF)-based Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), we show that RhoA activity localizes with focal adhesions at the basal surface of astrocytoma cells. Moreover, the knock down of StarD13 inhibits the cycling of RhoA activation at the rear edge of cells, which makes them defective in retracting their tail. This study highlights the importance of the regulation of RhoA activity in focal adhesions of astrocytoma cells and establishes StarD13 as a GAP playing a major role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassem D Khalil
- Department of Natural Sciences, The Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053, Chouran, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Samer Hanna
- Department of Natural Sciences, The Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053, Chouran, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Bechara A Saykali
- Department of Natural Sciences, The Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053, Chouran, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Sally El-Sitt
- Department of Natural Sciences, The Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053, Chouran, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Anita Nasrallah
- Department of Natural Sciences, The Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053, Chouran, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Daniel Marston
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, CB7365, Chapel Hill, NC27599, USA
| | - Marwan El-Sabban
- Department of Human Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, The American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Klaus M Hahn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, CB7365, Chapel Hill, NC27599, USA
| | - Marc Symons
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research at North Shore-LIJ, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Mirvat El-Sibai
- Department of Natural Sciences, The Lebanese American University, P.O. Box: 13-5053, Chouran, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon.
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Ou Y, Zheng X, Gao Y, Shu M, Leng T, Li Y, Yin W, Zhu W, Huang Y, Zhou Y, Tang J, Qiu P, Yan G, Hu J, Ruan H, Hu H. Activation of cyclic AMP/PKA pathway inhibits bladder cancer cell invasion by targeting MAP4-dependent microtubule dynamics. Urol Oncol 2013; 32:47.e21-8. [PMID: 24140250 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE With the notorious reputation of the vicious invasion, the bladder cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the urinary system. Inhibiting invasion through microtubule dynamics interruption has emerged as an important treatment of bladder cancer. Here we investigated the role of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) pathway in human bladder cancer cells invasion. MATERIALS AND METHODS With or without the treatment of various cAMP elevators, we assessed invasive and migrated capabilities of T24 and UM-UC-3, two high-grade invasive bladder cancer cell lines, using matrigel transwell inserts assay and scratch wound healing assay. The microtubule (MT) dynamics were examined by immunofluorescence and immunoblotting. Microtubule-Associated Protein 4 (MAP4) was silenced to investigate its role in tumor invasion. We also analyzed gene expression of MAP4 in 34 patients with bladder cancer using immunohistochemical staining assay. The interaction between PKA and MAP4 was examined by co-immunoprecipitation. RESULTS We used cAMP elevators and small interfering RNA of MAP4 here, found that both of them can potently inhibit the invasion and the migration of bladder cancer cells by disrupting microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton. Consistently, the bladder cancer grade is positively correlated with the protein level of MAP4. Furthermore, we found that cAMP/PKA signaling can disrupt MT cytoskeleton by the phosphorylation of MAP4. CONCLUSION Our results indicated that the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway might inhibit bladder cancer cell invasion by targeting MAP4-dependent microtubule dynamics, which could be exploited for the therapy of invasive bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Ou
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhong-shan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China; Guangdong Provincial Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoke Zheng
- Department of Phathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China; Department of Pharmacology, Zhong-shan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yixing Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medical Science, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Minfeng Shu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhong-shan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Tiandong Leng
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhong-shan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhong-shan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yin
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhong-shan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhong-shan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yijun Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhong-shan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuxi Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhong-shan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jianjun Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhong-shan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Pengxin Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhong-shan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Guangmei Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhong-shan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Microbiology, Zhong-shan School of Medcine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China; Department of Pharmacology, Zhong-shan Medical College, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.
| | - Huaizhen Ruan
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medical Science, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, P.R. China.
| | - Haiyan Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.
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Fortin Ensign SP, Mathews IT, Symons MH, Berens ME, Tran NL. Implications of Rho GTPase Signaling in Glioma Cell Invasion and Tumor Progression. Front Oncol 2013; 3:241. [PMID: 24109588 PMCID: PMC3790103 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is the most malignant of primary adult brain tumors, characterized by a highly locally invasive cell population, as well as abundant proliferative cells, neoangiogenesis, and necrosis. Clinical intervention with chemotherapy or radiation may either promote or establish an environment for manifestation of invasive behavior. Understanding the molecular drivers of invasion in the context of glioma progression may be insightful in directing new treatments for patients with GB. Here, we review current knowledge on Rho family GTPases, their aberrant regulation in GB, and their effect on GB cell invasion and tumor progression. Rho GTPases are modulators of cell migration through effects on actin cytoskeleton rearrangement; in non-neoplastic tissue, expression and activation of Rho GTPases are normally under tight regulation. In GB, Rho GTPases are deregulated, often via hyperactivity or overexpression of their activators, Rho GEFs. Downstream effectors of Rho GTPases have been shown to promote invasiveness and, importantly, glioma cell survival. The study of aberrant Rho GTPase signaling in GB is thus an important investigation of cell invasion as well as treatment resistance and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Patricia Fortin Ensign
- Cancer and Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute , Phoenix, AZ , USA ; Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ , USA
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Schokoroy S, Juster D, Kloog Y, Pinkas-Kramarski R. Disrupting the oncogenic synergism between nucleolin and Ras results in cell growth inhibition and cell death. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75269. [PMID: 24086490 PMCID: PMC3782480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ErbB receptors, Ras proteins and nucleolin are major contributors to malignant transformation. The pleiotropic protein nucleolin can bind to both Ras protein and ErbB receptors. Previously, we have demonstrated a crosstalk between Ras, nucleolin and the ErbB1 receptor. Activated Ras facilitates nucleolin interaction with ErbB1 and stabilizes ErbB1 levels. The three oncogenes synergistically facilitate anchorage independent growth and tumor growth in nude mice. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In the present study we used several cancer cell lines. The effect of Ras and nucleolin inhibition was determined using cell growth, cell death and cell motility assays. Protein expression was determined by immunohistochemistry. We found that inhibition of Ras and nucleolin reduces tumor cell growth, enhances cell death and inhibits anchorage independent growth. Our results reveal that the combined treatment affects Ras and nucleolin levels and localization. Our study also indicates that Salirasib (FTS, Ras inhibitor) reduces cell motility, which is not affected by the nucleolin inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that targeting both nucleolin and Ras may represent an additional avenue for inhibiting cancers driven by these oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Schokoroy
- Department of Neurobiology, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel
| | - Dolly Juster
- Department of Neurobiology, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yoel Kloog
- Department of Neurobiology, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv, Israel
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Genome-scale expression and transcription factor binding profiles reveal therapeutic targets in transgenic ERG myeloid leukemia. Blood 2013; 122:2694-703. [PMID: 23974202 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-01-477133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The ETS transcription factor ERG plays a central role in definitive hematopoiesis, and its overexpression in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is associated with a stem cell signature and poor prognosis. Yet how ERG causes leukemia is unclear. Here we show that pan-hematopoietic ERG expression induces an early progenitor myeloid leukemia in transgenic mice. Integrated genome-scale analysis of gene expression and ERG binding profiles revealed that ERG activates a transcriptional program similar to human AML stem/progenitor cells and to human AML with high ERG expression. This transcriptional program was associated with activation of RAS that was required for leukemia cells growth in vitro and in vivo. We further show that ERG induces expression of the Pim1 kinase oncogene through a novel hematopoietic enhancer validated in transgenic mice and human CD34(+) normal and leukemic cells. Pim1 inhibition disrupts growth and induces apoptosis of ERG-expressing leukemic cells. The importance of the ERG/PIM1 axis is further underscored by the poorer prognosis of AML highly expressing ERG and PIM1. Thus, integrative genomic analysis demonstrates that ERG causes myeloid progenitor leukemia characterized by an induction of leukemia stem cell transcriptional programs. Pim1 and the RAS pathway are potential therapeutic targets of these high-risk leukemias.
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer continues to be a challenging disease to treat because of its aggressive nature, advanced stage at the time of diagnosis, and limited treatment options that are available. Traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy provides modest benefit to patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Recently, a FOLFIRINOX regimen revealed improved response in overall and progression-free survival over single-agent gemcitabine in metastatic pancreatic cancer, but there is still much needed advancement in the systemic treatment of pancreatic cancer. There is a growing interest in the development of novel agents, while our understanding of molecular pathogenesis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma continues to expand. With identification of various molecular pathways in pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis, potential targets for drug development have been pursued with the use of monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors. Although preclinical studies with multiple targeted therapies demonstrated encouraging results in pancreatic cancer, only erlotinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor, showed a marginal survival benefit in a phase III clinical trial, when combined with gemcitabine. As further signaling pathways and their importance in pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis are better understood, further clinical trials will need to be designed to study these targeted agents as single agents, in combination with other novel agents or in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy. In this review, we present the current knowledge on targeted therapy in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and its application in clinical practice.
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Karpel-Massler G, Westhoff MA, Zhou S, Nonnenmacher L, Dwucet A, Kast RE, Bachem MG, Wirtz CR, Debatin KM, Halatsch ME. Combined Inhibition of HER1/EGFR and RAC1 Results in a Synergistic Antiproliferative Effect on Established and Primary Cultured Human Glioblastoma Cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:1783-95. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Vitucci M, Karpinich NO, Bash RE, Werneke AM, Schmid RS, White KK, McNeill RS, Huff B, Wang S, Van Dyke T, Miller CR. Cooperativity between MAPK and PI3K signaling activation is required for glioblastoma pathogenesis. Neuro Oncol 2013; 15:1317-29. [PMID: 23814263 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) genomes feature recurrent genetic alterations that dysregulate core intracellular signaling pathways, including the G1/S cell cycle checkpoint and the MAPK and PI3K effector arms of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling. Elucidation of the phenotypic consequences of activated RTK effectors is required for the design of effective therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. METHODS Genetically defined, G1/S checkpoint-defective cortical murine astrocytes with constitutively active Kras and/or Pten deletion mutations were used to systematically investigate the individual and combined roles of these 2 RTK signaling effectors in phenotypic hallmarks of glioblastoma pathogenesis, including growth, migration, and invasion in vitro. A novel syngeneic orthotopic allograft model system was used to examine in vivo tumorigenesis. RESULTS Constitutively active Kras and/or Pten deletion mutations activated both MAPK and PI3K signaling. Their combination led to maximal growth, migration, and invasion of G1/S-defective astrocytes in vitro and produced progenitor-like transcriptomal profiles that mimic human proneural GBM. Activation of both RTK effector arms was required for in vivo tumorigenesis and produced highly invasive, proneural-like GBM. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that cortical astrocytes can be transformed into GBM and that combined dysregulation of MAPK and PI3K signaling revert G1/S-defective astrocytes to a primitive gene expression state. This genetically-defined, immunocompetent model of proneural GBM will be useful for preclinical development of MAPK/PI3K-targeted, subtype-specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Vitucci
- Corresponding Author: C. Ryan Miller, MD, PhD, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 6109B Neurosciences Research Building, Campus Box 7250, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7250.
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Danussi C, Akavia UD, Niola F, Jovic A, Lasorella A, Pe'er D, Iavarone A. RHPN2 drives mesenchymal transformation in malignant glioma by triggering RhoA activation. Cancer Res 2013; 73:5140-50. [PMID: 23774217 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1168-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal transformation is a hallmark of aggressive glioblastoma (GBM). Here, we report the development of an unbiased method for computational integration of copy number variation, expression, and mutation data from large datasets. Using this method, we identified rhophilin 2 (RHPN2) as a central genetic determinant of the mesenchymal phenotype of human GBM. Notably, amplification of the human RHPN2 gene on chromosome 19 correlates with a dramatic decrease in the survival of patients with glioma. Ectopic expression of RHPN2 in neural stem cells and astrocytes triggered the expression of mesenchymal genes and promoted an invasive phenotype without impacting cell proliferation. Mechanistically, these effects were implemented through RHPN2-mediated activation of RhoA, a master regulator of cell migration and invasion. Our results define RHPN2 amplification as a central genetic determinant of a highly aggressive phenotype that directs the worst clinical outcomes in patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Danussi
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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47
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Yelskaya Z, Carrillo V, Dubisz E, Gulzar H, Morgan D, Mahajan SS. Synergistic inhibition of survival, proliferation, and migration of U87 cells with a combination of LY341495 and Iressa. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64588. [PMID: 23724064 PMCID: PMC3664620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas exploit various molecular pathways to promote glutamate- dependent growth by activating the AMPA (2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazol-4-yl) propanoic acid) receptor, the group II metabotropic glutamate receptor, mGluR, and the epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR. We hypothesized that targeting more than one of these pathways would be more effective in inhibiting glutamate-dependent growth. Using a model of U87 cell line, we show that blocking glutamate release by Riluzole inhibits cell proliferation. Glutamate-dependent growth is effectively inhibited by a combination of Iressa, an inhibitor of EGFR activation and LY341495, a group II mGluR inhibitor. Treatment of U87 cells with a combination of Iressa and LY341495 inhibits proliferation as indicated by Ki-67 staining, induces apoptosis and inhibits migration of U87 cells more effectively than the treatment by Iressa or LY341495 alone. These results demonstrate that a combinatorial therapy with Iressa and LY341495 is more effective due to synergistic effects of these drugs in inhibiting the growth of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarina Yelskaya
- Department of Health Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Vangie Carrillo
- Department of Health Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ewa Dubisz
- Department of Health Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hira Gulzar
- Department of Health Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Devon Morgan
- Department of Health Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Shahana S. Mahajan
- Department of Health Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Grunwald A, Gottfried I, Cox AD, Haklai R, Kloog Y, Ashery U. Rasosomes originate from the Golgi to dispense Ras signals. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e496. [PMID: 23412389 PMCID: PMC3734827 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ras proteins undergo an incompletely understood trafficking process in the cell. Rasosomes are protein nanoparticles of 80–100 nm diameter that carry lipidated Ras isoforms (H-Ras and N-Ras) as well as their effectors through the cytoplasm and near the plasma membrane (PM). In this study, we identified the subcellular origin of rasosomes and how they spread Ras proteins through the cell. We found no dependency of rasosome formation on galectins, or on the GDP-/GTP-bound state of Ras. We found that significantly more rasosomes are associated with forms of Ras that are localized to the Golgi, namely N-Ras or the singly palmitoylated H-Ras mutant (C181S). To explore the possibility that rasosome originate from the Golgi, we used photoactivatable (PA)-GFP-H-Ras mutants and showed that rasosomes bud from the Golgi in a two-step mechanism. Newly released rasosomes first move in an energy-dependent directed fashion and then convert to randomly diffusing rasosomes. Dual fluorescence time-lapse imaging revealed the appearance of dually labeled rasosomes, indicating a dynamic exchange of cytoplasmic and PM-associated Ras with rasosome-associated Ras. Finally, higher levels of rasosomes correlate with higher levels of ERK phosphorylation, a key marker of Ras downstream signaling. We suggest that H-Ras and N-Ras proteins exchange with rasosomes that can function as carriers of palmitoylated Ras and its signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Grunwald
- Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv 69978, Israel
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Jung IH, Leem GL, Jung DE, Kim MH, Kim EY, Kim SH, Park HC, Park SW. Glioma is formed by active Akt1 alone and promoted by active Rac1 in transgenic zebrafish. Neuro Oncol 2013; 15:290-304. [PMID: 23325864 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nos387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ongoing characterization of glioma has revealed that Akt signaling plays a crucial role in gliomagenesis. In mouse models, however, Akt alone was not sufficient to induce glioma. METHODS We established transgenic zebrafish that overexpressed dominant-active (DA) human Akt1 or Rac1(G12V) (DARac1) at ptf1a domain and investigated transgenic phenotypes and mechanisms leading to gliomagenesis. RESULTS Transgene expressions were spatiotemporally restricted without any developmental abnormality of embryos and persisted at cerebellum and medulla in adult zebrafish. DAAkt1 alone induced glioma (with visible bumps at the head), with incidences of 36.6% and 49% at 6 and 9 months, respectively. Histologically, gliomas showed various histologic grades, increased proliferation, and frequent invasion into the fourth ventricle. Preferential location of small tumors at periventricular area and coexpression of Her4 suggested that tumors originated from Ptf1a- and Her4-positive progenitor cells at ventricular zone. Gliomagenesis was principally mediated by activation of survival pathway through upregulation of survivin genes. Although DARac1 alone was incapable of gliomagenesis, when coexpressed with DAAkt1, gliomagenesis was accelerated, showing higher tumor incidences (62.0% and 73.3% at 6 and 9 months, respectively), advanced histologic grade, invasiveness, and shortened survival. DARac1 upregulated survivin2, cyclin D1, β-catenin, and snail1a but downregulated E-cadherin, indicating that DARac1 promotes gliomagenesis by enhancing proliferation, survival, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. On pharmacologic tests, only Akt1/2 inhibitor effectively suppressed gliomagenesis, inhibited cellular proliferation, and induced apoptosis in established gliomas. CONCLUSIONS The zebrafish model reinforces the pivotal role of Akt signaling in gliomagenesis and suggests Rac1 as an important protein involved in progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Hye Jung
- Postgraduate School of National Core Research Center for Nanomedical Technology, Seoul, Korea
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Mashiach-Farkash E, Rak R, Elad-Sfadia G, Haklai R, Carmeli S, Kloog Y, Wolfson HJ. Computer-based identification of a novel LIMK1/2 inhibitor that synergizes with salirasib to destabilize the actin cytoskeleton. Oncotarget 2013; 3:629-39. [PMID: 22776759 PMCID: PMC3442289 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromin regulates cell motility via three distinct GTPase pathways acting through two different domains, the Ras GTPase-activating protein-related domain (GRD) and the pre-GRD domain. First, the GRD domain inhibits Ras-dependent changes in cell motility through the mitogen activated protein cascade. Second, it also regulates Rho-dependent (Ras-independent) changes by activating LIM kinase 2 (LIMK2), an enzyme that phosphorylates and inactivates cofilin (an actin-depolymerizing factor). Third, the pre-GRD domain acts through the Rac1 GTPase, that activate the P21 activated kinase 1 (PAK1)-LIMK1-cofilin pathway. We employed molecular modeling to identify a novel inhibitor of LIMK1/2. The active sites of an ephrin-A receptor (EphA3) and LIMK2 showed marked similarity (60%). On testing a known inhibitor of EphA3, we found that it fits to the LIMK1/2-ATP binding site and to the latter's substrate-binding pockets. We identified a similar compound, T56-LIMKi, and found that it inhibits LIMK1/2 kinase activities. It blocked the phosphorylation of cofilin which led to actin severance and inhibition of tumor cell migration, tumor cell growth, and anchorage-independent colony formation in soft agar. Because modulation of LIMK by neurofibromin is not affected by the Ras inhibitor Salirasib, we examined the combined effect of Salirasib and T56-LIMKi each of which can affect cell motility by a distinct pathway. We found that their combined action on cell proliferation and stress-fiber formation in neurofibromin-deficient cells was synergistic. We suggest that this drug combination may be developed for treatment of neurofibromatosis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Mashiach-Farkash
- The Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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