1
|
El-Tanani M, Nsairat H, Mishra V, Mishra Y, Aljabali AAA, Serrano-Aroca Á, Tambuwala MM. Ran GTPase and Its Importance in Cellular Signaling and Malignant Phenotype. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043065. [PMID: 36834476 PMCID: PMC9968026 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ran is a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins, which primarily regulates nucleocytoplasmic trafficking and mediates mitosis by regulating spindle formation and nuclear envelope (NE) reassembly. Therefore, Ran is an integral cell fate determinant. It has been demonstrated that aberrant Ran expression in cancer is a result of upstream dysregulation of the expression of various factors, such as osteopontin (OPN), and aberrant activation of various signaling pathways, including the extracellular-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/MEK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathways. In vitro, Ran overexpression has severe effects on the cell phenotype, altering proliferation, adhesion, colony density, and invasion. Therefore, Ran overexpression has been identified in numerous types of cancer and has been shown to correlate with tumor grade and the degree of metastasis present in various cancers. The increased malignancy and invasiveness have been attributed to multiple mechanisms. Increased dependence on Ran for spindle formation and mitosis is a consequence of the upregulation of these pathways and the ensuing overexpression of Ran, which increases cellular dependence on Ran for survival. This increases the sensitivity of cells to changes in Ran concentration, with ablation being associated with aneuploidy, cell cycle arrest, and ultimately, cell death. It has also been demonstrated that Ran dysregulation influences nucleocytoplasmic transport, leading to transcription factor misallocation. Consequently, patients with tumors that overexpress Ran have been shown to have a higher malignancy rate and a shorter survival time compared to their counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Tanani
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
- Correspondence:
| | - Hamdi Nsairat
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
| | - Vijay Mishra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Yachana Mishra
- Department of Zoology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Alaa A. A. Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Ángel Serrano-Aroca
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, c/Guillem de Castro 94, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| | - Murtaza M. Tambuwala
- Lincoln Medical School, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Downregulation of Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase 1 (SCD-1) Promotes Resistance to Imatinib in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2023; 15:e2023008. [PMID: 36660357 PMCID: PMC9833301 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2023.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a malignant hematopoietic stem cell disease resulting in the fusion of BCR and ABL genes and characterized by the presence of the reciprocal translocation t(9;22)(q34;q11). BCR-ABL, a product of the BCR-ABL fusion gene, is a structurally active tyrosine kinase and plays an important role in CML disease pathogenesis. Imatinib mesylate (IMA) is a strong and selective BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Although IMA therapy is an effective treatment, patients may develop resistance to IMA therapy over time. This study investigated the possible genetic resistance mechanisms in patients developing resistance to IMA. We did DNA sequencing in order to detect BCR-ABL mutations, which are responsible for IMA resistance. Moreover, we analyzed the mRNA expression levels of genes responsible for apoptosis, such as BCL-2, P53, and other genes (SCD-1, PTEN). In a group of CML patients resistant to IMA, when compared with IMA-sensitive CML patients, a decrease in SCD-1 gene expression levels and an increase in BCL-2 gene expression levels was observed. In this case, the SCD-1 gene was thought to act as a tumor suppressor. The present study aimed to investigate the mechanisms involved in IMA resistance in CML patients and determine new targets that can be beneficial in choosing the effective treatment. Finally, the study suggests that the SCD-1 and BCL-2 genes may be mechanisms responsible for resistance.
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang M, Yang M, Deng B. miR-548a-3p Weakens the Tumorigenesis of Colon Cancer Through Targeting TPX2. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2022; 37:917-926. [PMID: 32857606 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2020.3767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: MicroRNA (miRNA) has been verified a significant factor to participate in the progression of colon cancer (CC). In this study, the authors investigated the mechanism and function of miR-548a-3p in CC. Materials and Methods: Bioinformatics analysis was used to analyze the mRNA expression profile and miRNA expression profile from GEO data series. The expression of miRNA and mRNA was analyzed by real-time quantification polymerase chain reaction in 43 pairs of CC clinical tissue samples and CC cells. The Western blot assay was used to detect the TPX2 protein. Then, SW480 and HCT116 cells were stably transfected with miR-548a-3p mimic, miR-548a-3p inhibitor, TPX2 overexpression, and TPX2 siRNA constructs to study the effects of miR-548a-3p and TPX2. Cellular functional experiments included cell counting kit-8 assay, BrdU incorporation assay, and wound healing assay. In addition, luciferase reporter assay was applied to detect the regulatory association between miR-548a-3p and TPX2. Results: TPX2 and miR-548a-3p were identified as the interested mRNA and miRNA by microarray analysis. In CC tissues and cell lines, miR-548a-3p with low expression and TPX2 with high expression were observed. What's more, exogenous overexpressed miR-548a-3p impaired the cell viability, cell proliferation, and cell migration, while TPX2 overexpression enhanced the malignancy phenotypes. However, the promotion effect of TPX2 on CC cells was impaired by miR-548a-3p. Conclusion: This study revealed that miR-548a-3p attenuated the development of CC by targeting TPX2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Benyuan Deng
- Department of General Surgery, West China Health Care Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yuan X, Abdul-Rahman II, Hu S, Li L, He H, Xia L, Hu J, Ran M, Liu Y, Abdulai M, Wang J. Mechanism of SCD Participation in Lipid Droplet-Mediated Steroidogenesis in Goose Granulosa Cells. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091516. [PMID: 36140684 PMCID: PMC9498882 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) is a key enzyme catalyzing the rate-limiting step in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) production. There may be a mechanism by which SCD is involved in lipid metabolism, which is assumed to be essential for goose follicular development. For this reason, a cellular model of SCD function in goose granulosa cells (GCs) via SCD overexpression and knockdown was used to determine the role of SCD in GC proliferation using flow cytometry. We found that SCD overexpression induced and SCD knockdown inhibited GCs proliferation. Furthermore, ELISA analysis showed that SCD overexpression increased the total cholesterol (TC), progesterone, and estrogen levels in GCs, while SCD knockdown decreased TC, progesterone, and estrogen levels (p < 0.05). Combining these results with those of related multi-omics reports, we proposed a mechanism of SCD regulating the key lipids and differentially expressed gene (DEGs) in glycerophospholipid and glycerolipid metabolism, which participate in steroidogenesis mediated by the lipid droplet deposition in goose GCs. These results add further insights into understanding the lipid metabolism mechanism of goose GCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yuan
- Country Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ibn Iddriss Abdul-Rahman
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, Nyankpala Campus, Tamale P.O. Box TL 1882, Ghana
| | - Shenqiang Hu
- Country Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Liang Li
- Country Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hua He
- Country Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lu Xia
- Country Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jiwei Hu
- Country Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mingxia Ran
- Country Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yali Liu
- Country Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mariama Abdulai
- Country Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jiwen Wang
- Country Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-028-8629-098
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang L, La X, Tian J, Li H, Li A, Liu Y, Wu C, Li Z. The phytochemical vitexin and syringic acid derived from foxtail fillet bran inhibit breast cancer cells proliferation via GRP78/SREBP-1/SCD1 signaling axis. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
|
6
|
Che X, Liu M, Li D, Li Z, Guo J, Jia R. RAN and YBX1 are required for cell proliferation and IL-4 expression and linked to poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Exp Cell Res 2021; 406:112767. [PMID: 34364882 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world, with a high mortality rate. RAN is a member of the Ras GTPase family and is overexpressed in a range of cancers, however, the relationship between RAN and OSCC is rarely reported. In this study, we found that RAN is overexpressed in OSCC tissues. RAN inhibition retarded OSCC cell proliferation and led to apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Knockdown of RAN inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Strikingly, we found that RAN and oncogene Y-box binding protein-1 (YBX1) are positively associated with the immune infiltrates of CD4+ Th2 cells in multiple types of cancer, and can promote IL-4 expression. IL-4 treatment can partially rescue RAN knockdown-induced cell apoptosis in OSCC cells. Moreover, overexpression of RAN could rescue cell growth inhibition caused by knockdown of YBX1. Furthermore, patients with low expression of both RAN and YBX1 had better overall survival than others. Collectively, these findings indicate that RAN is a target of YBX1. RAN and YBX1 are required for cell proliferation and IL-4 expression. RAN and YBX1 are co-expressed and can serve as potential co-biomarkers for poor prognosis in OSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Che
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Di Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Ziwei Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jihua Guo
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China; Department of Endodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China.
| | - Rong Jia
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cui S, Li C. RHPN1‑AS1 promotes ovarian carcinogenesis by sponging miR‑485‑5p and releasing TPX2 mRNA. Oncol Rep 2021; 45:111. [PMID: 33907841 PMCID: PMC8082340 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a crucial role in cancer development. However, researchers have yet to identify the underlying association between lncRNAs and ovarian cancer (OC). The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of lncRNA RHPN1-AS1 (RHPN1-AS1) on OC cells and tissues. Reverse transcriptase-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was utilized to quantify RHPN1-AS1, miR-485-5p, and TPX2 mRNA expression in samples with OC. Luciferase-reporter assay, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay, and RNA pull-down assay were then employed to validate the target relationship among RHPN1-AS1, miR-485-5p and TPX2. Cell Counting Kit-8, BrdU, wound-healing, cell-adhesion, and flow cytometry assays were also employed to assess cell viability, proliferation, migration, adhesion and apoptosis, respectively, in SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cell lines. Findings revealed that RHPN1-AS1 demonstrated a higher expression level in OC cell lines and tissues. In addition, RHPN1-AS1 enhanced the adhesion, proliferation and migration of OC cell lines but decreased apoptosis of OC cells. It was also observed that the relationship between RHPN1-AS1 and miR-485-5p was negative and that RHPN1-AS1 could sponge miR-485-5p to regulate the proliferation, apoptosis, adhesion, and migration abilities of OC cells. Moreover, TPX2 was targeted by miR-485-5p and was significantly overexpressed in OC cell lines and tissues. Experimental investigations also revealed that TPX2 promoted the proliferation, adhesion, and migration of OC cells but suppressed the apoptosis of SKOV3 and OVCAR3 cells. In summary, RHPN1-AS1 played a tumor promotive role by sponging miR-485-5p to increase TPX2 expression in OC tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoubin Cui
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264100, P.R. China
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong 264100, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zheng M, Wang W, Liu J, Zhang X, Zhang R. Lipid Metabolism in Cancer Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1316:49-69. [PMID: 33740243 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-6785-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is one of the most critical hallmarks in cancer cells. In the past decades, mounting evidence has demonstrated that, besides the Warburg Effect, lipid metabolism dysregulation is also one of the essential characteristics of cancer cell metabolism. Lipids are water-insoluble molecules with diverse categories of phosphoglycerides, triacylglycerides, sphingolipids, sterols, etc. As the major utilization for energy storage, fatty acids are the primary building blocks for synthesizing triacylglycerides. And phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids, and sterols are the main components constructing biological membranes. More importantly, lipids play essential roles in signal transduction by functioning as second messengers or hormones. Much evidence has shown specific alterations of lipid metabolism in cancer cells. Consequently, the structural configuration of biological membranes, the energy homeostasis under nutrient stress, and the abundance of lipids in the intracellular signal transduction are affected by these alterations. Furthermore, lipid droplets accumulate in cancer cells and function adaptively to different types of harmful stress. This chapter reviews the regulation, functions, and therapeutic benefits of targeting lipid metabolism in cancer cells. Overall, this chapter highlights the significance of exploring more potential therapeutic strategies for malignant diseases by unscrambling lipid metabolism regulation in cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minhua Zheng
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Immunology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhong Y, Cao L, Ma H, Wang Q, Wei P, Yang J, Mo Y, Cao L, Shuai C, Peng S. Lin28A Regulates Stem-like Properties of Ovarian Cancer Cells by Enriching RAN and HSBP1 mRNA and Up-regulating its Protein Expression. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:1941-1953. [PMID: 32398961 PMCID: PMC7211169 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.43504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the malignant tumors that seriously threaten women's health, with the highest mortality rate in gynecological malignancies. The prognosis of patients with advanced OC is still poor, and the 5-year survival rate is only 20-30%. Therefore, how to improve the early diagnosis rate and therapeutic effect are urgent for patients with OC. In this research, we found that Lin28A can promote the expression of stem cell marker molecules CD133, CD44, OCT4 and Nanog. We later confirmed that Lin28A can enrich the mRNA of ras-related nuclear protein (RAN) and heat shock factor binding protein 1 (HSBP1) through RIP assay, and that Lin28A can regulate their protein expression. We also identified that RAN and HSBP1 are highly expressed in OC tissues, and that they are significantly positively correlated with the expression of Lin28A and negatively correlated with the survival prognosis of OC patients. After stable knockdown of RAN or HSBP1 in OC cells with high expression of Lin28A, the expression of the stem cell marker molecules such as OCT4, CD44 and Nanog are reduced. And after knocking down of RAN or HSBP1 in Lin28A highly expressed OC cells, the survival and invasion of OC cells and tumor size of OC xenograft in nude mice were markedly inhibited and apoptosis was increased. Our data also showed that knock down of RAN or HSBP1 can inhibit the invasion ability of OC cells by decreasing the expression of N-cadherin, Vimentin and promoting the expression of E-cadherin. Meanwhile, knockdown of RAN or HSBP1 induced cell apoptosis by inhibiting the expression of PARP. Our results indicated that Lin28A could regulate the biological behaviors in OC cells through RAN/HSBP1. These findings suggest that Lin28A/RAN/HSBP1 can be used as a marker for diagnosis and prognosis of OC patients, and RAN/HSBP1 may be a potential new target for gene therapy of OC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yancheng Zhong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine; School of basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Non-resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Lanqin Cao
- The department of gynecology of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haotian Ma
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine; School of basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Qian Wang
- The department of gynecology of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pingpin Wei
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine; School of basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Juan Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine; School of basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Yuqing Mo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine; School of basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Lihua Cao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine; School of basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Cijun Shuai
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou, 341000, China; State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Shuping Peng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine; School of basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Non-resolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang C, Zhao X, Du W, Shen J, Li S, Li Z, Wang Z, Liu F. Ran promotes the proliferation and migration ability of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:152951. [PMID: 32334891 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.152951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
HNSCC is an aggressive tumor that often recurrence and metastasis. Although the treatment of HNSCC has improved over the past few decades, it is easy to recurrence even after comprehensive treatment. Ran is a small Ras-related GTPase belonging to the Ras superfamily. Recently, Ran has been proven to be an important oncogene involved in the metastatic progression of many human cancers. But there is seldom research on HNSCC about Ran. This study revealed the relationship between Ran expression and HNSCC characteristics, investigated the expression and role of Ran in HNSCC tissues and cells by means of immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR, CCK-8, FCM and transwell migration assays. The results indicated that HNSCC tissues had significantly higher Ran expression than adjacent non-tumor tissues. The overall survival rate was significantly lower in patients with Ran-positive tumors than in those with Ran-negative tumors. Moreover, Ran was positively correlated with tumor grade, lymph node metastasis and recurrence. Ran was also high expressed in the HNSCC cell lines (PCI-37B and SCC9) and down regulated of Ran could evidently inhibit their proliferation, migration and down-regulate of Met protein. In conclusion, our findings suggested Ran could promote the proliferation and migration ability of HNSCC cells. Ran may play an important role in the development of HNSCC and may serve as a novel prognostic indicator of HNSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Zhang
- Center for Implant Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang, China
| | - Xida Zhao
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Biology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang, China
| | - Weidong Du
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang, China
| | - Siqi Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang, China
| | - Zijia Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang, China
| | - Zengxu Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang, China
| | - Fayu Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Shenyang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gao Q, Ouyang W, Kang B, Han X, Xiong Y, Ding R, Li Y, Wang F, Huang L, Chen L, Wang D, Dong X, Zhang Z, Li Y, Ze B, Hou Y, Yang H, Ma Y, Gu Y, Chao CC. Selective targeting of the oncogenic KRAS G12S mutant allele by CRISPR/Cas9 induces efficient tumor regression. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:5137-5153. [PMID: 32308773 PMCID: PMC7163449 DOI: 10.7150/thno.42325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: KRAS is one of the most frequently mutated oncogenes in cancers. The protein's picomolar affinity for GTP/GDP and smooth protein structure resulting in the absence of known allosteric regulatory sites makes its genomic-level activating mutations a difficult but attractive target. Methods: Two CRISPR systems, genome-editing CRISPR/SpCas9 and transcription-regulating dCas9-KRAB, were developed to deplete the KRAS G12S mutant allele or repress its transcription, respectively, with the goal of treating KRAS-driven cancers. Results: SpCas9 and dCas9-KRAB systems with a sgRNA targeting the mutant allele blocked the expression of the mutant KRAS gene, leading to an inhibition of cancer cell proliferation. Local adenoviral injections using SpCas9 and dCas9-KRAB systems suppressed tumor growth in vivo. The gene-depletion system (SpCas9) performed more effectively than the transcription-suppressing system (dCas9-KRAB) on tumor inhibition. Application of both Cas9 systems to wild-type KRAS tumors did not affect cell proliferation. Furthermore, through bioinformatic analysis of 31555 SNP mutations of the top 20 cancer driver genes, the data showed that our mutant-specific editing strategy could be extended to a reference list of oncogenic mutations with high editing potentials. This pipeline could be applied to analyze the distribution of PAM sequences and survey the best alternative targets for gene editing. Conclusion: We successfully developed both gene-depletion and transcription-suppressing systems to specifically target an oncogenic KRAS mutant allele that led to significant tumor regression. These findings show the potential of CRISPR-based strategies for the treatment of tumors with driver gene mutations.
Collapse
|
12
|
Gu J, Gui S, Hu L, Kong L, Di M, Wang Y. Downregulated miRNA-324-5p aggravates neuronal injury induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation via modulating RAN. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:658-664. [PMID: 31885705 PMCID: PMC6913269 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentially expressed miRNAs in the GEO profile of ischemic stroke were analyzed to clarify the specific role of microRNA-324-5p (miRNA-324-5p) in ischemic stroke and the potential mechanism. After screening out miRNA-324-5p, its level in peripheral blood of stroke patients and in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced primary rat neurons was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Regulatory effects of miRNA-324-5p on viability, and apoptosis of OGD-induced neurons were evaluated by CCK-8 and Annexin V fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)/propidium iodide (PI) staining, respectively. Glucose uptake and caspase-3 activity in OGD-induced neurons transfected with miRNA-324-5p mimics or inhibitor were also examined. The binding of miRNA-324-5p to its target gene RAN was analyzed by dual-luciferase reporter gene assay and western blot analysis. By analyzing the data of GSE46266 profile, miRNA-324-5p expression was shown markedly lower in MCAO rats relative to controls. Identically, we also observed the downregulated miRNA-324-5p in peripheral blood of stroke patients and in vitro OGD-induced primary neurons. Overexpression of miRNA-324-5p accelerated viability, induced apoptosis and strengthened glucose uptake ability of OGD-induced neurons. Knockdown of miRNA-324-5p, conversely, obtained the opposite results. Furthermore, we confirmed the binding of miRNA-324-5p to RAN, the target gene that was negatively regulated by miRNA-324-5p. Importantly, RAN overexpression partially reversed the regulatory effect of miRNA-324-5p on viability and glucose uptake of OGD-induced neurons. miRNA-324-5p is downregulated after ischemic stroke, which aggravates the disease condition by inhibiting neuronal proliferation and glucose uptake via upregulating RAN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junquan Gu
- Department of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, P.R. China
| | - Shuhua Gui
- Department of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, P.R. China
| | - Liang Kong
- Department of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, P.R. China
| | - Meiqi Di
- Department of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, P.R. China
| | - Yinming Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Third People's Hospital of Wuxi, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214041, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Adderley H, Blackhall FH, Lindsay CR. KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer: Converging small molecules and immune checkpoint inhibition. EBioMedicine 2019; 41:711-716. [PMID: 30852159 PMCID: PMC6444074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
KRAS is the most frequent oncogene in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), a molecular subset characterized by historical disappointments in targeted treatment approaches such as farnesyl transferase inhibition, downstream MEK inhibition, and synthetic lethality screens. Unlike other important mutational subtypes of NSCLC, preclinical work supports the hypothesis that KRAS mutations may be vulnerable to immunotherapy approaches, an efficacy associated in particular with TP53 co-mutation. In this review we detail reasons for previous failures in KRAS-mutant NSCLC, evidence to suggest that KRAS mutation is a genetic marker of benefit from immune checkpoint inhibition, and emerging direct inhibitors of K-Ras which will soon be combined with immunotherapy during clinical development. With signs of real progress in this subgroup of unmet need, we anticipate that KRAS mutant NSCLC will be the most important molecular subset of cancer to evaluate the combination of small molecules and immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPI).
Collapse
|
14
|
Aguirre AJ, Hahn WC. Synthetic Lethal Vulnerabilities in KRAS-Mutant Cancers. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a031518. [PMID: 29101114 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
KRAS is the most commonly mutated oncogene in human cancer. Most KRAS-mutant cancers depend on sustained expression and signaling of KRAS, thus making it a high-priority therapeutic target. Unfortunately, development of direct small molecule inhibitors of KRAS function has been challenging. An alternative therapeutic strategy for KRAS-mutant malignancies involves targeting codependent vulnerabilities or synthetic lethal partners that are preferentially essential in the setting of oncogenic KRAS. KRAS activates numerous effector pathways that mediate proliferation and survival signals. Moreover, cancer cells must cope with substantial oncogenic stress conferred by mutant KRAS. These oncogenic signaling pathways and compensatory coping mechanisms of KRAS-mutant cancer cells form the basis for synthetic lethal interactions. Here, we review the compendium of previously identified codependencies in KRAS-mutant cancers, including the results of numerous functional genetic screens aimed at identifying KRAS synthetic lethal targets. Importantly, many of these vulnerabilities may represent tractable therapeutic opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Aguirre
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - William C Hahn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02215.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sheng C, Qiu J, Wang Y, He Z, Wang H, Wang Q, Huang Y, Zhu L, Shi F, Chen Y, Xiong S, Xu Z, Ni Q. Knockdown of Ran GTPase expression inhibits the proliferation and migration of breast cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:157-168. [PMID: 29750309 PMCID: PMC6059664 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-associated mortality in women worldwide. Strong evidence has suggested that Ran, which is a small GTP binding protein involved in the transport of RNA and protein across the nucleus, may be a key cellular protein involved in the metastatic progression of cancer. The present study investigated Ran gene expression in breast cancer tissue samples obtained from 140 patients who had undergone surgical resection for breast cancer. Western blot analysis of Ran in breast cancer tissues and paired adjacent normal tissues showed that expression of Ran was significantly increased in breast cancer tissues. Immunohistochemistry analyses conducted on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded breast cancer tissue sections revealed that Ran expression was associated with tumor histological grade, nerve invasion and metastasis, vascular metastasis and Ki-67 expression (a marker of cell proliferation). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that increased Ran expression in patients with breast cancer was positively associated with a poor survival prognosis. Furthermore, in vitro experiments demonstrated that highly migratory MDA-MB-231 cancer cells treated with Ran-si-RNA (si-Ran), which knocked down expression of Ran, exhibited decreased motility in trans-well migration and wound healing assays. Cell cycle analysis of Ran knocked down MDA-MB-231 cells implicated Ran in cell cycle arrest and the inhibition of proliferation. Furthermore, a starvation and re-feeding (CCK-8) assay was performed, which indicated that Ran regulated breast cancer cell proliferation. Taken together, the results provide strong in vitro evidence of the involvement of Ran in the progression of breast cancer and suggest that it could have high potential as a therapeutic target and/or marker of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyi Sheng
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Jian Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Surgical Comprehensive Laboratory, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Zhixian He
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Yeqing Huang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226361, P.R. China
| | - Lianxin Zhu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Lu'an People's Hospital Tumor Center, The Lu'an Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Lu'an, Anhui 237000, P.R. China
| | - Feng Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Chen
- Surgical Comprehensive Laboratory, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Shiyao Xiong
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Surgical Comprehensive Laboratory, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Qichao Ni
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang J, Zhuo Z, Chen M, Zhu J, Zhao J, Zhang J, Chen S, He J, Zhou H. RAN/RANBP2 polymorphisms and neuroblastoma risk in Chinese children: a three-center case-control study. Aging (Albany NY) 2018; 10:808-818. [PMID: 29706609 PMCID: PMC5940104 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The genetic etiology of sporadic neuroblastoma remains largely obscure. RAN and RANBP2 genes encode Ras-related nuclear protein and Ran-binding protein 2, respectively. These two proteins form Ran-RanBP2 complex that regulate various cellular activities including nuclear transport. Aberrant functions of the two proteins are implicated in carcinogenesis. Given the unknown role of RAN/RANBP2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in neuroblastoma risk, we performed a multi-center case-control study in Chinese children to assess the association of the RAN/RANBP2 SNPs with neuroblastoma risk. We analyzed three potentially functional SNPs in RAN gene (rs56109543 C>T, rs7132224 A>G, rs14035 C>T) and one in RANBP2 (rs2462788 C>T) in 429 cases and 884 controls. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to access the association between these four polymorphisms and neuroblastoma risk. No single variant was found to statistically significantly associate with neuroblastoma risk. However, individuals with 3 protective genotypes were less likely to develop neuroblastoma, in comparison to non-carriers (adjusted OR=0.33; 95% CI=0.12-0.96; P=0.042), as well as those with 0-2 protective genotypes (adjusted OR=0.33; 95% CI=0.11-0.94; P=0.038). Stratified analysis revealed no significant association for any of the four polymorphisms. Further studies are warranted to validate the weak impact of RAN/RANBP2 SNPs on neuroblastoma risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juxiang Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China
- Equal contribution
| | - Zhenjian Zhuo
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Equal contribution
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinhong Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510623, China
| | - Haixia Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lettiero B, Inasu M, Kimbung S, Borgquist S. Insensitivity to atorvastatin is associated with increased accumulation of intracellular lipid droplets and fatty acid metabolism in breast cancer cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5462. [PMID: 29615666 PMCID: PMC5882899 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23726-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from the relevant lipid-lowering effects, statins have demonstrated significant, although heterogeneous, anti-tumor activities in preventing breast cancer (BC) progression. To characterize the critical pathways behind the diverse responses to therapy, we investigated statin-induced changes in regulation of lipid metabolism and abundance of neutral lipid-containing cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs) in BC cells displaying different sensitivity to atorvastatin. Following atorvastatin treatment, accumulated LD levels inversely mirrored the marginal anti-proliferative effects in a dose and time-dependent manner in the less-sensitive BC cells. Transcriptional profiling excluded dysregulation of lipid uptake and efflux as specific mechanisms associated with differences in LD accumulation and anti-proliferative effects of atorvastatin. Notably, significant upregulation of genes involved in unsaturated fatty acid metabolism [stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD)] and cholesterol biosynthesis [3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR)], were associated with atorvastatin insensitivity. Taken together, the increased ability to store neutral lipids in LDs as consequence of atorvastatin treatment likely confers a proliferative advantage to BC cells and may serve as potential biomarker of statin resistance in BC. Contributions of cholesterol biosynthesis and unsaturated fatty acid metabolism to LD formation should be thoroughly explored for better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying statin-induced effects against BC progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Lettiero
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Maria Inasu
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Siker Kimbung
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Signe Borgquist
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. .,Clinical Trial Unit, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yuen HF, Chan KK, Platt-Higgins A, Dakir EH, Matchett KB, Haggag YA, Jithesh PV, Habib T, Faheem A, Dean FA, Morgan R, Rudland PS, El-Tanani M. Ran GTPase promotes cancer progression via Met recepto-rmediated downstream signaling. Oncotarget 2018; 7:75854-75864. [PMID: 27716616 PMCID: PMC5342783 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been shown previously that cancer cells with an activated oncogenic pathway, including Met activation, require Ran for growth and survival. Here, we show that knockdown of Ran leads to a reduction of Met receptor expression in several breast and lung cancer cell lines. This, in turn suppressed HGF expression and the Met-mediated activation of the Akt pathway, as well as cell adhesion, migration, and invasion. In a cell line model where Met amplification has previously been shown to contribute to gefitinib resistance, Ran knockdown sensitized cells to gefitinib-mediated inhibition of Akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation and consequently reduced cell proliferation. We further demonstrate that Met reduction-mediated by knockdown of Ran, occurs at the post-transcriptional level, probably via a matrix metalloproteinase. Moreover, the level of immunoreactive Ran and Met are positively associated in human breast cancer specimens, suggesting that a high level of Ran may be a pre-requisite for Met overexpression. Interestingly, a high level of immunoreactive Ran dictates the prognostic significance of Met, indicating that the co-overexpression of Met and Ran may be associated with cancer progression and could be used in combination as a prognostic indicator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiu-Fung Yuen
- Center for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Ka-Kui Chan
- Center for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Angela Platt-Higgins
- Cancer and Polio Research Fund Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - el-Habib Dakir
- Center for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.,Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Kyle B Matchett
- Center for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Yusuf Ahmed Haggag
- Center for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.,Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tanta, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Puthen V Jithesh
- Biomedical Informatics Research, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tanwir Habib
- Biomedical Informatics Research, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed Faheem
- University of Sunderland, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Well-Being, Sunderland Pharmacy School, Sunderland, UK
| | - Fennell A Dean
- Translational Clinical Research, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Richard Morgan
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Philip S Rudland
- Cancer and Polio Research Fund Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mohamed El-Tanani
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li W, Bai H, Liu S, Cao D, Wu H, Shen K, Tai Y, Yang J. Targeting stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 to repress endometrial cancer progression. Oncotarget 2018; 9:12064-12078. [PMID: 29552293 PMCID: PMC5844729 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) is an established molecular target in many primary tumors including breast, lung, pancreatic, colon and hepatocellular carcinomas. However, its potential role in supporting endometrial cancer growth and progression has not yet been determined. In this study, we evaluated the value of SCD1 as a candidate therapeutic target in human endometrial cancer. Compared with secretory and post-menopausal endometrium, SCD1 was highly expressed in normal endometrium of proliferative phase, endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma, while was absent or low expression in non-malignant control stromal cells and adjacent normal endometrium. Knockdown of SCD1 significantly repressed endometrial cancer cell growth and induced cell apoptosis. Both short hairpin RNA targeted knockdown and chemical inhibitor of SCD1 suppressed the foci formation of AN3CA, a metastatic endometrial cell line. Xenograft model further demonstrated that reduced SCD1 expression impaired endometrial cancer growth in vivo. Taken together, these findings indicate that SCD1 is a potentially therapeutic target in human endometrial cancer. Inhibiting lipid metabolism in cancer cells would be a promising strategy for anti-cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Wangfujing, Beijing 100730, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Huimin Bai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Shiping Liu
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Dongyan Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Wangfujing, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hongying Wu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, The Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Keng Shen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Wangfujing, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yanhong Tai
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Military Medical Science Academy of Chinese People's Liberation Army (307 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Wangfujing, Beijing 100730, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Huang J, Fan XX, He J, Pan H, Li RZ, Huang L, Jiang Z, Yao XJ, Liu L, Leung ELH, He JX. SCD1 is associated with tumor promotion, late stage and poor survival in lung adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:39970-39979. [PMID: 27223066 PMCID: PMC5129985 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of Warburg effect opens a new era in anti-cancer therapy. Aerobic glycolysis is regarded as a hallmark of cancer cells and increasing literatures indicates that metabolic changes are critical for the maintenance and progression of cancer cells. Besides aerobic glycolysis, increased fatty acid synthesis is also required for the rapid growth of cancer cells, and is considered as one of the most typical metabolic symbols of cancer either. Thus, targeting fatty acid metabolism may provide a potential avenue for the diagnosis and therapeutic treatment of cancer. In this study, we have identified Sterol-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) which is the rate-limiting enzyme of unsaturated fatty acid synthesis, universally and highly expressed in lung adenocarcinoma and was required for the cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that high expression of SCD1 remarkably enhanced the ability of tumor formation and invasion, while knockdown of SCD1 significantly repressed tumorigenesis and induced cell apoptosis. Clinical association study suggested that high expression of SCD1 is more frequently observed in late stage patients and presents poor prognosis. Taken together, our results suggested that SCD1 is a potentially novel biomarker of lung adenocarcinoma, and targeting SCD1 may represent a new anti-cancer strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xing-Xing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine/Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Jiaxi He
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Run-Ze Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine/Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Liyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zebo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine/Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Xiao-Jun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine/Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Liang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine/Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Elaine Lai-Han Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine/Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau (SAR), China
| | - Jian-Xing He
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The 1st Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Taxane-mediated radiosensitization derives from chromosomal missegregation on tripolar mitotic spindles orchestrated by AURKA and TPX2. Oncogene 2017; 37:52-62. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
22
|
Zhang J, Song F, Zhao X, Jiang H, Wu X, Wang B, Zhou M, Tian M, Shi B, Wang H, Jia Y, Wang H, Pan X, Li Z. EGFR modulates monounsaturated fatty acid synthesis through phosphorylation of SCD1 in lung cancer. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:127. [PMID: 28724430 PMCID: PMC5518108 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a well-known oncogenic driver, contributes to the initiation and progression of a wide range of cancer types. Aberrant lipid metabolism including highly produced monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) is recognized as a hallmark of cancer. However, how EGFR regulates MUFA synthesis in cancer remains elusive. This is the focus of our study. Methods The interaction between EGFR and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) was detected byco-immunoprecipitation. SCD1 protein expression, stability and phosphorylation were tested by western blot. The synthesis of MUFA was determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The growth of lung cancer was detected by CCK-8 assay, Annexin V/PI staining, colony formation assay and subcutaneous xenograft assay. The expression of activated EGFR, phosphorylated and total SCD1 was tested by immunohistochemistry in 90 non-small cell lung cancersamples. The clinical correlations were analyzed by Chi-square test, Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis and Cox regression. Results EGFR binds to and phosphorylates SCD1 at Y55. Phosphorylation of Y55 is required for maintaining SCD1 protein stability and thus increases MUFA level to facilitate lung cancer growth. Moreover, EGFR-stimulated cancer growth depends on SCD1 activity. Evaluation of non-small cell lung cancersamples reveals a positive correlation among EGFR activation, SCD1 Y55 phosphorylation and SCD1 protein expression. Furthermore, phospho-SCD1 Y55 can serve as an independent prognostic factor for poor patient survival. Conclusions Ourstudy demonstrates that EGFR stabilizes SCD1 through Y55 phosphorylation, thereby up-regulating MUFA synthesis to promote lung cancer growth. Thus, we provide the first evidence that SCD1 can be subtly controlled by tyrosine phosphorylation and uncover a previously unknown direct linkage between oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase and lipid metabolism in lung cancer. We also propose SCD1 Y55 phosphorylation as a potential diagnostic marker for lung cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-017-0704-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiqin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.25/Ln2200, XieTu Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, the Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Fei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.25/Ln2200, XieTu Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.25/Ln2200, XieTu Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.25/Ln2200, XieTu Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuqi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.25/Ln2200, XieTu Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.25/Ln2200, XieTu Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.25/Ln2200, XieTu Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Mi Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.25/Ln2200, XieTu Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Bizhi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.25/Ln2200, XieTu Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Huamao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.25/Ln2200, XieTu Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanhui Jia
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Hai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.25/Ln2200, XieTu Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.,Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College ofMedicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xiaorong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.25/Ln2200, XieTu Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zonghai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No.25/Ln2200, XieTu Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang J, Gao G, Begum G, Wang J, Khanna AR, Shmukler BE, Daubner GM, de los Heros P, Davies P, Varghese J, Bhuiyan MIH, Duan J, Zhang J, Duran D, Alper SL, Sun D, Elledge SJ, Alessi DR, Kahle KT. Functional kinomics establishes a critical node of volume-sensitive cation-Cl - cotransporter regulation in the mammalian brain. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35986. [PMID: 27782176 PMCID: PMC5080614 DOI: 10.1038/srep35986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell volume homeostasis requires the dynamically regulated transport of ions across the plasmalemma. While the ensemble of ion transport proteins involved in cell volume regulation is well established, the molecular coordinators of their activities remain poorly characterized. We utilized a functional kinomics approach including a kinome-wide siRNA-phosphoproteomic screen, a high-content kinase inhibitor screen, and a kinase trapping-Orbitrap mass spectroscopy screen to systematically identify essential kinase regulators of KCC3 Thr991/Thr1048 phosphorylation - a key signaling event in cell swelling-induced regulatory volume decrease (RVD). In the mammalian brain, we found the Cl--sensitive WNK3-SPAK kinase complex, required for cell shrinkage-induced regulatory volume decrease (RVI) via the stimulatory phosphorylation of NKCC1 (Thr203/Thr207/Thr212), is also essential for the inhibitory phosphorylation of KCC3 (Thr991/Thr1048). This is mediated in vivo by an interaction between the CCT domain in SPAK and RFXV/I domains in WNK3 and NKCC1/KCC3. Accordingly, genetic or pharmacologic WNK3-SPAK inhibition prevents cell swelling in response to osmotic stress and ameliorates post-ischemic brain swelling through a simultaneous inhibition of NKCC1-mediated Cl- uptake and stimulation of KCC3-mediated Cl- extrusion. We conclude that WNK3-SPAK is an integral component of the long-sought "Cl-/volume-sensitive kinase" of the cation-Cl- cotransporters, and functions as a molecular rheostat of cell volume in the mammalian brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Zhang
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| | - Geng Gao
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Gulnaz Begum
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, 250 Longwood Ave, SGM 628, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arjun R. Khanna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Boris E. Shmukler
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA -022154 USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA -022154, USA
| | - Gerrit M. Daubner
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland
| | - Paola de los Heros
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland
| | - Paul Davies
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland
| | - Joby Varghese
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland
| | | | - Jinjing Duan
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
- Department of Cardiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Daniel Duran
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| | - Seth L. Alper
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA -022154 USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA -022154, USA
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stephen J. Elledge
- Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 USA
| | - Dario R. Alessi
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland
| | - Kristopher T. Kahle
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Physiology; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program; and Centers for Mendelian Genomics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bhat A, Wu Z, Maher VM, McCormick JJ, Xiao W. Rev7/Mad2B plays a critical role in the assembly of a functional mitotic spindle. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:3929-38. [PMID: 26697843 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1120922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) acts as a guardian against cellular threats that may lead to chromosomal missegregation and aneuploidy. Mad2, an anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome-Cdc20 (APC/C(Cdc20)) inhibitor, has an additional homolog in mammals known as Mad2B, Mad2L2 or Rev7. Apart from its role in Polζ-mediated translesion DNA synthesis and double-strand break repair, Rev7 is also believed to inhibit APC/C by negatively regulating Cdh1. Here we report yet another function of Rev7 in cultured human cells. Rev7, as predicted earlier, is involved in the formation of a functional spindle and maintenance of chromosome segregation. In the absence of Rev7, cells tend to arrest in G2/M-phase and display increased monoastral and abnormal spindles with misaligned chromosomes. Furthermore, Rev7-depleted cells show Mad2 localization at the kinetochores of metaphase cells, an indicator of activated SAC, coupled with increased levels of Cyclin B1, an APC(Cdc20) substrate. Surprisingly unlike Mad2, depletion of Rev7 in several cultured human cell lines did not compromise SAC activity. Our data therefore suggest that besides its role in APC/C(Cdh1) inhibition, Rev7 is also required for mitotic spindle organization and faithful chromosome segregation most probably through its physical interaction with RAN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audesh Bhat
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology ; University of Saskatchewan ; Saskatchewan , Canada
| | - Zhaojia Wu
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology ; University of Saskatchewan ; Saskatchewan , Canada
| | - Veronica M Maher
- b Carcinogenesis Laboratory; Michigan State University ; East Lansing , MI USA
| | - J Justin McCormick
- b Carcinogenesis Laboratory; Michigan State University ; East Lansing , MI USA
| | - Wei Xiao
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology ; University of Saskatchewan ; Saskatchewan , Canada.,c College of Life Sciences; Capital Normal University ; Beijing , China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Oncogenic KRAS triggers MAPK-dependent errors in mitosis and MYC-dependent sensitivity to anti-mitotic agents. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29741. [PMID: 27412232 PMCID: PMC4944194 DOI: 10.1038/srep29741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic KRAS induces cell proliferation and transformation, but little is known about its effects on cell division. Functional genetic screens have recently revealed that cancer cell lines expressing oncogenic KRAS are sensitive to interference with mitosis, but neither the mechanism nor the uniformity of anti-mitotic drug sensitivity connected with mutant KRAS expression are yet clear. Here, we report that acute expression of oncogenic KRAS in HeLa cells induces mitotic delay and defects in chromosome segregation through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway activation and de-regulated expression of several mitosis-related genes. These anomalies are accompanied by increased sensitivity to anti-mitotic agents, a phenotype dependent on the transcription factor MYC and its downstream target anti-apoptotic protein BCL-XL. Unexpectedly, we find no correlation between KRAS mutational status or MYC expression levels and anti-mitotic drug sensitivity when surveying a large database of anti-cancer drug responses. However, we report that the co-existence of KRAS mutations and high MYC expression predicts anti-mitotic drug sensitivity. Our findings reveal a novel function of oncogenic KRAS in regulating accurate mitotic progression and suggest new avenues to therapeutically target KRAS-mutant tumours and stratify patients in ongoing clinical trials of anti-mitotic drugs.
Collapse
|
26
|
Zeitouni D, Pylayeva-Gupta Y, Der CJ, Bryant KL. KRAS Mutant Pancreatic Cancer: No Lone Path to an Effective Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8040045. [PMID: 27096871 PMCID: PMC4846854 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the deadliest cancers with a dismal 7% 5-year survival rate and is projected to become the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths by 2020. KRAS is mutated in 95% of PDACs and is a well-validated driver of PDAC growth and maintenance. However, despite comprehensive efforts, an effective anti-RAS drug has yet to reach the clinic. Different paths to inhibiting RAS signaling are currently under investigation in the hope of finding a successful treatment. Recently, direct RAS binding molecules have been discovered, challenging the perception that RAS is an “undruggable” protein. Other strategies currently being pursued take an indirect approach, targeting proteins that facilitate RAS membrane association or downstream effector signaling. Unbiased genetic screens have identified synthetic lethal interactors of mutant RAS. Most recently, metabolic targets in pathways related to glycolytic signaling, glutamine utilization, autophagy, and macropinocytosis are also being explored. Harnessing the patient’s immune system to fight their cancer is an additional exciting route that is being considered. The “best” path to inhibiting KRAS has yet to be determined, with each having promise as well as potential pitfalls. We will summarize the state-of-the-art for each direction, focusing on efforts directed toward the development of therapeutics for pancreatic cancer patients with mutated KRAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zeitouni
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Yuliya Pylayeva-Gupta
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Channing J Der
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Kirsten L Bryant
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Serguienko A, Grad I, Wennerstrøm AB, Meza-Zepeda LA, Thiede B, Stratford EW, Myklebost O, Munthe E. Metabolic reprogramming of metastatic breast cancer and melanoma by let-7a microRNA. Oncotarget 2016; 6:2451-65. [PMID: 25669981 PMCID: PMC4385863 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Let-7 microRNAs (miRNAs) are highly conserved well-established promoters of terminal differentiation that are expressed in healthy adult tissues and frequently repressed in cancer cells. The tumor suppressive role of let-7 in a variety of cancers in vitro and in vivo has been widely documented and prompted these miRNAs to be candidate genes for miRNA replacement therapy. In this study we described a new role of let-7a in reprogramming cancer metabolism, recently identified as a new hallmark of cancer. We show that let-7a down-regulates key anabolic enzymes and increases both oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis in triple-negative breast cancer and metastatic melanoma cell lines. Strikingly, the accelerated glycolysis coexists with drastically reduced cancer features. Moreover, let-7a causes mitochondrial ROS production concomitant with the up-regulation of oxidative stress responsive genes. To exploit these increased ROS levels for therapeutic purposes, we combined let-7a transfection with the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin. In both cancer types let-7a increased cell sensitivity to doxorubicin. Pre-treatment with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) totally abolished this effect, indicating that the increased doxorubicin sensitivity of let-7a cells depends on the redox pathway. We thus have demonstrated that let-7a plays a prominent role in regulating energy metabolism in cancer cells, further expanding its therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastassia Serguienko
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Cancer Stem Cell Innovation Centre, Oslo, Norway
| | - Iwona Grad
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Cancer Stem Cell Innovation Centre, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna B Wennerstrøm
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Cancer Stem Cell Innovation Centre, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leonardo A Meza-Zepeda
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Genomics Core Facility, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bernd Thiede
- The Biotechnology Centre of Oslo, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eva W Stratford
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Cancer Stem Cell Innovation Centre, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ola Myklebost
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Cancer Stem Cell Innovation Centre, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Munthe
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Cancer Stem Cell Innovation Centre, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Liang B, Jia C, Huang Y, He H, Li J, Liao H, Liu X, Liu X, Bai X, Yang D. TPX2 Level Correlates with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Proliferation, Apoptosis, and EMT. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:2360-72. [PMID: 26025609 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-015-3730-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting protein for Xklp2 (TPX2) is a microtubule-associated protein involved in targeting the motor protein Xklp2 to microtubules. TPX2 overexpression plays a key role in the progression of human cancers. But the underlying mechanism remains unclear. AIMS This study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of TPX2 on the cell cycle, apoptosis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS The tissue TPX2 mRNA and protein were assessed by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR and immunoblot. Cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and invasion were determined by CCK-8, FACS, TdT-UTP nick end-labeling, and transwell assays. Immunoblotting was performed to detect the expression of target proteins. RESULTS TPX2 was highly expressed in tumor tissues compared with non-tumoral tissues, and TPX2 overexpression was positively correlated with poor prognosis. Knockdown TPX2 effectively reduced cell growth, G2/M arrest, induced apoptosis and cell death, and inhibited EMT. Mechanistically, in the TPX2-siRNA-treated groups, cell-cycle-related proteins cyclin A1, cyclin B1, cyclin E1, and cdk4 were up-regulated, while cyclin D1, cdk2, and p21 proteins were down-regulated. Cell-apoptosis-related proteins Bax, p53, caspase-3, and caspase-8 levels were increased. EMT-related proteins E-cadherin was up-regulated, while N-cadherin, β-catenin, MMP-9, MMP-2, and Slug were down-regulated. We also found that knockdown TPX2 in HCC cell lines caused a significant decrease in the level of p-Akt and p-ERK which are important signaling pathways in tumor formation. CONCLUSIONS TPX2 expression is associated with proliferation, apoptosis, and EMT in hepatocellular carcinoma cell and patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hudson AM, Wirth C, Stephenson NL, Fawdar S, Brognard J, Miller CJ. Using large-scale genomics data to identify driver mutations in lung cancer: methods and challenges. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:1149-60. [PMID: 26230733 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the commonest cause of cancer death in the world and carries a poor prognosis for most patients. While precision targeting of mutated proteins has given some successes for never- and light-smoking patients, there are no proven targeted therapies for the majority of smokers with the disease. Despite sequencing hundreds of lung cancers, known driver mutations are lacking for a majority of tumors. Distinguishing driver mutations from inconsequential passenger mutations in a given lung tumor is extremely challenging due to the high mutational burden of smoking-related cancers. Here we discuss the methods employed to identify driver mutations from these large datasets. We examine different approaches based on bioinformatics, in silico structural modeling and biological dependency screens and discuss the limitations of these approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Hudson
- Signalling Networks in Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Christopher Wirth
- RNA Biology Group & Computational Biology Support Team, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Natalie L Stephenson
- Signalling Networks in Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Shameem Fawdar
- ANDI Centre of Excellence for Biomedical & Biomaterial Research, University of Mauritius, Reduit, Mauritius
| | - John Brognard
- Signalling Networks in Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | - Crispin J Miller
- RNA Biology Group & Computational Biology Support Team, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wang H, Klein MG, Zou H, Lane W, Snell G, Levin I, Li K, Sang BC. Crystal structure of human stearoyl–coenzyme A desaturase in complex with substrate. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2015; 22:581-5. [DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
31
|
Belkaid A, Duguay SR, Ouellette RJ, Surette ME. 17β-estradiol induces stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 expression in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:440. [PMID: 26022099 PMCID: PMC4446951 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To sustain cell growth, cancer cells exhibit an altered metabolism characterized by increased lipogenesis. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1) catalyzes the production of monounsaturated fatty acids that are essential for membrane biogenesis, and is required for cell proliferation in many cancer cell types. Although estrogen is required for the proliferation of many estrogen-sensitive breast carcinoma cells, it is also a repressor of SCD-1 expression in liver and adipose. The current study addresses this apparent paradox by investigating the impact of estrogen on SCD-1 expression in estrogen receptor-α-positive breast carcinoma cell lines. Methods MCF-7 and T47D mammary carcinomas cells and immortalized MCF-10A mammary epithelial cells were hormone-starved then treated or not with 17β-estradiol. SCD-1 activity was assessed by measuring cellular monounsaturated/saturated fatty acid (MUFA/SFA) ratios, and SCD-1 expression was measured by qPCR, immunoblot, and immunofluorescence analyses. The role of SCD-1 in cell proliferation was measured following treatment with the SCD-1 inhibitor A959372 and following SCD-1 silencing using siRNA. The involvement of IGF-1R on SCD-1 expression was measured using the IGF-1R antagonist AG1024. The expression of SREBP-1c, a transcription factor that regulates SCD-1, was measured by qPCR, and by immunoblot analyses. Results 17β-estradiol significantly induced cell proliferation and SCD-1 activity in MCF-7 and T47D cells but not MCF-10A cells. Accordingly, 17β-estradiol significantly increased SCD-1 mRNA and protein expression in MCF-7 and T47D cells compared to untreated cells. Treatment of MCF-7 cells with 4-OH tamoxifen or siRNA silencing of estrogen receptor-α largely prevented 17β-estradiol-induced SCD-1 expression. 17β-estradiol increased SREBP-1c expression and induced the mature active 60 kDa form of SREBP-1. The selective SCD-1 inhibitor or siRNA silencing of SCD-1 blocked the 17β-estradiol-induced cell proliferation and increase in cellular MUFA/SFA ratios. IGF-1 also induced SCD-1 expression, but to a lesser extent than 17β-estradiol. The IGF-1R antagonist partially blocked 17β-estradiol-induced cell proliferation and SCD-1 expression, suggesting the impact of 17β-estradiol on SCD-1 expression is partially mediated though IGF-1R signaling. Conclusions This study illustrates for the first time that, in contrast to hepatic and adipose tissue, estrogen induces SCD-1 expression and activity in breast carcinoma cells. These results support SCD-1 as a therapeutic target in estrogen-sensitive breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Belkaid
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine Maillet Ave, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada. .,Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB, Canada.
| | - Sabrina R Duguay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine Maillet Ave, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada.
| | | | - Marc E Surette
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, 18 Antonine Maillet Ave, Moncton, NB, E1A 3E9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Potze L, Di Franco S, Grandela C, Pras-Raves ML, Picavet DI, van Veen HA, van Lenthe H, Mullauer FB, van der Wel NN, Luyf A, van Kampen AHC, Kemp S, Everts V, Kessler JH, Vaz FM, Medema JP. Betulinic acid induces a novel cell death pathway that depends on cardiolipin modification. Oncogene 2015; 35:427-37. [PMID: 25893306 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is associated with strong changes in lipid metabolism. For instance, normal cells take up fatty acids (FAs) from the circulation, while tumour cells generate their own and become dependent on de novo FA synthesis, which could provide a vulnerability to target tumour cells. Betulinic acid (BetA) is a natural compound that selectively kills tumour cells through an ill-defined mechanism that is independent of BAX and BAK, but depends on mitochondrial permeability transition-pore opening. Here we unravel this pathway and show that BetA inhibits the activity of steroyl-CoA-desaturase (SCD-1). This enzyme is overexpressed in tumour cells and critically important for cells that utilize de novo FA synthesis as it converts newly synthesized saturated FAs to unsaturated FAs. Intriguingly, we find that inhibition of SCD-1 by BetA or, alternatively, with a specific SCD-1 inhibitor directly and rapidly impacts on the saturation level of cardiolipin (CL), a mitochondrial lipid that has important structural and metabolic functions and at the same time regulates mitochondria-dependent cell death. As a result of the enhanced CL saturation mitochondria of cancer cells, but not normal cells that do not depend on de novo FA synthesis, undergo ultrastructural changes, release cytochrome c and quickly induce cell death. Importantly, addition of unsaturated FAs circumvented the need for SCD-1 activity and thereby prevented BetA-induced CL saturation and subsequent cytotoxicity, supporting the importance of this novel pathway in the cytotoxicity induced by BetA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Potze
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Di Franco
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgical and Oncological Sciences, Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology Laboratory, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - C Grandela
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M L Pras-Raves
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Laboratory, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D I Picavet
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Core facility Cellular Imaging University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H A van Veen
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Core facility Cellular Imaging University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H van Lenthe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F B Mullauer
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N N van der Wel
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Core facility Cellular Imaging University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Luyf
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Laboratory, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A H C van Kampen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Laboratory, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Kemp
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - V Everts
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Core facility Cellular Imaging University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J H Kessler
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F M Vaz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J P Medema
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
The RAS genes are critical oncogenic drivers activated by point mutation in some 20% of human malignancies. However, no pharmacologic approaches to targeting RAS proteins directly have yet succeeded, leading to suggestions that these proteins may be "undruggable." This has led to two alternative indirect approaches to targeting RAS function in cancer. One has been to target RAS signaling pathways downstream at tractable enzymes such as kinases, particularly in combination. The other, which is the focus of this review, has been to seek targets that are essential in cells bearing an activated RAS oncogene, but not those without. This synthetic lethal approach, while rooted in ideas from invertebrate genetics, has been inspired most strongly by the successful use of PARP inhibitors, such as olaparib, in the clinic to treat BRCA defective cancers. Several large-scale screens have been carried out using RNA interference-mediated expression silencing to find genes that are uniquely essential to RAS-mutant but not wild-type cells. These screens have been notable for the low degree of overlap between their results, with the possible exception of proteasome components, and have yet to lead to successful new clinical approaches to the treatment of RAS-mutant cancers. Possible reasons for these disappointing results are discussed here, along with a reevaluation of the approaches taken. On the basis of experience to date, RAS synthetic lethality has so far fallen some way short of its original promise and remains unproven as an approach to finding effective new ways of tackling RAS-mutant cancers. Clin Cancer Res; 21(8); 1802-9. ©2015 AACR. See all articles in this CCR Focus section, "Targeting RAS-Driven Cancers."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Downward
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom. Lung Cancer Group, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
AbuAli G, Chaisaklert W, Stelloo E, Pazarentzos E, Hwang MS, Qize D, Harding SV, Al-Rubaish A, Alzahrani AJ, Al-Ali A, Sanders TAB, Aboagye EO, Grimm S. The anticancer gene ORCTL3 targets stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 for tumour-specific apoptosis. Oncogene 2015; 34:1718-28. [PMID: 24769897 PMCID: PMC4119473 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
ORCTL3 is a member of a group of genes, the so-called anticancer genes, that cause tumour-specific cell death. We show that this activity is triggered in isogenic renal cells upon their transformation independently of the cells' proliferation status. For its cell death effect ORCTL3 targets the enzyme stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) in fatty acid metabolism. This is caused by transmembrane domains 3 and 4, which are more efficacious in vitro than a low molecular weight drug against SCD1, and critically depend on their expression level. SCD1 is found upregulated upon renal cell transformation indicating that its activity, while not impacting proliferation, represents a critical bottleneck for tumourigenesis. An adenovirus expressing ORCTL3 leads to growth inhibition of renal tumours in vivo and to substantial destruction of patients' kidney tumour cells ex vivo. Our results indicate fatty acid metabolism as a target for tumour-specific apoptosis in renal tumours and suggest ORCTL3 as a means to accomplish this.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G AbuAli
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - W Chaisaklert
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - E Stelloo
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - E Pazarentzos
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - M-S Hwang
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - D Qize
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - S V Harding
- Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A Al-Rubaish
- Prince Mohammed Center for Research & Consultation Studies, College of Medicine, University of Dammam, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - A J Alzahrani
- Prince Mohammed Center for Research & Consultation Studies, College of Medicine, University of Dammam, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - A Al-Ali
- Prince Mohammed Center for Research & Consultation Studies, College of Medicine, University of Dammam, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - T A B Sanders
- Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, London, UK
| | - E O Aboagye
- Division of Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| | - S Grimm
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Stock JK, Jones NP, Hammonds T, Roffey J, Dillon C. Addressing the Right Targets in Oncology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:305-17. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057114564349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Translating existing and emerging knowledge of cancer biology into effective novel therapies remains a great challenge in drug discovery. A firm understanding of the target biology, confidence in the supporting preclinical research, and access to diverse chemical matter is required to lower attrition rates and prosecute targets effectively. Understanding past successes and failures will aid in refining this process to deliver further therapeutic benefit to patients. In this review, we suggest that early oncology drug discovery should focus on selection and prosecution of cancer targets with strong disease biology rather than on more chemically “druggable” targets with only modest disease-linkage. This approach offers higher potential benefit but also increases the need for innovative and alternative approaches. These include using different methods to validate novel targets and identify chemical matter, as well as raising the standards and our interpretation of the scientific literature. The combination of skills required for this emphasizes the need for broader early collaborations between academia and industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie K. Stock
- Cancer Research Technology Discovery Laboratories, London, UK
| | - Neil P. Jones
- Cancer Research Technology Discovery Laboratories, London, UK
| | - Tim Hammonds
- Cancer Research Technology Discovery Laboratories, London, UK
| | - Jon Roffey
- Cancer Research Technology Discovery Laboratories, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Despite more than three decades of intensive effort, no effective pharmacological inhibitors of the RAS oncoproteins have reached the clinic, prompting the widely held perception that RAS proteins are 'undruggable'. However, recent data from the laboratory and the clinic have renewed our hope for the development of RAS-inhibitory molecules. In this Review, we summarize the progress and the promise of five key approaches. Firstly, we focus on the prospects of using direct inhibitors of RAS. Secondly, we address the issue of whether blocking RAS membrane association is a viable approach. Thirdly, we assess the status of targeting RAS downstream effector signalling, which is arguably the most favourable current approach. Fourthly, we address whether the search for synthetic lethal interactors of mutant RAS still holds promise. Finally, RAS-mediated changes in cell metabolism have recently been described and we discuss whether these changes could be exploited for new therapeutic directions. We conclude with perspectives on how additional complexities, which are not yet fully understood, may affect each of these approaches.
Collapse
|
37
|
Caputo M, De Rosa MC, Rescigno T, Zirpoli H, Vassallo A, De Tommasi N, Torino G, Tecce MF. Binding of polyunsaturated fatty acids to LXRα and modulation of SREBP-1 interaction with a specific SCD1 promoter element. Cell Biochem Funct 2014; 32:637-46. [PMID: 25264165 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) is the rate limiting enzyme in unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. This enzyme has an important role in the regulation of hepatic lipogenesis and lipid oxidation, and alterations in these pathways may lead to several diseases. We examined, in HepG2 cell cultures, the mechanism of SCD1 regulation considering the involvement of two transcription factors: liver X receptor alpha (LXRα) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), also investigating the effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on this process. The analysis of SCD1 promoter allowed to identify a functional SREBP-1 binding site (SRE 1). LXRα activation increased SCD1 protein level through upregulation of SREBP-1 and its consequent binding to SRE 1 sequence. Polyunsaturated docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5) and arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4) were able to reduce SREBP-1 binding to SCD1 promoter, while saturated stearic acid (SA, C18:0) did not give any effect. Surface plasmon resonance analysis showed a direct binding of DHA, EPA and AA to LXRα. These data indicate a direct inhibitory interaction of PUFAs with LXRα, a consequent reduction of SREBP-1 and of its binding to SCD1 promoter. This information provides a mechanism to explain the regulation of lipogenic pathways induced by PUFAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Caputo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Neumayer G, Belzil C, Gruss OJ, Nguyen MD. TPX2: of spindle assembly, DNA damage response, and cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3027-47. [PMID: 24556998 PMCID: PMC11114040 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1582-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
For more than 15 years, TPX2 has been studied as a factor critical for mitosis and spindle assembly. These functions of TPX2 are attributed to its Ran-regulated microtubule-associated protein properties and to its control of the Aurora A kinase. Overexpressed in cancers, TPX2 is being established as marker for the diagnosis and prognosis of malignancies. During interphase, TPX2 resides preferentially in the nucleus where its function had remained elusive until recently. The latest finding that TPX2 plays a role in amplification of the DNA damage response, combined with the characterization of TPX2 knockout mice, open new perspectives to understand the biology of this protein. This review provides an historic overview of the discovery of TPX2 and summarizes its cytoskeletal and signaling roles with relevance to cancer therapies. Finally, the review aims to reconcile discrepancies between the experimental and pathological effects of TPX2 overexpression and advances new roles for compartmentalized TPX2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gernot Neumayer
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, T2N 4N1, Canada,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Pappano WN, Zhang Q, Tucker LA, Tse C, Wang J. Genetic inhibition of the atypical kinase Wee1 selectively drives apoptosis of p53 inactive tumor cells. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:430. [PMID: 24927813 PMCID: PMC4229861 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumorigenesis is the result of genomic or epigenomic insults and subsequent loss of the proper mechanisms to respond to these alterations leading to unscheduled growth. Tumors arising from these mutations often have altered cell cycles that offer proliferative advantages and lead to the accumulation of additional mutations that can lead to more aggressive phenotypes. Nevertheless, tumor cells must still adhere to the basic tenets of the cell cycle program to ensure their survival by DNA duplication, chromosomal segregation and cytokinesis. The atypical tyrosine kinase Wee1 plays a key role in regulating the cell cycle at the DNA synthesis and mitotic checkpoints via phosphorylation and subsequent inactivation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) in both healthy and tumorigenic cells. METHODS To assess the role of Wee1 in tumor cell proliferation we performed small interfering RNA (siRNA) experiments in a panel of diverse cell lines derived from various tissue origins. We also tested the hypothesis that any potential effects would be as a result of the kinase activity of Wee1 by siRNA rescue studies with wild-type or kinase-dead versions of Wee1. RESULTS We find that, in general, cells with wild-type p53 activity are not susceptible to loss of Wee1 protein via siRNA. However, Wee1 siRNA treatment in tumor cells with an inherent loss of p53 activity results in a deregulated cell cycle that causes simultaneous DNA synthesis and premature mitosis and that these effects are kinase dependent. These cumulative effects lead to potent inhibition of cellular proliferation and ultimately caspase-dependent apoptosis in the absence of co-treatment with cytotoxic agents. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that, while Wee1 acts as a tumor suppressor in the context of normal cell growth and its functional loss can be compensated by p53-dependent DNA damage repairing mechanisms, specific inhibition of Wee1 has deleterious effects on the proliferation and survival of p53 inactive tumors. In total, targeting the atypical kinase Wee1 with an siRNA-based therapeutic or a selective ATP competitive small molecule inhibitor would be a feasible approach to targeting p53 inactive tumors in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William N Pappano
- Discovery Research, AbbVie Inc,, 1 N, Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Mounier C, Bouraoui L, Rassart E. Lipogenesis in cancer progression (review). Int J Oncol 2014; 45:485-92. [PMID: 24827738 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In normal tissues, energy-providing lipids come principally from circulating lipids. However, in growing tumors, energy supply is mainly provided by lipids coming from de novo synthesis. It is not surprising to see elevated expression of several lipogenic genes in tumors from different origins. The role of lipogenic genes in the establishment of the primary tumor has been clearly established. A large number of studies demonstrate a role of fatty acid synthase in the activation of cell cycle and inhibition of apoptosis in tumor cells. Other lipogenic genes such as the acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) and the stearoyl CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) are highly expressed in primary tumors and also appear to play a role in their development. However, the role of lipogenesis in the metastatic process is less clear. In the present review, we aim to present the most recent evidences for the key role of lipogenic enzymes in the metastatic process and in epithelial to mesenchymal transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lamia Bouraoui
- Biomed-Biological Sciences Department, UQÀM, Montréal, PQ, Canada
| | - Eric Rassart
- Biomed-Biological Sciences Department, UQÀM, Montréal, PQ, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Jiang P, Shen K, Wang X, Song H, Yue Y, Liu T. TPX2 regulates tumor growth in human cervical carcinoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:2347-51. [PMID: 24718984 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The targeting protein for the Xenopus kinesin-like protein 2 (TPX2), a microtubule-associated protein, has been utilized as a tool to evaluate, more precisely, the proliferative behavior of tumor cells. The abnormal expression of TPX2 in a variety of malignant tumor types has been reported, however less is known about its role in cervical cancer. In the present study, the association between TPX2 expression and the biological behavior of cervical cancer, was investigated. Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR were used to detect the expression of TPX2 in cervical cancer tissues. The inhibitory effect of TPX2-siRNA on the growth of SiHa human cervical carcinoma cells was studied in vitro. TPX2 expression was identified as significantly higher in cervical carcinoma compared with the control, normal cervical tissues. TPX2 siRNA transfected into SiHa cells induced apoptosis and inhibited cell proliferation and invasion. Similar results were obtained by in vivo transplantation, as TPX2 siRNA transfection significantly reduced tumor growth of the xenograft in nude mice. The results demonstrated that TPX2 is important in the regulation of tumor growth in cervical cancer and therefore may be a potential therapeutic target as a novel treatment strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peiyue Jiang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Kexin Shen
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Xuerui Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Haiqin Song
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Ying Yue
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Tongjun Liu
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
TPX2 overexpression in medullary thyroid carcinoma mediates TT cell proliferation. Pathol Oncol Res 2014; 20:641-8. [PMID: 24488334 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-014-9743-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
TPX2 (targeting protein for xenopus kinesin-like protein 2), a microtubule-associated protein, plays an important role in the formation of the mitotic spindle. Abnormal expression of TPX2 in various types of malignant tumors has been reported, but less is known for medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). We investigated the expression of TPX2 in human MTC tissues and its potential use as a therapeutic target. Immunohistochemical analysis of TPX2 expression was performed for 32 cases of MTC and 8 cases of normal thyroid. TPX2 expression was found to be significantly higher in MTC compared to normal thyroid tissues (P < 0.05), and to be associated with tumor size, lymph node metastasis, and advanced disease stage. The cellular effects of TPX2 knockdown, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle diffusions, and mitotic gene expression were investigated using small interfering RNA (siRNA). TPX2-siRNA caused G1 and G2-phase cell cycle arrest, inhibited cell proliferation, and induced apoptosis. TPX2-siRNA also downregulated Aurora-A and cyclinB1 protein expression in MTC cells and enhanced the expression of p53 protein (P < 0.05). These results suggest that TPX2 may be of potential use as a new marker for MTC prognosis and therapy.
Collapse
|
43
|
Isolation and characterization of the anticancer gene organic cation transporter like-3 (ORCTL3). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 818:213-27. [PMID: 25001539 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6458-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
ORCTL3, an organic cation/anion transporter expressed in various tissue types, was isolated in a genome-wide cDNA screen as a gene with a tumor-specific apoptosis activity. When overexpressed it elicits an apoptosis response in many transformed cells, while normal cells remain unaffected. It can be activated for apoptosis induction by individual tumorigenic mutations in renal cells. This effect is independent of the tumor cells' proliferation status and mediated by an incomplete ER stress response, characterized by the accumulation of the endoplasmic reticulum-stress marker ATF4, but not BiP. Recent studies show that for its apoptosis induction activity ORCTL3 targets the enzyme stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1) that is involved in the fatty acid metabolism. This is evidenced by the inhibition of apoptosis induced through ORCTL3 when the SCD-1 product oleic acid is exogenously supplemented or when SCD-1 is co-transfected in the transformed cells. ORCTL3's activity to specifically target tumor cells is caused by the transmembrane domains 3 and 4 of the mouse, but not the human, gene. In an in vivo model ORCTL3 shows a significant shrinkage in the size of xenograft tumors when injected with an adenoviral carrier carrying the mouse ORCTL3 gene. An ex vivo study using human renal cancer cells confirmed the promising tumor-specific apoptosis effect of ORCTL3. Since ORCTL3 targets fatty acid metabolism in transformed cells and induces an ER stress specifically in these cells, it reveals a novel therapeutic interference option for tumor cells.
Collapse
|
44
|
Ran GTPase in nuclear envelope formation and cancer metastasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 773:323-51. [PMID: 24563355 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-8032-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ran is a small ras-related GTPase that controls the nucleocytoplasmic exchange of macromolecules across the nuclear envelope. It binds to chromatin early during nuclear formation and has important roles during the eukaryotic cell cycle, where it regulates mitotic spindle assembly, nuclear envelope formation and cell cycle checkpoint control. Like other GTPases, Ran relies on the cycling between GTP-bound and GDP-bound conformations to interact with effector proteins and regulate these processes. In nucleocytoplasmic transport, Ran shuttles across the nuclear envelope through nuclear pores. It is concentrated in the nucleus by an active import mechanism where it generates a high concentration of RanGTP by nucleotide exchange. It controls the assembly and disassembly of a range of complexes that are formed between Ran-binding proteins and cellular cargo to maintain rapid nuclear transport. Ran also has been identified as an essential protein in nuclear envelope formation in eukaryotes. This mechanism is dependent on importin-β, which regulates the assembly of further complexes important in this process, such as Nup107-Nup160. A strong body of evidence is emerging implicating Ran as a key protein in the metastatic progression of cancer. Ran is overexpressed in a range of tumors, such as breast and renal, and these perturbed levels are associated with local invasion, metastasis and reduced patient survival. Furthermore, tumors with oncogenic KRAS or PIK3CA mutations are addicted to Ran expression, which yields exciting future therapeutic opportunities.
Collapse
|
45
|
Zhang Z, Dales NA, Winther MD. Opportunities and challenges in developing stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase-1 inhibitors as novel therapeutics for human disease. J Med Chem 2013; 57:5039-56. [PMID: 24295027 DOI: 10.1021/jm401516c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase-1 (SCD1) as a novel therapeutic target for metabolic disorders and other indications. Target validation is reviewed, and limitations due to incomplete knowledge of the relevant biological systems are described. Assay development, particularly for high throughput screening, and characterization of SCD1 inhibition are summarized. The progress and evolution in medicinal chemistry are discussed, specifically focusing on key attributes of the most advanced SCD1 inhibitors described in the primary literature and in patent applications. This work culminated in numerous companies identifying potent selective inhibitors, some of which progressed to early clinical development. The status of current SCD1 drug discovery programs is reviewed. Challenges are discussed, and potential new directions are indicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zaihui Zhang
- Signalchem Lifesciences Corp. , 550-5600 Parkwood Way, Richmond, British Columbia, V6V 2M2, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Wei P, Zhang N, Xu Y, Li X, Shi D, Wang Y, Li D, Cai S. TPX2 is a novel prognostic marker for the growth and metastasis of colon cancer. J Transl Med 2013; 11:313. [PMID: 24341487 PMCID: PMC3878622 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously demonstrated an aberrant overexpression of the microtubule-associated protein TPX2 in colon cancer using a genome-wide gene expression profiling analysis. Here, we aim to investigate its expression pattern, clinical significance, and biological function in colon cancer. Methods TPX2 expression was analyzed in human colon cancer cell lines and tumor samples. The effect of TPX2 on cell proliferation, tumorigenesis, and metastasis was examined in vitro and in vivo. Results TPX2 was overexpressed in 129 of the 203 (60.8%) colon cancer metastatic lesions, with the expression being significantly higher than that in primary cancerous tissue and normal colon mucosa. Overexpression of TPX2 was significantly associated with clinical staging, vessel invasion, and metastasis. In survival analyses, patients with TPX2 overexpression had worse overall survival and metastasis free survival, suggesting that deregulation of TPX2 may contribute to the metastasis of colon cancer. Consistent with this, suppression of TPX2 expression inhibited proliferation and tumorigenicity of colon cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Strikingly, we found that TPX2 knockdown significantly attenuated the migration and invasion ability of colon cancer cells, which was further shown to be mechanistically associated with AKT-mediated MMP2 activity. Conclusions These findings suggest that TPX2 plays an important role in promoting tumorigenesis and metastasis of human colon cancer, and may represent a novel prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dawei Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Tan SH, Shui G, Zhou J, Shi Y, Huang J, Xia D, Wenk MR, Shen HM. Critical role of SCD1 in autophagy regulation via lipogenesis and lipid rafts-coupled AKT-FOXO1 signaling pathway. Autophagy 2013; 10:226-42. [PMID: 24296537 DOI: 10.4161/auto.27003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SCD1 (stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1) is an endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzyme that catalyzes the formation of the first double bond at the cis-Δ9 position of saturated fatty acids (SFA) to form monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). Increasing evidence indicates that autophagy plays an important role in regulating lipid metabolism, while little is known about whether key enzymes of lipogenesis like SCD1 can regulate autophagy. In this study, we examined the role of SCD1 in autophagy using the tsc2(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) possessing constitutively active MTORC1 as a cellular model. We found that mRNA and protein levels of SCD1 are significantly elevated in the tsc2(-/-) MEFs compared with Tsc2(+/+) MEFs, resulting in significant increases in levels of various lipid classes. Furthermore, inhibition of SCD1 activity by either a chemical inhibitor or genetic knockdown resulted in an increase of autophagic flux only in the tsc2(-/-) MEFs. Induction of autophagy was independent of MTOR as MTORC1 activity was not suppressed by SCD1 inhibition. Loss of phosphorylation on AKT Ser473 was observed upon SCD1 inhibition and such AKT inactivation was due to disruption of lipid raft formation, without affecting the formation and activity of MTORC2. Increased nuclear translocation of FOXO1 was observed following AKT inactivation, leading to increased transcription of genes involved in the autophagic process. The tsc2(-/-) MEFs were also more susceptible to apoptosis induced by SCD1 inhibition and blockage of autophagy sensitized the cell death response. These results revealed a novel function of SCD1 on regulation of autophagy via lipogenesis and the lipid rafts-AKT-FOXO1 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hao Tan
- Department of Physiology; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering; National University of Singapore; Singapore
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology; Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Physiology; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore
| | - Yin Shi
- Department of Physiology; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore
| | - Jingxiang Huang
- Department of Pathology; National University Hospital of Singapore; Singapore
| | - Dajing Xia
- Zhejiang University School of Public Health; Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Markus R Wenk
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering; National University of Singapore; Singapore; Department of Biochemistry; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore
| | - Han-Ming Shen
- Department of Physiology; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine; National University of Singapore; Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering; National University of Singapore; Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Powell DA. An overview of patented small molecule stearoyl coenzyme-A desaturase inhibitors (2009 - 2013). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 24:155-75. [PMID: 24251719 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.851669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stearoyl coenzyme-A desaturase (SCD) is a critical lipogenic enzyme that converts a range of unsaturated lipids to their corresponding monounsaturated fatty acids. Genetic and enzyme-knockdown experiments have suggested an important role of SCD1 in the regulation of various metabolic disorders. With the prognostication that SCD-inhibition may serve to remediate various metabolic diseases, several pharmaceutical companies have embarked on the development of small-molecule SCD-inhibitors, with over 100 patent applications by 17 companies being reported to date. AREAS COVERED Recent progress on the development of SCD-inhibitors, including preclinical efficacy and safety are reviewed. Strategies toward overcoming systemic adverse events and the establishment of a suitable therapeutic margin for clinical studies are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Preclinically, SCD-inhibition leads to reductions in body-weight gain, improvements in glucose clearance and improved liver-lipid profile. However, chronic SCD inhibition in skin and eye-lubricating glands results in undesirable adverse events. Several strategies to overcome these findings have been described, including alternative administration routes for acne or oncology applications, use of potent and rapidly cleared compounds and SCD-inhibitors with a liver-targeted tissue distribution profile. The attainment of sufficient therapeutic margin and robust efficacy for therapeutic applications in humans remains a major frontier for SCD-inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Powell
- Inception Sciences Canada , 887 Great Northern Way, Suite 210, Vancouver, British Columbia, V5T 4T5 , Canada +1 858 224 7743 ; +1 858 224 7773 ;
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
Mutations in the Ras family of small GTPases are among the most frequent oncogenic events in human cancer. Difficulties in targeting Ras itself and the limited efficacy in targeting its effector kinases have spurred the search for Ras synthetic lethal genes that could shed new light on the biology of Ras-driven cancer and lead to new therapeutic strategies. Advances in mammalian RNAi technology have enabled high-throughput functional screens for Ras synthetic lethal interactions. In this chapter, we summarize the strategies and findings from these screens and discuss future improvement for Ras synthetic lethality studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yu
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ji Luo
- Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
SCD1 Expression is dispensable for hepatocarcinogenesis induced by AKT and Ras oncogenes in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75104. [PMID: 24069385 PMCID: PMC3777889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased de novo lipogenesis is one of the major metabolic events in cancer. In human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), de novo lipogenesis has been found to be increased and associated with the activation of AKT/mTOR signaling. In mice, overexpression of an activated form of AKT results in increased lipogenesis and hepatic steatosis, ultimately leading to liver tumor development. Hepatocarcinogenesis is dramatically accelerated when AKT is co-expressed with an oncogenic form of N-Ras. SCD1, the major isoform of stearoyl-CoA desaturases, catalyzing the conversion of saturated fatty acids (SFA) into monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), is a key enzyme involved in de novo lipogenesis. While many studies demonstrated the requirement of SCD1 for tumor cell growth in vitro, whether SCD1 is necessary for tumor development in vivo has not been previously investigated. Here, we show that genetic ablation of SCD1 neither inhibits lipogenesis and hepatic steatosis in AKT-overexpressing mice nor affects liver tumor development in mice co-expressing AKT and Ras oncogenes. Molecular analysis showed that SCD2 was strongly upregulated in liver tumors from AKT/Ras injected SCD1-/- mice. Noticeably, concomitant silencing of SCD1 and SCD2 genes was highly detrimental for the growth of AKT/Ras cells in vitro. Altogether, our study provides the evidence, for the first time, that SCD1 expression is dispensable for AKT/mTOR-dependent hepatic steatosis and AKT/Ras-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. Complete inhibition of stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity may be required to efficiently suppress liver tumor development.
Collapse
|