1
|
Leslie KA, Lekka C, Richardson SJ, Russell MA, Morgan NG. Regulation of STAT1 Signaling in Human Pancreatic β-Cells by the Lysine Deacetylase HDAC6: A New Therapeutic Opportunity in Type 1 Diabetes? Diabetes 2024; 73:1473-1485. [PMID: 38869827 DOI: 10.2337/db24-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes arises from the selective destruction of pancreatic β-cells by autoimmune mechanisms, and intracellular pathways driven by Janus kinase (JAK)-mediated phosphorylation of STAT isoforms (especially STAT1 and STAT2) are implicated as mediators of β-cell demise. Despite this, the molecular mechanisms that regulate JAK-STAT signaling in β-cells during the autoimmune attack remain only partially disclosed, and the factors acting to antagonize proinflammatory STAT1 signaling are uncertain. We have recently implicated signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα) in promoting β-cell viability in the face of ongoing islet autoimmunity and have now revealed that this protein controls the availability of a cytosolic lysine deacetylase, HDAC6, whose activity regulates the phosphorylation and activation of STAT1. We provide evidence that STAT1 serves as a substrate for HDAC6 in β-cells and that sequestration of HDAC6 by SIRPα in response to anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-13) leads to increased STAT1 acetylation. This then impairs the ability of STAT1 to promote gene transcription in response to proinflammatory cytokines, including interferon-γ. We further found that SIRPα is lost from the β-cells of subjects with recent-onset type 1 diabetes under conditions when HDAC6 is retained and STAT1 levels are increased. On this basis, we report a previously unrecognized role for cytokine-induced regulation of STAT1 acetylation in the control of β-cell viability and propose that targeted inhibition of HDAC6 activity may represent a novel therapeutic modality to promote β-cell viability in the face of active islet autoimmunity. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyven Afi Leslie
- Islet Biology Group (IBEx), Exeter Centre of Excellence in Diabetes (EXCEED), Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K
| | - Christiana Lekka
- Islet Biology Group (IBEx), Exeter Centre of Excellence in Diabetes (EXCEED), Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K
| | - Sarah J Richardson
- Islet Biology Group (IBEx), Exeter Centre of Excellence in Diabetes (EXCEED), Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K
| | - Mark A Russell
- Islet Biology Group (IBEx), Exeter Centre of Excellence in Diabetes (EXCEED), Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lal N, White BS, Goussous G, Pickles O, Mason MJ, Beggs AD, Taniere P, Willcox BE, Guinney J, Middleton GW. KRAS Mutation and Consensus Molecular Subtypes 2 and 3 Are Independently Associated with Reduced Immune Infiltration and Reactivity in Colorectal Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:224-233. [PMID: 29061646 PMCID: PMC5777581 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose:KRAS mutation is a common canonical mutation in colorectal cancer, found at differing frequencies in all consensus molecular subtypes (CMS). The independent immunobiological impacts of RAS mutation and CMS are unknown. Thus, we explored the immunobiological effects of KRAS mutation across the CMS spectrum.Experimental Design: Expression analysis of immune genes/signatures was performed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) RNA-seq and the KFSYSCC microarray datasets. Multivariate analysis included KRAS status, CMS, tumor location, MSI status, and neoantigen load. Protein expression of STAT1, HLA-class II, and CXCL10 was analyzed by digital IHC.Results: The Th1-centric co-ordinate immune response cluster (CIRC) was significantly, albeit modestly, reduced in KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer in both datasets. Cytotoxic T cells, neutrophils, and the IFNγ pathway were suppressed in KRAS-mutant samples. The expressions of STAT1 and CXCL10 were reduced at the mRNA and protein levels. In multivariate analysis, KRAS mutation, CMS2, and CMS3 were independently predictive of reduced CIRC expression. Immune response was heterogeneous across KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer: KRAS-mutant CMS2 samples have the lowest CIRC expression, reduced expression of the IFNγ pathway, STAT1 and CXCL10, and reduced infiltration of cytotoxic cells and neutrophils relative to CMS1 and CMS4 and to KRAS wild-type CMS2 samples in the TCGA. These trends held in the KFSYSCC dataset.Conclusions:KRAS mutation is associated with suppressed Th1/cytotoxic immunity in colorectal cancer, the extent of the effect being modulated by CMS subtype. These results add a novel immunobiological dimension to the biological heterogeneity of colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 24(1); 224-33. ©2017 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Lal
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Brian S White
- Computational Oncology, Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, USA
| | - Ghaleb Goussous
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Pickles
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mike J Mason
- Computational Oncology, Sage Bionetworks, Seattle, USA
| | - Andrew D Beggs
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Taniere
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin E Willcox
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gary W Middleton
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Roy A, Ye J, Deng F, Wang QJ. Protein kinase D signaling in cancer: A friend or foe? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:283-294. [PMID: 28577984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase D is a family of evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinases that belongs to the Ca++/Calmodulin-dependent kinase superfamily. Signal transduction pathways mediated by PKD can be triggered by a variety of stimuli including G protein-coupled receptor agonists, growth factors, hormones, and cellular stresses. The regulatory mechanisms and physiological roles of PKD have been well documented including cell proliferation, survival, migration, angiogenesis, regulation of gene expression, and protein/membrane trafficking. However, its precise roles in disease progression, especially in cancer, remain elusive. A plethora of studies documented the cell- and tissue-specific expressions and functions of PKD in various cancer-associated biological processes, while the causes of the differential effects of PKD have not been thoroughly investigated. In this review, we have discussed the structural-functional properties, activation mechanisms, signaling pathways and physiological functions of PKD in the context of human cancer. Additionally, we have provided a comprehensive review of the reported tumor promoting or tumor suppressive functions of PKD in several major cancer types and discussed the discrepancies that have been raised on PKD as a major regulator of malignant transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adhiraj Roy
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Deng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiming Jane Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Apicidin-Resistant HA22T Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells strongly activated the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway and MMP-2 Expression via the IGF-IR/PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway Enhancing Cell Metastatic Effect. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 77:2397-404. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
5
|
Kaler P, Owusu BY, Augenlicht L, Klampfer L. The Role of STAT1 for Crosstalk between Fibroblasts and Colon Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2014; 4:88. [PMID: 24818101 PMCID: PMC4012204 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling between tumor cells and the associated stroma has an important impact on cancer initiation and progression. The tumor microenvironment has a paradoxical role in tumor progression and fibroblasts, a major component of the tumor stroma, have been shown to either inhibit or promote cancer development. In this study, we established that normal intestinal fibroblasts activate STAT1 signaling in colon cancer cells and, in contrast to cancer-associated fibroblasts, inhibit growth of tumor cells. Treatment of 18Co fibroblasts with the proinflammatory cytokine TNFα interfered with their ability to trigger STAT1 signaling in cancer cells. Accordingly, intestinal myofibroblasts isolated from patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease, which are activated and produce high levels of TNFα, failed to stimulate STAT1 signaling in tumor cells, demonstrating that activated myofibroblasts lose the ability to trigger growth-inhibitory STAT1 signaling in tumor cells. Finally, we confirmed that silencing of STAT1 in tumor cells alters the crosstalk between tumor cells and fibroblasts, suggesting STAT1 as a novel link between intestinal inflammation and colon cancer. We demonstrated that normal fibroblasts restrain the growth of carcinoma cells, at least in part, through the induction of STAT1 signaling in cancer cells and showed that changes in the microenvironment, as they occur in inflammatory bowel disease, alter the crosstalk between carcinoma cells and fibroblasts, perturb the homeostasis of intestinal tissue, and thereby contribute to tumor progression.
Collapse
|
6
|
Farid M, Demicco EG, Garcia R, Ahn L, Merola PR, Cioffi A, Maki RG. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Oncologist 2014; 19:193-201. [PMID: 24470531 PMCID: PMC3926794 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2013-0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) are uncommon, biologically aggressive soft tissue sarcomas of neural origin that pose tremendous challenges to effective therapy. In 50% of cases, they occur in the context of neurofibromatosis type I, characterized by loss of function mutations to the tumor suppressor neurofibromin; the remainder arise sporadically or following radiation therapy. Prognosis is generally poor, with high rates of relapse following multimodality therapy in early disease, low response rates to cytotoxic chemotherapy in advanced disease, and propensity for rapid disease progression and high mortality. The last few years have seen an explosion in data surrounding the potential molecular drivers and targets for therapy above and beyond neurofibromin loss. These data span multiple nodes at various levels of cellular control, including major signal transduction pathways, angiogenesis, apoptosis, mitosis, and epigenetics. These include classical cancer-driving genetic aberrations such as TP53 and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) loss of function, and upregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and (mechanistic) target of rapamycin (TOR) pathways, as well as less ubiquitous molecular abnormalities involving inhibitors of apoptosis proteins, aurora kinases, and the Wingless/int (Wnt) signaling pathway. We review the current understanding of MPNST biology, current best practices of management, and recent research developments in this disease, with a view to informing future advancements in patient care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Farid
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hsu HH, Cheng LH, Ho TJ, Kuo WW, Lin YM, Chen MC, Lee NH, Tsai FJ, Tsai KH, Huang CY. Apicidin-resistant HA22T hepatocellular carcinoma cells massively promote pro-survival capability via IGF-IR/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway activation. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:303-13. [PMID: 23990456 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite rapid advances in the diagnostic and surgical procedures, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains one of the most difficult human malignancies to treat. This may be due to the chemoresistant behaviors of HCC. It is believed that acquired resistance could be overcome and improve the overall survival of HCC patients by understanding the mechanisms of chemoresistance in HCC. A stable HA22T cancer line, which is chronically resistant to a histone deacetylase inhibitor, was established. After comparing the molecular mechanism of apicidin-R HA22T cells to parental ones by Western blotting, cell cycle-regulated proteins did not change in apicidin-R cells, but apicidin-R cells were more proliferative and had higher tumor growth (wound-healing assay and nude mice xenograft model). Moreover, apicidin-R cells displayed increased levels of p-IGF-IR, p-PI3K, p-Akt, Bcl-xL, and Bcl-2 but also significantly inhibited the tumor suppressor PTEN protein and apoptotic pathways when compared to the parental strain. Therefore, the highly proliferative effect of apicidin-R HA22T cells was blocked by Akt knockdown. For all these findings, we believe that novel strategies to attenuate IGF-IR/PI3K/Akt signaling could overcome chemoresistance toward the improvement of overall survival of HCC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Hsien Hsu
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhu Y, Das K, Wu J, Lee MH, Tan P. RNH1 regulation of reactive oxygen species contributes to histone deacetylase inhibitor resistance in gastric cancer cells. Oncogene 2013; 33:1527-37. [PMID: 23584480 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) are a promising class of anticancer epigenetic drugs, however, molecular factors influencing the responses of individual tumors to HDACi therapies remain obscure. Here, we sought to identify genes associated with HDACi resistance in gastric cancer. Treating a panel of 17 gastric cancer cell lines with multiple HDACi compounds (trichostatin A, SAHA and MS275), we identified two distinct classes of lines exhibiting either HDACi sensitivity or resistance. Genomic comparisons between the sensitive and resistant classes using two independent microarray platforms identified RNH1, encoding a ribonuclease inhibitor, as a gene highly expressed in HDACi-resistant lines. Using genetic knockdown and overexpression assays, we show that RNH1 is both necessary and sufficient to induce HDACi resistance, and that RNH1 is likely to mediate this resistance through the dampening of HDACi-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cancer cells. The discovery of RNH1 as a regulator of HDACi resistance in gastric cancer highlights a functional role for ROS induction in the cellular effects of this important drug class.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhu
- 1] Cancer and Stem Cell and Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore [2] Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - K Das
- Cancer and Stem Cell and Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - J Wu
- Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - M H Lee
- Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore
| | - P Tan
- 1] Cancer and Stem Cell and Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore [2] Cellular and Molecular Research, National Cancer Centre, Singapore [3] Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore [4] Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Oh SH, Whang YM, Min HY, Han SH, Kang JH, Song KH, Glisson BS, Kim YH, Lee HY. Histone deacetylase inhibitors enhance the apoptotic activity of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 by blocking PKC-induced IGFBP-3 degradation. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:2253-63. [PMID: 22362554 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-3 induces apoptosis of cancer cells. However, preexisting resistance to IGFBP-3 could limit its antitumor activities. This study characterizes the efficacy and mechanism of the combination of recombinant IGFBP-3 (rIGFBP-3) and HDAC inhibitors to overcome IGFBP-3 resistance in a subset of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells. The effects of the combination of rIGFBP-3 and a number of HDAC inhibitors on cell proliferation and apoptosis were assessed in vitro and in vivo by using the MTT assay, a flow cytometry-based TUNEL assay, Western blot analyses and the NSCLC xenograft tumor model. Combined treatment with HDAC inhibitors and rIGFBP-3 had synergistic antiproliferative effects accompanied by increased apoptosis rates in a subset of NSCLC and HNSCC cell lines in vitro. Moreover, combined treatment with depsipeptide and rIGFBP-3 completely suppressed tumor growth and increased the apoptosis rate in vivo in H1299 NSCLC xenografts. Evidence suggests that HDAC inhibitors increased the half-life of rIGFBP-3 protein by blocking protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated phosphorylation and degradation of rIGFBP-3. In addition, combined treatment of IGFBP-3 with an HDAC inhibitor facilitates apoptosis through upregulation of rIGFBP-3 stability and Akt signaling inhibition. The ability of HDAC inhibitors to decrease PKC activation may enhance apoptotic activities of rIGFBP-3 in NSCLC cells in vitro and in vivo. These results indicated that combined treatment with HDAC inhibitor and rIGFBP-3 could be an effective treatment strategy for NSCLC and HNSCC with highly activated PKC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hyun Oh
- Laboratory of Preventive Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rosen MJ, Frey MR, Washington MK, Chaturvedi R, Kuhnhein LA, Matta P, Revetta FL, Wilson KT, Polk DB. STAT6 activation in ulcerative colitis: a new target for prevention of IL-13-induced colon epithelial cell dysfunction. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:2224-34. [PMID: 21308881 PMCID: PMC3120916 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin 13 (IL-13) is upregulated in ulcerative colitis (UC) and increases colon epithelial permeability by inducing apoptosis and expression of the pore-forming tight junction protein claudin-2. IL-13 induces activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6). However, the STAT6 phosphorylation status in patients with UC is unknown, as is the effect of STAT6 inhibition on colonic epithelium exposed to IL-13. The study aims were to determine if mucosal STAT6 phosphorylation is increased in patients with UC, and if STAT6 inhibition attenuates IL-13-induced colon epithelial cell dysfunction. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining for phosphorylated (p) STAT6 was performed on colonic tissue from newly diagnosed pediatric subjects with UC (early UC) or Crohn's disease (CD), colectomy tissue from adults with UC (advanced UC), and controls. Colon HT-29 and T84 cells were transfected with STAT6 small interfering RNA (siRNA), or treated with suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor that inhibits STAT6, prior to IL-13 treatment. RESULTS The median score for epithelial pSTAT6 was 0 in control subjects, 2 in early UC (versus control P = 0.019), 4 in advanced UC (P = 0.003), and 0 in CD (P = 0.4). Cell transfection with STAT6 siRNA prevented IL-13-induced apoptosis and claudin-2 expression. SAHA inhibited IL-13-induced STAT6 phosphorylation, apoptosis, and claudin-2 expression, and mitigated IL-13-induced reductions in transepithelial resistance. CONCLUSIONS UC is associated with increased colonic epithelial STAT6 phosphorylation, and STAT6 inhibition prevents IL-13-induced apoptosis and barrier disruption. These data identify STAT6 as a novel target for UC treatment and support further study of SAHA as a therapeutic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Rosen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
A randomized phase II study of two doses of vorinostat in combination with 5-FU/LV in patients with refractory colorectal cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2011; 69:743-51. [PMID: 22020318 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-011-1762-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vorinostat is synergistic with 5-FU in vitro and in vivo models. A combination of these two agents was associated with clinical activity in 5-FU refractory colorectal cancer patients in a phase I clinical trial, therefore warranting the conduct of this prospective phase II study. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with refractory metastatic colorectal cancer were randomized in a two-stage design to receive vorinostat at 800 or 1,400 mg/day once a day × 3, every 2 weeks. 5-FU, preceded by leucovorin, was administered as a bolus followed by a 46-h infusion on days 2 and 3 of vorinostat. A pre-specified 2-month progression-free survival (PFS) rate of 27/43 patients per arm was needed to deem an arm interesting for further investigation. RESULTS The high-dose vorinostat arm did not reach the needed efficacy endpoint at completion of the first stage, with only 8 out of 15 patients being alive and progression free at 2 months. The low-dose vorinostat arm proceeded to accrue 43 patients with a 2-month PFS rate of 53% (23 out 43), including one partial response. The median PFS and overall survival on the low-dose arm were 2.4 and 6.5 months, respectively. Both treatment arms were well tolerated. No differences were noted in the pharmacokinetics of vorinostat at the 800- or 1,400-mg dose-levels, suggesting bioavailability saturation. CONCLUSIONS While the addition of vorinostat to 5-FU resulted in 1 partial response and in some disease stabilizations, the limited activity does not warrant the unselected use of this combination in chemotherapy-refractory colorectal cancer.
Collapse
|
12
|
Bush ML, Oblinger J, Brendel V, Santarelli G, Huang J, Akhmametyeva EM, Burns SS, Wheeler J, Davis J, Yates CW, Chaudhury AR, Kulp S, Chen CS, Chang LS, Welling DB, Jacob A. AR42, a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor, as a potential therapy for vestibular schwannomas and meningiomas. Neuro Oncol 2011; 13:983-99. [PMID: 21778190 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nor072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is an autosomal-dominant disease that results in the formation of bilateral vestibular schwannomas (VSs) and multiple meningiomas. Treatment options for NF2-associated tumors are limited, and to date, no medical therapies are FDA approved. The ideal chemotherapeutic agent would inhibit both VS and meningiomas simultaneously. The objectives of this study are (1) to test the efficacy of AR42, a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor, to inhibit VS and meningioma growth and (2) to investigate this drug's mechanisms of action. Primary cultures of human VS and meningioma cells were established. Nf2-deficient mouse schwannoma and benign human meningioma Ben-Men-1 cells were also cultured. Cells were treated with AR42, and the drug's effects on proliferation and the cell cycle were analyzed using a methanethiosulfonate assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Human phospho-kinase arrays and Western blots were used to evaluate the effects of AR42 on intracellular signaling. The in vivo efficacy of AR42 was investigated using schwannoma xenografts. Tumor volumes were quantified using high-field, volumetric MRI, and molecular target analysis was performed using immunohistochemistry. AR42 inhibited the growth of primary human VS and Nf2-deficient mouse schwannoma cells with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) of 500 nM and 250-350 nM, respectively. AR42 also inhibited primary meningioma cells and the benign meningioma cell line, Ben-Men-1, with IC(50) values of 1.5 µM and 1.0 µM, respectively. AR42 treatment induced cell-cycle arrest at G(2) and apoptosis in both VS and meningioma cells. Also, AR42 exposure decreased phosphorylated Akt in schwannoma and meningioma cells. In vivo treatment with AR42 inhibited the growth of schwannoma xenografts, induced apoptosis, and decreased Akt activation. The potent growth inhibitory activity of AR42 in schwannoma and meningioma cells suggests that AR42 should be further evaluated as a potential treatment for NF2-associated tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Bush
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43212, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lopez G, Torres K, Liu J, Hernandez B, Young E, Belousov R, Bolshakov S, Lazar AJ, Slopis JM, McCutcheon IE, McConkey D, Lev D. Autophagic survival in resistance to histone deacetylase inhibitors: novel strategies to treat malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Cancer Res 2010; 71:185-96. [PMID: 21084276 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) show promise as cancer therapeutics; however, the full scope of their utility remains unknown. Here we report findings that strongly rationalize clinical evaluation of HDACis in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST), a class of highly aggressive, therapeutically resistant, and commonly fatal malignancies that occur sporadically or in patients with the inherited neurofibromatosis type-1 (NF1) syndrome. We evaluated the effects of the chemical HDACis PCI-24781, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, and MS-275 on a panel of human NF1-associated and sporadic MPNSTs in vitro and in vivo. A subset of MPNSTs was found to be highly sensitive to HDACis, especially to PCI-24781. All cell lines in this group were NF1-associated. Significant proapoptotic effects were noted in vitro and in vivo and were independent of p53 mutational status. In contrast, as a group the sporadic-MPNST cells were markedly resistant to HDACi treatment. HDACis were found to induce productive autophagy in MPNST cells. Genetic and/or pharmacologic autophagy blockade resulted in significant HDACi-induced apoptosis in cells defined as resistant or sensitive, leading to abrogated growth of primary tumors and lung metastases in tumor xenograft assays. Among autophagy-associated genes expressed in response to HDACi, the immunity-related GTPase family, M was validated as a critical target in mediating HDACi-induced autophagy and enhanced apoptosis. Taken together, our findings strongly support the evaluation of HDACi currently in clinical trials as an important new therapeutic strategy to treat MPNST, including in combination with autophagy blocking combination regimens in particular for patients with sporadic MPNST.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Lopez
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sharma V, Koul N, Joseph C, Dixit D, Ghosh S, Sen E. HDAC inhibitor, scriptaid, induces glioma cell apoptosis through JNK activation and inhibits telomerase activity. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 14:2151-61. [PMID: 19583803 PMCID: PMC3823006 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00844.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study identified a novel mechanism of induction of apoptosis in glioblastoma cells by scriptaid – a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. Scriptaid reduced glioma cell viability by increasing Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. Although scriptaid induced activation of both p38MAPK and JNK, it was the inhibition of JNK that attenuated scriptaid-induced apoptosis significantly. Scriptaid also increased the expression of (i) p21 and p27 involved in cell-cycle regulation and (ii) γH2AX associated with DNA damage response in a JNK-dependent manner. Treatment with scriptaid increased Ras activity in glioma cells, and transfection of cells with constitutively active RasV12 further sensitized glioma cells to scriptaid-induced apoptosis. Scriptaid also inhibited telomerase activity independent of JNK. Taken together, our findings indicate that scriptaid (i) induces apoptosis and reduces glioma cell proliferation by elevating JNK activation and (ii) also decreases telomerase activity in a JNK-independent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Sharma
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ocker M. Deacetylase inhibitors - focus on non-histone targets and effects. World J Biol Chem 2010; 1:55-61. [PMID: 21540990 PMCID: PMC3083950 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v1.i5.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of protein deacetylases have recently been established as a novel therapeutic principle for several human diseases, including cancer. The original notion of the mechanism of action of these compounds focused on the epigenetic control of transcriptional processes, especially of tumor suppressor genes, by interfering with the acetylation status of nuclear histone proteins, hence the name histone deacetylase inhibitors was coined. Yet, this view could not explain the high specificity for tumor cells and recent evidence now suggests that non-histone proteins represent major targets for protein deacetylase inhibitors and that the post-translational modification of the acetylome is involved in various cellular processes of differentiation, survival and cell death induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Ocker
- Matthias Ocker, Institute for Surgical Research, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstrasse, 35033 Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang S, Raven JF, Koromilas AE. STAT1 represses Skp2 gene transcription to promote p27Kip1 stabilization in Ras-transformed cells. Mol Cancer Res 2010; 8:798-805. [PMID: 20407011 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-10-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2) is an F-box protein that serves as a subunit of the Skp1-Cullin-F-box ubiquitin protein ligase complex. Skp2 is overexpressed in many tumors and promotes tumor formation through its ability to induce the degradation of proteins with antiproliferative and tumor-suppressor functions, such as p27(Kip1). The signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) is a key regulator of the immune system through its capacity to act downstream of interferons. STAT1 exhibits tumor-suppressor properties by inhibiting oncogenic pathways and promoting tumor immunosurveillance. Previous work established the antitumor function of STAT1 in Ras-transformed cells through the induction of p27(Kip1) at the transcriptional level. Herein, we unveil a novel pathway used by STAT1 to upregulate p27(Kip1). Specifically, we show that STAT1 impedes Skp2 gene transcription by binding to Skp2 promoter DNA in vitro and in vivo. Decreased Skp2 expression by STAT1 is accompanied by the increased stability of p27(Kip1) in Ras-transformed cells. We further show that impaired expression of STAT1 in human colon cancer cells containing an activated form of K-Ras is associated with the upregulation of Skp2 and downregulation of p27(Kip1). Our study identifies Skp2 as a new target gene of STAT1 in Ras-transformed cells with profound implications in cell transformation and tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Room 508, 3999 Cote Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3T 1E2.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes is a salient feature of tumor cells. Re-expression of epigenetically silenced genes is a feasible and achievable strategy for cancer treatment. DNA methylation is the most characterized epigenetic silencing mechanism and the reversal of DNA methylation, genetically or pharmacologically, induces gene re-expression and proliferation arrest in tumor cells. Other epigenetic targets, such as histone acetylation and methylation, are also rational drug targets, and several small-molecule modulators of histone acetylation and methylation are currently under development or already in clinical trials. Epigenetic deregulation of miRNAs induces aberrant expression of miRNAs, which have been associated with the development and progression of cancer. The reversal of DNA methylation can induce the re-expression of miRNAs, and oligonucleotides can silence aberrantly expressed miRNAs. Evaluating the combination of different epigenetic modifiers and ensuring their optimization are the next challenges towards the establishment of epigenetic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven D Gore
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans St, Cancer Research Building 1, Room 288, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chow KHM, Sun RWY, Lam JB, Li CKL, Xu A, Ma DL, Abagyan R, Wang Y, Che CM. A Gold(III) Porphyrin Complex with Antitumor Properties Targets the Wnt/β-catenin Pathway. Cancer Res 2009; 70:329-37. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
19
|
Arts J, King P, Mariën A, Floren W, Beliën A, Janssen L, Pilatte I, Roux B, Decrane L, Gilissen R, Hickson I, Vreys V, Cox E, Bol K, Talloen W, Goris I, Andries L, Du Jardin M, Janicot M, Page M, van Emelen K, Angibaud P. JNJ-26481585, a Novel “Second-Generation” Oral Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor, Shows Broad-Spectrum Preclinical Antitumoral Activity. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:6841-51. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-0547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
20
|
Kaler P, Godasi BN, Augenlicht L, Klampfer L. The NF-κB/AKT-dependent Induction of Wnt Signaling in Colon Cancer Cells by Macrophages and IL-1β. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2009; 2:69-80. [PMID: 19779850 PMCID: PMC2787930 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-009-0030-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Progression of colon cancer from microadenoma to macroscopic tumors is coupled to augmentation of canonical Wnt signaling. We recently reported that tumor associated macrophages, through interleukin 1β (IL-1β) dependent phosphorylation of GSK3β, promote Wnt signaling in colon cancer cells, demonstrating that proinflammatory cytokines can enhance TCF4/β-catenin transcriptional activity in tumor cells. Here we investigated the pathway whereby IL-1β inactivates GSK3β and promotes Wnt signaling in colon cancer cells. We showed that normal human monocytes, THP1 macrophages and IL-1 failed to induce Wnt signaling in tumor cells expressing dominant negative IκB (dnIκB), demonstrating that macrophages and IL-1 activate Wnt signaling in a NF-κB-dependent manner. NF-κB activity was required for macrophages and IL-1 to activate PDK1 and AKT in tumor cells and thereby inhibit GSK3β activity. Consistently, dominant negative AKT (dnAKT), or pharmacological inhibition of AKT in tumor cells, prevented macrophage/IL-1 mediated phosphorylation of GSK3β, activation of Wnt signaling, and induction of c-jun and c-myc, confirming that macrophages and IL-1 promote Wnt signaling in an AKT dependent manner. Finally, we showed IL-1 and macrophages failed to promote growth of colon cancer cells with impaired NF-κB or AKT signaling, confirming the requirement for NF-κB and AKT activation for the protumorigenic activity of tumor associated macrophages. Thus, we showed that IL-1 and tumor associated macrophages activate NF-κB-dependent PDK1/AKT signaling in tumor cells, and thereby inactivate GSK3β, enhance Wnt signaling and promote growth of colon cancer cells, establishing a novel molecular link between inflammation and tumor growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kaler
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, 111 E 210 street, Bronx, NY 10467 USA
| | - Bramara N Godasi
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, 111 E 210 street, Bronx, NY 10467 USA
| | - Leonard Augenlicht
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, 111 E 210 street, Bronx, NY 10467 USA
| | - Lidija Klampfer
- Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, 111 E 210 street, Bronx, NY 10467 USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Cancer remains an outstanding cause of global morbidity and mortality, despite intensive research and unprecedented insights into the basic mechanisms of cancer development. A plethora of clinical and experimental evidence suggests that cancers from individual patients are likely to be molecularly heterogeneous in their use of distinct oncogenic pathways and biological programs. Efforts to significantly impact cancer patient outcomes will almost certainly require the development of robust strategies to subdivide such heterogeneous panels of cancers into biologically and clinically homogenous subgroups, for the purposes of personalizing treatment protocols and identifying optimal drug targets. In this review, I describe recent progress in the development of both targeted and genome-wide approaches for the molecular stratification of cancers, drawing examples from both the haematopoietic and solid tumor malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Tan
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kaler P, Augenlicht L, Klampfer L. Macrophage-derived IL-1beta stimulates Wnt signaling and growth of colon cancer cells: a crosstalk interrupted by vitamin D3. Oncogene 2009; 28:3892-902. [PMID: 19701245 PMCID: PMC2783659 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumor associated macrophages mediate the link between inflammation and cancer progression. Here we showed that macrophage-derived soluble factors induce canonical Wnt signaling in colon cancer cells and promote their growth. Tumor cells induced the release of IL-1β from macrophages, which induced phosphorylation of GSK3β, stabilized β-catenin, enhanced TCF-dependent gene activation, and induced the expression of Wnt target genes in tumor cells. Neutralization experiments using anti IL-1β specific antibodies, or silencing of IL-1β in THP1 macrophages, revealed that IL-1β was required for macrophages to induce Wnt signaling and to support the growth of tumor cells. Constitutive activation of STAT1 in THP1 macrophages was essential for the induction of IL-1β and thus for the activation of β–catenin signaling in tumor cells. Vitamin D3, an effective chemopreventive agent, interrupted this crosstalk by blocking the constitutive activation of STAT1 and the production of IL-1β in macrophages, and therefore- in a vitamin D receptor dependent manner- inhibited the ability of macrophages to activate Wnt signaling in colon carcinoma cells. Our data therefore established that vitamin D3 exerts its chemopreventive activity by interrupting a cross-talk between tumor epithelial cells and the tumor microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Kaler
- Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY10467, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hanker AB, Healy KD, Nichols J, Der CJ. Romidepsin inhibits Ras-dependent growth transformation of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and RIE-1 epithelial cells independently of Ras signaling inhibition. J Mol Signal 2009; 4:5. [PMID: 19682393 PMCID: PMC2735739 DOI: 10.1186/1750-2187-4-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 08/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite intensive effort, currently no effective anti-Ras therapies have successfully reached clinical application. Previous studies suggest that the histone deacetylatse (HDAC) inhibitor romidepsin, which is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of multiple malignancies, can block Ras-dependent signaling and growth transformation. These studies suggest that mutational activation of Ras may be a useful biomarker for sensitivity to romidepsin and that the anti-tumor activity of this HDAC inhibitor may involve inhibition of Ras effector-mediated signaling. Results To rigorously assess romidepsin as an antagonist of Ras, we utilized two well-characterized cell models for Ras transformation. We found that romidepsin blocked the anchorage-dependent and -independent growth of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts and RIE-1 epithelial cells transformed by all three Ras isoforms. However, romidepsin treatment also blocked growth transformation caused by other oncoproteins (B-Raf and ErbB2/Neu), suggesting that romidepsin is not selective for Ras. We also observed striking differences in romidepsin-mediated growth inhibition between transformed NIH 3T3 fibroblasts compared to RIE-1 epithelial cells, suggesting that the mechanism by which romidepsin blocks transformation is dependent on cellular context. Finally, we found that romidepsin did not inhibit Ras activation of the ERK and AKT effector pathways in NIH 3T3 and RIE-1 cells, suggesting that romidepsin does not directly antagonize Ras. Conclusion Taken together, our results suggest that romidepsin is not selective for Ras-transformed cells and that the anti-tumor activity of romidepsin is not due to direct inhibition of Ras function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariella B Hanker
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mologni L, Cleris L, Magistroni V, Piazza R, Boschelli F, Formelli F, Gambacorti-Passerini C. Valproic acid enhances bosutinib cytotoxicity in colon cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:1990-6. [PMID: 19123474 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Unbalanced histone deacetylase (HDAC) hyperactivity is a common feature of tumor cells. Inhibition of HDAC activity is often associated with cancer cell growth impairment and death. Valproic acid (VPA) is a HDAC inhibitor used for the treatment of epilepsy. It has recently been recognized as a promising anticancer drug. We investigated the effects of VPA on growth and survival of colon cancer cells. VPA caused growth inhibition and programmed cell death that correlated with histone hyperacetylation. VPA modulated the expression of various factors involved in cell cycle control and apoptosis and induced caspase activation. Interestingly, VPA induced downregulation of c-Src and potentiated the cytotoxic effects of the c-Src inhibitor bosutinib, both in vitro and in vivo. The combination of sublethal doses of VPA and bosutinib led to massive apoptosis of colon cancer cells, irrespective of their genetic background. These results suggest that VPA may be employed as a positive modulator of bosutinib antitumor activity in colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Mologni
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Prevention, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Eiseler T, Döppler H, Yan IK, Goodison S, Storz P. Protein kinase D1 regulates matrix metalloproteinase expression and inhibits breast cancer cell invasion. Breast Cancer Res 2009; 11:R13. [PMID: 19243594 PMCID: PMC2687718 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The biological and molecular events that regulate the invasiveness of breast tumour cells need to be further revealed to develop effective therapies that stop breast cancer from expanding and metastasising. METHODS Human tissue samples of invasive breast cancer and normal breast, as well as breast cancer cell lines, were evaluated for protein kinase D (PKD) expression, to test if altered expression could serve as a marker for invasive breast cancer. We further utilised specific PKD1-shRNA and a system to inducibly-express PKD1 to analyse the role of PKD1 in the invasive behaviour of breast cancer cell lines in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) culture. Invasive behaviour in breast cancer cell lines has been linked to matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), so we also determined if PKD1 regulates the expression and activity of these enzymes. RESULTS We found that the serine/threonine kinase, PKD1, is highly expressed in ductal epithelial cells of normal human breast tissue, but is reduced in its expression in more than 95% of all analysed samples of human invasive breast tumours. Additionally, PKD1 is not expressed in highly invasive breast cancer cell lines, whereas non-invasive or very low-invasive breast cancer cell lines express PKD1. Our results further implicate that in MDA-MB-231 cells PKD1 expression is blocked by epigenetic silencing via DNA methylation. The re-expression of constitutively-active PKD1 in MDA-MB-231 cells drastically reduced their ability to invade in 2D and 3D cell culture. Moreover, MCF-7 cells acquired the ability to invade in 2D and 3D cell culture when PKD1 expression was knocked-down by shRNA. PKD1 also regulated the expression of breast cancer cell MMPs, MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9, MMP-10, MMP-11, MMP-13, MMP-14 and MMP-15, providing a potential mechanism for PKD1 mediation of the invasive phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Our results identify decreased expression of the PKD1 as a marker for invasive breast cancer. They further suggest that the loss of PKD1 expression increases the malignant potential of breast cancer cells. This may be due to the function of PKD1 as a negative regulator of MMP expression. Our data suggest re-expression of PKD1 as a potential therapeutic strategy.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Blotting, Western
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/secondary
- Cell Adhesion
- Cell Culture Techniques
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Immunoprecipitation
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Matrix Metalloproteinases/metabolism
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Protein Kinase C/physiology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Spheroids, Cellular
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Eiseler
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Griffin Building, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Heike Döppler
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Griffin Building, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Irene K Yan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Griffin Building, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Steve Goodison
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, 653 West 8th Street, Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA
| | - Peter Storz
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Griffin Building, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
- Mayo Clinic, Griffin Room 306, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Escandell JM, Kaler P, Recio MC, Sasazuki T, Shirasawa S, Augenlicht L, Ríos JL, Klampfer L. Activated kRas protects colon cancer cells from cucurbitacin-induced apoptosis: the role of p53 and p21. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 76:198-207. [PMID: 18561895 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 05/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cucurbitacins have been shown to inhibit proliferation in a variety of cancer cell lines. The aim of this study was to determine their biological activity in colon cancer cell lines that do not harbor activated STAT3, the key target of cucurbitacin. In order to establish the role of activated kRas in the responsiveness of cells to cucurbitacins, we performed experiments in isogenic colon cancer cell lines, HCT116 and Hke-3, which differ only by the presence of an activated kRas allele. We compared the activity of 23, 24-dihydrocucurbitacin B (DHCB) and cucurbitacin R (CCR), two cucurbitacins that we recently isolated, with cucurbitacin I (CCI), a cucurbitacin with established antitumorigenic activity. We showed that cucurbitacins induced dramatic changes in the cytoskeleton (collapse of actin and bundling of tubulin microfilaments), inhibited proliferation and finally induced apoptosis of both HCT116 and Hke-3 cells. However, the presence of oncogenic kRas significantly decreased the sensitivity of cells to the three cucurbitacins tested, CCR, DHCB and CCI. We confirmed that mutational activation of kRas protects cells from cucurbitacin-induced apoptosis using nontransformed intestinal epithelial cells with inducible expression of kRasV12. Cucurbitacins induced the expression of p53 and p21 predominantly in HCT116 cells that harbor mutant Ras. Using HCT116 cells with targeted deletion of p53 or p21 we confirmed that p53 and p21 protect cells from apoptosis induced by cucurbitacins. These results demonstrated that sensitivity of human colon cancer cell lines to cucurbitacins depends on the kRas and p53/p21 status, and established that cucurbitacins can exert antitumorigenic activity in the absence of activated STAT3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José M Escandell
- Departament de Farmacologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Burjassot 46100, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kaler P, Sasazuki T, Shirasawa S, Augenlicht L, Klampfer L. HDAC2 deficiency sensitizes colon cancer cells to TNFalpha-induced apoptosis through inhibition of NF-kappaB activity. Exp Cell Res 2008; 314:1507-18. [PMID: 18314102 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Revised: 12/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
HDAC inhibitors exert potent anti-tumorigenic and anti-inflammatory activity. Their effects are selective for transformed cells, and we recently demonstrated that transformation of epithelial cells with k-Ras sensitizes cells to HDACi induced apoptosis. The aim of this study was to determine whether the ability of HDACi to modulate signaling by a major pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNFalpha, is also restricted to cells that harbor mutant k-Ras. We used the system of two isogenic cell lines that differ by the presence of mutant k-Ras, HCT116 and Hke3 cells. Treatment of cells with TNFalpha alone did not induce apoptosis; however HDACi potentiated TNFalpha-induced apoptosis in both HCT116 and Hke3 cells. Thus, the ability of HDACi to sensitize cells to TNFalpha-induced apoptosis appears to be k-Ras independent. We demonstrated that HDACi inhibited TNFalpha-induced NF-kappaB transcriptional and DNA binding activity in both cell lines, underlying the increased apoptosis in cells treated with both agents. We showed that overexpression of HDAC2 enhanced TNFalpha-induced NF-kappaB activity and that silencing of HDAC2 decreased NF-kappaB activity. Finally, silencing of HDAC2 expression was sufficient to sensitize colon cancer cells to TNFalpha-induced apoptosis. The ability of HDACi to interfere with NF-kappaB activity is likely to contribute to their potent anti-tumorigenic and anti-inflammatory activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kaler
- Department of Oncology, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|