1
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Vega-Granados K, Escobar-Ibarra P, Palomino-Vizcaino K, Cruz-Reyes J, Valverde-Guillén P, Latorre-Redoli S, Caneda-Santiago CT, Marí-Beffa M, Romero-Sánchez LB. Hexyltrimethylammonium ion enhances potential copper-chelating properties of ammonium thiomolybdate in an in vivo zebrafish model. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 758:110077. [PMID: 38942109 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.110077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Ammonium and hexyltrimethylammonium thiomolybdates (ATM and ATM-C6) and thiotungstates (ATT and ATT-C6) were synthesized. Their toxicity was evaluated using both in vitro and in vivo approaches via the zebrafish embryo acute toxicity assay (ZFET), while the copper-thiometallate interaction was studied using cyclic voltammetry, as well as in an in vivo assay. Cyclic voltammetry suggests that all thiometallates form complexes with copper in a 2:1 Cu:thiometallate ratio. Both in vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated low toxicity in BALB/3T3 cells and in zebrafish embryos, with high IC50 and LC50 values. Furthermore, the hexyltrimethylammonium ion played a crucial role in enhancing viability and reducing toxicity during prolonged treatments for ATM and ATT. In particular, the ZEFT assay uncovered the accumulation of ATM in zebrafish yolk, averted by the incorporation of the hexyltrimethylammonium ion. Notably, the copper-thiometallate interaction assay highlighted the improved viability of embryos when cultured in CuCl2 and ATM-C6, even at high CuCl2 concentrations. The hatching assay further confirmed that copper-ATM-C6 interaction mitigates inhibitory effects induced by thiomolybdates and CuCl2 when administered individually. These results suggest that the incorporation of the hexyltrimethylammonium ion in ATM increase its ability to interact with copper and its potential application as a copper chelator.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vega-Granados
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana, 22390, Mexico
| | - P Escobar-Ibarra
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana, 22390, Mexico
| | - K Palomino-Vizcaino
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana, 22390, Mexico
| | - J Cruz-Reyes
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana, 22390, Mexico
| | - P Valverde-Guillén
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - S Latorre-Redoli
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - C T Caneda-Santiago
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - M Marí-Beffa
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain; Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (IMABIS-BIONAND), Andalusian Institute of Blue Biotechnology and Development (IBYDA), Experimental Centre Grice Hutchinson, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - L B Romero-Sánchez
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Autonomous University of Baja California, Tijuana, 22390, Mexico.
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2
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Zhong X, Chen J, Zhang Z, Zhu Q, Ji D, Ke W, Niu C, Wang C, Zhao N, Chen W, Jia K, Liu Q, Song M, Liu C, Wei Y. Development of an Automated Morphometric Approach to Assess Vascular Outcomes following Exposure to Environmental Chemicals in Zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2024; 132:57001. [PMID: 38701112 PMCID: PMC11068156 DOI: 10.1289/ehp13214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruptions in vascular formation attributable to chemical insults is a pivotal risk factor or potential etiology of developmental defects and various disease settings. Among the thousands of chemicals threatening human health, the highly concerning groups prevalent in the environment and detected in biological monitoring in the general population ought to be prioritized because of their high exposure risks. However, the impacts of a large number of environmental chemicals on vasculature are far from understood. The angioarchitecture complexity and technical limitations make it challenging to analyze the entire vasculature efficiently and identify subtle changes through a high-throughput in vivo assay. OBJECTIVES We aimed to develop an automated morphometric approach for the vascular profile and assess the vascular morphology of health-concerning environmental chemicals. METHODS High-resolution images of the entire vasculature in Tg(fli1a:eGFP) zebrafish were collected using a high-content imaging platform. We established a deep learning-based quantitative framework, ECA-ResXUnet, combined with MATLAB to segment the vascular networks and extract features. Vessel scores based on the rates of morphological changes were calculated to rank vascular toxicity. Potential biomarkers were identified by vessel-endothelium-gene-disease integrative analysis. RESULTS Whole-trunk blood vessels and the cerebral vasculature in larvae exposed to 150 representative chemicals were automatically segmented as comparable to human-level accuracy, with sensitivity and specificity of 95.56% and 95.81%, respectively. Chemical treatments led to heterogeneous vascular patterns manifested by 31 architecture indexes, and the common cardinal vein (CCV) was the most affected vessel. The antipsychotic medicine haloperidol, flame retardant 2,2-bis(chloromethyl)trimethylenebis[bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate], and tert-butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate ranked as the top three in vessel scores. Pesticides accounted for the largest group, with a vessel score of ≥ 1 , characterized by a remarkable inhibition of subintestinal venous plexus and delayed development of CCV. Multiple-concentration evaluation of nine per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) indicated a low-concentration effect on vascular impairment and a positive association between carbon chain length and benchmark concentration. Target vessel-directed single-cell RNA sequencing of f l i 1 a + cells from larvae treated with λ -cyhalothrin , perfluorohexanesulfonic acid, or benzylbutyl phthalate, along with vessel-endothelium-gene-disease integrative analysis, uncovered potential associations with vascular disorders and identified biomarker candidates. DISCUSSION This study provides a novel paradigm for phenotype-driven screenings of vascular-disrupting chemicals by converging morphological and transcriptomic profiles at a high-resolution level, serving as a powerful tool for large-scale toxicity tests. Our approach and the high-quality morphometric data facilitate the precise evaluation of vascular effects caused by environmental chemicals. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13214.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiali Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junzhou Chen
- School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhuyi Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qicheng Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Ji
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijian Ke
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Congying Niu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Can Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Nan Zhao
- School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenquan Chen
- School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kunkun Jia
- School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Maoyong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunqiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhong Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Zhang D, Wang M, Li Y, Liang G, Zheng W, Gui L, Li X, Zhang L, Zeng W, Yang Y, Zeng Y, Huang Z, Fan R, Lu Y, Guan J, Li T, Cheng J, Yang H, Chen L, Zhou J, Gong M. Integrated metabolomics revealed the photothermal therapy of melanoma by Mo 2C nanosheets: toward rehabilitated homeostasis in metabolome combined lipidome. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:730-741. [PMID: 38165726 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02123h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Melanoma, the most aggressive and life-threatening form of skin cancer, lacks innovative therapeutic approaches and deeper bioinformation. In this study, we developed a photothermal therapy (PTT) based on Mo2C nanosheets to eliminate melanoma while utilizing integrated metabolomics to investigate the metabolic shift of metabolome combined lipidome during PTT at the molecular level. Our results demonstrated that 1 mg ml-1 Mo2C nanosheets could efficiently convert laser energy into heat with a strong and stable photothermal effect (74 ± 0.9 °C within 7 cycles). Furthermore, Mo2C-based PTT led to a rapid decrease in melanoma volume (from 3.299 to 0 cm2) on the sixth day, indicating the effective elimination of melanoma. Subsequent integrated metabolomics analysis revealed significant changes in aqueous metabolites (including organic acids, amino acids, fatty acids, and amines) and lipid classes (including phospholipids, lysophospholipids, and sphingolipids), suggesting that melanoma caused substantial fluctuations in both metabolome and lipidome, while Mo2C-based PTT helped improve amino acid metabolism-related biological events (such as tryptophan metabolism) impaired by melanoma. These findings suggest that Mo2C nanosheets hold significant potential as an effective therapeutic agent for skin tumors, such as melanoma. Moreover, through exploring multidimensional bioinformation, integrated metabolomics technology provides novel insights for studying the metabolic effects of tumors, monitoring the correction of metabolic abnormalities by Mo2C nanosheet therapy, and evaluating the therapeutic effect on tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingkun Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, Laboratory of Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics, Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Clinical Medical Research Center for Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, P. R. China.
| | - Yijin Li
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, Laboratory of Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics, Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ge Liang
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Technology Platform, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Wen Zheng
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Technology Platform, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Luolan Gui
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Technology Platform, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Technology Platform, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Technology Platform, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Wenjuan Zeng
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Technology Platform, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yin Yang
- Department of Clinical Research Management, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yu Zeng
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Technology Platform, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Clinical Medical Research Center for Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, P. R. China.
| | - Rong Fan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Chengdu Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Chengdu Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Chengdu, P. R. China
| | - Junwen Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Li
- Laboratory of Mitochondria and Metabolism, Department of Anesthesiology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jingqiu Cheng
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, Laboratory of Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics, Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, Laboratory of Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics, Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ligang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Clinical Medical Research Center for Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, P. R. China.
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sichuan Clinical Medical Research Center for Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, P. R. China.
| | - Meng Gong
- Department of Plastic and Burn Surgery, Laboratory of Clinical Proteomics and Metabolomics, Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Karuppasamy M, English KG, Henry CA, Manzini MC, Parant JM, Wright MA, Ruparelia AA, Currie PD, Gupta VA, Dowling JJ, Maves L, Alexander MS. Standardization of zebrafish drug testing parameters for muscle diseases. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050339. [PMID: 38235578 PMCID: PMC10820820 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscular diseases predominantly affect skeletal and cardiac muscle, resulting in muscle weakness, impaired respiratory function and decreased lifespan. These harmful outcomes lead to poor health-related quality of life and carry a high healthcare economic burden. The absence of promising treatments and new therapies for muscular disorders requires new methods for candidate drug identification and advancement in animal models. Consequently, the rapid screening of drug compounds in an animal model that mimics features of human muscle disease is warranted. Zebrafish are a versatile model in preclinical studies that support developmental biology and drug discovery programs for novel chemical entities and repurposing of established drugs. Due to several advantages, there is an increasing number of applications of the zebrafish model for high-throughput drug screening for human disorders and developmental studies. Consequently, standardization of key drug screening parameters, such as animal husbandry protocols, drug compound administration and outcome measures, is paramount for the continued advancement of the model and field. Here, we seek to summarize and explore critical drug treatment and drug screening parameters in the zebrafish-based modeling of human muscle diseases. Through improved standardization and harmonization of drug screening parameters and protocols, we aim to promote more effective drug discovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthukumar Karuppasamy
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Katherine G. English
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Clarissa A. Henry
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - M. Chiara Manzini
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - John M. Parant
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Heersink School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Melissa A. Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Child Neurology, University of Colorado at Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Avnika A. Ruparelia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Peter D. Currie
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- EMBL Australia, Victorian Node, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Vandana A. Gupta
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James J. Dowling
- Division of Neurology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
- Program for Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Lisa Maves
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Matthew S. Alexander
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- UAB Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics (CNET), Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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5
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García-Márquez J, Moreira BR, Valverde-Guillén P, Latorre-Redoli S, Caneda-Santiago CT, Acién G, Martínez-Manzanares E, Marí-Beffa M, Abdala-Díaz RT. In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of Ulvan Polysaccharides from Ulva rigida. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050660. [PMID: 37242444 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the main bioactive compounds of interest from the Ulva species is the sulfated polysaccharide ulvan, which has recently attracted attention for its anticancer properties. This study investigated the cytotoxic activity of ulvan polysaccharides obtained from Ulva rigida in the following scenarios: (i) in vitro against healthy and carcinogenic cell lines (1064sk (human fibroblasts), HACAT (immortalized human keratinocytes), U-937 (a human leukemia cell line), G-361 (a human malignant melanoma), and HCT-116 (a colon cancer cell line)) and (ii) in vivo against zebrafish embryos. Ulvan exhibited cytotoxic effects on the three human cancer cell lines tested. However, only HCT-116 demonstrated sufficient sensitivity to this ulvan to make it relevant as a potential anticancer treatment, presenting an LC50 of 0.1 mg mL-1. The in vivo assay on the zebrafish embryos showed a linear relationship between the polysaccharide concentration and growth retardation at 7.8 hpf mL mg-1, with an LC50 of about 5.2 mg mL-1 at 48 hpf. At concentrations near the LC50, toxic effects, such as pericardial edema or chorion lysis, could be found in the experimental larvae. Our in vitro study supports the potential use of polysaccharides extracted from U. rigida as candidates for treating human colon cancer. However, the in vivo assay on zebrafish indicated that the potential use of ulvan as a promising, safe compound should be limited to specific concentrations below 0.001 mg mL-1 since it revealed side effects on the embryonic growth rate and osmolar balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge García-Márquez
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Andalusian Institute of Blue Biotechnology and Development (IBYDA), Malaga University, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Bruna Rodrigues Moreira
- Phycology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Biological Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Piedad Valverde-Guillén
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Science, Andalusian Institute of Blue Biotechnology and Development (IBYDA), Malaga University, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Sofía Latorre-Redoli
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Science, Andalusian Institute of Blue Biotechnology and Development (IBYDA), Malaga University, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Candela T Caneda-Santiago
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Science, Andalusian Institute of Blue Biotechnology and Development (IBYDA), Malaga University, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Gabriel Acién
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Almería University, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Eduardo Martínez-Manzanares
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Andalusian Institute of Blue Biotechnology and Development (IBYDA), Malaga University, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Manuel Marí-Beffa
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Science, Andalusian Institute of Blue Biotechnology and Development (IBYDA), Malaga University, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain
- Networking Biomedical Research Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Málaga Biomedical Research Institute and Nanomedicine Platform (IBIMA BIONAND Platform), 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Roberto T Abdala-Díaz
- Department of Ecology and Geology, Faculty of Science, Andalusian Institute of Blue Biotechnology and Development (IBYDA), Malaga University, Campus Universitario de Teatinos s/n, 29071 Malaga, Spain
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6
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Spangenberg P, Hagemann N, Squire A, Förster N, Krauß SD, Qi Y, Mohamud Yusuf A, Wang J, Grüneboom A, Kowitz L, Korste S, Totzeck M, Cibir Z, Tuz AA, Singh V, Siemes D, Struensee L, Engel DR, Ludewig P, Martins Nascentes Melo L, Helfrich I, Chen J, Gunzer M, Hermann DM, Mosig A. Rapid and fully automated blood vasculature analysis in 3D light-sheet image volumes of different organs. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100436. [PMID: 37056368 PMCID: PMC10088239 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) can produce high-resolution tomograms of tissue vasculature with high accuracy. However, data processing and analysis is laborious due to the size of the datasets. Here, we introduce VesselExpress, an automated software that reliably analyzes six characteristic vascular network parameters including vessel diameter in LSFM data on average computing hardware. VesselExpress is ∼100 times faster than other existing vessel analysis tools, requires no user interaction, and integrates batch processing and parallelization. Employing an innovative dual Frangi filter approach, we show that obesity induces a large-scale modulation of brain vasculature in mice and that seven other major organs differ strongly in their 3D vascular makeup. Hence, VesselExpress transforms LSFM from an observational to an analytical working tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Spangenberg
- Department of Immunodynamics, Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Center for Protein Diagnostics (ProDi), Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nina Hagemann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anthony Squire
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Nils Förster
- Center for Protein Diagnostics (ProDi), Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Bioinformatics Group, Faculty for Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
| | - Sascha D. Krauß
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Yachao Qi
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Jing Wang
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Anika Grüneboom
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften – ISAS – e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Lennart Kowitz
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften – ISAS – e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sebastian Korste
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Totzeck
- Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Zülal Cibir
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ali Ata Tuz
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Vikramjeet Singh
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Devon Siemes
- Department of Immunodynamics, Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Laura Struensee
- Center for Protein Diagnostics (ProDi), Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel R. Engel
- Department of Immunodynamics, Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Peter Ludewig
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Iris Helfrich
- Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jianxu Chen
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften – ISAS – e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Matthias Gunzer
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften – ISAS – e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dirk M. Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Axel Mosig
- Center for Protein Diagnostics (ProDi), Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Bioinformatics Group, Faculty for Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
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7
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MacRae CA, Peterson RT. Zebrafish as a Mainstream Model for In Vivo Systems Pharmacology and Toxicology. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 63:43-64. [PMID: 36151053 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-051421-105617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacology and toxicology are part of a much broader effort to understand the relationship between chemistry and biology. While biomedicine has necessarily focused on specific cases, typically of direct human relevance, there are real advantages in pursuing more systematic approaches to characterizing how health and disease are influenced by small molecules and other interventions. In this context, the zebrafish is now established as the representative screenable vertebrate and, through ongoing advances in the available scale of genome editing and automated phenotyping, is beginning to address systems-level solutions to some biomedical problems. The addition of broader efforts to integrate information content across preclinical model organisms and the incorporation of rigorous analytics, including closed-loop deep learning, will facilitate efforts to create systems pharmacology and toxicology with the ability to continuously optimize chemical biological interactions around societal needs. In this review, we outline progress toward this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum A MacRae
- Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
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8
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Wlodkowic D, Jansen M. High-throughput screening paradigms in ecotoxicity testing: Emerging prospects and ongoing challenges. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135929. [PMID: 35944679 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The rapidly increasing number of new production chemicals coupled with stringent implementation of global chemical management programs necessities a paradigm shift towards boarder uses of low-cost and high-throughput ecotoxicity testing strategies as well as deeper understanding of cellular and sub-cellular mechanisms of ecotoxicity that can be used in effective risk assessment. The latter will require automated acquisition of biological data, new capabilities for big data analysis as well as computational simulations capable of translating new data into in vivo relevance. However, very few efforts have been so far devoted into the development of automated bioanalytical systems in ecotoxicology. This is in stark contrast to standardized and high-throughput chemical screening and prioritization routines found in modern drug discovery pipelines. As a result, the high-throughput and high-content data acquisition in ecotoxicology is still in its infancy with limited examples focused on cell-free and cell-based assays. In this work we outline recent developments and emerging prospects of high-throughput bioanalytical approaches in ecotoxicology that reach beyond in vitro biotests. We discuss future importance of automated quantitative data acquisition for cell-free, cell-based as well as developments in phytotoxicity and in vivo biotests utilizing small aquatic model organisms. We also discuss recent innovations such as organs-on-a-chip technologies and existing challenges for emerging high-throughput ecotoxicity testing strategies. Lastly, we provide seminal examples of the small number of successful high-throughput implementations that have been employed in prioritization of chemicals and accelerated environmental risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Wlodkowic
- The Neurotox Lab, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3083, Australia.
| | - Marcus Jansen
- LemnaTec GmbH, Nerscheider Weg 170, 52076, Aachen, Germany
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9
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Basheer F, Dhar P, Samarasinghe RM. Zebrafish Models of Paediatric Brain Tumours. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9920. [PMID: 36077320 PMCID: PMC9456103 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Paediatric brain cancer is the second most common childhood cancer and is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in children. Despite significant advancements in the treatment modalities and improvements in the 5-year survival rate, it leaves long-term therapy-associated side effects in paediatric patients. Addressing these impairments demands further understanding of the molecularity and heterogeneity of these brain tumours, which can be demonstrated using different animal models of paediatric brain cancer. Here we review the use of zebrafish as potential in vivo models for paediatric brain tumour modelling, as well as catalogue the currently available zebrafish models used to study paediatric brain cancer pathophysiology, and discuss key findings, the unique attributes that these models add, current challenges and therapeutic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Basheer
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
- Instiute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Poshmaal Dhar
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
- Instiute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Rasika M. Samarasinghe
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
- Instiute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
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10
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Abstract
Heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Despite decades of research, most heart pathologies have limited treatments, and often the only curative approach is heart transplantation. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic approaches for treating cardiac diseases. Animal models that reproduce the human pathophysiology are essential to uncovering the biology of diseases and discovering therapies. Traditionally, mammals have been used as models of cardiac disease, but the cost of generating and maintaining new models is exorbitant, and the studies have very low throughput. In the last decade, the zebrafish has emerged as a tractable model for cardiac diseases, owing to several characteristics that made this animal popular among developmental biologists. Zebrafish fertilization and development are external; embryos can be obtained in high numbers, are cheap and easy to maintain, and can be manipulated to create new genetic models. Moreover, zebrafish exhibit an exceptional ability to regenerate their heart after injury. This review summarizes 25 years of research using the zebrafish to study the heart, from the classical forward screenings to the contemporary methods to model mutations found in patients with cardiac disease. We discuss the advantages and limitations of this model organism and introduce the experimental approaches exploited in zebrafish, including forward and reverse genetics and chemical screenings. Last, we review the models used to induce cardiac injury and essential ideas derived from studying natural regeneration. Studies using zebrafish have the potential to accelerate the discovery of new strategies to treat cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel González-Rosa
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
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11
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Macklin BL, Lin YY, Emmerich K, Wisniewski E, Polster BM, Konstantopoulos K, Mumm JS, Gerecht S. Intrinsic epigenetic control of angiogenesis in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelium regulates vascular regeneration. NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:28. [PMID: 35551465 PMCID: PMC9098630 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00223-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells (iECs) provide opportunities to study vascular development and regeneration, develop cardiovascular therapeutics, and engineer model systems for drug screening. The differentiation and characterization of iECs are well established; however, the mechanisms governing their angiogenic phenotype remain unknown. Here, we aimed to determine the angiogenic phenotype of iECs and the regulatory mechanism controlling their regenerative capacity. In a comparative study with HUVECs, we show that iECs increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) mediates their highly angiogenic phenotype via regulation of glycolysis enzymes, filopodia formation, VEGF mediated migration, and robust sprouting. We find that the elevated expression of VEGFR2 is epigenetically regulated via intrinsic acetylation of histone 3 at lysine 27 by histone acetyltransferase P300. Utilizing a zebrafish xenograft model, we demonstrate that the ability of iECs to promote the regeneration of the amputated fin can be modulated by P300 activity. These findings demonstrate how the innate epigenetic status of iECs regulates their phenotype with implications for their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bria L Macklin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Ying-Yu Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Kevin Emmerich
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Emily Wisniewski
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Brian M Polster
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Konstantinos Konstantopoulos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Jeff S Mumm
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Sharon Gerecht
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
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12
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Onyenwoke RU, Leung T, Huang X, Parker D, Shipman JG, Alhadyan SK, Sivaraman V. An assessment of vaping-induced inflammation and toxicity: A feasibility study using a 2-stage zebrafish and mouse platform. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 163:112923. [PMID: 35318090 PMCID: PMC9018621 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is currently understood that tobacco smoking is a major cause of pulmonary disease due to pulmonary/lung inflammation. However, due to a highly dynamic market place and an abundance of diverse products, less is known about the effects of e-cigarette (E-cig) use on the lung. In addition, varieties of E-cig liquids (e-liquids), which deliver nicotine and numerous flavor chemicals into the lungs, now number in the 1000s. Thus, a critical need exists for safety evaluations of these E-cig products. Herein, we employed a "2-stage in vivo screening platform" (zebrafish to mouse) to assess the safety profiles of e-liquids. Using the zebrafish, we collected embryo survival data after e-liquid exposure as well as neutrophil migration data, a key hallmark for a pro-inflammatory response. Our data indicate that certain e-liquids induce an inflammatory response in our zebrafish model and that e-liquid exposure alone results in pro-inflammatory lung responses in our C57BL/6J model, data collected from lung staining and ELISA analysis, respectively, in the mouse. Thus, our platform can be used as an initial assessment to ascertain the safety profiles of e-liquid using acute inflammatory responses (zebrafish, Stage 1) as our initial metric followed by chronic studies (C57BL/6J, Stage 2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob U Onyenwoke
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
| | - TinChung Leung
- The Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA; Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Huang
- The Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC, 28081, USA
| | - De'Jana Parker
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Shipman
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
| | - Shatha K Alhadyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA
| | - Vijay Sivaraman
- Department of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, 27707, USA.
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13
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Okamoto S, Miyano K, Kitakaze K, Kato H, Yamauchi A, Kajikawa M, Itsumi M, Kawai C, Kuribayashi F. Coculture in vitro with endothelial cells induces cytarabine resistance of acute myeloid leukemia cells in a VEGF-A/VEGFR-2 signaling-independent manner. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 587:78-84. [PMID: 34872003 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.11.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An interaction between acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells and endothelial cells in the bone marrow seems to play a critical role in chemosensitivity on leukemia treatment. The endothelial niche reportedly enhances the paracrine action of the soluble secretory proteins responsible for chemoresistance in a vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A)/VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) signaling pathway-dependent manner. To further investigate the contribution of VEGF-A/VEGFR-2 signaling to the chemoresistance of AML cells, a biochemical assay system in which the AML cells were cocultured with human endothelial EA.hy926 cells in a monolayer was developed. By coculture with EA.hy926 cells, this study revealed that the AML cells resisted apoptosis induced by the anticancer drug cytarabine. SU4312, a VEGFR-2 inhibitor, attenuated VEGFR-2 phosphorylation and VEGF-A/VEGFR-2 signaling-dependent endothelial cell migration; thus, this inhibitor was observed to block VEGF-A/VEGFR-2 signaling. Interestingly, this inhibitor did not reverse the chemoresistance. When VEGFR-2 was knocked out in EA.hy926 cells using the CRISPR-Cas9 system, the cytarabine-induced apoptosis of AML cells did not significantly change compared with that of wild-type cells. Thus, coculture-induced chemoresistance appears to be independent of VEGF-A/VEGFR-2 signaling. When the transwell, a coculturing device, separated the AML cells from the EA.hy926 cells in a monolayer, the coculture-induced chemoresistance was inhibited. Given that the migration of VEGF-A/VEGFR-2 signaling-dependent endothelial cells is necessary for the endothelial niche formation in the bone marrow, VEGF-A/VEGFR-2 signaling contributes to chemoresistance by mediating the niche formation process, but not to the chemoresistance of AML cells in the niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichiro Okamoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan; Shuichiro Okamoto, Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Kei Miyano
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan; Kei Miyano, Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Kitakaze
- Department of Pharmacology, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Hitomi Kato
- Second Year Medical Student in Fiscal Year of 2019, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Akira Yamauchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Mizuho Kajikawa
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo, 194-8543, Japan
| | - Momoe Itsumi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology Showa University School of Dentistry1-5-8 Hatanodai Shinagawa, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Chikage Kawai
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Futoshi Kuribayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
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14
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Luo H, Zhang Y, Deng Y, Li L, Sheng Z, Yu Y, Lin Y, Chen X, Feng P. Nxhl Controls Angiogenesis by Targeting VE-PTP Through Interaction With Nucleolin. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:728821. [PMID: 34733844 PMCID: PMC8558974 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.728821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise regulation of angiogenesis is required for organ development, wound repair, and tumor progression. Here, we identified a novel gene, nxhl (New XingHuo light), that is conserved in vertebrates and that plays a crucial role in vascular integrity and angiogenesis. Bioinformatic analysis uncovered its essential roles in development based on co-expression with several key developmental genes. Knockdown of nxhl in zebrafish causes global and pericardial edema, loss of blood circulation, and vascular defects characterized by both reduced vascularization in intersegmental vessels and decreased sprouting in the caudal vein plexus. The nxhl gene also affects human endothelial cell behavior in vitro. We found that nxhl functions in part by targeting VE-PTP through interaction with NCL (nucleolin). Loss of ptprb (a VE-PTP ortholo) in zebrafish resulted in defects similar to nxhl knockdown. Moreover, nxhl deficiency attenuates tumor invasion and proteins (including VE-PTP and NCL) associated with angiogenesis and EMT. These findings illustrate that nxhl can regulate angiogenesis via a novel nxhl-NCL-VE-PTP axis, providing a new therapeutic target for modulating vascular formation and function, especially for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning, China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yongde Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Yanfei Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Lequn Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhaoan Sheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Yong Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaohan Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Pengfei Feng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory for Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Nanning, China
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15
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Lubin A, Otterstrom J, Hoade Y, Bjedov I, Stead E, Whelan M, Gestri G, Paran Y, Payne E. A versatile, automated and high-throughput drug screening platform for zebrafish embryos. Biol Open 2021; 10:bio058513. [PMID: 34472582 PMCID: PMC8430230 DOI: 10.1242/bio.058513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish provide a unique opportunity for drug screening in living animals, with the fast-developing, transparent embryos allowing for relatively high-throughput, microscopy-based screens. However, the limited availability of rapid, flexible imaging and analysis platforms has limited the use of zebrafish in drug screens. We have developed an easy-to-use, customisable automated screening procedure suitable for high-throughput phenotype-based screens of live zebrafish. We utilised the WiScan® Hermes High Content Imaging System to rapidly acquire brightfield and fluorescent images of embryos, and the WiSoft® Athena Zebrafish Application for analysis, which harnesses an Artificial Intelligence-driven algorithm to automatically detect fish in brightfield images, identify anatomical structures, partition the animal into regions and exclusively select the desired side-oriented fish. Our initial validation combined structural analysis with fluorescence images to enumerate GFP-tagged haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in the tails of embryos, which correlated with manual counts. We further validated this system to assess the effects of genetic mutations and X-ray irradiation in high content using a wide range of assays. Further, we performed simultaneous analysis of multiple cell types using dual fluorophores in high throughput. In summary, we demonstrate a broadly applicable and rapidly customisable platform for high-content screening in zebrafish. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Lubin
- Research Department of Haematology, Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | | | - Yvette Hoade
- Research Department of Haematology, Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Ivana Bjedov
- Research Department of Cancer Biology, Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Eleanor Stead
- Research Department of Cancer Biology, Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Matthew Whelan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Gaia Gestri
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6AR, UK
| | - Yael Paran
- IDEA Bio-Medical Ltd., Rehovot 76705, Israel
| | - Elspeth Payne
- Research Department of Haematology, Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
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16
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Tonon F, Farra R, Zennaro C, Pozzato G, Truong N, Parisi S, Rizzolio F, Grassi M, Scaggiante B, Zanconati F, Bonazza D, Grassi G, Dapas B. Xenograft Zebrafish Models for the Development of Novel Anti-Hepatocellular Carcinoma Molecules. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080803. [PMID: 34451900 PMCID: PMC8400454 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common type of tumor and the second leading cause of tumor-related death worldwide. Liver cirrhosis is the most important predisposing factor for HCC. Available therapeutic approaches are not very effective, especially for advanced HCC, which is the most common form of the disease at diagnosis. New therapeutic strategies are therefore urgently needed. The use of animal models represents a relevant tool for preclinical screening of new molecules/strategies against HCC. However, several issues, including animal husbandry, limit the use of current models (rodent/pig). One animal model that has attracted the attention of the scientific community in the last 15 years is the zebrafish. This freshwater fish has several attractive features, such as short reproductive time, limited space and cost requirements for husbandry, body transparency and the fact that embryos do not show immune response to transplanted cells. To date, two different types of zebrafish models for HCC have been developed: the transgenic zebrafish and the zebrafish xenograft models. Since transgenic zebrafish models for HCC have been described elsewhere, in this review, we focus on the description of zebrafish xenograft models that have been used in the last five years to test new molecules/strategies against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Tonon
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Strada di Fiume, 447, I 34149 Trieste, Italy; (F.T.); (R.F.); (C.Z.); (G.P.); (F.Z.); (D.B.)
| | - Rossella Farra
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Strada di Fiume, 447, I 34149 Trieste, Italy; (F.T.); (R.F.); (C.Z.); (G.P.); (F.Z.); (D.B.)
| | - Cristina Zennaro
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Strada di Fiume, 447, I 34149 Trieste, Italy; (F.T.); (R.F.); (C.Z.); (G.P.); (F.Z.); (D.B.)
| | - Gabriele Pozzato
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Strada di Fiume, 447, I 34149 Trieste, Italy; (F.T.); (R.F.); (C.Z.); (G.P.); (F.Z.); (D.B.)
| | - Nhung Truong
- Stem Cell Research and Application Laboratory, VNUHCM, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City 72711, Vietnam;
| | - Salvatore Parisi
- Pathology Unit, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, I 33081 Aviano, Italy; (S.P.); (F.R.)
- Doctoral School in Molecular Biomedicine, University of Trieste, I 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Pathology Unit, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, I 33081 Aviano, Italy; (S.P.); (F.R.)
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, I 30170 Mestre, Italy
| | - Mario Grassi
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 6/A, I 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Bruna Scaggiante
- Department of Life Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, Trieste University, Strada di Fiume 447, I 34149 Trieste, Italy; (B.S.); (B.D.)
| | - Fabrizio Zanconati
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Strada di Fiume, 447, I 34149 Trieste, Italy; (F.T.); (R.F.); (C.Z.); (G.P.); (F.Z.); (D.B.)
| | - Deborah Bonazza
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Strada di Fiume, 447, I 34149 Trieste, Italy; (F.T.); (R.F.); (C.Z.); (G.P.); (F.Z.); (D.B.)
| | - Gabriele Grassi
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Cattinara Hospital, Strada di Fiume, 447, I 34149 Trieste, Italy; (F.T.); (R.F.); (C.Z.); (G.P.); (F.Z.); (D.B.)
- Department of Life Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, Trieste University, Strada di Fiume 447, I 34149 Trieste, Italy; (B.S.); (B.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Barbara Dapas
- Department of Life Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, Trieste University, Strada di Fiume 447, I 34149 Trieste, Italy; (B.S.); (B.D.)
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17
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Wang H, Wang Z, Wei C, Wang J, Xu Y, Bai G, Yao Q, Zhang L, Chen Y. Anticancer potential of indirubins in medicinal chemistry: Biological activity, structural modification, and structure-activity relationship. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 223:113652. [PMID: 34161865 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Indirubin is the crucial ingredient of Danggui Longhui Wan and Qing-Dai, traditional Chinese medicine herbal formulas used for the therapy of chronic myelocytic leukemia in China for hundreds of years. Although the monomeric indirubin has been used in China for the treatment human chronic myelocytic leukemia. However, due to low water solubility, poor pharmacokinetic properties and low therapeutic effects are the major obstacle, and had significantly limited its clinical application. Consequently, the attractive anticancer profile of indirubin has enthused numerous researchers to discover novel indirubin derivatives with improved pharmacodynamic activity as well as good pharmacokinetic property. In this paper, we comprehensively review the recent progress of anticancer potential of indirubins, structural modification and structure-activity relationship, which may provide useful direction for the further development of novel indirubins with improved pharmacological profiles for the treatment of various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hezhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, 6 West Xuefu Road, Zunyi, 563000, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, 6 West Xuefu Road, Zunyi, 563000, PR China
| | - Chunyong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, 6 West Xuefu Road, Zunyi, 563000, PR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, 6 West Xuefu Road, Zunyi, 563000, PR China
| | - Yingshu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, 6 West Xuefu Road, Zunyi, 563000, PR China
| | - Guohui Bai
- Key Laboratory of Oral Disease of Higher Schools in Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, 6 West Xuefu Road, Zunyi, 563000, PR China.
| | - Qizheng Yao
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, 6 West Xuefu Road, Zunyi, 563000, PR China.
| | - Yongzheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis & Chiral Drug Synthesis of Guizhou Province, Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, 6 West Xuefu Road, Zunyi, 563000, PR China.
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18
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Zhang C, Li Q, Qin G, Zhang Y, Li C, Han L, Wang R, Wang S, Chen H, Liu K, He C. Anti-angiogenesis and anti-metastasis effects of Polyphyllin VII on Hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Chin Med 2021; 16:41. [PMID: 34059099 PMCID: PMC8166003 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-021-00447-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polyphyllin VII (PP7), a steroidal saponin from P. polyphylla has been found to exert strong anticancer activity. Little is known about the anti-angiogenesis and anti-metastasis properties of PP7. In this study, the anti-angiogenic and anti-metastatic effects of PP7 on HCC and the molecular mechanisms were evaluated. Methods Effect of PP7 on angiogenesis was assessed by tube formation assay and applied a transgenic Tg(fli1:EGFP) zebrafish model. Effects of PP7 on tumor metastasis and invasion were examined in cell migration and invasion assay, zebrafish tumor xenograft models and lung metastasis mouse models. The protein levels were examined by Western blotting. Results PP7 significantly decreased the tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, the number and length of ISVs and SIVs of transgenic zebrafish, and the metastasis and invasion of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The anti-angiogenic and anti-metastatic effects of PP7 in HepG2 cells were attributable, at least partially, to downregulated NF-κB/MMP-9/VEGF signaling pathway. Conclusion This study demonstrates that PP7 possesses strong anti-angiogenesis and anti-metastasis activities, suggesting that PP7 could be a potential candidate agent for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, China
| | - Qingrui Li
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102, China.,Aerospace Central Hospital, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guozheng Qin
- Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine/The First Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, 650021, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Chaoying Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Liwen Han
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250062, China
| | - Rongchun Wang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250103, China
| | - Shudan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Haixia Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Kechun Liu
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250103, China.
| | - Chengwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, 999078, China.
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19
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Zebrafish, an In Vivo Platform to Screen Drugs and Proteins for Biomedical Use. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14060500. [PMID: 34073947 PMCID: PMC8225009 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The nearly simultaneous convergence of human genetics and advanced molecular technologies has led to an improved understanding of human diseases. At the same time, the demand for drug screening and gene function identification has also increased, albeit time- and labor-intensive. However, bridging the gap between in vitro evidence from cell lines and in vivo evidence, the lower vertebrate zebrafish possesses many advantages over higher vertebrates, such as low maintenance, high fecundity, light-induced spawning, transparent embryos, short generation interval, rapid embryonic development, fully sequenced genome, and some phenotypes similar to human diseases. Such merits have popularized the zebrafish as a model system for biomedical and pharmaceutical studies, including drug screening. Here, we reviewed the various ways in which zebrafish serve as an in vivo platform to perform drug and protein screening in the fields of rare human diseases, social behavior and cancer studies. Since zebrafish mutations faithfully phenocopy many human disorders, many compounds identified from zebrafish screening systems have advanced to early clinical trials, such as those for Adenoid cystic carcinoma, Dravet syndrome and Diamond-Blackfan anemia. We also reviewed and described how zebrafish are used to carry out environmental pollutant detection and assessment of nanoparticle biosafety and QT prolongation.
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20
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Chen X, Li Y, Yao T, Jia R. Benefits of Zebrafish Xenograft Models in Cancer Research. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:616551. [PMID: 33644052 PMCID: PMC7905065 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.616551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As a promising in vivo tool for cancer research, zebrafish have been widely applied in various tumor studies. The zebrafish xenograft model is a low-cost, high-throughput tool for cancer research that can be established quickly and requires only a small sample size, which makes it favorite among researchers. Zebrafish patient-derived xenograft (zPDX) models provide promising evidence for short-term clinical treatment. In this review, we discuss the characteristics and advantages of zebrafish, such as their transparent and translucent features, the use of vascular fluorescence imaging, the establishment of metastatic and intracranial orthotopic models, individual pharmacokinetics measurements, and tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, we introduce how these characteristics and advantages are applied other in tumor studies. Finally, we discuss the future direction of the use of zebrafish in tumor studies and provide new ideas for the application of it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongyun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Tengteng Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Renbing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
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21
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Vega-Granados K, Cruz-Reyes J, Horta-Marrón JF, Marí-Beffa M, Díaz-Rubio L, Córdova-Guerrero I, Chávez-Velasco D, Ocaña MC, Medina MA, Romero-Sánchez LB. Synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation of octyltrimethylammonium tetrathiotungstate. Biometals 2020; 34:107-117. [PMID: 33180255 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-020-00267-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Octyltrimethylammonium tetrathiotungstate salt (ATT-C8) was synthesized and its ability to chelate copper was evaluated. The biological and toxic aspects were evaluated by in vitro and in vivo assays, using bovine aorta endothelial cells (BAEC) and zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. The obtained results suggest that ATT-C8 has better biocompatibility, showing a significantly lower lethal concentration 50 (LC50) value in comparison to ammonium tetrathiotungstate (ATT). Zebrafish embryos assay results indicate that both tetrathiotungstate salts at the studied concentrations increase the hatching time. Even more, an in vivo assay showed that synthesized materials behave as copper antagonists and have the ability to inhibit its toxicological effects. Also, both materials were found to be active for the in vitro 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The characterization of the materials was carried out using the following spectroscopic techniques: Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NRM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Vega-Granados
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Autonomous University of Baja California (UABC), Universidad 14418, Parque Internacional Industrial Tijuana, 22390, Tijuana, BC, Mexico
| | - Juan Cruz-Reyes
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Autonomous University of Baja California (UABC), Universidad 14418, Parque Internacional Industrial Tijuana, 22390, Tijuana, BC, Mexico
| | - José F Horta-Marrón
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Autonomous University of Baja California (UABC), Universidad 14418, Parque Internacional Industrial Tijuana, 22390, Tijuana, BC, Mexico
| | - Manuel Marí-Beffa
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University of Malaga, 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Laura Díaz-Rubio
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Autonomous University of Baja California (UABC), Universidad 14418, Parque Internacional Industrial Tijuana, 22390, Tijuana, BC, Mexico
| | - Iván Córdova-Guerrero
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Autonomous University of Baja California (UABC), Universidad 14418, Parque Internacional Industrial Tijuana, 22390, Tijuana, BC, Mexico
| | - Daniel Chávez-Velasco
- Center for Graduates and Research in Chemistry, National Technological Institute of Mexico/ Technological Institute of Tijuana, 22510, Tijuana, BC, Mexico
| | - M Carmen Ocaña
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaga, 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Miguel A Medina
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaga, 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Lilian B Romero-Sánchez
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Autonomous University of Baja California (UABC), Universidad 14418, Parque Internacional Industrial Tijuana, 22390, Tijuana, BC, Mexico.
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22
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Nakayama J, Makinoshima H. Zebrafish-Based Screening Models for the Identification of Anti-Metastatic Drugs. Molecules 2020; 25:E2407. [PMID: 32455810 PMCID: PMC7287578 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis, a leading contributor to the morbidity of cancer patients, occurs through a multi-step process: invasion, intravasation, extravasation, colonization, and metastatic tumor formation. Each process is not only promoted by cancer cells themselves but is also affected by their microenvironment. Given this complexity, drug discovery for anti-metastatic drugs must consider the interaction between cancer cells and their microenvironments. The zebrafish is a suitable vertebrate animal model for in vivo high-throughput screening studies with physiological relevance to humans. This review covers the zebrafish model used to identify anti-metastatic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joji Nakayama
- Shonai Regional Industry Promotion Center, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
- Tsuruoka Metabolomics Laboratory, National Cancer Center, Mizukami 246-2, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 975-0052, Japan;
| | - Hideki Makinoshima
- Tsuruoka Metabolomics Laboratory, National Cancer Center, Mizukami 246-2, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 975-0052, Japan;
- Division of Translational Research, Exploratory Oncology Research, and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan
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23
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Hu L, Huang W, Ding Y, Liu M, Wang M, Wang Y, Zhang W, Li Y, Ye W, Li M, Liu Z. PHMH, a diarylheptanoid from Alpinia officinarum attenuates VEGF-induced angiogenesis via inhibition of the VEGFR-2 signaling pathway. Food Funct 2020; 10:2605-2617. [PMID: 31020299 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01809j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The rhizome of Alpinia officinarum Hance, a popular spice used as a condiment in China and Europe, has various reported bioactivities, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, its anti-angiogenic activity has not previously been reported. In this study, a diarylheptanoid was isolated from Alpinia officinarum and identified as 1-phenyl-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-4E-en-3-heptanone (PHMH). We demonstrated that PHMH exerts anti-angiogenic activity both in vitro and in vivo. PHMH inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced viability, migration, invasion and tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro, and also suppressed VEGF-induced sprout formation of rat aorta ex vivo. Furthermore, PHMH was found to block VEGF-induced vessel formation in mice and suppress angiogenesis in both zebrafish and chorioallantoic membrane models. Mechanistic studies indicated that PHMH inhibited VEGF-induced VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) auto-phosphorylation and resulted in the blockage of VEGFR-2-mediated signaling cascades in HUVECs, including the Akt/mTOR, ERK1/2, and FAK pathways. Our findings provide new insights into the potential application of PHMH as a therapeutic agent for anti-angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubing Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Otten C, Knox J, Boulday G, Eymery M, Haniszewski M, Neuenschwander M, Radetzki S, Vogt I, Hähn K, De Luca C, Cardoso C, Hamad S, Igual Gil C, Roy P, Albiges-Rizo C, Faurobert E, von Kries JP, Campillos M, Tournier-Lasserve E, Derry WB, Abdelilah-Seyfried S. Systematic pharmacological screens uncover novel pathways involved in cerebral cavernous malformations. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 10:emmm.201809155. [PMID: 30181117 PMCID: PMC6180302 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201809155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are vascular lesions in the central nervous system causing strokes and seizures which currently can only be treated through neurosurgery. The disease arises through changes in the regulatory networks of endothelial cells that must be comprehensively understood to develop alternative, non-invasive pharmacological therapies. Here, we present the results of several unbiased small-molecule suppression screens in which we applied a total of 5,268 unique substances to CCM mutant worm, zebrafish, mouse, or human endothelial cells. We used a systems biology-based target prediction tool to integrate the results with the whole-transcriptome profile of zebrafish CCM2 mutants, revealing signaling pathways relevant to the disease and potential targets for small-molecule-based therapies. We found indirubin-3-monoxime to alleviate the lesion burden in murine preclinical models of CCM2 and CCM3 and suppress the loss-of-CCM phenotypes in human endothelial cells. Our multi-organism-based approach reveals new components of the CCM regulatory network and foreshadows novel small-molecule-based therapeutic applications for suppressing this devastating disease in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Otten
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jessica Knox
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gwénola Boulday
- INSERM UMR-1161, Génétique et physiopathologie des maladies cérébro-vasculaires, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Mathias Eymery
- INSERM U1209, Grenoble, France.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France
| | - Marta Haniszewski
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Developmental and Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Silke Radetzki
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Vogt
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kristina Hähn
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Coralie De Luca
- INSERM UMR-1161, Génétique et physiopathologie des maladies cérébro-vasculaires, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Cardoso
- INSERM UMR-1161, Génétique et physiopathologie des maladies cérébro-vasculaires, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Sabri Hamad
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Carla Igual Gil
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter Roy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Corinne Albiges-Rizo
- INSERM U1209, Grenoble, France.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France
| | - Eva Faurobert
- INSERM U1209, Grenoble, France.,Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,CNRS UMR 5309, Grenoble, France
| | - Jens P von Kries
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mónica Campillos
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Tournier-Lasserve
- INSERM UMR-1161, Génétique et physiopathologie des maladies cérébro-vasculaires, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Groupe hospitalier Saint-Louis, Lariboisière, Fernand-Widal, Service de génétique moléculaire neuro-vasculaire, Paris, France
| | - W Brent Derry
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Developmental and Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Salim Abdelilah-Seyfried
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Potsdam, Germany .,Institute of Molecular Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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25
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Ohnesorge N, Sasore T, Hillary D, Alvarez Y, Carey M, Kennedy BN. Orthogonal Drug Pooling Enhances Phenotype-Based Discovery of Ocular Antiangiogenic Drugs in Zebrafish Larvae. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:508. [PMID: 31178719 PMCID: PMC6544088 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Unbiased screening of large randomized chemical libraries in vivo is a powerful tool to find new drugs and targets. However, forward chemical screens in zebrafish can be time consuming and usually >99% of test compounds have no significant effect on the desired phenotype. Here, we sought to find bioactive drugs more efficiently and to comply with the 3R principles of replacement, reduction, and refinement of animals in research. We investigated if pooling of drugs to simultaneously test 8–10 compounds in zebrafish larvae can increase the screening efficiency of an established assay that identifies drugs inhibiting developmental angiogenesis in the eye. In a phenotype-based screen, we tested 1,760 small molecule compounds from the ChemBridge DIVERSet™ chemical library for their ability to inhibit the formation of distinct primary hyaloid vessels in the eye. Applying orthogonal pooling of the chemical library, we treated zebrafish embryos from 3 to 5 days post fertilization with pools of 8 or 10 compounds at 10 μM each. This reduced the number of tests from 1,760 to 396. In 63% of cases, treatment showed sub-threshold effects of <40% reduction of primary hyaloid vessels. From 18 pool hits, we identified eight compounds that reduce hyaloid vessels in the larval zebrafish eye by at least 40%. Compound 4-[4-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenoxy]aniline ranked as the most promising candidate with reproducible and dose-dependent effects. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a self-deconvoluting matrix strategy applied to drug screening in zebrafish. We conclude that the orthogonal drug pooling strategy is a cost-effective, time-saving, and unbiased approach to discover novel inhibitors of developmental angiogenesis in the eye. Ultimately, this approach may identify new drugs or targets to mitigate disease caused by pathological angiogenesis in the eye, e.g., diabetic retinopathy or age-related macular degeneration, wherein blood vessel growth and leaky vessels lead to vision impairment or clinical blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Ohnesorge
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Temitope Sasore
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel Hillary
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yolanda Alvarez
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michelle Carey
- School of Mathematics & Statistics, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Breandán N Kennedy
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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26
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Zhao Y, Zhang K, Sips P, MacRae CA. Screening drugs for myocardial disease in vivo with zebrafish: an expert update. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:343-353. [PMID: 30836799 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1577815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our understanding of the complexity of cardiovascular disease pathophysiology remains very incomplete and has hampered cardiovascular drug development over recent decades. The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and their increasing global burden call for novel strategies to address disease biology and drug discovery. Areas covered: This review describes the recent history of cardiovascular drug discovery using in vivo phenotype-based screening in zebrafish. The rationale for the use of this model is highlighted and the initial efforts in the fields of disease modeling and high-throughput screening are illustrated. Finally, the advantages and limitations of in vivo zebrafish screening are discussed, highlighting newer approaches, such as genome editing technologies, to accelerate our understanding of disease biology and the development of precise disease models. Expert opinion: Full understanding and faithful modeling of specific cardiovascular disease is a rate-limiting step for cardiovascular drug discovery. The resurgence of in vivo phenotype screening together with the advancement of systems biology approaches allows for the identification of lead compounds which show efficacy on integrative disease biology in the absence of validated targets. This strategy bypasses current gaps in knowledge of disease biology and paves the way for successful drug discovery and downstream molecular target identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Zhao
- a School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University , Shanghai , China.,c Cardiovascular Medicine , Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Kun Zhang
- a School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China.,b Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Tongji University , Shanghai , China.,c Cardiovascular Medicine , Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Patrick Sips
- d Center for Medical Genetics, Department of Biomolecular Medicine , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Calum A MacRae
- c Cardiovascular Medicine , Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA , USA
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27
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Liu J, Jiang M, Li Z, Zhang X, Li X, Hao Y, Su X, Zhu J, Zheng C, Xiao W, Wang Y. A Novel Systems Pharmacology Method to Investigate Molecular Mechanisms of Scutellaria barbata D. Don for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1473. [PMID: 30618763 PMCID: PMC6304355 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most ordinary type of lung cancer which leads to 1/3 of all cancer deaths. At present, cytotoxic chemotherapy, surgical resection, radiation, and photodynamic therapy are the main strategies for NSCLC treatment. However, NSCLC is relatively resistant to the above therapeutic strategies, resulting in a rather low (20%) 5-year survival rate. Therefore, there is imperative to identify or develop efficient lead compounds for the treatment of NSCLC. Here, we report that the herb Scutellaria barbata D. Don (SBD) can effectively treat NSCLC by anti-inflammatory, promoting apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and angiogenesis. In this work, we analyze the molecular mechanism of SBD for NSCLC treatment by applying the systems pharmacology strategy. This method combines pharmacokinetics analysis with pharmacodynamics evaluation to screen out the active compounds, predict the targets and assess the networks and pathways. Results show that 33 compounds were identified with potential anti-cancer effects. Utilizing these active compounds as probes, we predicted that 145 NSCLC related targets mainly involved four aspects: apoptosis, inflammation, cell cycle, and angiogenesis. And in vitro experiments were managed to evaluate the reliability of some vital active compounds and targets. Overall, a complete overview of the integrated systems pharmacology method provides a precise probe to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of SBD for NSCLC. Moreover, baicalein from SBD effectively inhibited tumor growth in an LLC tumor-bearing mice models, demonstrating the anti-tumor effects of SBD. Our findings further provided experimental evidence for the application in the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Meng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - XiaoGang Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuanyuan Hao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xing Su
- Pharmacology Department, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jinglin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chunli Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of New-tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical Process, Jiangsu Kanion Parmaceutical, Co., Ltd., Lianyungang, China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
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Inhibitors of the VEGF Receptor Suppress HeLa S3 Cell Proliferation via Misalignment of Chromosomes and Rotation of the Mitotic Spindle, Causing a Delay in M-Phase Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124014. [PMID: 30545129 PMCID: PMC6320846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell division is the process by which replicated chromosomes are separated into two daughter cells. Although regulation of M phase has been extensively investigated, not all regulating factors have been identified. Over the course of our research, small molecules were screened to identify those that regulate M phase. In the present study, the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) inhibitors A83-01, SU4312, and Ki8751 were examined to determine their effects on M phase. Treatment of HeLa S3 cells with these inhibitors suppressed cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner, and also suppressed Akt phosphorylation at Ser473, a marker of Akt activation. Interestingly, cleaved caspase-3 was detected in Adriamycin-treated cells but not in inhibitor-treated cells, suggesting that these inhibitors do not suppress cell proliferation by causing apoptosis. A cell cycle synchronization experiment showed that these inhibitors delayed M phase progression, whereas immunofluorescence staining and time-lapse imaging revealed that the M phase delay was accompanied by misalignment of chromosomes and rotation of the mitotic spindle. Treatment with the Mps1 inhibitor AZ3146 prevented the SU4312-induced M phase delay. In conclusion, the VEGFR inhibitors investigated here suppress cell proliferation by spindle assembly checkpoint-induced M phase delay, via misalignment of chromosomes and rotation of the mitotic spindle.
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Moore MJ, El-Rass S, Xiao Y, Wang Y, Wen XY, Kolios MC. Simultaneous ultra-high frequency photoacoustic microscopy and photoacoustic radiometry of zebrafish larvae in vivo. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2018; 12:14-21. [PMID: 30225194 PMCID: PMC6139000 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
With their optically transparent appearance, zebrafish larvae are readily imaged with optical-resolution photoacoustic (PA) microscopy (OR-PAM). Previous OR-PAM studies have mapped endogenous chromophores (e.g. melanin and hemoglobin) within larvae; however, anatomical features cannot be imaged with OR-PAM alone due to insufficient optical absorption. We have previously reported on the photoacoustic radiometry (PAR) technique, which can be used simultaneously with OR-PAM to generate images dependent upon the optical attenuation properties of a sample. Here we demonstrate application of the duplex PAR/PA technique for label-free imaging of the anatomy and vasculature of zebrafish larvae in vivo at 200 and 400 MHz ultrasound detection frequencies. We then use the technique to assess the effects of anti-angiogenic drugs on the development of the larval vasculature. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of simultaneous PAR/PA for acquiring anatomical images of optically transparent samples in vivo, and its potential applications in assessing drug efficacy and embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Moore
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, M5B 2K3, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Science Technology, A Partnership Between Ryerson University and St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, M5B 1W8, Canada
- Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Suzan El-Rass
- Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, M5B 1W8, Canada
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, M5B 1W8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology & Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Yongliang Xiao
- Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, M5B 1W8, Canada
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, M5B 1W8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology & Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Youdong Wang
- Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, M5B 1W8, Canada
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, M5B 1W8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology & Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Xiao-Yan Wen
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Science Technology, A Partnership Between Ryerson University and St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, M5B 1W8, Canada
- Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, M5B 1W8, Canada
- Zebrafish Centre for Advanced Drug Discovery, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, M5B 1W8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology & Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Michael C. Kolios
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, M5B 2K3, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Science Technology, A Partnership Between Ryerson University and St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, M5B 1W8, Canada
- Keenan Research Center for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, M5B 1W8, Canada
- Corresponding author at: Department of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, M5B 2K3, Canada.
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30
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Letrado P, de Miguel I, Lamberto I, Díez-Martínez R, Oyarzabal J. Zebrafish: Speeding Up the Cancer Drug Discovery Process. Cancer Res 2018; 78:6048-6058. [PMID: 30327381 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an ideal in vivo model to study a wide variety of human cancer types. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of zebrafish in the cancer drug discovery process, from (i) approaches to induce malignant tumors, (ii) techniques to monitor cancer progression, and (iii) strategies for compound administration to (iv) a compilation of the 355 existing case studies showing the impact of zebrafish models on cancer drug discovery, which cover a broad scope of scenarios. Finally, based on the current state-of-the-art analysis, this review presents some highlights about future directions using zebrafish in cancer drug discovery and the potential of this model as a prognostic tool in prospective clinical studies. Cancer Res; 78(21); 6048-58. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Letrado
- Ikan Biotech SL, The Zebrafish Lab Department, Centro Europeo de Empresas e Innovación de Navarra (CEIN), Noain, Spain.,Small Molecule Discovery Platform, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Irene de Miguel
- Small Molecule Discovery Platform, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iranzu Lamberto
- Ikan Biotech SL, The Zebrafish Lab Department, Centro Europeo de Empresas e Innovación de Navarra (CEIN), Noain, Spain
| | - Roberto Díez-Martínez
- Ikan Biotech SL, The Zebrafish Lab Department, Centro Europeo de Empresas e Innovación de Navarra (CEIN), Noain, Spain.
| | - Julen Oyarzabal
- Small Molecule Discovery Platform, Molecular Therapeutics Program, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
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How Surrogate and Chemical Genetics in Model Organisms Can Suggest Therapies for Human Genetic Diseases. Genetics 2018; 208:833-851. [PMID: 29487144 PMCID: PMC5844338 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic diseases are both inherited and acquired. Many genetic diseases fall under the paradigm of orphan diseases, a disease found in < 1 in 2000 persons. With rapid and cost-effective genome sequencing becoming the norm, many causal mutations for genetic diseases are being rapidly determined. In this regard, model organisms are playing an important role in validating if specific mutations identified in patients drive the observed phenotype. An emerging challenge for model organism researchers is the application of genetic and chemical genetic platforms to discover drug targets and drugs/drug-like molecules for potential treatment options for patients with genetic disease. This review provides an overview of how model organisms have contributed to our understanding of genetic disease, with a focus on the roles of yeast and zebrafish in gene discovery and the identification of compounds that could potentially treat human genetic diseases.
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32
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Okuda KS, Lee HM, Velaithan V, Ng MF, Patel V. Utilizing Zebrafish to Identify Anti-(Lymph)Angiogenic Compounds for Cancer Treatment: Promise and Future Challenges. Microcirculation 2018; 23:389-405. [PMID: 27177346 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis which predominantly occurs through blood and lymphatic vessels, is the leading cause of death in cancer patients. Consequently, several anti-angiogenic agents have been approved as therapeutic agents for human cancers such as metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Also, anti-lymphangiogenic drugs such as monoclonal antibodies VGX-100 and IMC-3C5 have undergone phase I clinical trials for advanced and metastatic solid tumors. Although anti-tumor-associated angiogenesis has proven to be a promising therapeutic strategy for human cancers, this approach is fraught with toxicities and development of drug resistance. This emphasizes the need for alternative anti-(lymph)angiogenic drugs. The use of zebrafish has become accepted as an established model for high-throughput screening, vascular biology, and cancer research. Importantly, various zebrafish transgenic lines have now been generated that can readily discriminate different vascular compartments. This now enables detailed in vivo studies that are relevant to both human physiological and tumor (lymph)angiogenesis to be conducted in zebrafish. This review highlights recent advancements in the zebrafish anti-vascular screening platform and showcases promising new anti-(lymph)angiogenic compounds that have been derived from this model. In addition, this review discusses the promises and challenges of the zebrafish model in the context of anti-(lymph)angiogenic compound discovery for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhide S Okuda
- Drug Discovery, Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hui Mei Lee
- Drug Discovery, Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Vithya Velaithan
- Drug Discovery, Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mei Fong Ng
- Drug Discovery, Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Vyomesh Patel
- Drug Discovery, Cancer Research Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
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Zhang J, Liu C, Shi W, Yang L, Zhang Q, Cui J, Fang Y, Li Y, Ren G, Yang S, Xiang R. The novel VEGF receptor 2 inhibitor YLL545 inhibits angiogenesis and growth in breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:41067-41080. [PMID: 27203384 PMCID: PMC5173043 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Their antiangiogenic effects make vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) inhibitors useful for cancer treatment. However, most of these drugs have unexpected adverse side effects. Here, we show that the novel VEGFR2 inhibitor YLL545 suppressed tumor angiogenesis and growth in triple-negative breast cancer without adverse effects. YLL545 treatment also markedly inhibited proliferation, migration, invasion, and tube formation by human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro. These effects of YLL545 were equal to or greater than those seen with sorafenib. In addition, YLL545 inhibited VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VEGFR2 and activation of downstream signaling regulators, such as phospho-STAT3 and phospho-ERK1/2, in HUVECs. Embryonic angiogenesis assays in zebrafish and Matrigel plug assays in mice demonstrated that YLL545 inhibits angiogenesis in vivo. YLL545 also inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo, and 50 mg/kg/d YLL545 inhibited human tumor xenograft growth by more than 50% in BALB/c nude mice. These observations suggest YLL545 is a potentially useful anticancer drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen Shi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingling Yang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Sichuan, China
| | - Quansheng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianlin Cui
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yangwu Fang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuhao Li
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Sichuan, China
| | - Guosheng Ren
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Neurovascular Regulation, Medical College of Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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34
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Wu JQ, Zhai J, Li CY, Tan AM, Wei P, Shen LZ, He MF. Patient-derived xenograft in zebrafish embryos: a new platform for translational research in gastric cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:160. [PMID: 29141689 PMCID: PMC5688753 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0631-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer (GC) is among the most commonly cancer occurred in Asian, especially in China. With its high heterogeneity and few of validated drug targets, GC remains to be one of the most under explored areas of precision medicine. In this study, we aimed to establish an in vivo patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model based on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos, allowing for a rapid analysis of the angiogenic and invasive potentials, as well as a fast drug sensitivity testing. Methods Two human gastric cancer cell lines (AGS and SGC-7901) were xenografted into zebrafish embryos, their sensitivity to 5-FU were tested both in vitro and in vivo. Fourteen human primary cells from gastric cancer tissue were xenografted into zebrafish embryos, their proliferating, angiogenic and metastatic activities were evaluated in vivo. Sensitivity to 5-FU, docetaxel, and apatinib were also tested on primary samples from four patients. Results SGC-7901 showed higher sensitivity to 5-FU than AGS both in vitro (6.3 ± 0.9 μM vs.10.5 ± 1.8 μM) and in vivo. Nine out of fourteen patient samples were successfully transplanted in zebrafish embryos and all showed proliferating, angiogenic and metastatic potentials in the living embryos. Four cases showed varied sensitivity to the selected three chemotherapeutic drugs. Conclusions Our zebrafish PDX (zPDX) model is a preclinically reliable in vivo model for GC. The zPDX model is also a promising platform for the translational research and personalized treatment on GC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-017-0631-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Wu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211800, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhai
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China.,Department of Surgery Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Chong-Yong Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211800, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Min Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Innovative Drug Development, Jiangsu Simcere Pharmaceutical R&D Co. Ltd., Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210042, China
| | - Ping Wei
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211800, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Zong Shen
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ming-Fang He
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu South Road, Nanjing, 211800, People's Republic of China.
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35
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García-Caballero M, Quesada AR, Medina MA, Marí-Beffa M. Fishing anti(lymph)angiogenic drugs with zebrafish. Drug Discov Today 2017; 23:366-374. [PMID: 29081356 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish, an amenable small teleost fish with a complex mammal-like circulatory system, is being increasingly used for drug screening and toxicity studies. It combines the biological complexity of in vivo models with a higher-throughput screening capability compared with other available animal models. Externally growing, transparent embryos, displaying well-defined blood and lymphatic vessels, allow the inexpensive, rapid, and automatable evaluation of drug candidates that are able to inhibit neovascularisation. Here, we briefly review zebrafish as a model for the screening of anti(lymph)angiogenic drugs, with emphasis on the advantages and limitations of the different zebrafish-based in vivo assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa García-Caballero
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, and IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga), University of Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Málaga, Spain; Unit 741 of CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ana R Quesada
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, and IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga), University of Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Málaga, Spain; Unit 741 of CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Málaga, Spain
| | - Miguel A Medina
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, and IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga), University of Málaga, Andalucía Tech, Málaga, Spain; Unit 741 of CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Manuel Marí-Beffa
- Department of Cellular Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain; CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Málaga, Spain.
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36
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Li Y, Chen T, Miao X, Yi X, Wang X, Zhao H, Lee SMY, Zheng Y. Zebrafish: A promising in vivo model for assessing the delivery of natural products, fluorescence dyes and drugs across the blood-brain barrier. Pharmacol Res 2017; 125:246-257. [PMID: 28867638 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The blood brain barrier (BBB) is the network of capillaries that controls the passage of substances from the blood into the brain and other parts of the central nervous system (CNS). As this barrier is the major obstacle for drug delivery into CNS, a credible BBB model is very necessary to assess the BBB permeability of novel neuroactive compounds including thousands of bioactive compounds which have been extracted from medicinal plants and have the potential for the treatment of CNS diseases. Increasing reports indicated that zebrafish has emerged as a timely, reproducible model for BBB permeability assessment. In this review, the development and functions of the BBB in zebrafish, such as its anatomical morphology, tight junctions, drug transporters and enzyme expression, are compared with those in mammals. The studies outlined in this review describe the utilization of the zebrafish as a BBB model to investigate the permeability and distribution of fluorescent dyes and drugs. Particularly, this review focuses on the use of zebrafish to evaluate the delivery of natural products and nanosized drug delivery systems across the BBB. Due to the highly conserved nature of both the structure and function of the BBB between zebrafish and mammals, zebrafish has the potential to be developed as a model for assessing and predicting the permeability of BBB to novel compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Tongkai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xiaoqing Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xiang Yi
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xueqing Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Haitao Zhao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Simon Ming-Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.
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Substantial protection against MPTP-associated Parkinson's neurotoxicity in vitro and in vivo by anti-cancer agent SU4312 via activation of MEF2D and inhibition of MAO-B. Neuropharmacology 2017; 126:12-24. [PMID: 28807675 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated the unexpected neuroprotection of the anti-cancer agent SU4312 in cellular models associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the precise mechanisms underlying its neuroprotection are still unknown, and the effects of SU4312 on rodent models of PD have not been characterized. In the current study, we found that the protection of SU4312 against 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+)-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells was achieved through the activation of transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor 2D (MEF2D), as evidenced by the fact that SU4312 stimulated myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) transcriptional activity and prevented the inhibition of MEF2D protein expression caused by MPP+, and that short hairpin RNA (ShRNA)-mediated knockdown of MEF2D significantly abolished the neuroprotection of SU4312. Additionally, Western blotting analysis revealed that SU4312 potentiated pro-survival PI3-K/Akt pathway to down-regulate MEF2D inhibitor glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3β). Furthermore, using the in vivo PD model of C57BL/6 mice insulted with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), we found that intragastrical administration of SU4312 (0.2 and 1 mg/kg) greatly ameliorated Parkinsonian motor defects, and restored protein levels of MEF2D, phosphorylated-Ser473-Akt and phosphorylated-Ser9-GSK3β. Meanwhile, SU4312 effectively reversed the decrease in protein expression of tyrosine hydroxylase in substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic neurons, inhibited oxidative stress, maintained mitochondrial biogenesis and partially prevented the depletion of dopamine and its metabolites. Very encouragingly, SU4312 was able to selectively inhibit monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) activity both in vitro and in vivo, with an IC50 value of 0.2 μM. These findings suggest that SU4312 provides therapeutic benefits in cellular and animal models of PD, possibly through multiple mechanisms including enhancement of MEF2D through the activation of PI3-K/Akt pathway, maintenance of mitochondrial biogenesis and inhibition of MAO-B activity. SU4312 thus may be an effective drug candidate for the prevention or even modification of the pathological processes of PD.
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38
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Shun T, Gough AH, Sanker S, Hukriede NA, Vogt A. Exploiting Analysis of Heterogeneity to Increase the Information Content Extracted from Fluorescence Micrographs of Transgenic Zebrafish Embryos. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2017; 15:257-266. [PMID: 28800244 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2017.793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish embryos are a near-ideal animal model for drug discovery because of their high genetic and physiological similarity to mammals, small size, high fecundity, and optical transparency. The latter properties make zebrafish at larval stages especially suited for high-content analysis and high throughput screening (HTS). However, inherent biological complexity and the inability to screen multiple specimens in a single well present a challenge for HTS because limiting replicates and high variability often prevent assays from reaching the stringent performance criteria demanded of large-scale screening assays. In this report, we present methodology that overcomes these obstacles. We used our previously developed Tg(lhx1a:EGFP)pt303 line, which expresses a fluorescent transgene that enables live real-time measurements of kidney progenitor cell expansion. Since transgenes are expressed in specific cell populations, whose localization is precisely controlled, both spatially and temporally, we considered the developing embryo to be a "host" for a cell population, analogous to a well of a cell culture microplate, rather than a single specimen. By adopting this view, parameters routinely used to analyze cultured cells became applicable to characterize and quantify zebrafish transgene appearance beyond the overall intensity or area measurements, which are analogous to calculating well average data. Using the pixel-level distribution of transgene intensity as a proxy to cell-level data, we applied population-based intensity and heterogeneity measurements to quantitatively describe and characterize transgene expression in each embryo. Subsequent linear discriminant analysis on eight such parameters captured and condensed this information into a single assay parameter that maximizes the difference between positive and negative responses. The improvements in assay performance resulted in the Tg(lhx1a:EGFP)pt303 assay achieving HTS compatible assay performance in multi-day variability studies, documenting readiness for HTS of compounds that expand kidney progenitor cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongying Shun
- 1 University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Albert H Gough
- 1 University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Subramaniam Sanker
- 3 Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Neil A Hukriede
- 3 Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,4 Center for Critical Care Nephrology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andreas Vogt
- 1 University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Abstract
In the last 30 years, the zebrafish has become a widely used model organism for research on vertebrate development and disease. Through a powerful combination of genetics and experimental embryology, significant inroads have been made into the regulation of embryonic axis formation, organogenesis, and the development of neural networks. Research with this model has also expanded into other areas, including the genetic regulation of aging, regeneration, and animal behavior. Zebrafish are a popular model because of the ease with which they can be maintained, their small size and low cost, the ability to obtain hundreds of embryos on a daily basis, and the accessibility, translucency, and rapidity of early developmental stages. This primer describes the swift progress of genetic approaches in zebrafish and highlights recent advances that have led to new insights into vertebrate biology.
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Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis by chlorogenic acid via targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2-mediated signaling pathway. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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High-throughput identification of small molecules that affect human embryonic vascular development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E3022-E3031. [PMID: 28348206 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1617451114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Birth defects, which are in part caused by exposure to environmental chemicals and pharmaceutical drugs, affect 1 in every 33 babies born in the United States each year. The current standard to screen drugs that affect embryonic development is based on prenatal animal testing; however, this approach yields low-throughput and limited mechanistic information regarding the biological pathways and potential adverse consequences in humans. To develop a screening platform for molecules that affect human embryonic development based on endothelial cells (ECs) derived from human pluripotent stem cells, we differentiated human pluripotent stem cells into embryonic ECs and induced their maturation under arterial flow conditions. These cells were then used to screen compounds that specifically affect embryonic vasculature. Using this platform, we have identified two compounds that have higher inhibitory effect in embryonic than postnatal ECs. One of them was fluphenazine (an antipsychotic), which inhibits calmodulin kinase II. The other compound was pyrrolopyrimidine (an antiinflammatory agent), which inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), decreases EC viability, induces an inflammatory response, and disrupts preformed vascular networks. The vascular effect of the pyrrolopyrimidine was further validated in prenatal vs. adult mouse ECs and in embryonic and adult zebrafish. We developed a platform based on human pluripotent stem cell-derived ECs for drug screening, which may open new avenues of research for the study and modulation of embryonic vasculature.
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Zebrafish Embryo as an In Vivo Model for Behavioral and Pharmacological Characterization of Methylxanthine Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030596. [PMID: 28282918 PMCID: PMC5372612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish embryo is emerging as an important tool for behavior analysis as well as toxicity testing. In this study, we compared the effect of nine different methylxanthine drugs using zebrafish embryo as a model. We performed behavioral analysis, biochemical assay and Fish Embryo Toxicity (FET) test in zebrafish embryos after treatment with methylxanthines. Each drug appeared to behave in different ways and showed a distinct pattern of results. Embryos treated with seven out of nine methylxanthines exhibited epileptic-like pattern of movements, the severity of which varied with drugs and doses used. Cyclic AMP measurement showed that, despite of a significant increase in cAMP with some compounds, it was unrelated to the observed movement behavior changes. FET test showed a different pattern of toxicity with different methylxanthines. Each drug could be distinguished from the other based on its effect on mortality, morphological defects and teratogenic effects. In addition, there was a strong positive correlation between the toxic doses (TC50) calculated in zebrafish embryos and lethal doses (LD50) in rodents obtained from TOXNET database. Taken together, all these findings elucidate the potentiality of zebrafish embryos as an in vivo model for behavioral and toxicity testing of methylxanthines and other related compounds.
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Butler CT, Reynolds AL, Tosetto M, Dillon ET, Guiry PJ, Cagney G, O'Sullivan J, Kennedy BN. A Quininib Analogue and Cysteinyl Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist Inhibits Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)-independent Angiogenesis and Exerts an Additive Antiangiogenic Response with Bevacizumab. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:3552-3567. [PMID: 28035003 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.747766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess blood vessel growth contributes to the pathology of metastatic cancers and age-related retinopathies. Despite development of improved treatments, these conditions are associated with high economic costs and drug resistance. Bevacizumab (Avastin®), a monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), is used clinically to treat certain types of metastatic cancers. Unfortunately, many patients do not respond or inevitably become resistant to bevacizumab, highlighting the need for more effective antiangiogenic drugs with novel mechanisms of action. Previous studies discovered quininib, an antiangiogenic small molecule antagonist of cysteinyl leukotriene receptors 1 and 2 (CysLT1 and CysLT2). Here, we screened a series of quininib analogues and identified a more potent antiangiogenic novel chemical entity (IUPAC name (E)-2-(2-quinolin-2-yl-vinyl)-benzene-1,4-diol HCl) hereafter designated Q8. Q8 inhibits developmental angiogenesis in Tg(fli1:EGFP) zebrafish and inhibits human microvascular endothelial cell (HMEC-1) proliferation, tubule formation, and migration. Q8 elicits antiangiogenic effects in a VEGF-independent in vitro model of angiogenesis and exerts an additive antiangiogenic response with the anti-VEGF biologic bevacizumab. Cell-based receptor binding assays confirm that Q8 is a CysLT1 antagonist and is sufficient to reduce cellular levels of NF-κB and calpain-2 and secreted levels of the proangiogenic proteins intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion protein-1, and VEGF. Distinct reductions of VEGF by bevacizumab explain the additive antiangiogenic effects observed in combination with Q8. In summary, Q8 is a more effective antiangiogenic drug compared with quininib. The VEGF-independent activity coupled with the additive antiangiogenic response observed in combination with bevacizumab demonstrates that Q8 offers an alternative therapeutic strategy to combat resistance associated with conventional anti-VEGF therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare T Butler
- From the UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute and
| | - Alison L Reynolds
- From the UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute and
| | - Miriam Tosetto
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland, and
| | - Eugene T Dillon
- From the UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute and
| | - Patrick J Guiry
- UCD School of Chemistry, UCD Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Gerard Cagney
- From the UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute and
| | - Jacintha O'Sullivan
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Department of Surgery, Trinity College Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Breandán N Kennedy
- From the UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute and
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Wiley DS, Redfield SE, Zon LI. Chemical screening in zebrafish for novel biological and therapeutic discovery. Methods Cell Biol 2016; 138:651-679. [PMID: 28129862 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish chemical screening allows for an in vivo assessment of small molecule modulation of biological processes. Compound toxicities, chemical alterations by metabolism, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, and modulation of cell niches can be studied with this method. Furthermore, zebrafish screening is straightforward and cost effective. Zebrafish provide an invaluable platform for novel therapeutic discovery through chemical screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Wiley
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Childrens' Hospital Boston, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - S E Redfield
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Childrens' Hospital Boston, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - L I Zon
- Stem Cell Program and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Childrens' Hospital Boston, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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McCollum CW, Conde-Vancells J, Hans C, Vazquez-Chantada M, Kleinstreuer N, Tal T, Knudsen T, Shah SS, Merchant FA, Finnell RH, Gustafsson JÅ, Cabrera R, Bondesson M. Identification of vascular disruptor compounds by analysis in zebrafish embryos and mouse embryonic endothelial cells. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 70:60-69. [PMID: 27838387 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
To identify vascular disruptor compounds (VDCs), this study utilized an in vivo zebrafish embryo vascular model in conjunction with a mouse endothelial cell model to screen a subset of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ToxCast Phase I chemical inventory. In zebrafish, 161 compounds were screened and 34 were identified by visual inspection as VDCs, of which 28 were confirmed as VDCs by quantitative image analysis. Testing of the zebrafish VDCs for their capacity to inhibit endothelial tube formation in the murine yolk-sac-derived endothelial cell line C166 identified 22 compounds that both disrupted zebrafish vascular development and murine endothelial in vitro tubulogenesis. Putative molecular targets for the VDCs were predicted using EPA's Toxicological Prioritization Index tool and a VDC signature based on a proposed adverse outcome pathway for developmental vascular toxicity. In conclusion, our screening approach identified 22 novel VDCs, some of which were active at nanomolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine W McCollum
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Javier Conde-Vancells
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Charu Hans
- Department of Computer Science, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Mercedes Vazquez-Chantada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | | | | | | | - Shishir S Shah
- Department of Computer Science, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Fatima A Merchant
- Department of Computer Science, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; Department of Engineering Technology, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Richard H Finnell
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Cabrera
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, USA
| | - Maria Bondesson
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
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Xu X, Wu Y, Hu M, Li X, Bao Q, Bian J, You Q, Zhang X. Novel Natural Product-like Caged Xanthones Bearing a Carbamate Moiety Exhibit Antitumor Potency and Anti-Angiogenesis Activity In vivo. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35771. [PMID: 27767192 PMCID: PMC5073322 DOI: 10.1038/srep35771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
DDO-6101, a simplified structure obtained from the Garcinia natural product (NP) gambogic acid (GA), has been previously shown to possess high cytotoxicity to a variety of human tumour cell lines. To improve its physicochemical properties and in vivo cytotoxic potency, a series of novel carbamate-bearing derivatives based on DDO-6101 was synthesized and characterized. The structural modifications revealed that the presence of a carbamate moiety was useful for obtaining comparable cytotoxicity and improved aqueous solubility and permeability. 8n, which contains a bipiperidine carbamate moiety, displayed better drug properties and potential in in vivo antitumor activity. In addition, an antitumor mechanistic study suggested that 8n (DDO-6337) inhibited the ATPase activity of Hsp90 (Heat shock protein 90), leading to the inhibition of HIF-1a and ultimately contributing to its anti-angiogenesis and antitumor properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Mingyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qichao Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jinlei Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qidong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
- Department of Organic Chemistry, School of Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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Preclinical validation of the small molecule drug quininib as a novel therapeutic for colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34523. [PMID: 27739445 PMCID: PMC5064353 DOI: 10.1038/srep34523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer deaths. Molecularly targeted therapies (e.g. bevacizumab) have improved survival rates but drug resistance ultimately develops and newer therapies are required. We identified quininib as a small molecule drug with anti-angiogenic activity using in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo screening models. Quininib (2-[(E)-2-(Quinolin-2-yl) vinyl] phenol), is a small molecule drug (molecular weight 283.75 g/mol), which significantly inhibited blood vessel development in zebrafish embryos (p < 0.001). In vitro, quininib reduced endothelial tubule formation (p < 0.001), cell migration was unaffected by quininib and cell survival was reduced by quininib (p < 0.001). Using ex vivo human CRC explants, quininib significantly reduced the secretions of IL-6, IL-8, VEGF, ENA-78, GRO-α, TNF, IL-1β and MCP-1 ex vivo (all values p < 0.01). Quininib is well tolerated in mice when administered at 50 mg/kg intraperitoneally every 3 days and significantly reduced tumour growth of HT-29-luc2 CRC tumour xenografts compared to vehicle control. In addition, quininib reduced the signal from a αvβ3 integrin fluorescence probe in tumours 10 days after treatment initiation, indicative of angiogenic inhibition. Furthermore, quininib reduced the expression of angiogenic genes in xenografted tumours. Collectively, these findings support further development of quininib as a novel therapeutic agent for CRC.
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Li J, Peng Y, Li S, Sun Y, Chan JYW, Cui G, Wang D, Zhou GC, Lee SMY. Anti-angiogenic activity of a new andrographolide derivative in zebrafish and HUVECs. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 789:344-353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Williams CH, Hong CC. Zebrafish small molecule screens: Taking the phenotypic plunge. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2016; 14:350-356. [PMID: 27721960 PMCID: PMC5050293 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Target based chemical screens are a mainstay of modern drug discovery, but the effectiveness of this reductionist approach is being questioned in light of declines in pharmaceutical R & D efficiency. In recent years, phenotypic screens have gained increasing acceptance as a complementary/alternative approach to early drug discovery. We discuss the various model organisms used in phenotypic screens, with particular focus on zebrafish, which has emerged as a leading model of in vivo phenotypic screens. Additionally, we anticipate therapeutic opportunities, particularly in orphan disease space, in the context of rapid advances in human Mendelian genetics, electronic health record (EHR)-enabled genome–phenome associations, and genome editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles H Williams
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Charles C Hong
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Research Medicine, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
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