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Zhao L, Pang Y, Zhou Y, Chen J, Fu H, Guo W, Xu W, Xue X, Su G, Sun L, Wu H, Zhang J, Wang Z, Lin Q, Chen X, Chen H. Antitumor efficacy and potential mechanism of FAP-targeted radioligand therapy combined with immune checkpoint blockade. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:142. [PMID: 38825657 PMCID: PMC11144707 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01853-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy combined with immune checkpoint blockade holds great promise for synergistic antitumor efficacy. Targeted radionuclide therapy delivers radiation directly to tumor sites. LNC1004 is a fibroblast activation protein (FAP)-targeting radiopharmaceutical, conjugated with the albumin binder Evans Blue, which has demonstrated enhanced tumor uptake and retention in previous preclinical and clinical studies. Herein, we demonstrate that 68Ga/177Lu-labeled LNC1004 exhibits increased uptake and prolonged retention in MC38/NIH3T3-FAP and CT26/NIH3T3-FAP tumor xenografts. Radionuclide therapy with 177Lu-LNC1004 induced a transient upregulation of PD-L1 expression in tumor cells. The combination of 177Lu-LNC1004 and anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy led to complete eradication of all tumors in MC38/NIH3T3-FAP tumor-bearing mice, with mice showing 100% tumor rejection upon rechallenge. Immunohistochemistry, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), and TCR sequencing revealed that combination therapy reprogrammed the tumor microenvironment in mice to foster antitumor immunity by suppressing malignant progression and increasing cell-to-cell communication, CD8+ T-cell activation and expansion, M1 macrophage counts, antitumor activity of neutrophils, and T-cell receptor diversity. A preliminary clinical study demonstrated that 177Lu-LNC1004 was well-tolerated and effective in patients with refractory cancers. Further, scRNA-seq of peripheral blood mononuclear cells underscored the importance of addressing immune evasion through immune checkpoint blockade treatment. This was emphasized by the observed increase in antigen processing and presentation juxtaposed with T cell inactivation. In conclusion, our data supported the efficacy of immunotherapy combined with 177Lu-LNC1004 for cancer patients with FAP-positive tumors.
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Grants
- 82071961 National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- 82272037 National Natural Science Foundation of China (National Science Foundation of China)
- NUHSRO/2023/008/NUSMed/TCE/LOA National University of Singapore (NUS)
- NUHSRO/2021/034/TRP/09/Nanomedicine National University of Singapore (NUS)
- (MOH-001388-00, CG21APR1005) MOH | National Medical Research Council (NMRC)
- NRF-000352-00 National Research Foundation Singapore (National Research Foundation-Prime Minister's office, Republic of Singapore)
- Fujian Research and Training Grants for Young and Middle-aged Leaders in Healthcare, Key Scientific Research Program for Yong Scholars in Fujian (2021ZQNZD016), Fujian Natural Science Foundation for Distinguished Yong Scholars (2022D005)
- Key Medical and Health Projects in Xiamen (Grant number 3502Z20209002), Xiamen Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Xiamen Clinical Research Center for Head and Neck Cancer, and 2021 National Clinical Key Specialty, (Oncology, Grant number 3210013)
- National Research Foundation Singapore (National Research Foundation-Prime Minister’s office, Republic of Singapore)
- Singapore Ministry of Education (MOE-000387-00)
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Minnan PET Center, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yizhen Pang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Minnan PET Center, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yangfan Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Minnan PET Center, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Xiamen Cancer Center, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jianhao Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Minnan PET Center, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Department of Colorectal Tumor Surgery, Xiamen Cancer Center, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hao Fu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Minnan PET Center, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Minnan PET Center, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Weizhi Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Minnan PET Center, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xin Xue
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoqiang Su
- Department of Colorectal Tumor Surgery, Xiamen Cancer Center, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Long Sun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Minnan PET Center, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hua Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Minnan PET Center, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhanxiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Department of Neuroscience, Fujian Key Laboratory of Brain Tumors Diagnosis and Precision Treatment, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Brain Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qin Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Xiamen Cancer Center, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Haojun Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Minnan PET Center, Xiamen Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Photoelectric Functional Materials, Xiamen Institute of Rare Earth Materials, Haixi Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China.
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How post-translational modifications influence the biological activity of chemokines. Cytokine 2018; 109:29-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Liang K, Liu Y, Eer D, Liu J, Yang F, Hu K. High CXC Chemokine Ligand 16 (CXCL16) Expression Promotes Proliferation and Metastasis of Lung Cancer via Regulating the NF-κB Pathway. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:405-411. [PMID: 29353287 PMCID: PMC5788242 DOI: 10.12659/msm.906230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CXC chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16) is a soluble chemokine with a transmembrane domain, playing an important role in inflammatory regulation. NF-κB has a critical role in tumor progression. Recent studies focused on the effect of CXCL16 on tumor progression. However, few reports showed the influence of CXCL16 on lung cancer, especially in regulating NF-κB activity. Here we investigated CXCL16 expression and its clinical significance in lung cancer, as well as the effect on lung cancer cell biological characteristics by regulating NF-κB. MATERIAL AND METHODS CXCL16 expression in lung cancer was detected and its associations with clinical characteristics were analyzed. Proliferation and invasion of A549 and PC-9 cells was measured before and after silencing CXCL16 or inhibiting the NF-κB pathway, separately. RESULTS The positive rate of CXCL16 in lung cancer tissue was significantly higher than that in adjacent tissue, and that in patients with lymphatic metastasis was significantly higher than that in patients without (all, P<0.05). The positive rate of CXCL16 was significantly (P<0.05) positively corrected with poor prognosis of lung cancer. Silencing CXCL16 not only suppressed proliferation and invasion of A549 and PC-9 cells, but also significantly (P<0.05) inhibited c-Rel, p105, and Rel-B in the NF-κB pathway. Inhibiting NF-κB also suppressed proliferation and invasion of A549 and PC-9 cells, which was similar to the results after silencing CXCL16. CONCLUSIONS Enhanced CXCL16 expression in lung cancer tissue promoted the proliferation and invasion of lung cancer cells. CXCL16 might promote proliferation and invasion of lung cancer by regulating the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Liang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Yanru Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China (mainland)
| | - Dun Eer
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China (mainland)
| | - Jingbin Liu
- Department of Respiratory, Hospital of FIRMACO (The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University), Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China (mainland)
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Respiratory, Hospital of FIRMACO (The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University), Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China (mainland)
| | - Ke Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
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Rotondi M, Coperchini F, Latrofa F, Chiovato L. Role of Chemokines in Thyroid Cancer Microenvironment: Is CXCL8 the Main Player? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:314. [PMID: 29977225 PMCID: PMC6021500 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-related inflammation does influence the biological behavior of neoplastic cells and ultimately the patient's outcome. With specific regard to thyroid cancer, the issue of tumor-associated inflammation has been extensively studied and recently reviewed. However, the role of chemokines, which play a crucial role in determining the immuno-phenotype of tumor-related inflammation, was not addressed in previous reviews on the topic. Experimental evidence shows that thyroid cancer cells actively secrete a wide spectrum of chemokines and, at least for some of them, solid scientific data support a role for these immune-active molecules in the aggressive behavior of the tumor. Our proposal for a review article on chemokines and thyroid cancer stems from the notion that chemokines, besides having the ability to attract and maintain immune cells at the tumor site, also produce several pro-tumorigenic actions, which include proangiogenetic, cytoproliferative, and pro-metastatic effects. Studies taking into account the role of CCL15, C-X-C motif ligand 12, CXCL16, CXCL1, CCL20, and CCL2 in the context of thyroid cancer will be reviewed with particular emphasis on CXCL8. The reason for focusing on CXCL8 is that this chemokine is the most studied one in human malignancies, displaying multifaceted pro-tumorigenic effects. These include enhancement of tumor cells growth, metastatization, and angiogenesis overall contributing to the progression of several cancers including thyroid cancer. We aim at reviewing current knowledge on the (i) ability of both normal and tumor thyroid cells to secrete CXCL8; (ii) direct/indirect pro-tumorigenic effects of CXCL8 demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo studies specifically performed on thyroid cancer cells; and (iii) pharmacologic strategies proven to be effective for lowering CXCL8 secretion and/or its effects on thyroid cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rotondi
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, ICS Maugeri I.R.C.C.S., Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Coperchini
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, ICS Maugeri I.R.C.C.S., Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Latrofa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Chiovato
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, ICS Maugeri I.R.C.C.S., Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Luca Chiovato,
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Ke C, Ren Y, Lv L, Hu W, Zhou W. Association between CXCL16/CXCR6 expression and the clinicopathological features of patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:4661-4668. [PMID: 28599467 PMCID: PMC5452963 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, therefore identifying biomarkers for the early detection, grading or postoperative follow-up of lung cancer is of clinical significance. In the present study, expression of lung tissue (t)-CXCL16 and t-CXCR6 was examined in 58 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using immunohistochemical staining, and serum (s)-CXCL16 levels were detected in 58 patients with NSCLC and in 32 normal volunteers using an ELISA. A follow-up was performed every 4 months between January 2014 and January 2015. Compared with the normal volunteers, the s-CXCL16 concentration in patients with NSCLC significantly increased (329.47±135.38 vs. 572.82±116.05 pg/ml, respectively; P<0.001). When grouped according to TNM stage, the expression of t-CXCL16 (60 vs. 85.71%; P=0.029), t-CXCR6 (53.33 vs. 78.57%; P=0.043) and s-CXCL16 (26.67 vs. 57.14%, P=0.019) in the stage I-II subgroup was significantly lower compared with that of the stage III-IV subgroup. The positive expression rate of t-CXCL16 (91.18%) and t-CXCR6 (79.41%) in the lymph node metastasis subgroup was significantly higher compared with that of the corresponding non-lymph node metastasis subgroup (50 and 45.83%, respectively; P<0.01). Additionally, the positive expression rate of t-CXCL16 in the smoking subgroup was 100%, which was significantly higher compared with that of the non-smoking subgroup (23.81%) (P<0.001). The follow-up and mortality rates were 100% (58/58) and 13.79% (8/58), respectively. Within the time period of the present study, the survival time was 4-18 months, and the mean survival time was 16.6 months. In conclusion, the expression of t-CXCL16 and t-CXCR6 is positively correlated with the TNM stage and lymph node metastasis in patients with NSCLC. Additionally, there was a significant increase in s-CXCL16 levels in patients with NSCLC, suggesting that CXCL16 could be used as a supplementary biomarker for the early detection of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuangwu Ke
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yanchen Ren
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Lu Lv
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Hu
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China.,Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center and Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Wenhui Zhou
- Medical Center for Human Reproduction, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
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Koenen A, Babendreyer A, Schumacher J, Pasqualon T, Schwarz N, Seifert A, Deupi X, Ludwig A, Dreymueller D. The DRF motif of CXCR6 as chemokine receptor adaptation to adhesion. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173486. [PMID: 28267793 PMCID: PMC5340378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The CXC-chemokine receptor 6 (CXCR6) is a class A GTP-binding protein-coupled receptor (GPCRs) that mediates adhesion of leukocytes by interacting with the transmembrane cell surface-expressed chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16), and also regulates leukocyte migration by interacting with the soluble shed variant of CXCL16. In contrast to virtually all other chemokine receptors with chemotactic activity, CXCR6 carries a DRF motif instead of the typical DRY motif as a key element in receptor activation and G protein coupling. In this work, modeling analyses revealed that the phenylalanine F3.51 in CXCR6 might have impact on intramolecular interactions including hydrogen bonds by this possibly changing receptor function. Initial investigations with embryonic kidney HEK293 cells and further studies with monocytic THP-1 cells showed that mutation of DRF into DRY does not influence ligand binding, receptor internalization, receptor recycling, and protein kinase B (AKT) signaling. Adhesion was slightly decreased in a time-dependent manner. However, CXCL16-induced calcium signaling and migration were increased. Vice versa, when the DRY motif of the related receptor CX3CR1 was mutated into DRF the migratory response towards CX3CL1 was diminished, indicating that the presence of a DRF motif generally impairs chemotaxis in chemokine receptors. Transmembrane and soluble CXCL16 play divergent roles in homeostasis, inflammation, and cancer, which can be beneficial or detrimental. Therefore, the DRF motif of CXCR6 may display a receptor adaptation allowing adhesion and cell retention by transmembrane CXCL16 but reducing the chemotactic response to soluble CXCL16. This adaptation may avoid permanent or uncontrolled recruitment of inflammatory cells as well as cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Koenen
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Aaron Babendreyer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Julian Schumacher
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias Pasqualon
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nicole Schwarz
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anke Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Xavier Deupi
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research and Condensed Matter Theory Group, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Ludwig
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniela Dreymueller
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Cho SW, Kim YA, Sun HJ, Kim YA, Oh BC, Yi KH, Park DJ, Park YJ. CXCL16 signaling mediated macrophage effects on tumor invasion of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:113-24. [PMID: 26559672 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages in tumor microenvironment have pivotal roles in tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis. We investigated the interacting mechanism of macrophage actions in human papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Co-cultures of macrophage/PTC significantly increased the cancer cell migration potentials, compared with the PTC culture alone. Treatment of conditioned medium (CM) of macrophage/PTC co-cultures enhanced cell invasions in 3D invasion assay. Cytokine array analysis demonstrated that CM of macrophage/PTC co-cultures contained a high level of CXCL16, while it was not found in CM of PTC culture alone. Treatment with CXCL16 enhanced the cell migration potentials in PTC cells, and blocking CXCL16 signaling using anti-CXCL16 antibody or metalloproteinase inhibitor (TAPI2) attenuated macrophage-mediated enhancement of PTC cell migration potentials. In PTC cells, CXCL16 treatment or co-cultures with macrophages increased Akt phosphorylation, and these macrophage-dependent increases of Akt phosphorylation was inhibited by anti-CXCL16 antibody. Moreover, Akt inhibitor attenuated macrophage-mediated increases of PTC cell migration potential. In macrophages, treatment of macrophage/PTC co-cultured CMs up-regulated CD163, Il10, and CD206, which were attenuated by anti-CXCL16 antibody treatment. Finally, CXCR6 and CXCL16 expressions were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining with a thyroid tissue microarray including 136 PTC. CXCR6 expressions showed positive correlation with the density of CD163(+) macrophages and associated with lymph node metastasis. In conclusion, CXCL16 signaling partly mediated macrophage actions on PTC tumor cell invasion and also changed the macrophage phenotypes into M2-macrophages in PTC tumor microenvironment. These data suggested that CXCL16 signaling, a bidirectional player in macrophage-associated tumor microenvironment, might be a potential therapeutic target of human PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Wook Cho
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South KoreaDepartment of PathologyBorame Medical Center 20, Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 07061, South KoreaLee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes InstituteGachon University Graduate School of Medicine, 155 Gatbeol-ro, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Young A Kim
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South KoreaDepartment of PathologyBorame Medical Center 20, Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 07061, South KoreaLee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes InstituteGachon University Graduate School of Medicine, 155 Gatbeol-ro, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Sun
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South KoreaDepartment of PathologyBorame Medical Center 20, Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 07061, South KoreaLee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes InstituteGachon University Graduate School of Medicine, 155 Gatbeol-ro, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Ye An Kim
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South KoreaDepartment of PathologyBorame Medical Center 20, Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 07061, South KoreaLee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes InstituteGachon University Graduate School of Medicine, 155 Gatbeol-ro, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Oh
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South KoreaDepartment of PathologyBorame Medical Center 20, Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 07061, South KoreaLee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes InstituteGachon University Graduate School of Medicine, 155 Gatbeol-ro, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Ka Hee Yi
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South KoreaDepartment of PathologyBorame Medical Center 20, Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 07061, South KoreaLee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes InstituteGachon University Graduate School of Medicine, 155 Gatbeol-ro, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Do Joon Park
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South KoreaDepartment of PathologyBorame Medical Center 20, Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 07061, South KoreaLee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes InstituteGachon University Graduate School of Medicine, 155 Gatbeol-ro, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 406-840, Korea
| | - Young Joo Park
- Department of Internal MedicineSeoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, South KoreaDepartment of PathologyBorame Medical Center 20, Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 07061, South KoreaLee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes InstituteGachon University Graduate School of Medicine, 155 Gatbeol-ro, Yeonsu-ku, Incheon 406-840, Korea
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Richardsen E, Ness N, Melbø-Jørgensen C, Johannesen C, Grindstad T, Nordbakken C, Al-Saad S, Andersen S, Dønnem T, Nordby Y, Bremnes RM, Busund LT. The Prognostic Significance of CXCL16 and Its Receptor C-X-C Chemokine Receptor 6 in Prostate Cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:2722-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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10
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Li Y, Fu LX, Zhu WL, Shi H, Chen LJ, Ye B. Blockade of CXCR6 reduces invasive potential of gastric cancer cells through inhibition of AKT signaling. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2015; 28:194-200. [PMID: 25921630 DOI: 10.1177/0394632015584502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors have been implicated in cell migration and metastasis of multiple malignant tumors. But the function of CXCR6 signaling in gastric cancer is not comprehensively understood. In the present study, we hypothesized that CXCR6 signaling might play an essential role in the progression of gastric cancer. The expression of CXCR6 was examined by immunohistochemical assay in human gastric cancer, and lentivirus-mediated CXCR6 knockdown by shRNA (Lv-shCXCR6) was used for investigating cell migration and invasion indicated by Wound-healing and Transwell assays. Consequently, the expression level of CXCR6 was increased in gastric cancer compared with the adjacent non-tumor tissues (54.2% vs. 27.1%, P = 0.006), and was closely associated with the metastatic lymph node in gastric cancer (P = 0.021). Furthermore, blockade of the CXCR6 signaling reduced the migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells followed by decreased expression of AKT, MMP-2, and MMP-9. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that CXCR6 may promote the development of gastric cancer cells through regulation of AKT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lishui Central Hospital and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, PR China
| | - Li-Xia Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lishui Central Hospital and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, PR China
| | - Wan-Lin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lishui Central Hospital and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, PR China
| | - Hua Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lishui Central Hospital and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, PR China
| | - Li-Jian Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lishui Central Hospital and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, PR China
| | - Bin Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lishui Central Hospital and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, PR China
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11
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Xu JM, Weng MZ, Song FB, Chen JY, Zhang JY, Wu JY, Qin J, Jin T, Wang XL. Blockade of the CXCR6 signaling inhibits growth and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells through inhibition of the VEGF expression. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2015; 27:553-61. [PMID: 25572735 DOI: 10.1177/039463201402700411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines have been shown to play a critical role in tumor development and progression. However, little is known about the function and molecular mechanisms of CXCR6 in multiple malignancies. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the role of CXCR6 in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The expression of CXCR6 was examined by immunohistochemical assay using a tissue microarray procedure. A loss-of-function experiment was performed to explore the effects of lentivirus-mediated CXCR6 shRNA (shCXCR6) on cell proliferation and invasive potential by MTT and Transwell assays in HCC cell line (SMMC-7721). It was found that the expression of CXCR6 protein was significantly increased in HCC tissues compared with that in adjacent non-cancerous tissues (ANCT) (63.04% vs 36.96%, P=0.019), and correlated with the lymph-vascular space invasion in HCC patients (P=0.038). Knockdown of CXCR6 repressed cell proliferation and invasion of HCC cells followed by the down-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Taken together, our findings show that high expression of CXCR6 is positively associated with distant invasion of HCC patients, and blockade of CXCR6 signaling suppresses the growth and invasion of HCC cells through inhibition of the VEGF expression, suggesting that CXCR6 may represent a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First Peoples Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - M Z Weng
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First Peoples Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - F B Song
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First Peoples Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - J Y Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First Peoples Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - J Y Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First Peoples Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - J Y Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First Peoples Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - J Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First Peoples Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - T Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First Peoples Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - X L Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai First Peoples Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Lee HS, Hong JE, Kim EJ, Kim SH. Escin Suppresses Migration and Invasion Involving the Alteration of CXCL16/CXCR6 Axis in Human Gastric Adenocarcinoma AGS Cells. Nutr Cancer 2014; 66:938-45. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2014.922202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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13
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Izquierdo MC, Martin-Cleary C, Fernandez-Fernandez B, Elewa U, Sanchez-Niño MD, Carrero JJ, Ortiz A. CXCL16 in kidney and cardiovascular injury. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:317-25. [PMID: 24861945 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CXC chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16) is a CXC soluble chemokine, an adhesion molecule and a cell surface scavenger receptor. CXCL16 regulates inflammation, tissue injury and fibrosis. Parenchymal renal cells, vascular wall cells, leukocytes and platelets express and/or release CXCL16 under the regulation of inflammatory mediators. CXCL16 expression is increased in experimental and human nephropathies. Targeting CXCL16 protected from experimental glomerular injury or interstitial fibrosis. Conflicting results were reported for experimental cardiovascular injury. High circulating CXCL16 levels are associated to human kidney and cardiovascular disease and urinary CXCL16 may increase in kidney injury. In conclusion, mounting evidence suggests a role of CXCL16 in kidney and cardiovascular disease. However, a better understanding is still required before exploring CXCL16 targeting in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Usama Elewa
- IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain; REDINREN, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | - Alberto Ortiz
- IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Madrid, Spain; REDINREN, Madrid, Spain; Universidad Autonoma de Madrid and FRIAT/IRSIN, Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Systemic identification of estrogen-regulated genes in breast cancer cells through cap analysis of gene expression mapping. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 447:531-6. [PMID: 24746470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To explore the estrogen-regulated genes genome-widely in breast cancer, cap analysis of gene expression (CAGE) sequencing was performed in MCF-7 cells under estrogen treatment. Estrogen-regulated expressional changes were found in 1537 CAGE tag clusters (TCs) (⩾1.5 or ⩽0.66-folds). Among them, 15 TCs were situated in the vicinity of (⩽10 kb) reported estrogen receptor-binding sites. Knockdown experiments of the 15 TC-associated genes demonstrated that the genes such as RAMP3, ISOC1 and GPRC5C potentially regulate the growth or migration of MCF-7 cells. These results suggest that CAGE sequencing will reveal novel estrogen target genes in breast cancer.
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15
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Jung Y, Kim JK, Shiozawa Y, Wang J, Mishra A, Joseph J, Berry JE, McGee S, Lee E, Sun H, Wang J, Jin T, Zhang H, Dai J, Krebsbach PH, Keller ET, Pienta KJ, Taichman RS. Recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells into prostate tumours promotes metastasis. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1795. [PMID: 23653207 PMCID: PMC3649763 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors recruit mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to facilitate healing, which induces their conversion into cancer-associated fibroblasts that facilitate metastasis. However, this process is poorly understood on the molecular level. Here we show that the CXCR6 ligand CXCL16 facilitates MSC or Very Small Embryonic-Like (VSEL) cells recruitment into prostate tumors. CXCR6 signaling stimulates the conversion of MSCs into cancer-associated fibroblasts, which secrete stromal-derived factor-1, also known as CXCL12. CXCL12 expressed by cancer-associated fibroblasts then binds to CXCR4 on tumor cells and induces an epithelial to mesenchymal transition, which ultimately promotes metastasis to secondary tumor sites. Our results provide the molecular basis for MSC recruitment into tumors and how this process leads to tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghun Jung
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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16
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Na KY, Kim HS, Jung WW, Sung JY, Kalil RK, Kim YW, Park YK. CXCL16 and CXCR6 in Ewing sarcoma family tumor. Hum Pathol 2013; 45:753-60. [PMID: 24507753 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2013.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are a family of peptide mediators that play an essential role in cellular migration and intracellular communication in tumor cells as well as immune cells. We hypothesized that the CXCL16-CXCR6 ligand-receptor system plays an important role in Ewing sarcoma (ES) family tumor (ESFT) progression. Using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, we investigated the mRNA expression of CXCL16, CXCR6, and ADAM 10 in various cell lines. We also investigated the expression of CXCL16, CXCR6, ADAM 10, and ADAM 17 in tissue samples from 61 ESFT patients using immunohistochemistry. The mRNA expression levels of CXCL16 and CXCR6 in the ES cell line were higher than those in the other cell lines. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that CXCL16 and CXCR6 were highly expressed in tumor cells of ESFT and showed a positive correlation between them. The expression of CXCL16 and CXCR6 was associated with the occurrence of lung metastasis. Univariate analysis revealed that CXCL16 or CXCR6 expression was associated with worse prognosis of ESFT patients. In addition, CXCL16 and CXCR6 expression was associated with shorter overall survival irrespective of other prognostic factors. Our results suggest that the CXCL16/CXCR6 axis appears to be important in the progression of ESFT, resulting in more aggressive clinical behavior. Furthermore, there may be a decrease in the overall survival in ESFT patients who have tumors that stain strongly for CXCL16 and CXCR6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Yong Na
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Sook Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woon-Won Jung
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Cheongju University, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Sung
- Department of Pathology, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ricardo Karam Kalil
- Laboratory of Orthopedic Pathology, Paraguay 2302, 11 Floor, of: 1. C1121ABL, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Youn Wha Kim
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong-Koo Park
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
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17
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Liu F, Zhang G, Liu F, Zhou X, Chen X, Han X, Wu Z, Zhao T. Effect of shRNA targeting mouse CD99L2 gene in a murine B cell lymphoma in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1405-14. [PMID: 23338758 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse CD99 antigen-like 2 (mCD99L2) has previously been confirmed to be expressed in murine B lymphoma (A20) cells by our group. The present study aimed to establish a mCD99L2‑downregulated A20 cell line and to investigate the effect of shRNA targeting mCD99L2 in A20 cells in vitro and in vivo. Four pLenti6/mCD99L2 expression vectors containing the mCD99L2 shRNA-expressing cassette were constructed, transfected into A20 cells and stable mCD99L2-downregulated A20 subclones, termed A20-mCD99L2- cells, were established and identified by quantitative PCR and western blot analysis. Light and transmission electron microscopy, MTT assay, flow cytometry and immunofluorenscence labeling were used to observe the morphological, biological and phenotypic characteristics in vitro. Some of the A20-mCD99L2- cells exhibited H/RS‑cell like morphology, a decreased proliferative ability, a prolonged G2 phase and increased CD30 and CD15 expression. Upon injecting cells into nude or immunocompetent BALB/c mice, tumorigenesis, tumor growth, morphology and phenotypes in vivo were observed. A20-mCD99L2- cells induced tumors in nude and BALB/c mice, but with less potency in the latter compared with the controls. Similar morphological, biological and phenotypic characteristics were observed in the A20-mCD99L2- cell-induced tumors as those in vitro. Several cytokines including CD30T, IL-12p40/p70, IL-3, IFN-γ, CXCL16, MIP-1α and CD40 were upregulated following mCD99L2 downregulation when detected using antibody arrays. The results from western blot analysis indicated that the regulation of mCD99L2 expression may involve the activated nuclear factor-κB pathway in the murine B lymphoma cells. The present study provides data for further investigation into the mCD99L2 gene in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
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18
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Heery CR, Hodge JW, Gulley JL. Combining radiation and therapeutic cancer vaccines: a synergistic approach. BREAST CANCER MANAGEMENT 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/bmt.12.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY The role of radiotherapy for prevention of recurrence of breast cancer is well established. Preclinical data indicate that the combination of therapeutic cancer vaccines and radiotherapy may be synergistic. Radiation can induce immunogenic cell death, or, at sublethal doses, immunogenic modulation in tumor cells, making them more amenable to T-cell-mediated death. Radiation also stimulates microenvironment effects that attract immune cells and improve their functional capacity. The capacity of radiation to induce the abscopal effect appears to be immune mediated and may be related to the other effects described. This phenomenon may indicate the capacity of radiation to induce antigen spreading, causing broader and deeper immune activation than a vaccine alone. This review discusses preclinical and clinical findings of radiation-induced immune modulation, preclinical evidence of synergy with vaccine therapy, and the rationale for clinical trials combining these treatment modalities in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Heery
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology & Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Room 13N208, MSC-1750, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James W Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology & Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Room 13N208, MSC-1750, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James L Gulley
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology & Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Room 13N208, MSC-1750, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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19
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Guo L, Cui ZM, Zhang J, Huang Y. Chemokine axes CXCL12/CXCR4 and CXCL16/CXCR6 correlate with lymph node metastasis in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2012; 30:336-43. [PMID: 21527066 PMCID: PMC4013398 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.010.10490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that the chemokine axis of CXC chemokine ligand-12 and its receptor CXC chemokine receptor-4 (CXCL12/CXCR4) is highly expressed in gynecological tumors and the axis of CXC chemokine ligand-16 and CXC chemokine receptor-6 (CXCL16/CXCR6) is overexpressed in inflammation-associated tumors. This study aimed to determine the relationship between CXCL12/CXCR4, CXCL16/CXCR6 and ovarian carcinoma's clinicopathologic features and prognosis. Accordingly, the expression of these proteins in ovarian tissues was detected by tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry. The expressions of CXCL12/CXCR4 and CXCL16/CXCR6 were significantly higher in epithelial ovarian carcinomas than in normal epithelial ovarian tissues or benign epithelial ovarian tumors. The expression of chemokines CXCL12 and CXCL16 were positively correlated with their receptors CXCR4 and CXCR6 in ovarian carcinoma, respectively (r = 0.300, P < 0.05; r = 0.395, P < 0.05). Moreover, the expression of CXCL12 was related to the occurrence of ascites (χ2 = 4.76, P < 0.05), the expression of CXCR4 was significantly related to lymph node metastasis (χ2 = 4.37, P < 0.05), the expression of CXCR6 was significantly related to lymph node metastasis (χ2 = 7.43, P < 0.05) and histological type (χ2 = 33.48, P < 0.05). In univariate analysis, the expression of CXCR4 and CXCL16 significantly correlated with reduced median survival (χ2 = 4.67, P < 0.05; χ2 = 4.48, P < 0.05). Therefore, we conclude that the chemokine axes CXCL12/CXCR4 and CXCL16/CXCR6 may play important roles in the growth, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of epithelial ovarian carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P. R. China
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20
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Xing YN, Xu XY, Nie XC, Yang X, Yu M, Xu HM, Liu YP, Takano Y, Zheng HC. Role and clinicopathologic significance of CXC chemokine ligand 16 and chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 6 expression in gastric carcinomas. Hum Pathol 2012; 43:2299-307. [PMID: 22863086 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2011.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Revised: 08/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine ligand CXC chemokine ligand 16 and its receptor chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 6 are up-regulated in many types of cancer and give rise to more aggressive behavior by regulating proliferation and angiogenesis. To clarify the role and clinicopathologic significance of CXC chemokine ligand 16 and chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 6 expression in gastric carcinoma, their expression was examined by immunohistochemistry of tissue microarrays containing gastric carcinoma and nonneoplastic mucosa, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to determine the CXC chemokine ligand 16 concentration in serum. Expression was compared with the clinicopathologic features of the carcinomas. All carcinoma and epithelial cells showed CXC chemokine ligand 16 and chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 6 messenger RNA expression to various degrees. Among 28 pairs of gastric carcinoma and normal tissues, there was higher CXC chemokine ligand 16 expression in carcinoma than in adjacent mucosa (P < .05), whereas the converse was true for chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 6 (P < .05). Nuclear CXC chemokine ligand 16 expression correlated inversely with the depth of invasion, lymphatic invasion, Union Internationale Contre le Cancer stage, and favorable prognosis. The serum CXC chemokine ligand 16 concentration was lower in male patients or patients 55 years or older than in female or younger patients, respectively (P < .05). Patients with lymphatic invasion or mixed-type carcinoma showed lower CXC chemokine ligand 16 concentrations than those with no lymphatic invasion or with diffuse-type carcinoma (P < .05). Aberrant expression of CXC chemokine ligand 16 and chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 6 might be involved in gastric carcinogenesis. The expression and serum concentration of CXC chemokine ligand 16 could indicate the aggressiveness and prognosis of gastric carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-nan Xing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
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21
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Gómez-Piña V, Martínez E, Fernández-Ruíz I, del Fresno C, Soares-Schanoski A, Jurado T, Siliceo M, Toledano V, Fernández-Palomares R, García-Rio F, Arnalich F, Biswas SK, López-Collazo E. Role of MMPs in orchestrating inflammatory response in human monocytes via a TREM-1-PI3K-NF-κB pathway. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 91:933-945. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0711340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe MMPs constitute a family of endopeptidases that can cleavage extracellular proteins. They are involved in a number of events; some of these include inflammatory processes. One of its targets is the TREM-1, which has emerged as an important modulator of innate immune responses in mammals. This transmembrane glycoprotein possesses an Ig-like ectodomain readily shed by MMPs to generate sTREM-1. Whereas membrane-anchored TREM-1 amplifies inflammatory responses, sTREM-1 exhibits anti-inflammatory properties. Here we show that sustained cell surface expression of TREM-1 in human monocytes, through metalloproteinase inhibition, counteracts the well-characterized down-regulation of several proinflammatory cytokines during the ET time-frame, also known as M2 or alternative activation. In addition to the cytokines profile, other features of the ET phenotype were underdeveloped when TREM-1 was stabilized at the cell surface. These events were mediated by the signal transducers PI3Ks and Syk. We also show that sTREM-1 counteracts the proinflammatory response obtained by membrane TREM-1 stabilization but failed to induce ET on naïve human monocytes. As the sustained TREM-1 expression at the cell surface suffices to block the progress of a refractory state in human monocytes, our data indicate that TREM-1 and MMPs orchestrate an “adaptive” form of innate immunity by modulating the human monocytes response to endotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Teresa Jurado
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, IdiPAZ , Madrid, Spain
| | - María Siliceo
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, IdiPAZ , Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Subhra K Biswas
- Singapore Immunology Network, Biomedical Sciences Institutes , Singapore
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22
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Mayi TH, Daoudi M, Derudas B, Gross B, Bories G, Wouters K, Brozek J, Caiazzo R, Raverdi V, Pigeyre M, Allavena P, Mantovani A, Pattou F, Staels B, Chinetti-Gbaguidi G. Human adipose tissue macrophages display activation of cancer-related pathways. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:21904-13. [PMID: 22511784 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.315200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with a significantly increased risk for cancer suggesting that adipose tissue dysfunctions might play a crucial role therein. Macrophages play important roles in adipose tissue as well as in cancers. Here, we studied whether human adipose tissue macrophages (ATM) modulate cancer cell function. Therefore, ATM were isolated and compared with monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) from the same obese patients. ATM, but not MDM, were found to secrete factors inducing inflammation and lipid accumulation in human T47D and HT-29 cancer cells. Gene expression profile comparison of ATM and MDM revealed overexpression of functional clusters, such as cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction (especially CXC-chemokine) signaling as well as cancer-related pathways, in ATM. Comparison with gene expression profiles of human tumor-associated macrophages showed that ATM, but not MDM resemble tumor-associated macrophages. Indirect co-culture experiments demonstrated that factors secreted by preadipocytes, but not mature adipocytes, confer an ATM-like phenotype to MDM. Finally, the concentrations of ATM-secreted factors related to cancer are elevated in serum of obese subjects. In conclusion, ATM may thus modulate the cancer cell phenotype.
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23
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Baljinnyam B, Klauzinska M, Saffo S, Callahan R, Rubin JS. Recombinant R-spondin2 and Wnt3a up- and down-regulate novel target genes in C57MG mouse mammary epithelial cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e29455. [PMID: 22238613 PMCID: PMC3251591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
R-spondins (Rspos) comprise a family of four secreted proteins that have important roles in cell proliferation, cell fate determination and organogenesis. Rspos typically exert their effects by potentiating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. To systematically investigate the impact of Rspo/Wnt on gene expression, we performed a microarray analysis using C57MG mouse mammary epithelial cells treated with recombinant Rspo2 and/or Wnt3a. We observed the up- and down-regulation of several previously unidentified target genes, including ones that encode proteins involved in immune responses, effectors of other growth factor signaling pathways and transcription factors. Dozens of these changes were validated by quantitative real time RT-PCR. Time course experiments showed that Rspo2 typically had little or no effect on Wnt-dependent gene expression at 3 or 6 h, but enhanced expression at 24 h, consistent with biochemical data indicating that Rspo2 acts primarily to sustain rather than acutely increase Wnt pathway activation. Up-regulation of gene expression was inhibited by pre-treatment with Dickkopf1, a Wnt/β-catenin pathway antagonist, and by siRNA knockdown of β-catenin expression. While Dickkopf1 blocked Rspo2/Wnt3a-dependent down-regulation, a number of down-regulated genes were not affected by β-catenin knockdown, suggesting that in these instances down-regulation was mediated by a β-catenin-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolormaa Baljinnyam
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Malgorzata Klauzinska
- Oncogenetics Section, Mammary Biology and Tumorigenesis Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Saad Saffo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert Callahan
- Oncogenetics Section, Mammary Biology and Tumorigenesis Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey S. Rubin
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Mukaida N, Baba T. Chemokines in tumor development and progression. Exp Cell Res 2011; 318:95-102. [PMID: 22036649 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines were originally identified as mediators of the inflammatory process and regulators of leukocyte trafficking. Subsequent studies revealed their essential roles in leukocyte physiology and pathology. Moreover, chemokines have profound effects on other types of cells associated with the inflammatory response, such as endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Thus, chemokines are crucial for cancer-related inflammation, which can promote tumor development and progression. Increasing evidence points to the vital effects of several chemokines on the proliferative and invasive properties of tumor cells. The wide range of activities of chemokines in tumorigenesis highlights their roles in tumor development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naofumi Mukaida
- Division of Molecular Bioregulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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25
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are bone marrow–derived granular lymphocytes that have a key role in immune defense against viral and bacterial infections and malignancies. NK cells are traditionally defined as cells of the innate immune response because they lack RAG recombinase–dependent clonal antigen receptors. However, evidence suggests that specific subsets of mouse NK cells can nevertheless develop long-lived and highly specific memory to a variety of antigens. Here we review published evidence of NK cell–mediated, RAG-independent adaptive immunity. We also compare and contrast candidate mechanisms for mammalian NK cell memory and antigen recognition with other examples of RAG-independent pathways that generate antigen receptor diversity in non-mammalian species and discuss NK cell memory in the context of lymphocyte evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Paust
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Pathology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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26
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Mukaida N, Sasakki SI, Popivanova BK. Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) and Chemokines in Colitis-Associated Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:2811-26. [PMID: 24212934 PMCID: PMC3759172 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3032811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The connection between inflammation and tumorigenesis has been well established, based on a great deal of supporting evidence obtained from epidemiological, pharmacological, and genetic studies. One representative example is inflammatory bowel disease, because it is an important risk factor for the development of colon cancer. Moreover, intratumoral infiltration of inflammatory cells suggests the involvement of inflammatory responses also in other forms of sporadic as well as heritable colon cancer. Inflammatory responses and tumorigenesis activate similar sets of transcription factors such as NF-κB, Stat3, and hypoxia inducible factor and eventually enhances the expression of inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and chemokines. The expression of TNF and chemokines is aberrantly expressed in a mouse model of colitis-associated carcinogenesis as well as in inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer in humans. Here, after summarizing the presumed actions of TNF and chemokines in tumor biology, we will discuss the potential roles of TNF and chemokines in chronic inflammation-associated colon cancer in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naofumi Mukaida
- Division of Molecular Bioregulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; E-Mail: (S.S.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +81-76-264-6735; Fax: +81-76-234-4520
| | - So-ichiro Sasakki
- Division of Molecular Bioregulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; E-Mail: (S.S.)
| | - Boryana K. Popivanova
- Division of Molecular Bioregulation, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; E-Mail: (S.S.)
- Present Address, Division of Cellular Signaling, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; E-Mail:
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Ogink J, Kreike B, Nuyten D, de Visser KE, Roos E. Retraction. The chemokine receptor CXCR6 and its ligand CXCL16 are expressed in carcinomas and inhibit proliferation. Cancer Res 2011; 71:1196. [PMID: 21245092 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-4378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Taghizadeh R, Noh M, Huh YH, Ciusani E, Sigalotti L, Maio M, Arosio B, Nicotra MR, Natali P, Sherley JL, La Porta CAM. CXCR6, a newly defined biomarker of tissue-specific stem cell asymmetric self-renewal, identifies more aggressive human melanoma cancer stem cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15183. [PMID: 21203549 PMCID: PMC3008677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A fundamental problem in cancer research is identifying the cell type that is capable of sustaining neoplastic growth and its origin from normal tissue cells. Recent investigations of a variety of tumor types have shown that phenotypically identifiable and isolable subfractions of cells possess the tumor-forming ability. In the present paper, using two lineage-related human melanoma cell lines, primary melanoma line IGR39 and its metastatic derivative line IGR37, two main observations are reported. The first one is the first phenotypic evidence to support the origin of melanoma cancer stem cells (CSCs) from mutated tissue-specific stem cells; and the second one is the identification of a more aggressive subpopulation of CSCs in melanoma that are CXCR6+. Methods/Findings We defined CXCR6 as a new biomarker for tissue-specific stem cell asymmetric self-renewal. Thus, the relationship between melanoma formation and ABCG2 and CXCR6 expression was investigated. Consistent with their non-metastatic character, unsorted IGR39 cells formed significantly smaller tumors than unsorted IGR37 cells. In addition, ABCG2+ cells produced tumors that had a 2-fold greater mass than tumors produced by unsorted cells or ABCG2- cells. CXCR6+ cells produced more aggressive tumors. CXCR6 identifies a more discrete subpopulation of cultured human melanoma cells with a more aggressive MCSC phenotype than cells selected on the basis of the ABCG2+ phenotype alone. Conclusions/Significance The association of a more aggressive tumor phenotype with asymmetric self-renewal phenotype reveals a previously unrecognized aspect of tumor cell physiology. Namely, the retention of some tissue-specific stem cell attributes, like the ability to asymmetrically self-renew, impacts the natural history of human tumor development. Knowledge of this new aspect of tumor development and progression may provide new targets for cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouzbeh Taghizadeh
- Programs in Regenerative Biology and Cancer Biology, Adult Stem Cell Technology Center, Boston Biomedical Research Institute, Watertown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Minsoo Noh
- College of Pharmacy, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Hoon Huh
- Programs in Regenerative Biology and Cancer Biology, Adult Stem Cell Technology Center, Boston Biomedical Research Institute, Watertown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Luca Sigalotti
- Cancer Bioimmunotherapy Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Aviano, Italy
| | - Michele Maio
- Cancer Bioimmunotherapy Unit, Department of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Aviano, Italy
| | - Beatrice Arosio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Maria R. Nicotra
- Molecular Biology and Pathology Institute, National Research Council, Roma, Italy
| | | | - James L. Sherley
- Programs in Regenerative Biology and Cancer Biology, Adult Stem Cell Technology Center, Boston Biomedical Research Institute, Watertown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Caterina A. M. La Porta
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Allavena P, Germano G, Marchesi F, Mantovani A. Chemokines in cancer related inflammation. Exp Cell Res 2010; 317:664-73. [PMID: 21134366 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are key players of the cancer-related inflammation. Chemokine ligands and receptors are downstream of genetic events that cause neoplastic transformation and are abundantly expressed in chronic inflammatory conditions which predispose to cancer. Components of the chemokine system affect multiple pathways of tumor progression including: leukocyte recruitment, neo-angiogenesis, tumor cell proliferation and survival, invasion and metastasis. Evidence in pre-clinical and clinical settings suggests that the chemokine system represents a valuable target for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Allavena
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical Institute, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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Diegelmann J, Seiderer J, Niess JH, Haller D, Göke B, Reinecker HC, Brand S. Expression and regulation of the chemokine CXCL16 in Crohn's disease and models of intestinal inflammation. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:1871-81. [PMID: 20848509 PMCID: PMC2981128 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CXCL16 mediates adhesion and phagocytosis of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and is a strong chemoattractant for CXCR6+ T cells. In this study, we determined the so far unknown expression and signal transduction of the novel CXCL16-CXCR6 chemokine-ligand receptor system in intestinal inflammation in vivo and in vitro. METHODS CXCL16 mRNA was measured by quantitative PCR in human colonic biopsies of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) as well as in the TNFΔARE mouse model of ileitis and in murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV)-induced colitis. CXCL16 serum levels were analyzed by ELISA. CXCL16-induced signal transduction was analyzed in intestinal epithelial cells with phospho-specific antibodies for mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and Akt. RESULTS We found an inverse expression pattern of CXCL16 and CXCR6, with highest CXCL16 mRNA expression in the proximal murine small intestine and the highest CXCR6 mRNA expression in the distal colon. CXCL16 and CXCR6 mRNA were expressed in colorectal cancer (CRC)-derived intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) lines. CRC-expressed CXCR6 was functional, as demonstrated by CXCL16-induced MAP kinase and Akt activation. Intestinal CXCL16 expression was elevated in the TNFΔARE mouse model of ileitis and in MCMV-induced colitis (P < 0.05) and in the sera and colons of patients with CD (P < 0.05), where its expression correlated highly with CXCR6 and IL-8 levels (r = 0.85 and 0.89, respectively). CONCLUSIONS CRC-derived IECs express the functional CXCL16 receptor CXCR6. CXCL16 mRNA and protein expression is up-regulated in intestinal inflammation in vitro and in CD patients, suggesting an important role for this chemokine in intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Diegelmann
- Department of Internal Medicine II - Grosshadern, University of Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Seiderer
- Department of Internal Medicine II - Grosshadern, University of Munich, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Haller
- Nutrition and Food Research Center, Experimental Nutritional Medicine, Technical University Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Burkhard Göke
- Department of Internal Medicine II - Grosshadern, University of Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Christian Reinecker
- Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - Stephan Brand
- Department of Internal Medicine II - Grosshadern, University of Munich, Germany,Corresponding author: Stephan Brand, M.D., Department of Medicine II, University-Hospital Munich-Grosshadern, University of Munich, Marchioninistr. 15, D-81377 Munich, Germany, Tel. + 49-89-7095 2295, Fax. + 49-89-7095 5291,
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Leffers N, Fehrmann RSN, Gooden MJM, Schulze URJ, Ten Hoor KA, Hollema H, Boezen HM, Daemen T, de Jong S, Nijman HW, van der Zee AGJ. Identification of genes and pathways associated with cytotoxic T lymphocyte infiltration of serous ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 2010; 103:685-92. [PMID: 20664601 PMCID: PMC2938262 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are predictors of disease-specific survival (DSS) in ovarian cancer. It is largely unknown what factors contribute to lymphocyte recruitment. Our aim was to evaluate genes and pathways contributing to infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in advanced-stage serous ovarian cancer. Methods: For this study global gene expression was compared between low TIL (n=25) and high TIL tumours (n=24). The differences in gene expression were evaluated using parametric T-testing. Selectively enriched biological pathways were identified with gene set enrichment analysis. Prognostic influence was validated in 157 late-stage serous ovarian cancer patients. Using immunohistochemistry, association of selected genes from identified pathways with CTL was validated. Results: The presence of CTL was associated with 320 genes and 23 pathways (P<0.05). In addition, 54 genes and 8 pathways were also associated with DSS in our validation cohort. Immunohistochemical evaluation showed strong correlations between MHC class I and II membrane expression, parts of the antigen processing and presentation pathway, and CTL recruitment. Conclusion: Gene expression profiling and pathway analyses are valuable tools to obtain more understanding of tumour characteristics influencing lymphocyte recruitment in advanced-stage serous ovarian cancer. Identified genes and pathways need to be further investigated for suitability as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Leffers
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology (CB22), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30.001, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Adaptive immunity has traditionally been considered a unique feature of vertebrate physiology. Unlike innate immune responses, which remain essentially unchanged upon exposure to a recurrent challenge with the same stimulus, adaptive immune cells possess the ability to learn and remember. Thus, secondary adaptive responses to a previously encountered challenge are qualitatively and/or quantitatively distinct from those elicited by a primary encounter. Besides this capacity to acquire long-lived memory, the second cardinal feature of adaptive immunity is antigen specificity. It has been generally believed that only T and B cells can develop antigen-specific immunologic memory, because these lymphocytes uniquely express recombination-activating gene (RAG) proteins, which are necessary for somatic rearrangement of V(D)J gene segments to assemble diverse antigen-specific receptors. However, recent work has uncovered discrete subsets of murine natural killer (NK) cells capable of mediating long-lived, antigen-specific recall responses to a variety of hapten-based contact sensitizers. These NK cells appear to use distinct, RAG-independent mechanisms to generate antigen specificity. Murine NK cells have also recently been shown to develop memory upon viral infection. Here, we review recent evidence indicating that at least some NK cells are capable of mediating what appears to be adaptive immunity and discuss potential mechanisms that may contribute to RAG-independent generation of antigenic diversity and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Paust
- Department of Pathology and Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Matsumura S, Demaria S. Up-regulation of the pro-inflammatory chemokine CXCL16 is a common response of tumor cells to ionizing radiation. Radiat Res 2010; 173:418-25. [PMID: 20334513 DOI: 10.1667/rr1860.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We recently showed that mouse and human breast carcinoma cells respond to ionizing radiation therapy by up-regulating the expression and release of the pro-inflammatory chemokine CXCL16, which binds to the CXCR6 receptor expressed by activated T cells. Enhanced recruitment of activated T cells to irradiated mouse 4T1 breast tumors was mediated largely by CXCL16 and was correlated with tumor inhibition in mice treated with the combination of local radiation and immunotherapy. In this study, the expression of CXCL16 and its modulation by radiation were analyzed in mouse melanoma B16/F10, fibrosarcoma MC57, colon carcinoma MCA38, and prostate carcinoma TRAMP-C1 cells. Only TRAMP-C1 cells showed detectable expression of CXCL16, although the level was lower than in 4T1 and 67NR breast carcinoma cells. Ionizing radiation up-regulated CXCL16 expression in all cells except B16/F10, but only TRAMP-C1, 67NR and 4T1 cells released the soluble chemokine in significant quantities. The metalloproteinases ADAM10 and ADAM17, which are responsible for cleaving the chemokine domain from the CXCL16 transmembrane form, were expressed in all cells. Overall, our data indicate that up-regulation of CXCL16 is a common response of tumor cells to radiation, and they have important implications for the use of local radiotherapy in combination with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Matsumura
- Departments of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine and NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
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Expression of CXCR6 on CD8+ T cells was up-regulated in allograft rejection. Transpl Immunol 2010; 22:179-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 11/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Deng L, Chen N, Li Y, Zheng H, Lei Q. CXCR6/CXCL16 functions as a regulator in metastasis and progression of cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2010; 1806:42-9. [PMID: 20122997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is considered the obvious mark for most aggressive cancers. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism of the regulation of cancer metastasis. Recent evidence increasingly suggests that the interaction between chemokines and chemokine receptors is pivotal in the process of metastasis. The chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand CXCL12, for example, have been reported to play a vital role in cancer metastasis. Another chemokine and chemokine receptor pair, the CXCL16/CXCR6 axis, has been studied by several independent research groups. Here, we summarize recent advances in our knowledge of the function of CXC chemokine receptor CXCR6 and its ligand CXCL16 in regulating metastasis and invasion of cancer. CXCR6 and CXCL16 are up-regulated in multiple cancer tissue types and cancer cell lines relative to normal tissues and cell lines. In addition, both CXCR6 and CXCL16 levels increase as tumor malignancy increases. Trans-membranous CXCL16 chemokine reduces proliferation while soluble CXCL16 chemokine enhances proliferation and migration. TM-CXCL16 functions as an inducer for lymphocyte build-up around tumor sites. High trans-membranous CXCL16 expression correlates with a good prognosis. Moreover, the Akt/mTOR signal pathway is involved in activating the CXCR6/CXCL16 axis. These findings suggest multiple opportunities for blocking the CXCR6/CXCL16 axis and the Akt/mTOR signal pathway in novel cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Deng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital/West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Abstract
Chemokines are a key component of cancer-related inflammation. Chemokines and chemokine receptors are downstream of genetic events that cause neoplastic transformation and are components of chronic inflammatory conditions, which predispose to cancer. Components of the chemokine system affect in a cell autonomous or non-autonomous way multiple pathways of tumor progression, including: leukocyte recruitment and function; cellular senescence; tumor cell proliferation and survival; invasion and metastasis. Available information in preclinical and clinical settings suggests that the chemokine system represents a valuable target for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Darash-Yahana M, Gillespie JW, Hewitt SM, Chen YYK, Maeda S, Stein I, Singh SP, Bedolla RB, Peled A, Troyer DA, Pikarsky E, Karin M, Farber JM. The chemokine CXCL16 and its receptor, CXCR6, as markers and promoters of inflammation-associated cancers. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6695. [PMID: 19690611 PMCID: PMC2723911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical observations and mouse models have suggested that inflammation can be pro-tumorigenic. Since chemokines are critical in leukocyte trafficking, we hypothesized that chemokines play essential roles in inflammation-associated cancers. Screening for 37 chemokines in prostate cancer cell lines and xenografts revealed CXCL16, the ligand for the receptor CXCR6, as the most consistently expressed chemokine. Immunohistochemistry and/or immunofluorescence and confocal imaging of 121 human prostate specimens showed that CXCL16 and CXCR6 were co-expressed, both on prostate cancer cells and adjacent T cells. Expression levels of CXCL16 and CXCR6 on cancer cells correlated with poor prognostic features including high-stage and high-grade, and expression also correlated with post-inflammatory changes in the cancer stroma as revealed by loss of alpha-smooth muscle actin. Moreover, CXCL16 enhanced the growth of CXCR6-expressing cancer and primary CD4 T cells. We studied expression of CXCL16 in an additional 461 specimens covering 12 tumor types, and found that CXCL16 was expressed in multiple human cancers associated with inflammation. Our study is the first to describe the expression of CXCL16/CXCR6 on both cancer cells and adjacent T cells in humans, and to demonstrate correlations between CXCL16 and CXCR6 vs. poor both prognostic features and reactive changes in cancer stoma. Taken together, our data suggest that CXCL16 and CXCR6 may mark cancers arising in an inflammatory milieu and mediate pro-tumorigenic effects of inflammation through direct effects on cancer cell growth and by inducing the migration and proliferation of tumor-associated leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merav Darash-Yahana
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
- * E-mail: (MDY); (JMF)
| | - John W. Gillespie
- SAIC Frederick, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephen M. Hewitt
- Tissue Array Research Program, Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yun-Yun K. Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shin Maeda
- Institute for Adult Diseases, Asahi Life Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ilan Stein
- Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Satya P. Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Roble B. Bedolla
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Amnon Peled
- Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dean A. Troyer
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eli Pikarsky
- Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael Karin
- University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Joshua M. Farber
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MDY); (JMF)
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Tumoural CXCL16 expression is a novel prognostic marker of longer survival times in renal cell cancer patients. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45:478-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Abstract
A surge in interest in the chemokine–chemokine receptor network is probably related to the expanding roles that chemokines have now been identified to play in human biology, particularly immunity. Specific tissue microenvironments express distinct chemokines and both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells have receptor expression profiles that permit the coordinated trafficking and organization of cells within these specific tissues. Since the chemokine network plays critical roles in both the function of the immune system and the progression of cancer, it is an attractive target for therapeutic manipulation. This review will focus on chemokine and chemokine receptor network-related therapeutic interventions that utilize host–tumor interactions particularly involving the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trina J Stewart
- Cancer Immunology Research Program, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Level 2 Smorgon Family Building, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, Australia
| | - Mark J Smyth
- Cancer Immunology Research Program, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Level 2 Smorgon Family Building, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, Australia
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Meijer J, Ogink J, Roos E. Effect of the chemokine receptor CXCR7 on proliferation of carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Br J Cancer 2008; 99:1493-501. [PMID: 18854833 PMCID: PMC2579699 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6604727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemokine CXCL12/SDF-1 and its receptor CXCR4 have been implicated in invasion, survival and proliferation of carcinoma cells. Recently, CXCR7 was identified as a second receptor for CXCL12. We observed that CXCL12 promoted proliferation of CT26 colon and KEP1 mammary carcinoma cells, and this was blocked when CXCR7 was downregulated by ‘intrakines’ or RNAi, but not by CXCR4 inhibitors. The K1R mutant of CXCL12, which acts as a CXCR4 antagonist, also promoted proliferation through CXCR7 and is therefore a selective CXCR7 agonist. The effect of CXCR7 was not due to reduced apoptosis, and CXCR7 mediated chemotaxis of the carcinoma cells towards CXCL12. These results differ from those in a previous report on other carcinoma cells. We conclude that CXCL12 can be a potent growth factor for carcinoma cells by acting on CXCR7. Nevertheless, we observed no effect of complete and stable CXCR7 suppression on the growth of s.c. tumours or lung metastases of KEP1 and CT26 cells. A CXCR7 inhibitor has been reported to reduce growth of other tumours. Our results indicate that this inhibitor may not be applicable to therapy of all carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Meijer
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, 121 Plesmanlaan, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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