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Post-Transcriptional and Post-Translational Modifications in Telomerase Biogenesis and Recruitment to Telomeres. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24055027. [PMID: 36902458 PMCID: PMC10003056 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24055027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomere length is associated with the proliferative potential of cells. Telomerase is an enzyme that elongates telomeres throughout the entire lifespan of an organism in stem cells, germ cells, and cells of constantly renewed tissues. It is activated during cellular division, including regeneration and immune responses. The biogenesis of telomerase components and their assembly and functional localization to the telomere is a complex system regulated at multiple levels, where each step must be tuned to the cellular requirements. Any defect in the function or localization of the components of the telomerase biogenesis and functional system will affect the maintenance of telomere length, which is critical to the processes of regeneration, immune response, embryonic development, and cancer progression. An understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of telomerase biogenesis and activity is necessary for the development of approaches toward manipulating telomerase to influence these processes. The present review focuses on the molecular mechanisms involved in the major steps of telomerase regulation and the role of post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications in telomerase biogenesis and function in yeast and vertebrates.
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Rodriguez-Fontenla C, Carracedo A. UTMOST, a single and cross-tissue TWAS (Transcriptome Wide Association Study), reveals new ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) associated genes. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:256. [PMID: 33931583 PMCID: PMC8087708 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01378-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that may significantly impact on the affected individual's life. Common variation (SNPs) could explain about 50% of ASD heritability. Despite this fact and the large size of the last GWAS meta-analysis, it is believed that hundreds of risk genes in ASD have yet to be discovered. New tools, such as TWAS (Transcriptome Wide Association Studies) which integrate tissue expression and genetic data, are a great approach to identify new ASD susceptibility genes. The main goal of this study is to use UTMOST with the publicly available summary statistics from the largest ASD GWAS meta-analysis as genetic input. In addition, an in silico biological characterization for the novel associated loci was performed. Our results have shown the association of 4 genes at the brain level (CIPC, PINX1, NKX2-2, and PTPRE) and have highlighted the association of NKX2-2, MANBA, ERI1, and MITF at the gastrointestinal level. The gastrointestinal associations are quite relevant given the well-established but unexplored relationship between ASD and gastrointestinal symptoms. Cross-tissue analysis has shown the association of NKX2-2 and BLK. UTMOST-associated genes together with their in silico biological characterization seems to point to different biological mechanisms underlying ASD etiology. Thus, it would not be restricted to brain tissue and it will involve the participation of other body tissues such as the gastrointestinal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rodriguez-Fontenla
- Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Angel Carracedo
- grid.11794.3a0000000109410645Grupo de Medicina Xenómica, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CiMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain ,grid.11794.3a0000000109410645Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica (FPGMX), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Günes C, Wezel F, Southgate J, Bolenz C. Implications of TERT promoter mutations and telomerase activity in urothelial carcinogenesis. Nat Rev Urol 2019; 15:386-393. [PMID: 29599449 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-018-0001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Telomerase activity imparts eukaryotic cells with unlimited proliferation capacity, one of the cancer hallmarks. Over 90% of human urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) tumours are positive for telomerase activity. Telomerase activation can occur through several mechanisms. Mutations in the core promoter region of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (TERT) cause telomerase reactivation in 60-80% of UCBs, whereas the prevalence of these mutations is lower in urothelial cancers of other origins. TERT promoter mutations are the most frequent genetic alteration across all stages of UCB, indicating a strong selection pressure during neoplastic transformation. TERT promoter mutations could arise during regeneration of normal urothelium and, owing to consequential telomerase reactivation, might be the basis of UCB initiation, which represents a new model of urothelial cancer origination. In the future, TERT promoter mutations and telomerase activity might have diagnostic and therapeutic applications in UCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagatay Günes
- Department of Urology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Felix Wezel
- Department of Urology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jennifer Southgate
- Department of Biology, Jack Birch Unit of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of York, York, UK
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PinX1 represses renal cancer angiogenesis via the mir-125a-3p/VEGF signaling pathway. Angiogenesis 2019; 22:507-519. [PMID: 31254127 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-019-09675-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PIN2/TRF1-interacting telomerase inhibitor 1 (PinX1) is a tumor suppressor in various tumors. However, the molecular mechanism underlying PinX1's role in cancer development and progression remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to uncover the new molecular mechanism and role of PinX1 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) progression. METHODS We used miRNA microarray to detect the different expressed miRNAs upon PinX1 knockdown. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and Luciferase reporter assays were taken to identify the molecular mechanism of PinX1 in regulating mir-125-3p. In situ hybridization was performed to analyze the expression of mir-125a-3p in RCC using tissue microarray. The correlations between the mir-125a-3p expression level and clinicopathological features were evaluated using the χ2 test. The role and molecular mechanism of PinX1 in RCC angiogenesis were investigated through a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments. RESULTS In this study, we discovered a new molecular mechanism of PinX1, in which PinX1 transcriptionally activated mir-125a-3p expression, thereby inhibiting the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is the target gene of mir-125a-3p. PinX1 also repressed tumor angiogenesis by increasing the mir-125a-3p expression in renal cancer. Moreover, the loss of mir-125a-3p expression was manifested in patients with RCC, and low miR-125a-3p levels correlated with poor survival of these patients. CONCLUSIONS PinX1 represses renal cancer angiogenesis through mir-125a-3p/VEGF signal pathway. The miR-125a-3p may be a candidate clinical prognostic marker and a novel therapeutic target in RCC.
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Ho ST, Jin R, Cheung DHC, Huang JJ, Shaw PC. The PinX1/NPM interaction associates with hTERT in early-S phase and facilitates telomerase activation. Cell Biosci 2019; 9:47. [PMID: 31210926 PMCID: PMC6567508 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-019-0306-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Telomere maintenance is an important factor in tumorigenesis. PinX1 is a potent telomerase regulator which also involves in telomerase loading to telomeres. Nucleophosmin (NPM) can partially attenuate PinX1 inhibition of telomerase activity and NPM loading to hTERT requires PinX1. However, the role of the PinX1/NPM interaction in telomerase activity is not fully understood. Method The long-term effects of PinX1 and NPM down-regulation on telomere length were investigated by TRF assay. The localization of the PinX1/NPM association and the NPM/PinX1/hTERT complex formation were examined by immunofluorescence studies. Results Concurrent long-term down-regulation of PinX1 and NPM led to a substantial decrease in telomere length. The interaction with PinX1 was crucial in NPM localization in the nucleolus during the S phase. PinX1 and NPM associated throughout S phase and the NPM/PinX1/hTERT complex formation peaked during the early-S phase. The PinX1/NPM interaction was shown to localize away from Cajal Bodies at the start of S phase. Conclusion PinX1/NPM interaction is important in telomerase regulation during catalysis. NPM is recruited to hTERT by PinX1 and is required in the proposed telomerase modulating unit to activate telomerase when telomere extension occurs during S phase. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13578-019-0306-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Tim Ho
- 1Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rui Jin
- 2Laboratory of Tumor and Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Derek Hang-Cheong Cheung
- 1Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun-Jian Huang
- 2Laboratory of Tumor and Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Pang-Chui Shaw
- 1Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T, Hong Kong, China
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Wei CJ, Cui P, Li H, Lang WJ, Liu GY, Ma XF. Shared genes between Alzheimer's disease and ischemic stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:855-864. [PMID: 30859738 PMCID: PMC6630005 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Although converging evidence from experimental and epidemiological studies indicates Alzheimer's disease (AD) and ischemic stroke (IS) are related, the genetic basis underlying their links is less well characterized. Traditional SNP‐based genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have failed to uncover shared susceptibility variants of AD and IS. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate whether pleiotropic genes existed between AD and IS to account for their phenotypic association, although this was not reported in previous studies. Methods Taking advantage of large‐scale GWAS summary statistics of AD (17,008 AD cases and 37,154 controls) and IS (10,307 IS cases and 19,326 controls), we performed gene‐based analysis implemented in VEGAS2 and Fisher's meta‐analysis of the set of overlapped genes of nominal significance in both diseases. Subsequently, gene expression analysis in AD‐ or IS‐associated expression datasets was conducted to explore the transcriptional alterations of pleiotropic genes identified. Results 16 AD‐IS pleiotropic genes surpassed the cutoff for Bonferroni‐corrected significance. Notably, MS4A4A and TREM2, two established AD‐susceptibility genes showed remarkable alterations in the spleens and brains afflicted by IS, respectively. Among the prioritized genes identified by virtue of literature‐based knowledge, most are immune‐relevant genes (EPHA1, MS4A4A, UBE2L3 and TREM2), implicating crucial roles of the immune system in the pathogenesis of AD and IS. Conclusions The observation that AD and IS had shared disease‐associated genes offered mechanistic insights into their common pathogenesis, predominantly involving the immune system. More importantly, our findings have important implications for future research directions, which are encouraged to verify the involvement of these candidates in AD and IS and interpret the exact molecular mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Juan Wei
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Pan Cui
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - He Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen-Jing Lang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Gui-You Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Ma
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-neurotrauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
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Unver Y, Yildiz M, Kilic D, Taskin M, Firat A, Askin H. Efficient expression of recombinant human telomerase inhibitor 1 (hPinX1) in Pichia pastoris. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 48:535-540. [PMID: 29958061 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2018.1466160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PinX1 encoded by a remarkable tumor suppressor gene and located in human chromosome 8p23 is known as telomerase inhibitor. In recent years, this protein has been of interest as clinically tumor suppressor. Pichia pastoris expression system is preferred to produce heterologous proteins and is suitable for industrial and research purposes. In the present study, human PinX1 gene (hPinX1) was cloned in E. coli One Shot TOP10 cells and overexpressed in P. pastoris strain X-33 intracellularly, using a strong AOX (alcohol oxidase) promoter. The recombinant cells were grown in shaking flask. Induction time, methanol concentration and initial pH were optimized for obtaining high levels of hPinX1 protein production. Recombinant protein production was confirmed by Western blot analysis and the relative expression levels of rhPinX1 were quantified. According to Western blot analysis, molecular mass of produced hPinX1 was determined as 47.5 kDa. At the end of optimization studies, the best fermentation conditions were determined as induction time 48 h, methanol concentration 3% and initial culture pH 5.0. This process would be an applicable way for obtaining recombinant hPinX1 using P. pastoris expression system. This is the first report on recombinant production of hPinX1 in P. pastoris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yagmur Unver
- a Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science , Ataturk University , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Melike Yildiz
- a Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science , Ataturk University , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Deryanur Kilic
- b Department of Chemistry, Sabire Yazıcı Faculty of Science and Letters , Aksaray University , Aksaray , Turkey
| | - Mesut Taskin
- a Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science , Ataturk University , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Abdulhadi Firat
- a Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science , Ataturk University , Erzurum , Turkey
| | - Hakan Askin
- a Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science , Ataturk University , Erzurum , Turkey
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Kras mutations increase telomerase activity and targeting telomerase is a promising therapeutic strategy for Kras-mutant NSCLC. Oncotarget 2018; 8:179-190. [PMID: 27329725 PMCID: PMC5352098 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
As shortened telomeres inhibit tumor formation and prolong life span in a KrasG12D mouse lung cancer model, we investigated the implications of telomerase in Kras-mutant NSCLC. We found that Kras mutations increased TERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase) mRNA expression and telomerase activity and telomere length in both immortalized bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) and lung adenocarcinoma cells (Calu-3). MEK inhibition led to reduced TERT expression and telomerase activity. Furthermore, telomerase inhibitor BIBR1532 shortened telomere length and inhibited mutant Kras-induced long-term proliferation, colony formation and migration capabilities of BEAS-2B and Calu-3 cells. Importantly, BIBR1532 sensitized oncogenic Kras expressing Calu-3 cells to chemotherapeutic agents. The Calu-3-KrasG12D xenograft mouse model confirmed that BIBR1532 enhanced the antitumor efficacy of paclitaxel in vivo. In addition, higher TERT expression was seen in Kras-mutant NSCLC than that with wild-type Kras. Our data suggest that Kras mutations increase telomerase activity and telomere length by activating the RAS/MEK pathway, which contributes to an aggressive phenotype of NSCLC. Kras mutations-induced lung tumorigenesis and chemoresistance are attenuated by telomerase inhibition. Targeting telomerase/telomere may be a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with Kras-mutant NSCLC.
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Li HL, Song J, Yong HM, Hou PF, Chen YS, Song WB, Bai J, Zheng JN. PinX1: structure, regulation and its functions in cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:66267-66275. [PMID: 27556185 PMCID: PMC5323232 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PIN2/TRF1-interacting telomerase inhibitor 1 (PinX1) is a novel cloned gene located at human chromosome 8p23, playing a vital role in maintaining telomeres length and chromosome stability. It has been demonstrated to be involved in tumor genesis and progression in most malignancies. However, some researches showed opposing molecular status of PinX1 gene and its expression patterns in several other types of tumors. The pathogenic mechanism of PinX1 expression in human malignancy is not yet clear. Moreover, emerging evidence suggest that PinX1 (especially its TID domain) might be a potential new target cancer treatment. Therefore, PinX1 may be a new potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for human cancers, and may play different roles in different human cancers. The functions and the mechanisms of PinX1 in various human cancers remain unclear, suggesting the necessity of further extensive works of its role in tumor genesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Long Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Song
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hong-Mei Yong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Huai'an Hospital to Xuzhou Medical College, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping-Fu Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan-Su Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Bo Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin Bai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun-Nian Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Zhang QH, Yin RX, Huang F, Yang DZ, Lin WX, Pan SL. Association between the PINX1 and NAT2 polymorphisms and serum lipid levels. Oncotarget 2017; 8:114081-114094. [PMID: 29371971 PMCID: PMC5768388 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Jing nationality is a relatively conservative and isolated minority in China. Little is known about the association of the PIN2/TERF1-interacting telomerase inhibitor 1 (PINX1) and N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and serum lipid levels in the Chinese populations. This study aimed to clarify the association of 6 SNPs of the PINX1 and NAT2 and serum lipid levels in two Chinese populations. Genotyping of the SNPs was performed in 1236 Han subjects and 1248 Jing participants. Allelic and genotypic frequencies of these variants (except NAT2 rs1799931) were different between the two ethnic groups. The minor allele carriers had higher triglyceride (TG, rs11776767, rs1495743 and rs1799930), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (rs6601530) levels and the apolipoprotein (Apo)A1/ApoB ratio (rs1495743) in Han nationality; and higher total cholesterol (rs1961456), TG (rs11776767, rs6601530 and rs1495743) and lower ApoA1 (rs6601530 and rs1799931) levels in Jing minority than the minor allele non-carriers. The SNPs were not statistically independent by the multiple-locus linkage disequilibrium analyses. The integrative haplotypes and gene-by-gene (G × G) interactions on serum lipid traits were also observed in the two populations. Association analysis based on haplotypes and G × G interactions might be powerful than single-locus tests. Differences in serum lipid profiles between the two populations might partially be attributed to these SNPs, their haplotypes and G × G interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Xing Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Zhai Yang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Scientific Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Xiong Lin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Scientific Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang-Ling Pan
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Premedical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
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PinX1 Is a Potential Prognostic Factor for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer and Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Migration. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7956437. [PMID: 28815183 PMCID: PMC5549499 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7956437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PinX1 has been identified as a suppressor of telomerase enzymatic activity. However, the tumour-suppressive roles of PinX1 in different types of human cancers are unclear. PinX1 expression status and its correlation with clinicopathological features in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have not been investigated. Accordingly, in this study, we aimed to evaluate the roles of PinX1 in NSCLC. PinX1 expression status was examined by immunohistochemistry using tissue microarray from a total of 158 patients. Correlations among PinX1 expression, clinicopathological variables, and patient survival were analysed. Furthermore, we overexpressed PinX1 in NSCLC cells and tested telomerase activity using real-time quantitative telomeric repeat amplification protocol (qTRAP) assays. Proliferation and migration of NSCLC cells were examined using the MTS method, wound healing assays, and transwell assays, respectively. Our results showed that negative PinX1 expression was associated with a poor prognosis in NSCLC. Sex, smoking status, lymph gland status, subcarinal lymph node status, pathological stage, and PinX1 expression were related to survival. PinX1 was not an independent prognostic factor in NSCLC. PinX1 overexpression inhibited proliferation and migration in NSCLC cells by suppressing telomerase activity. Our findings suggested that PinX1 could be a potential tumour suppressor in NSCLC and that loss of PinX1 promoted NSCLC progression.
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Huang WJ, Li M, Jin XH, Huang XJ, Zhao W, Tian XP. Genetic profile and biological implication of PIN2/TRF1-interacting telomerase inhibitor 1 (PinX1) in human cancers: an analysis using The Cancer Genome Atlas. Oncotarget 2017; 8:67241-67253. [PMID: 28978030 PMCID: PMC5620170 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pin2/TRF1-interacting telomere inhibitor 1 (PinX1) was originally identified as a telomerase inhibitor, involved in maintaining telomerase activity, telomere length, and chromosomal stability. However, research has shown that PinX1 can have opposing molecular status in its expression patterns in several other tumor types. We thus investigated the genetic profile and biological implication of PinX1 in several human cancers using the cBioportal database. Our results showed that PinX1 deletion accounted for the most alterations, with the frequency of its deletion regularly occurring in pathological types of carcinosarcoma and adenocarcinoma. We found few instances of PinX1 gene mutations and 3D structural analysis demonstrated that these mutation sites were always located within telomerase inhibitor domains. Furthermore, our analysis of several human cancers from the cBioportal database revealed more frequent PinX1 homozygous depletion and PinX1 heterozygous deficiency, but both more infrequent PinX1 gain and rare instances of PinX1 amplification. The status of PinX1 genetic alterations was correlated with prognosis and may be tumor-type specific. As such, its biological function in tumorigenesis and later prognosis is complicated and may involve co-worked with NEIL2, R3HCC1, POLR3D, GTF2E2, and INTS10. In addition, we observed that PinX1 interacts with TERT, DKC1, PTGES3, and HSP90AA1. PinX1 mRNA expression was decreased in most selected cancer tissues, which could promote tumor growth and enhance tumorigenicity. Collectively, our data reveal PinX1 expression patterns and potential mechanisms in various human cancers. Further work will be needed to comprehensively examine its role in tumor genesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Juan Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Han Jin
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Jia Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Tian
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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13
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Tian XP, Jin XH, Li M, Huang WJ, Xie D, Zhang JX. The depletion of PinX1 involved in the tumorigenesis of non-small cell lung cancer promotes cell proliferation via p15/cyclin D1 pathway. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:74. [PMID: 28372542 PMCID: PMC5379637 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0637-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The telomerase/telomere interacting protein PinX1 has been suggested as a tumor suppressor. However, the clinical and biological significance of PinX1 in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is unclear. Methods PinX1 gene/expression pattern and its association with NSCLC patient survival were analyzed in cBioportal Web resource and two cohorts of NSCLC samples. A series of in vivo and in vitro assays were performed to elucidate the function of PinX1 on NSCLC cells proliferation and underlying mechanisms. Results More frequency of gene PinX1 homozygous deletion and heterozygote deficiency was first retrieved from cBioportal Web resource. Low expression of PinX1 correlated with smoking condition, histological type, T stage, N stage, M stage and TNM stage, and was an independent predictor for overall survival in a learning cohort (n = 93) and a validation cohort (n = 51) of NSCLC patients. Furthermore, knockdown of PinX1 dramatically accelerated NSCLC cell proliferation and G1/S transition, whereas ectopic overexpression of PinX1 substantially inhibited cell viability and cell cycle transition in vitro and in vivo. p15/cyclin D1 pathway and BMP5 might contribute to PinX1-associated cell proliferation and cell cycle transition. Conclusion The cost-effective expression of PinX1 could constitute a novel molecular predictor/marker for NSCLC management. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-017-0637-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Peng Tian
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Han Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Juan Huang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Xing Zhang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Department of Oncology, The first Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No.58, Zhongshan Second Road, 510080, Guangzhou, China.
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14
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Cheung DHC, Ho ST, Lau KF, Jin R, Wang YN, Kung HF, Huang JJ, Shaw PC. Nucleophosmin Interacts with PIN2/TERF1-interacting Telomerase Inhibitor 1 (PinX1) and Attenuates the PinX1 Inhibition on Telomerase Activity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43650. [PMID: 28255170 PMCID: PMC5334639 DOI: 10.1038/srep43650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase activation and telomere maintenance are critical for cellular immortalization and transformation. PIN2/TERF1-interacting telomerase inhibitor 1 (PinX1) is a telomerase regulator and the aberrant expression of PinX1 causes telomere shortening. Identifying PinX1-interacting proteins is important for understanding telomere maintenance. We found that PinX1 directly interacts with nucleophosmin (NPM), a protein that has been shown to positively correlate with telomerase activity. We further showed that PinX1 acts as a linker in the association between NPM and hTERT, the catalytic subunit of telomerase. Additionally, the recruitment of NPM by PinX1 to the telomerase complex could partially attenuate the PinX1-mediated inhibition on telomerase activity. Taken together, our data reveal a novel mechanism that regulates telomerase activation through the interaction between NPM, PinX1 and the telomerase complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Hang-Cheong Cheung
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Sai-Tim Ho
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Fai Lau
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Rui Jin
- Laboratory of Tumor and Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Nan Wang
- Laboratory of Tumor and Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Hsiang-Fu Kung
- Stanley Ho Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka-Shing Medical Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun-Jian Huang
- Laboratory of Tumor and Molecular Biology, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Pang-Chui Shaw
- Centre for Protein Science and Crystallography, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
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15
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Li J, Yao Y, Chen Y, Xu X, Lin Y, Yang Z, Qiao W, Tan J. Enterovirus 71 3C Promotes Apoptosis through Cleavage of PinX1, a Telomere Binding Protein. J Virol 2017; 91:e02016-16. [PMID: 27847364 PMCID: PMC5215332 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02016-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is an emerging pathogen causing hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and fatal neurological diseases in infants and young children due to their underdeveloped immunocompetence. EV71 infection can induce cellular apoptosis through a variety of pathways, which promotes EV71 release. The viral protease 3C plays an important role in EV71-induced apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanism responsible for 3C-triggered apoptosis remains elusive. Here, we found that EV71 3C directly interacted with PinX1, a telomere binding protein. Furthermore, 3C cleaved PinX1 at the site of Q50-G51 pair through its protease activity. Overexpression of PinX1 reduced the level of EV71-induced apoptosis and EV71 release, whereas depletion of PinX1 by small interfering RNA promoted apoptosis induced by etoposide and increased EV71 release. Taken together, our study uncovered a mechanism that EV71 utilizes to promote host cell apoptosis through cleavage of cellular protein PinX1 by 3C. IMPORTANCE EV71 3C plays an important role in processing viral proteins and interacting with host cells. In this study, we showed that 3C promoted apoptosis through cleaving PinX1, a telomere binding protein, and that this cleavage facilitated EV71 release. Our study demonstrated that PinX1 plays an important role in EV71 release and revealed a novel mechanism that EV71 utilizes to induce apoptosis. This finding is important in understanding EV71-host cell interactions and has potential impact on understanding other enterovirus-host cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunfang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongquan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhilong Yang
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Wentao Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Juan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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16
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Qian D, Cheng J, Ding X, Chen X, Chen X, Guan Y, Zhang B, Wang J, Er P, Qiu M, Zeng X, Guo Y, Wang H, Zhao L, Xie D, Yuan Z, Wang P, Pang Q. PinX1 suppresses tumorigenesis by negatively regulating telomerase/telomeres in colorectal carcinoma cells and is a promising molecular marker for patient prognosis. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:4821-31. [PMID: 27536146 PMCID: PMC4976919 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s103141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PinX1 plays positive and negative roles in the maintenance of telomerase and telomeres, as well as in tumorigenesis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression and clinical significance of PinX1 in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and to determine the effect of PinX1 on CRC cell proliferation and apoptosis. A total of 86 CRC patients treated with radical resection and 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy were enrolled in this study. The expression dynamics of PinX1 was detected by immunohistochemistry in the CRC patients and 25 normal colonic mucosa controls. PinX1 expression was significantly reduced in tumor tissues as compared to normal tissues, and the rate of PinX1 protein low/negative expression in CRC and normal tissues was 60% (52/86) and 24% (6/25), respectively (P=0.037). In addition, PinX1 downregulation was significantly associated with short overall survival (P=0.016) and disease-free survival (P=0.042) in CRC patients. Cox proportional hazards model further revealed that PinX1 expression was an independent factor in predicting overall survival and disease-free survival for CRC patients. Furthermore, we demonstrated that ectopic overexpression of PinX1 in CRC cells inhibited their proliferation, promoted apoptosis, repressed telomerase activity, and induced telomere shortening. These findings suggest that PinX1 may be a prognostic biomarker for CRC patients’ survival and that it inhibits cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis by repressing telomerase activity and inducing telomere shortening. Targeting PinX1 may therefore provide a novel therapeutic strategy for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiefu Wang
- Department of Colorectal Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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17
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Li HL, Han L, Chen HR, Meng F, Liu QH, Pan ZQ, Bai J, Zheng JN. PinX1 serves as a potential prognostic indicator for clear cell renal cell carcinoma and inhibits its invasion and metastasis by suppressing MMP-2 via NF-κB-dependent transcription. Oncotarget 2016; 6:21406-20. [PMID: 26033551 PMCID: PMC4673274 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PIN2/TRF1-interacting telomerase inhibitor 1 (PinX1) is a novel cloned gene which has been identified as a major haploinsufficient tumor suppressor essential for maintaining telomerase activity, the length of telomerase and chromosome stability. This study explored the clinical significance and biological function of PinX1 in human clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). The clinical relevance of PinX1 in ccRCC was evaluated using tissue microarray and immunohistochemical staining in two independent human ccRCC cohorts. Our data demonstrated that PinX1 expression was dramatically decreased in ccRCC tissues compared with normal renal tissues and paired adjacent non-tumor tissues. Low PinX1 expression was significantly correlated with depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis and advanced TNM stage in patients, as well as with worse overall and disease-specific survival. Cox regression analysis revealed that PinX1 expression was an independent prognostic factor for ccRCC patients. Moreover, PinX1 inhibited the migration and invasion of ccRCC by suppressing MMP-2 expression and activity via NF-κB-dependent transcription in vitro. In vivo studies confirmed that PinX1 negatively regulated ccRCC metastasis and the expression of MMP-2 and NF-κB-p65. These findings indicate that PinX1 suppresses ccRCC metastasis and may serve as a ccRCC candidate clinical prognostic marker and a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Long Li
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hai-Rong Chen
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing-Hua Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhen-Qiang Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jin Bai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jun-Nian Zheng
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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18
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Hemerich D, van der Laan SW, Tragante V, den Ruijter HM, de Borst GJ, Pasterkamp G, de Bakker PIW, Asselbergs FW. Impact of carotid atherosclerosis loci on cardiovascular events. Atherosclerosis 2015; 243:466-8. [PMID: 26520901 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) or plaque. However, whether these loci relate to other vascular diseases and subsequent vascular events is unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS We tested six SNPs (rs4888378, rs11781551, rs445925, rs6601530, rs17398575 and rs1878406) for association with subclinical atherosclerotic measures (cIMT, plaque presence and ankle-brachial index), as well as ischemic stroke, abdominal aortic aneurysm, peripheral or coronary artery disease (CAD) in the Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease (SMART) cohort. Four SNPs were associated with cIMT and two with plaque (p < 0.05). One SNP was also significantly associated to CAD (rs1878406, OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.08-1.42, p = 2 × 10(-3)). A genetic risk score (GRS) based on the cIMT-related SNPs was associated to increased risk of cIMT itself (p = 1 × 10(-3)), but not to other secondary outcomes or vascular events during follow-up (p = 0.86). CONCLUSIONS In addition to replicating previously published associations for cIMT, we confirmed a nominally significant effect between the GRS and cIMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane Hemerich
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, Brazil.
| | - Sander W van der Laan
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vinicius Tragante
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hester M den Ruijter
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Jan de Borst
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Division of Surgical Specialties, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, Division Laboratories and Pharmacy, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul I W de Bakker
- Department of Medical Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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19
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Keo P, Choi JS, Bae J, Shim YH, Oh BK. Increased Stability of Nucleolar PinX1 in the Presence of TERT. Mol Cells 2015; 38:814-20. [PMID: 26194824 PMCID: PMC4588725 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PinX1, a nucleolar protein of 328 amino acids, inhibits telomerase activity, which leads to the shortening of telomeres. The C-terminal region of PinX1 is responsible for its nucleolar localization and binding with TERT, a catalytic component of telomerase. A fraction of TERT localizes to the nucleolus, but the role of TERT in the nucleolus is largely unknown. Here, we report a functional connection between PinX1 and TERT regarding PinX1 stability. The C-terminal of PinX1(205-328), a nucleolar fragment, was much more stable than the N-terminal of PinX1(1-204), a nuclear fragment. Interestingly, PinX1 was less stable in TERT-depleted cells and more stable in TERT-myc expressing cells. Stability assays for PinX1 truncation forms showed that both PinX1(1-328) and PinX1(205-328), nucleolar forms, were more rapidly degraded in TERT-depleted cells, while they were more stably maintained in TERT-overexpressing cells, compared to each of the controls. However, PinX1(1-204) was degraded regardless of the TERT status. These results reveal that the stability of PinX1 is maintained in nucleolus in the presence of TERT and suggest a role of TERT in the regulation of PinX1 steady-state levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ponnarath Keo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701,
Korea
| | - Joong Sub Choi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 133-791,
Korea
- Institute of Medical Science, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 133-791,
Korea
| | - Jaeman Bae
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 133-791,
Korea
- Institute of Medical Science, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 133-791,
Korea
| | - Yhong-Hee Shim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701,
Korea
| | - Bong-Kyeong Oh
- Institute of Medical Science, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 133-791,
Korea
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20
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Deng W, Jiao N, Li N, Wan X, Luo S, Zhang Y. Decreased expression of PinX1 protein predicts poor prognosis of colorectal cancer patients receiving 5-FU adjuvant chemotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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21
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Shi M, Cao M, Song J, Liu Q, Li H, Meng F, Pan Z, Bai J, Zheng J. PinX1 inhibits the invasion and metastasis of human breast cancer via suppressing NF-κB/MMP-9 signaling pathway. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:66. [PMID: 25888829 PMCID: PMC4404090 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0332-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PinX1 (PIN2/TRF1-interacting telomerase inhibitor 1) was suggested to be correlated with tumor progression. This study was designed to evaluate the role of PinX1 in human breast cancer. Methods To evaluate the function of PinX1 in breast cancer, we used a tissue microarray (TMA) of 405 human breast cancer patients and immunohistochemistry to analyze the correlation between PinX1 expression and clinicopathologic variables and patient survival. We also detected the abilities of cell migration and invasion in breast cancer by performing cell migration and invasion assay, gelatin zymography and western blot analysis. Lastly, we set up the nude mice model by Tail vein assay to exam the functional role of PinX1 in breast cancer metastasis. Results We found that low PinX1 expression was associated with lymph node metastasis (P = 0.002) and histology grade (P = 0.001) in patients, as well as with poorer overall and disease-specific survival (P = 0.010 and P = 0.003, respectively). Moreover, we identified that PinX1 inhibited the migration and invasion of breast cancer by suppressing MMP-9 expression and activity via NF-κB-dependent transcription in vitro. Finally, our mice model confirmed that PinX1 suppressed breast cancer metastasis in vivo. Conclusions Our data revealed that low PinX1 expression was an independent negative prognostic factor for breast cancer patients. These findings suggested that PinX1 might be function as a tumor metastasis suppressor in the development and progression of breast cancer by regulating the NF-κB/MMP-9 signaling pathway, and might be a prognostic marker as well as a therapeutic target for breast cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-015-0332-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilin Shi
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, 84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu Province, China. .,School of Medical Imaging, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Menghan Cao
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, 84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Jun Song
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, 84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, 84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hailong Li
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, 84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Department of Urology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Fei Meng
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, 84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Zhenqiang Pan
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, 84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jin Bai
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, 84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical College, 84 West Huaihai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu Province, China. .,Department of Urology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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22
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Tian XP, Qian D, He LR, Huang H, Mai SJ, Li CP, Huang XX, Cai MY, Liao YJ, Kung HF, Zeng YX, Xie D. The telomere/telomerase binding factor PinX1 regulates paclitaxel sensitivity depending on spindle assembly checkpoint in human cervical squamous cell carcinomas. Cancer Lett 2014; 353:104-14. [PMID: 25045845 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Paclitaxel is a main ingredient in the combination chemotherapy treatment of advanced human cervical squamous cell carcinomas. We investigated the roles and underlying molecular mechanisms of PinX1 in cervical squamous cell carcinomas (CSCC) cells response to paclitaxel and its clinical significances. The expression dynamics of PinX1 was first examined by immunohistochemistry in 122 advanced CSCC patients treated with cisplatin/paclitaxel chemotherapy. The expression of PinX1 was significantly associated with the effects of cisplatin/paclitaxel chemotherapy in advanced CSCCs (P<0.05). High expression of PinX1 correlated with CSCC's response to cisplatin/paclitaxel chemotherapy, and was an independent predictor of shortened survival (P<0.05). A series of in vivo and in vitro assays were performed to elucidate the function of PinX1 on CSCC cells chemosensitivity to paclitaxel and underlying mechanisms. In CSCC cells, the levels of PinX1 were only associated with the cytotoxicity and sensitivity of paclitaxel, in which knockdown of PinX1 dramatically enhanced paclitaxel cytotoxicity, whereas the reestablishment of PinX1 levels substantially reduced the paclitaxel-induced killing effect. In addition, we identified that the ability of PinX1 to stabilize the tension between sister kinetochores and maintain the spindle assembly checkpoint was the main reason CSCC cells undergo apoptosis when treated with paclitaxel, and further studies demonstrated that shortened distance between sisters kinetochores by nocodazole confers upon PinX1-replenished cells a sensitivity to the death inducing paclitaxel effects. Furthermore, our study of CSCC cells xenografts in nude mice confirmed the role of PinX1 in paclitaxel sensitivity in vivo. Our data reveal that PinX1 could be used as a novel predictor for CSCC patient response to paclitaxel, and the role of PinX1-mediated paclitaxel sensitivity might represent a new direction for the development of a new generation of microtubule drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Peng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Ru He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Gynecology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Juan Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang-Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mu-Yan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Ji Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hsiang-fu Kung
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
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Long L, Wang W, Cai XD, Cheng DU, Shuai X, Peng Y. PinX1-siRNA/mPEG-PEI-SPION combined with doxorubicin enhances the inhibition of glioma growth. Exp Ther Med 2014; 7:1170-1176. [PMID: 24940406 PMCID: PMC3991531 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy and the side effects of anticancer drugs are the major obstacles for glioma treatment. The aim of the present study was to develop a novel approach for the treatment of gliomas that improved the therapeutic effect; the anticancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX), was combined with short interfering (si)RNA and monomethoxy polyethylene glycol polyethylenimine superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (mPEG-PEI-SPION), a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-visible nanoparticle. Specific siRNA molecules, delivered by mPEG-PEI-SPION, were employed to knockdown the PIN2-interacting protein 1 (PinX1) gene in C6 glioma cells. PinX1 is a nucleolar protein associated with telomere and telomerase. C6 cells were treated with DOX and/or PinX1-siRNA. The results of the transfection experiments revealed that siRNA/mPEG-PEI-SPION was transfected into C6 cells with high efficiency. PinX1-siRNA was unable to inhibit C6 cells, while in the PinX1-siRNA + DOX group, the same dose of DOX caused an increased loss of cell viability. Therefore, mPEG-PEI-SPION was shown to be viable for siRNA delivery into C6 cells and coadministration of DOX with PinX1-siRNA may be a potential therapeutic method for inhibiting gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Long
- Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, P.R. China ; Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Center of Biomedical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, P.R. China
| | - Xia-Dong Cai
- Department of Neurology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital (Guangdong Gastrointestinal and Anal Hospital), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510655, P.R. China
| | - DU Cheng
- Center of Biomedical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, P.R. China
| | - Xintao Shuai
- Center of Biomedical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, P.R. China
| | - Ying Peng
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
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Liu JY, Qian D, He LR, Li YH, Liao YJ, Mai SJ, Tian XP, Liu YH, Zhang JX, Kung HF, Zeng YX, Zhou FJ, Xie D. PinX1 suppresses bladder urothelial carcinoma cell proliferation via the inhibition of telomerase activity and p16/cyclin D1 pathway. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:148. [PMID: 24268029 PMCID: PMC4176126 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND PIN2/TRF1-interacting telomerase inhibitor1 (PinX1) was recently suggested as a putative tumor suppressor in several types of human cancer, based on its binding to and inhibition of telomerase. Moreover, loss of PinX1 has been detected in many human malignancies. However, the possible involvement of PinX1 and its clinical/prognostic significance in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) are unclear. METHODS The PinX1 expression profile was examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blotting, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in UCB tissues and adjacent normal urothelial bladder epithelial tissues. PinX1 was overexpressed and silenced in UCB cell lines to determine its role in tumorigenesis, development of UCB, and the possible mechanism. RESULTS PinX1 expression in UCB was significantly down-regulated at both mRNA and protein level as compared with that in normal urothelial bladder epithelial tissues. PinX1 levels were inversely correlated with tumor multiplicity, advanced N classification, high proliferation index (Ki-67), and poor survival (P < 0.05). Moreover, overexpression of PinX1 in UCB cells significantly inhibited cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, whereas silencing PinX1 dramatically enhanced cell proliferation. Overexpression of PinX1 resulted in G1/S phase arrest and cell growth/proliferation inhibition, while silencing PinX1 led to acceleration of G1/S transition, and cell growth/proliferation promotion by inhibiting/enhancing telomerase activity and via the p16/cyclin D1 pathway. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that down-regulation of PinX1 play an important role in the tumorigenesis and development of UCB and that the expression of PinX1 as detected by IHC is an independent molecular marker in patients with UCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, No, 651, Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou 510060, China.
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Zuo J, Wang DH, Zhang YJ, Liu L, Liu FL, Liu W. Expression and mechanism of PinX1 and telomerase activity in the carcinogenesis of esophageal epithelial cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:1823-31. [PMID: 23912465 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal tissues were collected from an esophageal carcinoma high-risk area of China and were used to detect the telomere length and the expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) by immuhistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization; esophageal carcinoma tissues, paired-adjacent mucosa and paired normal mucosa were obtained from resected surgical specimens of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in order to determine telomerase activity and expression of hTERT and Pin2/TRF1 interacting protein X1 (PinX1) by telomeric repeat amplification protocol-silver staining, RT-PCR and flow cytometry (FCM). The cell proliferation and apoptosis of Eca109 cells were analyzed by FCM and MTT assay. We found that the length of telomere DNA decreased and hTERT protein expression increased in the carcinogenesis of esophageal epithelial cells; telomerase activity was significantly upregulated followed by a decrease of PinX1 expression in esophageal carcinoma compared with dysplasia and normal patients, which notably correlated with grade and lymph node metastasis. Overexpression of PinX1 inhibited cell growth, arrested cells at the G0/G1 stage and induced cell apoptosis in Eca109 cells. In addition, PinX1 overexpression significantly inhibited telomerase activity. In conclusion, the length shortening of telomere was an important characteristic in the carcinogenesis of esophageal epithelial cells, followed by increase of telomerase activity and downregulation of PinX1. Overexpression of PinX1 blocked Eca109 cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis by downregulating telomerase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zuo
- Department of Oncology, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050012, P.R. China
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Ghaffari SH, Momeny M, Bashash D, Mirzaei R, Ghavamzadeh A, Alimoghaddam K. Cytotoxic effect of arsenic trioxide on acute promyelocytic leukemia cells through suppression of NFkβ-dependent induction of hTERT due to down-regulation of Pin1 transcription. Hematology 2013; 17:198-206. [DOI: 10.1179/1607845412y.0000000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed H. Ghaffari
- Department of HematologyOncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Momeny
- Department of HematologyOncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of HematologyOncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; and Department of Hematology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roohollah Mirzaei
- Department of HematologyOncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ardeshir Ghavamzadeh
- Department of HematologyOncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Alimoghaddam
- Department of HematologyOncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Qian D, Zhang B, He LR, Cai MY, Mai SJ, Liao YJ, Liu YH, Lin MC, Bian XW, Zeng YX, Huang JJ, Kung HF, Xie D. The telomere/telomerase binding factor PinX1 is a new target to improve the radiotherapy effect of oesophageal squamous cell carcinomas. J Pathol 2013; 229:765-74. [PMID: 23341363 DOI: 10.1002/path.4163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is a standard treatment for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in its advanced stages. The telomerase/telomere interacting protein PinX1 contributes to telomere maintenance, tumourigenicity, and influences the DNA damage agent-induced apoptotic response in telomerase-positive cancer cells. However, the clinical and biological significance of PinX1 in human ESCCs remains unclear. We examined the expression dynamics of PinX1 by immunohistochemistry in a learning cohort (n = 98) and a validation cohort (n = 59) of ESCC patients treated with definite chemoradiotherapy (CRT). A series of in vivo and in vitro assays were performed to elucidate the effect of PinX1 on ESCC cells' CRT response and underlying mechanisms. Knockdown of PinX1 did not affect ESCC cells' chemosensitivities to 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin, but substantially increased ESCC cells' therapeutic efficacy of radiation both in vitro and in vivo. Ectopic overexpression of PinX1 dramatically enhanced ESCC cells' resistance to radiotherapy. Furthermore, we demonstrated that PinX1 resistance to radiotherapy (RT) was attributed to PinX1 maintaining telomere stability, reducing ESCC cell death by RT-induced mitosis catastrophe (MC). High expression of Pinx1 correlated positively with ESCC's resistance to CRT, and was a strong and independent predictor for short disease-specific survival (DSS) of ESCC patients. Our data suggest that PinX1 could serve as a novel predictor for a CRT response to ESCC patients, and the pathway of PinX1-mediated telomere stability might represent a new target to improve the RT effect of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Cheung DHC, Kung HF, Huang JJ, Shaw PC. PinX1 is involved in telomerase recruitment and regulates telomerase function by mediating its localization. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:3166-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lai XF, Shen CX, Wen Z, Qian YH, Yu CS, Wang JQ, Zhong PN, Wang HL. PinX1 regulation of telomerase activity and apoptosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2012; 31:12. [PMID: 22316341 PMCID: PMC3296635 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-31-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human interacting protein X1 (PinX1) has been identified as a critical telomerase inhibitor and proposed to be a putative tumor suppressor gene. Loss of PinX1 has been found in a large variety of malignancies, however, its function in inhibiting telomerase activity of tumor cells is not well documented. Here we show that PinX1 is essential for down-regulation telomerase activity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. METHODS Expression vectors of human PinX1 (pEGFP-C3-PinX1) and its small interfering RNA (PinX1-FAM-siRNA) were constructed and transfected into NPC. Their effects on mRNA of telomerase catalytic subunit (hTERT), telomerase activity, cell proliferation, cell migration, wound healing, cell cycles and apoptosis were examined using semi-quantitative RT-PCR, stretch PCR, MTT assay, Transwell, scratch assay and flow cytometry, respectively. RESULTS Transfection of pEGFP-C3-PinX1 and PinX1-FAM-siRNA increased and reduced PinX1 mRNA by 1.6-fold and 70%, respectively. Over-expression of PinX1 decreased hTERT mRNA by 21%, reduced telomerase activity, inhibited cell growth, migration and wound healing ability, arrested cells in G0/G1 phase, and increased apoptotic index. In contrast, down-regulation of PinX1 did not alter the above characteristics. CONCLUSIONS PinX1 may play important roles in NPC proliferation, migration and apoptosis and has application potential in tumor-targeted gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fen Lai
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Cong-Xiang Shen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Zhong Wen
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253# GongYe Road, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Yu-Hong Qian
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Chao-Sheng Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Jun-Qi Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Ping-Neng Zhong
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Hai-Li Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
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Tang Y, Liu D, Zhang L, Ingvarsson S, Chen H. Quantitative analysis of miRNA expression in seven human foetal and adult organs. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28730. [PMID: 22194897 PMCID: PMC3237490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
miRNAs have been found to repress gene expression at posttranscriptional level in cells. Studies have shown that expression of miRNAs is tissue-specific and developmental-stage-specific. The mechanism behind this could be explained by miRNA pathways. In this study, totally 54 miRNAs were analysed in 7 matched human foetal and adult organs (brain, colon, heart, kidney, liver, lung and spleen) using real-time PCR. Quantitative analysis showed that a big proportion of the 54 miRNAs have higher general expression in the organs of the foetal period than the adult period, with the exception of the heart. The miRNA gene promoter methylation level in the adult stages was higher than in the foetal stages. Moreover, there is a high general expression level of several miRNAs in both stages of brain, kidney, liver, lung and spleen, but not seen in colon and heart. Our results indicate that the miRNAs may play a bigger role in the foetal stage than the adult stage of brain, colon, kidney, liver, lung and spleen. The majority of the miRNAs analysed may play an important role in the growth and development of brain, kidney, liver, lung and spleen. However, a minority of the miRNAs may be functional in colon and heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Tang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Wuhan Blood Centre, Hubei, China
| | - Sigurdur Ingvarsson
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Huiping Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, China
- * E-mail:
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Wan SM, Tie J, Zhang YF, Guo J, Yang LQ, Wang J, Xia SH, Yang SM, Wang RQ, Fang DC. Silencing of the hPOT1 gene by RNA inference promotes apoptosis and inhibits proliferation and aggressive phenotype of gastric cancer cells, likely through up-regulating PinX1 expression. J Clin Pathol 2011; 64:1051-7. [PMID: 21778296 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2011-200211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human protection of telomeres 1 (hPOT1) protein, a single-strand telomeric DNA binding protein, plays an important role in telomere protection and telomere length regulation. However, its effect on invasion of gastric cancer remains unclear. AIMS To explore the role of hPOT1 in the proliferation and invasion of gastric cancer cells. METHODS The gastric expression of hPOT1 was examined in normal gastric mucosa (n=25), intestinal metaplasia (n=20), gastric dysplasia (n=20) and gastric cancer (n=150) by immunohistochemistry. The mean optical density (MOD) of the immunostaining was determined by semi-quantitative image analysis. The role of hPOT1 in the cell proliferation, apoptosis and invasion of gastric cancer 7901 cells was determined by means of the RNA interference (RNAi) of hPOT1 mRNA. The effects of hPOT1 RNAi on the expression of hPinX1 and hTERT were detected with western blotting. RESULTS The hPOT1 MOD was progressively increased from the normal mucosa to intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and gastric cancer. An increased hPOT1 expression significantly correlated with tumour serosal invasion, node metastasis and advanced stage. Transfection of hPOT1 siRNA into SGC-7901 cells led to a decrease in cell proliferation, colony formation and invasion, and also an increase of apoptosis. An up-regulation of hPinX1 and down-regulation of hTERT were found in gastric cancer cells with hPOT1 siRNA. CONCLUSIONS Increased hPOT1 expression is associated with an advanced tumour stage. hPOT1 RNAi inhibits proliferation and invasion, and induces apoptosis of gastric cancer cells. The effects of hPOT1 RNAi seem to be functionally linked to up-regulation of PinX1 and down-regulation of hTERT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Mei Wan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Zhang B, Qian D, Ma HH, Jin R, Yang PX, Cai MY, Liu YH, Liao YJ, Deng HX, Mai SJ, Zhang H, Zeng YX, Lin MC, Kung HF, Xie D, Huang JJ. Anthracyclines disrupt telomere maintenance by telomerase through inducing PinX1 ubiquitination and degradation. Oncogene 2011; 31:1-12. [PMID: 21643006 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Telomere maintenance is essential for cancer growth. Induction of telomere dysfunction, for example, by inhibition of telomeric proteins or telomerase, has been shown to strongly enhance cancer cells' sensitivity to chemotherapies. However, it is not clear whether modulations of telomere maintenance constitute cancer cellular responses to chemotherapies. Furthermore, the manner in which anti-cancer drugs affect telomere function remains unknown. In this study, we show that anthracyclines, a class of anti-cancer drugs widely used in clinical cancer treatments, have an active role in triggering telomere dysfunction specifically in telomerase-positive cancer cells. Anthracyclines interrupt telomere maintenance by telomerase through the downregulation of PinX1, a protein factor responsible for targeting telomerase onto telomeres, thereby inhibiting telomerase association with telomeres. We further demonstrate that anthracyclines downregulate PinX1 by inducing this protein degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent pathway. Our data not only reveal a novel action for anthracyclines as telomerase functional inhibitors but also provide a clue for the development of novel anti-cancer drugs based on telomerase/telomere targeting, which is actively investigated by many current studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Sokolov MV, Panyutin IV, Panyutin IG, Neumann RD. Dynamics of the transcriptome response of cultured human embryonic stem cells to ionizing radiation exposure. Mutat Res 2011; 709-710:40-8. [PMID: 21376742 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the key consequences of exposure of human cells to genotoxic agents is the activation of DNA damage responses (DDR). While the mechanisms underpinning DDR in fully differentiated somatic human cells have been studied extensively, molecular signaling events and pathways involved in DDR in pluripotent human embryonic stem cells (hESC) remain largely unexplored. We studied changes in the human genome-wide transcriptome of H9 hESC line following exposures to 1Gy of gamma-radiation at 2h and 16h post-irradiation. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to verify the expression data for a subset of genes. In parallel, the cell growth, DDR kinetics, and expression of pluripotency markers in irradiated hESC were monitored. The changes in gene expression in hESC after exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) are substantially different from those observed in somatic human cell lines. Gene expression patterns at 2h post-IR showed almost an exclusively p53-dependent, predominantly pro-apoptotic, signature with a total of only 30 up-regulated genes. In contrast, the gene expression patterns at 16h post-IR showed 354 differentially expressed genes, mostly involved in pro-survival pathways, such as increased expression of metallothioneins, ubiquitin cycle, and general metabolism signaling. Cell growth data paralleled trends in gene expression changes. DDR in hESC followed the kinetics reported for human somatic differentiated cells. The expression of pluripotency markers characteristic of undifferentiated hESC was not affected by exposure to IR during the time course of our analysis. Our data on dynamics of transcriptome response of irradiated hESCs may provide a valuable tool to screen for markers of IR exposure of human cells in their most naive state; thus unmasking the key elements of DDR; at the same time, avoiding the complexity of interpreting distinct cell type-dependent genotoxic stress responses of terminally differentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykyta V Sokolov
- Nuclear Medicine Division, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
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Zhou FX, Xiong J, Luo ZG, Dai J, Yu HJ, Liao ZK, Lei H, Xie CH, Zhou YF. cDNA Expression Analysis of a Human Radiosensitive-Radioresistant Cell Line Model Identifies Telomere Function as a Hallmark of Radioresistance. Radiat Res 2010; 174:550-7. [DOI: 10.1667/rr1657.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Wang HB, Wang XW, Zhou G, Wang WQ, Sun YG, Yang SM, Fang DC. PinX1 inhibits telomerase activity in gastric cancer cells through Mad1/c-Myc pathway. J Gastrointest Surg 2010; 14:1227-34. [PMID: 20544396 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-010-1253-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Mad1/c-Myc in telomerase regulation in gastric cancer cells in order to gain insight into telomerase activity and to evaluate PinX1 as a putative inhibitor of gastric cancer. METHODS PinX1 and PinX1siRNA eukaryotic expression vectors were constructed by recombinant technology and transfected into gastric carcinoma cells using Lipofectamine 2000. Telomerase activity was measured by the telomeric repeat amplification protocol. Apoptosis of gastric cancer cells was analyzed by flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were used to assess the expression levels of PinX1 and Mad1/c-Myc. RESULTS We found that PinX1-negative gastric cancer cells showed significantly higher telomerase activity than did the PinX1-postive cells. PinX1-transfection reduced telomerase activity in PinX1-negative gastric cancer cells and exhibited an upregulation of Mad1 and downregulation of c-Myc expression. Pinx1 RNAi treatment led to downregulation of Mad1 and upregulation of c-Myc. CONCLUSION Suppression of telomerase activity mediated by PinX1 is involved in the Mad1/c-Myc pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-bin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
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Liu D, Fan J, Zeng W, Zhou Y, Ingvarsson S, Chen H. Quantitative analysis of miRNA expression in several developmental stages of human livers. Hepatol Res 2010; 40:813-22. [PMID: 20649821 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2010.00683.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM miRNAs have been found to regulate gene expression at a posttranscriptional level in cells. Studies have shown that expression of miRNAs is tissue-specific and developmental stage-specific. The mechanism behind this could be explained by miRNA pathways. METHODS We introduce the identification of miRNAs from two human fetal liver cDNA libraries by a cloning protocol. The miRNAs detected were then analyzed in a chorionic villus tissue and four liver tissues using real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS After sequencing and database searching, a total of 42 miRNAs in two fetal livers were detected. Quantitative analysis showed that they have higher general expression in the livers of the fetal period than the adult period, and furthermore the expression levels of the miRNAs during the fetal period were dynamically changed. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that a special group of miRNAs may play an important role in human fetal liver development, while their roles in the adult livers are limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- Departments of Medical Genetics, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
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Cai MY, Zhang B, He WP, Yang GF, Rao HL, Rao ZY, Wu QL, Guan XY, Kung HF, Zeng YX, Xie D. Decreased expression of PinX1 protein is correlated with tumor development and is a new independent poor prognostic factor in ovarian carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:1543-9. [PMID: 20367640 PMCID: PMC11159430 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Human interacting protein X1 (PinX1) has been identified as a critical telomerase inhibitor and proposed to be a putative tumor suppressor gene. Loss of PinX1 has been found in a large variety of malignancies, but the expression status in epithelial ovarian tumors has not been investigated. In this study, immunohistochemistry for PinX1 protein was performed on a tissue microarray (TMA) of epithelial ovarian tumors (informatively containing 25 cystadenomas, 29 borderline tumors, and 157 invasive carcinomas) and 12 normal ovaries. Receiver-operator curve (ROC) analysis was used to determine cut-off scores for tumor positivity and to evaluate patients' survival status. The threshold for PinX1 positivity was determined to be above 60% (area under the curve = 0.856, P < 0.001) based on the area under the ROC. Positive expression of PinX1 was observed in 100% of normal ovarian tissues, in 84% of cystadenomas, in 75.9% borderline tumors, and 66.2% of ovarian carcinomas. Decreased expression of PinX1 was strongly related to patients with poor prognostic factors regarding presence of lymph node metastasis (P = 0.024), distant metastasis (P < 0.001), and late International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage (P < 0.001). In univariate survival analysis, a highly significant correlation between loss of PinX1 and shortened patient survival (mean, 48.2 months vs 99.2 months, P < 0.001) was displayed. Multivariate analysis demonstrated PinX1 expression (P = 0.027) was evaluated as an independent parameter. Our findings suggest that loss of PinX1 is an adverse independent molecular marker for epithelial ovarian carcinoma patients. PinX1 may be a novel target for telomerase-based anticancer therapy due to inhibiting telomerase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Yan Cai
- Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Morii A, Komiya A, Okumura A, Fuse H. Telomerase activity in bladder cancer tissue. Exp Ther Med 2010; 1:85-88. [PMID: 23136598 DOI: 10.3892/etm_00000015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that maintains telomeric DNA repeats at the end of chromosomes. Telomerase activity has been reported in many human cancers. The present study evaluated telomerase activity in bladder cancer tissue and investigated whether this activity is associated with tumor characteristics and prognosis in bladder cancer patients. Telomerase activity was investigated using the telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) in bladder tissue specimens from 81 patients, including 75 patients with bladder carcinoma and 6 patients with dysplasia or an inflammatory bladder lesion. Forty-nine of the 75 bladder cancer patients were found to be telomerase-positive, while 1 out of the 6 control specimens without carcinoma was telomerase-positive. Telomerase activity was correlated with lower grade and lower stage bladder cancer, but was not significantly associated with cancer-specific survival in the total population of bladder cancer patients. However, telomerase-positive patients among the patients with invasive and grade 3 tumors had an improved prognosis. Telomerase activity was observed in early-stage bladder cancer, and may be an indicator of prognosis in bladder cancer patients with advanced-stage and high-grade tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Morii
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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Liu D, Fan J, Mei M, Ingvarsson S, Chen H. Identification of miRNAs in a liver of a human fetus by a modified method. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7594. [PMID: 19855840 PMCID: PMC2762743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background miRNAs are 17–25 nucleotides long RNA molecules that have been found to regulate gene expression in human cells. There are studies showing that different groups of miRNAs are involved in development of different tissues. In hepatocytes there are reported particular types of miRNAs that regulate gene expression. Methods We established a human fetal liver cDNA library by a modified cloning protocol. Then plasmid isolation from the colonies was performed. After sequencing and database searching, the miRNAs were recognized. RT-PCR and sequencing were carried out to validate the miRNAs detected. Real-time PCR was used to analyze the expression of each miRNA. Results One novel miRNA was discovered, together with another 35 previously-known miRNAs in the fetal liver. Some of them existed in variants. The miRNAs identified were validated by RT-PCR and sequencing. Quantitative analysis showed that they have variable expression. Conclusion Our results indicate that a special group of miRNAs may play an important role in fetal liver development in a synergistic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Fan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Manxue Mei
- Department of Feed Science, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnical University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Sigurdur Ingvarsson
- Institute for Experimental Pathology and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Keldur, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Huiping Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail:
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