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Cazzato G, Ingravallo G, Ribatti D. Angiogenesis Still Plays a Crucial Role in Human Melanoma Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1794. [PMID: 38791873 PMCID: PMC11120419 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16101794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays a pivotal role in tumor progression, particularly in melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the intricate interplay between angiogenesis and tumor microenvironment (TME) in melanoma progression. Pro-angiogenic factors, including VEGF, PlGF, FGF-2, IL-8, Ang, TGF-β, PDGF, integrins, MMPs, and PAF, modulate angiogenesis and contribute to melanoma metastasis. Additionally, cells within the TME, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts, mast cells, and melanoma-associated macrophages, influence tumor angiogenesis and progression. Anti-angiogenic therapies, while showing promise, face challenges such as drug resistance and tumor-induced activation of alternative angiogenic pathways. Rational combinations of anti-angiogenic agents and immunotherapies are being explored to overcome resistance. Biomarker identification for treatment response remains crucial for personalized therapies. This review highlights the complexity of angiogenesis in melanoma and underscores the need for innovative therapeutic approaches tailored to the dynamic TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Cazzato
- Section of Molecular Pathology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Ingravallo
- Section of Molecular Pathology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Medical School, 70124 Bari, Italy;
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2
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Malta MD, Cerqueira MT, Marques AP. Extracellular matrix in skin diseases: The road to new therapies. J Adv Res 2023; 51:149-160. [PMID: 36481476 PMCID: PMC10491993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a vital structure with a dynamic and complex organization that plays an essential role in tissue homeostasis. In the skin, the ECM is arranged into two types of compartments: interstitial dermal matrix and basement membrane (BM). All evidence in the literature supports the notion that direct dysregulation of the composition, abundance or structure of one of these types of ECM, or indirect modifications in proteins that interact with them is linked to a wide range of human skin pathologies, including hereditary, autoimmune, and neoplastic diseases. Even though the ECM's key role in these pathologies has been widely documented, its potential as a therapeutic target has been overlooked. AIM OF REVIEW This review discusses the molecular mechanisms involved in three groups of skin ECM-related diseases - genetic, autoimmune, and neoplastic - and the recent therapeutic progress and opportunities targeting ECM. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW This article describes the implications of alterations in ECM components and in BM-associated molecules that are determinant for guaranteeing its function in different skin disorders. Also, ongoing clinical trials on ECM-targeted therapies are discussed together with future opportunities that may open new avenues for treating ECM-associated skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Malta
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - M T Cerqueira
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - A P Marques
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal.
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3
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Peach CJ, Edgington-Mitchell LE, Bunnett NW, Schmidt BL. Protease-activated receptors in health and disease. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:717-785. [PMID: 35901239 PMCID: PMC9662810 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases are signaling molecules that specifically control cellular functions by cleaving protease-activated receptors (PARs). The four known PARs are members of the large family of G protein-coupled receptors. These transmembrane receptors control most physiological and pathological processes and are the target of a large proportion of therapeutic drugs. Signaling proteases include enzymes from the circulation; from immune, inflammatory epithelial, and cancer cells; as well as from commensal and pathogenic bacteria. Advances in our understanding of the structure and function of PARs provide insights into how diverse proteases activate these receptors to regulate physiological and pathological processes in most tissues and organ systems. The realization that proteases and PARs are key mediators of disease, coupled with advances in understanding the atomic level structure of PARs and their mechanisms of signaling in subcellular microdomains, has spurred the development of antagonists, some of which have advanced to the clinic. Herein we review the discovery, structure, and function of this receptor system, highlight the contribution of PARs to homeostatic control, and discuss the potential of PAR antagonists for the treatment of major diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J Peach
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Laura E Edgington-Mitchell
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology and Neuroscience Institute, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Brian L Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
- Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York
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4
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Emerging concepts in designing next-generation multifunctional nanomedicine for cancer treatment. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:231373. [PMID: 35638450 PMCID: PMC9272595 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20212051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotherapy has emerged as an improved anticancer therapeutic strategy to circumvent the harmful side effects of chemotherapy. It has been proven to be beneficial to offer multiple advantages, including their capacity to carry different therapeutic agents, longer circulation time and increased therapeutic index with reduced toxicity. Over time, nanotherapy evolved in terms of their designing strategies like geometry, size, composition or chemistry to circumvent the biological barriers. Multifunctional nanoscale materials are widely used as molecular transporter for delivering therapeutics and imaging agents. Nanomedicine involving multi-component chemotherapeutic drug-based combination therapy has been found to be an improved promising approach to increase the efficacy of cancer treatment. Next-generation nanomedicine has also utilized and combined immunotherapy to increase its therapeutic efficacy. It helps in targeting tumor immune response sparing the healthy systemic immune function. In this review, we have summarized the progress of nanotechnology in terms of nanoparticle designing and targeting cancer. We have also discussed its further applications in combination therapy and cancer immunotherapy. Integrating patient-specific proteomics and biomarker based information and harnessing clinically safe nanotechnology, the development of precision nanomedicine could revolutionize the effective cancer therapy.
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Wang M, Zhao J, Jiang H, Wang X. Tumor-targeted nano-delivery system of therapeutic RNA. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:1111-1140. [PMID: 35134106 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01969d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The birth of RNAi technology has pioneered actionability at the molecular level. Compared to DNA, RNA is less stable and therefore requires more demanding delivery vehicles. With their flexible size, shape, structure, and accessible surface modification, non-viral vectors show great promise for application in RNA delivery. Different non-viral vectors have different ways of binding to RNA. Low immunotoxicity gives RNA significant advantages in tumor treatment. However, the delivery of RNA still has many limitations in vivo. This manuscript summarizes the size-targeting dependence of different organs, followed by a summary of nanovesicles currently in or undergoing clinical trials. It also reviews all RNA delivery systems involved in the current study, including natural, bionic, organic, and inorganic systems. It summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of different delivery methods, which will be helpful for future RNA vehicle design. It is hoped that this will be helpful for gene therapy of clinical tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maonan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Lab), School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Jingzhou Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Lab), School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Lab), School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Xuemei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics (Chien-Shiung Wu Lab), School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
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Targeting GPCRs and Their Signaling as a Therapeutic Option in Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030706. [PMID: 35158973 PMCID: PMC8833576 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Sixteen G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been involved in melanogenesis or melanomagenesis. Here, we review these GPCRs, their associated signaling, and therapies. Abstract G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) serve prominent roles in melanocyte lineage physiology, with an impact at all stages of development, as well as on mature melanocyte functions. GPCR ligands are present in the skin and regulate melanocyte homeostasis, including pigmentation. The role of GPCRs in the regulation of pigmentation and, consequently, protection against external aggression, such as ultraviolet radiation, has long been established. However, evidence of new functions of GPCRs directly in melanomagenesis has been highlighted in recent years. GPCRs are coupled, through their intracellular domains, to heterotrimeric G-proteins, which induce cellular signaling through various pathways. Such signaling modulates numerous essential cellular processes that occur during melanomagenesis, including proliferation and migration. GPCR-associated signaling in melanoma can be activated by the binding of paracrine factors to their receptors or directly by activating mutations. In this review, we present melanoma-associated alterations of GPCRs and their downstream signaling and discuss the various preclinical models used to evaluate new therapeutic approaches against GPCR activity in melanoma. Recent striking advances in our understanding of the structure, function, and regulation of GPCRs will undoubtedly broaden melanoma treatment options in the future.
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Hayashi MAF, Campeiro JD, Yonamine CM. Revisiting the potential of South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus toxins as therapeutic, theranostic and/or biotechnological agents. Toxicon 2021; 206:1-13. [PMID: 34896407 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The potential biotechnological and biomedical applications of the animal venom components are widely recognized. Indeed, many components have been used either as drugs or as templates/prototypes for the development of innovative pharmaceutical drugs, among which many are still used for the treatment of human diseases. A specific South American rattlesnake, named Crotalus durissus terrificus, shows a venom composition relatively simpler compared to any viper or other snake species belonging to the Crotalus genus, although presenting a set of toxins with high potential for the treatment of several still unmet human therapeutic needs, as reviewed in this work. In addition to the main toxin named crotoxin, which is under clinical trials studies for antitumoral therapy and which has also anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities, other toxins from the C. d. terrificus venom are also being studied, aiming for a wide variety of therapeutic applications, including as antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal, antitumoral or antiparasitic agent, or as modulator of animal metabolism, fibrin sealant (fibrin glue), gene carrier or theranostic agent. Among these rattlesnake toxins, the most relevant, considering the potential clinical applications, are crotamine, crotalphine and gyroxin. In this narrative revision, we propose to organize and present briefly the updates in the accumulated knowledge on potential therapeutic applications of toxins collectively found exclusively in the venom of this specific South American rattlesnake, with the objective of contributing to increase the chances of success in the discovery of drugs based on toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirian A F Hayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), SP, Brazil.
| | - Joana D Campeiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), SP, Brazil
| | - Camila M Yonamine
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Escola Paulista de Medicina (EPM), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), SP, Brazil.
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Tekin C, Scicluna BP, Lodestijn SC, Shi K, Bijlsma MF, Spek CA. Protease-activated receptor 1 drives and maintains ductal cell fates in the premalignant pancreas and ductal adenocarcinoma. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:3091-3108. [PMID: 33932087 PMCID: PMC8564660 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic acinar cells have high plasticity and can transdifferentiate into ductal-like cells. This acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM) contributes to tissue maintenance but may also contribute to the premalignant transformation that can eventually progress to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Macrophages are key players in ADM, and macrophage-secreted matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 induces ADM through yet unknown mechanisms. As we previously identified MMP9 as a novel agonist of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1), a receptor that is known to orchestrate the cross-talk between macrophages and tumor cells in PDAC, we here assessed the contribution of PAR1 to pancreatic cell fates. We found that genetic deficiency for PAR1 increases acinar gene expression programs in the healthy pancreas and that PAR1 deficiency limits ductal transdifferentiation in experimental systems for ADM. Moreover, PAR1 silencing in PDAC cells increases acinar marker expression. Changes in PDAC cell lines were associated with a downregulation of known Myc-target genes, and Myc inhibition mimics PAR1 deficiency in enhancing acinar programs in healthy organoids and PDAC cells. Overall, we identify the PAR1-Myc axis as a driver of ductal cell fates in premalignant pancreas and PDAC. Moreover, we show that cellular plasticity is not unique to acinar cells and that ductal regeneration into acinar-like cells is possible even in the context of oncogenic KRAS activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Tekin
- Center for Experimental and Molecular MedicineAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and RadiobiologyCancer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Brendon P. Scicluna
- Center for Experimental and Molecular MedicineAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Sophie C. Lodestijn
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and RadiobiologyCancer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Kun Shi
- Center for Experimental and Molecular MedicineAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Maarten F. Bijlsma
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and RadiobiologyCancer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Oncode InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - C. Arnold Spek
- Center for Experimental and Molecular MedicineAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and RadiobiologyCancer Center AmsterdamAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamThe Netherlands
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9
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Orellana VP, Tittarelli A, Retamal MA. Connexins in melanoma: Potential role of Cx46 in its aggressiveness. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:853-868. [PMID: 33140904 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive skin cancer, and in metastatic advanced states, it is completely refractory to chemotherapy. Therefore, it is relevant to understand the molecular bases that rule their aggressiveness. Connexins (Cxs) are proteins that under normal physiological conditions participate in intercellular communication, via the exchange of signaling molecules between the cytoplasm and extracellular milieu and the exchange of ions/second messengers between the cytoplasm of contacting cells. These proteins have shown important roles in cancer progression, chemo- and radiotherapy resistance, and metastasis. Accordingly, Cx26 and Cx43 seem to play important roles in melanoma progression and metastasis. On the other hand, Cx46 is typically expressed in the eye lens, where it seems to be associated with oxidative stress protection in fiber lens cells. However, in the last decade, Cx46 expression has been associated with breast and brain cancers, due to its role in potentiation of both extracellular vesicle release and cancer stem cell-like properties. In this review, we analyzed a potential role of Cx46 as a new biomarker and therapeutic target in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana P Orellana
- Universidad del Desarrollo. Centro de Fisiología Celular e Integrativa, Clinica Alemana Facultad de Medicina, Santiago, Chile
- Universidad del Desarrollo. Programa de Comunicación Celular en Cáncer, Clínica Alemana Facultad de Medicina, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Tittarelli
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (PIDi), Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana (UTEM), Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio A Retamal
- Universidad del Desarrollo. Centro de Fisiología Celular e Integrativa, Clinica Alemana Facultad de Medicina, Santiago, Chile
- Universidad del Desarrollo. Programa de Comunicación Celular en Cáncer, Clínica Alemana Facultad de Medicina, Santiago, Chile
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Rabinovitch E, Mihara K, Sananes A, Zaretsky M, Heyne M, Shifman J, Aharoni A, Hollenberg MD, Papo N. A KLK4 proteinase substrate capture approach to antagonize PAR1. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16170. [PMID: 34373558 PMCID: PMC8352894 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95666-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptor-1 (PAR1), triggered by thrombin and other serine proteinases such as tissue kallikrein-4 (KLK4), is a key driver of inflammation, tumor invasiveness and tumor metastasis. The PAR1 transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor therefore represents an attractive target for therapeutic inhibitors. We thus used a computational design to develop a new PAR1 antagonist, namely, a catalytically inactive human KLK4 that acts as a proteinase substrate-capture reagent, preventing receptor cleavage (and hence activation) by binding to and occluding the extracellular R41-S42 canonical PAR1 proteolytic activation site. On the basis of in silico site-saturation mutagenesis, we then generated KLK4S207A,L185D, a first-of-a-kind 'decoy' PAR1 inhibitor, by mutating the S207A and L185D residues in wild-type KLK4, which strongly binds to PAR1. KLK4S207A,L185D markedly inhibited PAR1 cleavage, and PAR1-mediated MAPK/ERK activation as well as the migration and invasiveness of melanoma cells. This 'substrate-capturing' KLK4 variant, engineered to bind to PAR1, illustrates proof of principle for the utility of a KLK4 'proteinase substrate capture' approach to regulate proteinase-mediated PAR1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eitan Rabinovitch
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Koishiro Mihara
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Amiram Sananes
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Marianna Zaretsky
- Department of Life Sciences, National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Michael Heyne
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram Campus, 91906, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Julia Shifman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram Campus, 91906, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amir Aharoni
- Department of Life Sciences, National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Niv Papo
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, National Institute of Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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Chakravarthi S, Karikalan B. Molecular Biomarkers for Lung Adenocarcinoma: A Short Review. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394716666200724164654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a disease with higher death rates and is responsible for around 2 million
deaths per year worldwide. Recently, several breakthroughs have been made in the field of lung
cancer that has led to a revolution in the management of lung cancer patients. Identification of
molecular markers and the implication of respective targeted therapies has been a great success in
the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma patients. Despite the fact that targeted therapy of lung adenocarcinomas
represents one of the significant milestones in the treatment of lung cancer that resulted
in increased survival rates even in advanced stages, the mortality rates of lung cancer still remain
to be significantly high. This warrants further research for gaining better insights into molecular alterations
that can lead to newer innovations in targeted drug therapy towards lung adenocarcinoma.
In this review, we briefly summarized the literature on molecular markers that are already in use.
We also consolidated newer molecular markers that are under study with the potential for being targeted
for therapies in future.
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12
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Dymicka-Piekarska V, Koper-Lenkiewicz OM, Zińczuk J, Kratz E, Kamińska J. Inflammatory cell-associated tumors. Not only macrophages (TAMs), fibroblasts (TAFs) and neutrophils (TANs) can infiltrate the tumor microenvironment. The unique role of tumor associated platelets (TAPs). Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:1497-1510. [PMID: 33146401 PMCID: PMC8139882 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02758-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that various inflammatory cells infiltrate cancer cells. Next to TAMs (tumor-associated macrophages), TAFs (tumor-associated fibroblasts) and TANs (tumor-associated neutrophils) also platelets form the tumor microenvironment. Taking into account the role of platelets in the development of cancer, we have decided to introduce a new term: tumor associated platelets-TAPs. To the best of our knowledge, thus far this terminology has not been employed by anyone. Platelets are the first to appear at the site of the inflammatory process that accompanies cancer development. Within the first few hours from the start of the colonization of cancer cells platelet-tumor aggregates are responsible for neutrophils recruitment, and further release a number of factors associated with tumor growth, metastasis and neoangiogenesis. On the other hand, it also has been indicated that factors delivered from platelets can induce a cytotoxic effect on the proliferating neoplastic cells, and even enhance apoptosis. Undoubtedly, TAPs' role seems to be more complex when compared to tumor associated neutrophils and macrophages, which do not allow for their division into TAP P1 and TAP P2, as in the case of TANs and TAMs. In this review we discuss the role of TAPs as an important element of tumor invasiveness and as a potentially new therapeutic target to prevent cancer development. Nevertheless, better exploring the interactions between platelets and tumor cells could help in the formulation of new therapeutic goals that support or improve the effectiveness of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Dymicka-Piekarska
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Olga M. Koper-Lenkiewicz
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Justyna Zińczuk
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ewa Kratz
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska Street 211A, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Kamińska
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszyngtona 15A, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
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Kothari A, Flick MJ. Coagulation Signaling through PAR1 as a Therapeutic Target in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105138. [PMID: 34066284 PMCID: PMC8152032 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly fatal disease with a 5-year survival rate of less than 10% following diagnosis. The aggressive and invasive properties of pancreatic cancer tumors coupled with poor diagnostic options contribute to the high mortality rate since most patients present with late-stage disease. Accordingly, PDAC is linked to the highest rate of cancer-associated venous thromboembolic disease of all solid tumor malignancies. However, in addition to promoting clot formation, recent studies suggest that the coagulation system in PDAC mediates a reciprocal relationship, whereby coagulation proteases and receptors promote PDAC tumor progression and dissemination. Here, upregulation of tissue factor (TF) by tumor cells can drive local generation of the central coagulation protease thrombin that promotes cell signaling activity through protease-activated receptors (PARs) expressed by both tumor cells and multiple stromal cell subsets. Moreover, the TF-thrombin-PAR1 signaling axis appears to be a major mechanism of cancer progression in general and PDAC in particular. Here, we summarize the current literature regarding the role of PAR1 in PDAC and review possibilities for pharmacologically targeting PAR1 as a PDAC therapeutic approach.
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Obeid MA, Aljabali AAA, Rezigue M, Amawi H, Alyamani H, Abdeljaber SN, Ferro VA. Use of Nanoparticles in Delivery of Nucleic Acids for Melanoma Treatment. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2265:591-620. [PMID: 33704742 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1205-7_41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma accounts for 4% of all skin cancer malignancies, with only 14% of diagnosed patients surviving for more than 5 years after diagnosis. Until now, there is no clear understanding of the detailed molecular contributors of melanoma pathogenesis. Accordingly, more research is needed to understand melanoma development and prognosis.All the treatment approaches that are currently applied have several significant limitations that prevent effective use in melanoma. One major limitation in the treatment of cancer is the acquisition of multidrug resistance (MDR). The MDR results in significant treatment failure and poor clinical outcomes in several cancers, including skin cancer. Treatment of melanoma is especially retarded by MDR. Despite the current advances in targeted and immune-mediated therapy, treatment arms of melanoma are severely limited and stand as a significant clinical challenge. Further, the poor pharmacokinetic profile of currently used chemotherapeutic agents is another reason for treatment failure. Therefore, more research is needed to develop novel drugs and carrier tools for more effective and targeted treatment.Nucleic acid therapy is based on nucleic acids or chemical compounds that are closely related, such as antisense oligonucleotides, aptamers, and small-interfering RNAs that are usually used in situations when a specific gene implicated in a disorder is deemed a therapeutically beneficial target for inhibition. However, the proper application for nucleic acid therapies is hampered by the development of an effective delivery system that can maintain their stability in the systemic circulation and enhance their uptake by the target cells. In this chapter, the prognosis of the different types of melanoma along with the currently used medications is highlighted, and the different types of nucleic acids along with the currently available nanoparticle systems for delivering these nucleic acids into melanoma cells are discussed. We also discuss recently conducted research on the use of different types of nanoparticles for nucleic acid delivery into melanoma cells and highlight the most significant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Obeid
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan.
| | - Alaa A A Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Meriem Rezigue
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Haneen Amawi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Hanin Alyamani
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Shatha N Abdeljaber
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Valerie A Ferro
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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15
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Sharma A, Jha NK, Dahiya K, Singh VK, Chaurasiya K, Jha AN, Jha SK, Mishra PC, Dholpuria S, Astya R, Nand P, Kumar A, Ruokolainen J, Kesari KK. Nanoparticulate RNA delivery systems in cancer. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2020; 3:e1271. [PMID: 32729987 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug delivery system is a common practice in cancer treatment. RNA interference-mediated post-transcriptional gene silencing holds promise as an approach to knockdown in the expression of target genes responsible for cancer cell growth and metastasis. RNA interference (RNAi) can be achieved by delivering small interfering RNA (siRNA) and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to target cells. Since neither interfering RNAs can be delivered in naked form due to poor stability, an efficient delivery system is required that protects, guides, and delivers the siRNA and shRNA to target cells as part of cancer therapy (chemotherapy). RECENT FINDINGS In this review, a discussion is presented about the different types of drug delivery system used to deliver siRNA and shRNA, together with an overview of the potential benefits associated with this sophisticated biomolecular therapy. Improved understanding of the different approaches used in nanoparticle (NP) fabrication, along with an enhanced appreciation of the biochemical properties of siRNA/shRNA, will assist in developing improved drug delivery strategies in basic and clinical research. CONCLUSION These novel delivery techniques are able to solve the problems that form an inevitable part of delivering genes in more efficient manner and as part of more effective treatment protocols. The present review concludes that the nanoparticulate RNA delivery system has great possibility for cancer treatment along with several other proposed methods. Several NPs or nanocarriers are already in use, but the methods proposed here could fulfill the missing gap in cancer research. It is the future technology, which unravels the mystery of resolving genomic diseases that is, especially genomic instability and its signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Sharma
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Science & Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Kajal Dahiya
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Science & Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Kundan Chaurasiya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Aditya Narayan Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Prabhu Chandra Mishra
- Department of Regenerative Medicine & Cellular Therapy, StemMax Research & Therapeutics Pvt Ltd., New Delhi, India
| | - Sunny Dholpuria
- Department of Life Science, School of Basic Science & Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Rani Astya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Parma Nand
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Ram Krishna College, Lalit Narayan Mithila University, Darbhanga, India
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Cantrell R, Palumbo JS. The thrombin–inflammation axis in cancer progression. Thromb Res 2020; 191 Suppl 1:S117-S122. [DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(20)30408-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Palhares LCGF, Barbosa JS, Scortecci KC, Rocha HAO, Brito AS, Chavante SF. In vitro antitumor and anti-angiogenic activities of a shrimp chondroitin sulfate. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:1153-1165. [PMID: 32553958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin triggers cellular responses that are crucial for development and progression of cancer, such as proliferation, migration, oncogene expression and angiogenesis. Thus, biomolecules capable of inhibiting this protease have become targets in cancer research. The present work describes the in vitro antitumor properties of a chondroitin sulfate with anti-thrombin activity, isolated from the Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp (sCS). Although the compound was unable to induce cytotoxicity or cell death and/or cell cycle changes after 24 h incubation, it showed a long-term antiproliferative effect, reducing the tumor colony formation of melanoma cells by 75% at 100 μg/mL concentration and inhibiting the anchorage-independent colony formation. sCS reduced 66% of melanoma cell migration in the wound healing assay and 70% in the transwell assay. The compound also decreased melanin and TNF-α content of melanoma cells by 52% and 75% respectively. Anti-angiogenic experiments showed that sCS promoted 100% reduction of tubular structure formation at 100 μg/mL. These results are in accordance with the sCS-mediated in vitro expression of genes related to melanoma development (Cx-43, MAPK, RhoA, PAFR, NFKB1 and VEGFA). These findings bring a new insight to CS molecules in cancer biology that can contribute to ongoing studies for new approaches in designing anti-tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lais C G F Palhares
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Jefferson S Barbosa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus São Gonçalo do Amarante, RN, Brazil
| | - Kátia C Scortecci
- Departamento de Biologia celular e genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Hugo A O Rocha
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Adriana S Brito
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde do Trairi, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Santa Cruz, RN, Brazil.
| | - Suely F Chavante
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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18
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Li T, Huang L, Yang M. Lipid-based Vehicles for siRNA Delivery in Biomedical Field. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:3-22. [PMID: 31549951 DOI: 10.2174/1389201020666190924164152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic drugs have aroused much attention in the past twenty years. RNA interference (RNAi) offers novel insights into discovering potential gene functions and therapies targeting genetic diseases. Small interference RNA (siRNA), typically 21-23 nucleotides in length, can specifically degrade complementary mRNA. However, targeted delivery and controlled release of siRNA remain a great challenge. METHODS Different types of lipid-based delivery vehicles have been synthesized, such as liposomes, lipidoids, micelles, lipoplexes and lipid nanoparticles. These carriers commonly have a core-shell structure. For active targeting, ligands may be conjugated to the surface of lipid particles. RESULTS Lipid-based drug delivery vehicles can be utilized in anti-viral or anti-tumor therapies. They can also be used to tackle genetic diseases or discover novel druggable genes. CONCLUSION In this review, the structures of lipid-based vehicles and possible surface modifications are described, and applications of delivery vehicles in biomedical field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhong Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Linfeng Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mengsu Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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19
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Malvi P, Wang B, Shah S, Gupta R. Dissecting the role of RNA modification regulatory proteins in melanoma. Oncotarget 2019. [DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Parmanand Malvi
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Biao Wang
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Shreni Shah
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Romi Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
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20
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Malvi P, Wang B, Shah S, Gupta R. Dissecting the role of RNA modification regulatory proteins in melanoma. Oncotarget 2019; 10:3745-3759. [PMID: 31217906 PMCID: PMC6557201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer. Despite recent advances in medicine and the development of new treatments for melanoma, cures remain elusive as acquired resistance to both targeted and immunotherapies are becoming common. Therefore, more studies are conducted to dissect underlying molecular mechanisms that drive melanoma growth in order to provide better therapeutic option. Here, employing a comprehensive and unbiased analysis of different RNA modification regulatory proteins using various publicly available databases we identify the most relevant RNA modifying proteins that plays crucial role in melanoma development. Our study started with the analysis of various genetic alterations (amplifications, mutations/deletion) as well as RNA overexpression of these RNA modification regulatory proteins in The Cancer Genome Atlas melanoma database. We then analyzed their expression in The Human Protein Atlas data. The result of analysis revealed that only a subset of RNA modification regulatory proteins are overexpressed in >75% of melanoma patient cases as compared to normal skin. However, when examined in Oncomine dataset we found only two genes (METTL4 and DNMT3A) were significantly overexpressed in melanoma samples versus normal skin samples and matched with the results of The Human Protein Atlas data. Therefore, we functionally validated METTL4 and DNMT3A using shRNA-mediated knockdown and found that their knockdown in melanoma cells led to melanoma cells growth inhibition. Collectively, in this study, we investigated the epitranscriptomic landscape of melanoma using various publicly available database and identified DNMT3A and METTL4 as the most relevant potential regulators of melanoma growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parmanand Malvi
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Biao Wang
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Shreni Shah
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Romi Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
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21
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Xie X, Zhang Y, Li F, Lv T, Li Z, Chen H, Jia L, Gao Y. Challenges and Opportunities from Basic Cancer Biology for Nanomedicine for Targeted Drug Delivery. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2019; 19:257-276. [DOI: 10.2174/1568009618666180628160211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background:Effective cancer therapy is still a great challenge for modern medical research due to the complex underlying mechanisms of tumorigenesis and tumor metastasis, and the limitations commonly associated with currently used cancer therapeutic options. Nanotechnology has been implemented in cancer therapeutics with immense potential for improving cancer treatment.Objective:Through information about the recent advances regarding cancer hallmarks, we could comprehensively understand the pharmacological effects and explore the mechanisms of the interaction between the nanomaterials, which could provide opportunities to develop mechanism-based nanomedicine to treat human cancers.Methods:We collected related information and data from articles.Results:In this review, we discussed the characteristics of cancer including tumor angiogenesis, abnormalities in tumor blood vessels, uncontrolled cell proliferation markers, multidrug resistance, tumor metastasis, cancer cell metabolism, and tumor immune system that provide opportunities and challenges for nanomedicine to be directed to specific cancer cells and portray the progress that has been accomplished in application of nanotechnology for cancer treatment.Conclusion:The information presented in this review can provide useful references for further studies on developing effective nanomedicine for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Xie
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, and Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, and Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Fengqiao Li
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, and Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Tingting Lv
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, and Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Ziying Li
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, and Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Haijun Chen
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, and Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Lee Jia
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, and Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Cancer Metastasis Alert and Prevention Center, and Pharmaceutical Photocatalysis of State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
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22
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Abstract
With the recent explosion of genomic information on the root causes of disease, there is an increased interest in nucleic acid therapeutics, including siRNA and gene therapy, all of which require delivery of highly charged nucleic acids from siRNA with a molecular weight of about 1.4 × 104 to plasmids with an approximate molecular weight of 2.0-3.0 × 106. This chapter describes the delivery of shRNA via plasmid or siRNA with a peptide-based carrier. We focus on the histidine-lysine peptide which serves as an example for other peptides and polymeric carrier systems. When the HK peptide and nucleic acids are mixed together and interact with one another through ionic and nonionic interactions, nanoplexes are formed. These nanoplexes, carrying either shRNA or siRNA that target oncogenes, provide promising options for the treatment of cancer. We describe methods of preparation and characterization of these nanoplexes using dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, and gel retardation assays. We also provide protocols for transfection in vitro and in vivo for these nanoplexes.
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23
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Adams GN, Sharma BK, Rosenfeldt L, Frederick M, Flick MJ, Witte DP, Mosnier LO, Harmel-Laws E, Steinbrecher KA, Palumbo JS. Protease-activated receptor-1 impedes prostate and intestinal tumor progression in mice. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:2258-2269. [PMID: 30152921 PMCID: PMC6214773 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Essentials Protease activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) has been proposed to drive cancer progression. Surprisingly, PAR-1 deletion accelerated tumor progression in two distinct experimental settings. PAR-1 deletion was shown to limit the apoptosis of transformed epithelial cells. Thrombin- and activated protein C-mediated PAR-1 activation have unique effects on tumor cell biology. SUMMARY: Background Multiple studies have implicated protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1), a G-protein-coupled receptor activated by proteolytic cleavage of its N-terminus, as one target coupling thrombin-mediated proteolysis to tumor progression. Objective To analyze the role of PAR-1 in the setting of two distinct spontaneously developing tumor models in mice. Methods We interbred PAR-1-deficient mice with Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) mice, which spontaneously develop prostate tumors, and adenomatous polyposis coli Min (APCMin/+ ) mice, which spontaneously develop intestinal adenomas. Results Analyses of TRAMP mice with advanced disease (30 weeks) revealed that PAR-1 deficiency resulted in significantly larger and more aggressive prostate tumors. Prostates collected at an earlier time point (12 weeks of age) revealed that PAR-1 promotes apoptosis in transformed epithelia. In vitro analyses of TRAMP-derived cells revealed that activated protein C-mediated PAR-1 cleavage can induce tumor cell apoptosis, suggesting that tumor cell-intrinsic PAR-1 functions can limit tumor progression. Paralleling results in TRAMP mice, PAR-1-deficient APCMin/+ mice developed three-fold more adenomas than PAR-1-expressing mice, and the adenomas that formed were significantly larger. Moreover, loss of PAR-1 expression was shown to limit apoptosis in transformed intestinal epithelial cells. Conclusions Together, these results demonstrate a previously unrecognized role for PAR-1 in impeding tumor progression in vivo. These results also offer a cautionary note suggesting that long-term PAR-1 inhibition could increase malignancy risk in some contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory N. Adams
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Bal Krishan Sharma
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Leah Rosenfeldt
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Malinda Frederick
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Matthew J. Flick
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - David P. Witte
- Department of Pathology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | | | - Eleana Harmel-Laws
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Kris A. Steinbrecher
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Joseph S. Palumbo
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
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24
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Tekin C, Shi K, Daalhuisen JB, ten Brink MS, Bijlsma MF, Spek CA. PAR1 signaling on tumor cells limits tumor growth by maintaining a mesenchymal phenotype in pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:32010-32023. [PMID: 30174793 PMCID: PMC6112838 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease activated receptor-1 (PAR1) expression is associated with disease progression and overall survival in a variety of cancers. However, the importance of tumor cell PAR1 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC) remains unexplored. Utilizing orthotopic models with wild type and PAR1-targeted PDAC cells, we show that tumor cell PAR1 negatively affects PDAC growth, yet promotes metastasis. Mechanistically, we show that tumor cell-specific PAR1 expression correlates with mesenchymal signatures in PDAC and that PAR1 is linked to the maintenance of a partial mesenchymal cell state. Indeed, loss of PAR1 expression results in well-differentiated pancreatic tumors in vivo, with enhanced epithelial characteristics both in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, we have identified a novel growth inhibitory role of PAR1 in PDAC, which is linked to the induction, and maintenance of a mesenchymal-like phenotype. The recognition that PAR1 actively limits pancreatic cancer cell growth suggest that the contributions of PAR1 to tumor growth differ between cancers of epithelial origin and that its targeting should be applied with care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Tekin
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kun Shi
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost B. Daalhuisen
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke S. ten Brink
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten F. Bijlsma
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C. Arnold Spek
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Wojtukiewicz MZ, Hempel D, Sierko E, Tucker SC, Honn KV. Antiplatelet agents for cancer treatment: a real perspective or just an echo from the past? Cancer Metastasis Rev 2018; 36:305-329. [PMID: 28752248 PMCID: PMC5557869 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-017-9683-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The association between coagulation and cancer development has been observed for centuries. However, the connection between inflammation and malignancy is also well-recognized. The plethora of evidence indicates that among multiple hemostasis components, platelets play major roles in cancer progression by providing surface and granular contents for several interactions as well as behaving like immune cells. Therefore, the anticancer potential of anti-platelet therapy has been intensively investigated for many years. Anti-platelet agents may prevent cancer, decrease tumor growth, and metastatic potential, as well as improve survival of cancer patients. On the other hand, there are suggestions that antiplatelet treatment may promote solid tumor development in a phenomenon described as "cancers follow bleeding." The controversies around antiplatelet agents justify insight into the subject to establish what, if any, role platelet-directed therapy has in the continuum of anticancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Z Wojtukiewicz
- Department of Oncology, Medical University of Bialystok, 12 Ogrodowa St., 15-025, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Dominika Hempel
- Department of Radiotherapy, Comprehensive Cancer Center in Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ewa Sierko
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center in Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Stephanie C Tucker
- Department of Pathology-School of Medicine, Bioactive Lipids Research Program, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Kenneth V Honn
- Department of Pathology-School of Medicine, Bioactive Lipids Research Program, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.,Departments of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.,Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
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26
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Zhang W, Meng X, Liu H, Xie L, Liu J, Xu H. Ratio of Polycation and Serum Is a Crucial Index for Determining the RNAi Efficiency of Polyplexes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:43529-43537. [PMID: 29144122 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b15797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report that the mass ratio of the polycation to serum in the medium determines the (RNA interference) RNAi efficiency in vitro by using spermine-modified pullulan (Ps) and spermine-modified dextran (Ds) as polycation models. The high ratio of Ps to serum protein (Ps/Pr) mediated the formation of larger polyplexes, which led to the promoted cellular uptake, enhanced lysosomal escape, and elevated RNAi efficiency. In addition, the supplementary of free Ps also enhanced small interfering RNA transfection because of the elevation of Ps/Pr. Similar results were obtained with Ds. Compared with the adjustment of the nitrogen to phosphate (N/P) ratio in the polyplex, these findings revealed a more applicable strategy to tune the polycation-mediated RNAi efficiency in the serum-containing culture medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100005, P. R. China
| | - Xianghui Meng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100005, P. R. China
| | - Huike Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100005, P. R. China
| | - Lifei Xie
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100005, P. R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100005, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100005, P. R. China
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzie Chen
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Marion School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States.,Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
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28
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Nieto Gutierrez A, McDonald PH. GPCRs: Emerging anti-cancer drug targets. Cell Signal 2017; 41:65-74. [PMID: 28931490 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest and most diverse protein family in the human genome with over 800 members identified to date. They play critical roles in numerous cellular and physiological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, neurotransmission, development and apoptosis. Consequently, aberrant receptor activity has been demonstrated in numerous disorders/diseases, and as a result GPCRs have become the most successful drug target class in pharmaceuticals treating a wide variety of indications such as pain, inflammation, neurobiological and metabolic disorders. Many independent studies have also demonstrated a key role for GPCRs in tumourigenesis, establishing their involvement in cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis. Given the growing appreciation of the role(s) that GPCRs play in cancer pathogenesis, it is surprising to note that very few GPCRs have been effectively exploited in pursuit of anti-cancer therapies. The present review provides a broad overview of the roles that various GPCRs play in cancer growth and development, highlighting the potential of pharmacologically modulating these receptors for the development of novel anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Nieto Gutierrez
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States.
| | - Patricia H McDonald
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, United States.
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29
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Liu X, Yu J, Song S, Yue X, Li Q. Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1): a promising molecular target for cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:107334-107345. [PMID: 29291033 PMCID: PMC5739818 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PAR-1 is expressed not only in epithelium, neurons, astrocytes, immune cells, but also in cancer-associated fibroblasts, ECs (epithelial cells), myocytes of blood vessels, mast cells, and macrophages in tumor microenvironment, whereas PAR-1 stimulates macrophages to synthesize and secrete thrombin as well as other growth factors, resulting in enhanced cell proliferation, tumor growth and metastasis. Therefore, considerable effort has been devoted to the development of inhibitors targeting PAR-1. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of PAR-1’s role in cancer invasiveness and dissemination, as well as potential therapeutic strategies targeting PAR-1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.,Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Jiahui Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Shangjin Song
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Yue
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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30
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Wang J, Xie L, Wang T, Wu F, Meng J, Liu J, Xu H. Visible light-switched cytosol release of siRNA by amphiphilic fullerene derivative to enhance RNAi efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Acta Biomater 2017; 59:158-169. [PMID: 28511875 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cationic macromolecules are attractive for use as small interfering RNA (siRNA) carriers due to their performance in non-immunological reactions, customization during synthesis, and low costs compared to viral carriers. However, their low transfection efficiency substantially hinders their application in both clinical practices and academic research, which is mostly attributable to the low capacity of siRNA/cationic macromolecule complexes to escape lysosomes. To address this challenge, we designed an amphiphilic fullerene derivative (C60-Dex-NH2) for efficient and controllable siRNA delivery. To synthesize C60-Dex-NH2, terminally aminated dextran was conjugated to C60. The conjugate was further cationized by covalently introducing ethylenediamine to the dextran. The physicochemical characteristics of C60-Dex-NH2 was examined with elemental analyses, gel permeation chromatography, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (13C, HPDEC), agarose gel electrophoresis, and dynamic light scattering. The cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, intracellular distribution, and in vitro RNA interference (RNAi) of siRNA/C60-Dex-NH2 complex was evaluated in the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. The RNAi efficiencies mediated by C60-Dex-NH2in vivo was evaluated in subcutaneous tumor-bearing mice. The results showed that C60-Dex-NH2 has a specific amphiphilic skeleton and could form micelle-like aggregate structures in water, which could prevent siRNA from destroying by reactive oxygen species (ROS). When exposed to visible light, C60-Dex-NH2 could trigger controllable ROS generation which could destroy the lysosome membrane, promote the lysosomal escape, and enhance the gene silencing efficiency of siRNA in vitro and in vivo. The gene silencing efficiency could reach a maximum of 53% in the MDA-MB-231-EGFP cells and 69% in the 4T1-GFP-Luc2 tumor-bearing mice. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE We designed a novel photosensitive amphiphilic carrier (C60-Dex-NH2) for efficient and controllable siRNA delivery, which can be used in gene therapy. We showed that C60-Dex-NH2 could destroy lysosome membrane via controllable generation of ROS when exposed to light, which can help siRNA to escape from lysosome before degradation. This can enhance the gene silencing efficiency significantly and provides a useful way to regulate RNAi efficiency by light. One advantage for C60-Dex-NH2 system is C60 has broad absorbance spectrum and can be activated by weak visible light; Furthermore, C60-Dex-NH2 has a specific amphiphilic structure, which may prevent siRNA from degrading and allows C60-Dex-NH2 to embed into the lipid membrane of lysosome to improve the ROS induced lysosomal disturbance after internalization.
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31
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Lin C, Majoor CJ, Roelofs JJTH, de Kruif MD, Horlings HM, Borensztajn K, Spek CA. Potential importance of protease activated receptor (PAR)-1 expression in the tumor stroma of non-small-cell lung cancer. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:113. [PMID: 28173772 PMCID: PMC5297223 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease activated receptor (PAR)-1 expression is increased in a variety of tumor cells. In preclinical models, tumor cell PAR-1 appeared to be involved in the regulation of lung tumor growth and metastasis; however the role of PAR-1 in the lung tumor microenvironment, which is emerging as a key compartment in driving cancer progression, remained to be explored. METHODS In the present study, PAR-1 gene expression was determined in lung tissue from patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using a combination of publicly available RNA microarray datasets and in house-made tissue microarrays including tumor biopsies of 94 patients with NSCLC (40 cases of adenocarcinoma, 42 cases of squamous cell carcinoma and 12 cases of other type of NSCLC at different stages). RESULTS PAR-1 gene expression strongly correlated with tumor stromal markers (i.e. macrophage, endothelial cells and (myo) fibroblast markers) but not with epithelial cell markers. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the presence of PAR-1 in the tumor stroma and showed that PAR-1 expression was significantly upregulated in malignant tissue compared with normal lung tissue. The overexpression of PAR-1 in tumor stroma of NSCLC appeared to be independent from tumor type, tumor stage, histopathological differentiation status, disease progression and patient survival. CONCLUSION Overall, our data provide evidence that PAR-1 in NSCLC is mainly expressed on cells that constitute the pulmonary tumor microenvironment, including vascular endothelial cells, macrophages and stromal fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Lin
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
| | - Christof J Majoor
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Joris J T H Roelofs
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn D de Kruif
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.,Department of Pulmonology, Zuyderland Hospital, Henri Dunantstraat 5, 6419 PC, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo M Horlings
- Department of Pathology, The Antonie van Leeuwenhoek hospital, Amsterdam, 1066 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Keren Borensztajn
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.,Inserm UMR1152, Medical School Xavier Bichat, 16 rue Henri Huchard, 75018, Paris, France.,Département Hospitalo-universtaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling) and LabEx Inflamex, Paris, France
| | - C Arnold Spek
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
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32
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Antimisiaris S, Mourtas S, Papadia K. Targeted si-RNA with liposomes and exosomes (extracellular vesicles): How to unlock the potential. Int J Pharm 2017; 525:293-312. [PMID: 28163221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The concept of RNA interference therapeutics has been initiated 18 years ago, and the main bottleneck for translation of the technology into therapeutic products remains the delivery of functional RNA molecules into the cell cytoplasm. In the present review article after an introduction about the theoretical basis of RNAi therapy and the main challenges encountered for its realization, an overview of the different types of delivery systems or carriers, used as potential systems to overcome RNAi delivery issues, will be provided. Characteristic examples or results obtained with the most promising systems will be discussed. Focus will be given mostly on the applications of liposomes or other types of lipid carriers, such as exosomes, towards improved delivery of RNAi to therapeutic targets. Finally the approach of integrating the advantages of these two vesicular systems, liposomes and exosomes, as a potential solution to realize RNAi therapy, will be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Antimisiaris
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Rio 26504, Greece; Institute of Chemical Engineering, FORTH/ICE-HT, Rio 26504, Greece.
| | - Spyridon Mourtas
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Rio 26504, Greece
| | - Konstantina Papadia
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, Rio 26504, Greece
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33
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Wojtukiewicz MZ, Hempel D, Sierko E, Tucker SC, Honn KV. Thrombin-unique coagulation system protein with multifaceted impacts on cancer and metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2017; 35:213-33. [PMID: 27189210 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-016-9626-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The association between blood coagulation and cancer development is well recognized. Thrombin, the pleiotropic enzyme best known for its contribution to fibrin formation and platelet aggregation during vascular hemostasis, may also trigger cellular events through protease-activated receptors, PAR-1 and PAR-4, leading to cancer progression. Our pioneering findings provided evidence that thrombin contributes to cancer metastasis by increasing adhesive potential of malignant cells. However, there is evidence that thrombin regulates every step of cancer dissemination: (1) cancer cell invasion, detachment from primary tumor, migration; (2) entering the blood vessel; (3) surviving in vasculature; (4) extravasation; (5) implantation in host organs. Recent studies have provided new molecular data about thrombin generation in cancer patients and the mechanisms by which thrombin contributes to transendothelial migration, platelet/tumor cell interactions, angiogenesis, and other processes. Though a great deal is known regarding the role of thrombin in cancer dissemination, there are new data for multiple thrombin-mediated events that justify devoting focus to this topic with a comprehensive approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Z Wojtukiewicz
- Department of Oncology, Medical University of Bialystok, 12 Ogrodowa St., 15-025, Bialystok, Poland. .,Department of Clinical Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center in Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Dominika Hempel
- Department of Oncology, Medical University of Bialystok, 12 Ogrodowa St., 15-025, Bialystok, Poland.,Department of Radiotherapy, Comprehensive Cancer Center in Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ewa Sierko
- Department of Oncology, Medical University of Bialystok, 12 Ogrodowa St., 15-025, Bialystok, Poland.,Department of Radiotherapy, Comprehensive Cancer Center in Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Stephanie C Tucker
- Bioactive Lipids Research Program, Department of Pathology-School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kenneth V Honn
- Bioactive Lipids Research Program, Department of Pathology-School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
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34
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Abstract
Although many studies have demonstrated that components of the hemostatic system may be involved in signaling leading to cancer progression, the potential mechanisms by which they contribute to cancer dissemination are not yet precisely understood. Among known coagulant factors, tissue factor (TF) and thrombin play a pivotal role in cancer invasion. They may be generated in the tumor microenvironment independently of blood coagulation and can induce cell signaling through activation of protease-activated receptors (PARs). PARs are transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are activated by a unique proteolytic mechanism. They play important roles in vascular physiology, neural tube closure, hemostasis, and inflammation. All of these agents (TF, thrombin, PARs—mainly PAR-1 and PAR-2) are thought to promote cancer invasion and metastasis at least in part by facilitating tumor cell migration, angiogenesis, and interactions with host vascular cells, including platelets, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells lining blood vessels. Here, we discuss the role of PARs and their activators in cancer progression, focusing on TF- and thrombin-mediated actions. Therapeutic options tailored specifically to inhibit PAR-induced signaling in cancer patients are presented as well.
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35
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Rosero RA, Villares GJ, Bar-Eli M. Protease-Activated Receptors and other G-Protein-Coupled Receptors: the Melanoma Connection. Front Genet 2016; 7:112. [PMID: 27379162 PMCID: PMC4908108 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast array of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play crucial roles in both physiological and pathological processes, including vision, coagulation, inflammation, autophagy, and cell proliferation. GPCRs also affect processes that augment cell proliferation and metastases in many cancers including melanoma. Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer, yet limited therapeutic modalities are available to patients with metastatic melanoma. Studies have found that both chemokine receptors and protease-activated receptors, both of which are GPCRs, are central to the metastatic melanoma phenotype and may serve as potential targets in novel therapies against melanoma and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Menashe Bar-Eli
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston TX, USA
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36
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Shoshan E, Braeuer RR, Kamiya T, Mobley AK, Huang L, Vasquez ME, Velazquez-Torres G, Chakravarti N, Ivan C, Prieto V, Villares GJ, Bar-Eli M. NFAT1 Directly Regulates IL8 and MMP3 to Promote Melanoma Tumor Growth and Metastasis. Cancer Res 2016; 76:3145-55. [PMID: 27013197 PMCID: PMC4891299 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-2511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT1, NFATC2) is a transcription factor that binds and positively regulates IL2 expression during T-cell activation. NFAT1 has important roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses, but its involvement in cancer is not completely understood. We previously demonstrated that NFAT1 contributes to melanoma growth and metastasis by regulating the autotaxin gene (Enpp2). Here, we report a strong correlation between NFAT1 expression and metastatic potential in melanoma cell lines and tumor specimens. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying NFAT1 overexpression during melanoma progression, we conducted a microarray on a highly metastatic melanoma cell line in which NFAT1 expression was stably silenced. We identified and validated two downstream targets of NFAT1, IL8, and MMP3. Accordingly, NFAT1 depletion in metastatic melanoma cell lines was associated with reduced IL8 and MMP3 expression, whereas NFAT1 overexpression in a weakly metastatic cell line induced expression of these targets. Restoration of NFAT1 expression recovered IL8 and MMP3 expression levels back to baseline, indicating that both are direct targets of NFAT1. Moreover, in vivo studies demonstrated that NFAT1 and MMP3 promoted melanoma tumor growth and lung metastasis. Collectively, our findings assign a new role for NFAT1 in melanoma progression, underscoring the multifaceted functions that immunomodulatory factors may acquire in an unpredictable tumor microenvironment. Cancer Res; 76(11); 3145-55. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einav Shoshan
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Russell R Braeuer
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Takafumi Kamiya
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Aaron K Mobley
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mayra E Vasquez
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Nitin Chakravarti
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Cristina Ivan
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Victor Prieto
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Menashe Bar-Eli
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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37
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Juliano RL. The delivery of therapeutic oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:6518-48. [PMID: 27084936 PMCID: PMC5001581 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 569] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The oligonucleotide therapeutics field has seen remarkable progress over the last few years with the approval of the first antisense drug and with promising developments in late stage clinical trials using siRNA or splice switching oligonucleotides. However, effective delivery of oligonucleotides to their intracellular sites of action remains a major issue. This review will describe the biological basis of oligonucleotide delivery including the nature of various tissue barriers and the mechanisms of cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of oligonucleotides. It will then examine a variety of current approaches for enhancing the delivery of oligonucleotides. This includes molecular scale targeted ligand-oligonucleotide conjugates, lipid- and polymer-based nanoparticles, antibody conjugates and small molecules that improve oligonucleotide delivery. The merits and liabilities of these approaches will be discussed in the context of the underlying basic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolph L Juliano
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy and UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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38
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Tas F, Bilgin E, Karabulut S, Erturk K, Duranyildiz D. Clinical significance of serum Protease-Activated Receptor-1 (PAR-1) levels in patients with cutaneous melanoma. BBA CLINICAL 2016; 5:166-9. [PMID: 27141440 PMCID: PMC4840403 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Protease-Activated Receptor-1 (PAR-1) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple malignancies and its expression strongly also affects the outcomes of cancer patients. The objective of this study was to determine the clinical significance of the serum levels of PAR-1in cutaneous melanoma patients. Methods A total of 60 patients with a pathologically confirmed diagnosis of cutaneous melanoma were enrolled into this study. Serum PAR-1concentrations were determined by the solid-phase sandwich ELISA method. Results No significant difference in serum PAR-1 levels between melanoma patients and healthy controls was found (p = 0.07). The known clinical variables including age of patient, gender, site of lesion, histology, stage of disease, serum LDH levels and chemotherapy responsiveness were not correlated with serum PAR-1 concentrations (p > 0.05). Likewise, serum PAR-1 concentration had also no prognostic role on survival (p = 0.41). Conclusion Serum levels of PAR-1 have no diagnostic, predictive and prognostic roles in cutaneous melanoma patients. General significance Measurement of PAR-1 in serum is not a clinical significance in cutaneous melanoma patients. PAR-1 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple malignancies. Its expression strongly also affects the outcomes of cancer patients. Serum levels of PAR-1 have no diagnostic, predictive and prognostic roles in cutaneous melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruk Tas
- Institute of Oncology, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Bilgin
- Institute of Oncology, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Senem Karabulut
- Institute of Oncology, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kayhan Erturk
- Institute of Oncology, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey
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39
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Skalickova S, Nejdl L, Kudr J, Ruttkay-Nedecky B, Jimenez AMJ, Kopel P, Kremplova M, Masarik M, Stiborova M, Eckschlager T, Adam V, Kizek R. Fluorescence Characterization of Gold Modified Liposomes with Antisense N-myc DNA Bound to the Magnetisable Particles with Encapsulated Anticancer Drugs (Doxorubicin, Ellipticine and Etoposide). SENSORS 2016; 16:290. [PMID: 26927112 PMCID: PMC4813865 DOI: 10.3390/s16030290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Liposome-based drug delivery systems hold great potential for cancer therapy. The aim of this study was to design a nanodevice for targeted anchoring of liposomes (with and without cholesterol) with encapsulated anticancer drugs and antisense N-myc gene oligonucleotide attached to its surface. To meet this main aim, liposomes with encapsulated doxorubicin, ellipticine and etoposide were prepared. They were further characterized by measuring their fluorescence intensity, whereas the encapsulation efficiency was estimated to be 16%. The hybridization process of individual oligonucleotides forming the nanoconstruct was investigated spectrophotometrically and electrochemically. The concentrations of ellipticine, doxorubicin and etoposide attached to the nanoconstruct in gold nanoparticle-modified liposomes were found to be 14, 5 and 2 µg·mL−1, respectively. The study succeeded in demonstrating that liposomes are suitable for the transport of anticancer drugs and the antisense oligonucleotide, which can block the expression of the N-myc gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Skalickova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lukas Nejdl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiri Kudr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Branislav Ruttkay-Nedecky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ana Maria Jimenez Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Kopel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Monika Kremplova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Michal Masarik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Marie Stiborova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 2030, CZ-12840 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomas Eckschlager
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and University Hospital, Motol V Uvalu 84, CZ-15006 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Rene Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Technicka 3058/10, CZ-616 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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40
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Liu Y, Wang J. Therapeutic Potentials of Noncoding RNAs: Targeted Delivery of ncRNAs in Cancer Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 927:429-58. [PMID: 27376745 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-1498-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of multiple actions of short noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) has truly allowed for viewing DNA, RNA, and protein in novel ways. The ncRNAs are an attractive new class of therapeutics, especially against undruggable targets for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. Despite the potential of ncRNAs in cancer therapy, many challenges remain, including rapid degradation and clearance, poor cellular uptake, off-target effects, and immunogenicity. Rational design, chemical modifications, and delivery carriers offer significant opportunities to overcome these challenges. In this chapter, the development of ncRNAs as cancer therapeutics from early stages to clinical trials and strategies for ncRNA-targeted delivery to cancer cells will be introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, People's Republic of China.
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He Q, Guo S, Qian Z, Chen X. Development of individualized anti-metastasis strategies by engineering nanomedicines. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:6258-6286. [PMID: 26056688 PMCID: PMC4540626 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00511b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is deadly and also tough to treat as it is much more complicated than the primary tumour. Anti-metastasis approaches available so far are far from being optimal. A variety of nanomedicine formulae provide a plethora of opportunities for developing new strategies and means for tackling metastasis. It should be noted that individualized anti-metastatic nanomedicines are different from common anti-cancer nanomedicines as they specifically target different populations of malignant cells. This review briefly introduces the features of the metastatic cascade, and proposes a series of nanomedicine-based anti-metastasis strategies aiming to block each metastatic step. Moreover, we also concisely introduce the advantages of several promising nanoparticle platforms and their potential for constructing state-of-the-art individualized anti-metastatic nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianjun He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China.
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Shengrong Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Ozcan G, Ozpolat B, Coleman RL, Sood AK, Lopez-Berestein G. Preclinical and clinical development of siRNA-based therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 87:108-19. [PMID: 25666164 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of RNA interference, first in plants and Caenorhabditis elegans and later in mammalian cells, led to the emergence of a transformative view in biomedical research. Knowledge of the multiple actions of non-coding RNAs has truly allowed viewing DNA, RNA and proteins in novel ways. Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) can be used as tools to study single gene function both in vitro and in vivo and are an attractive new class of therapeutics, especially against undruggable targets for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. Despite the potential of siRNAs in cancer therapy, many challenges remain, including rapid degradation, poor cellular uptake and off-target effects. Rational design strategies, selection algorithms, chemical modifications and nanocarriers offer significant opportunities to overcome these challenges. Here, we review the development of siRNAs as therapeutic agents from early design to clinical trial, with special emphasis on the development of EphA2-targeting siRNAs for ovarian cancer treatment.
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Shoshan E, Mobley AK, Braeuer RR, Kamiya T, Huang L, Vasquez ME, Salameh A, Lee HJ, Kim SJ, Ivan C, Velazquez-Torres G, Nip KM, Zhu K, Brooks D, Jones SJM, Birol I, Mosqueda M, Wen YY, Eterovic AK, Sood AK, Hwu P, Gershenwald JE, Robertson AG, Calin GA, Markel G, Fidler IJ, Bar-Eli M. Reduced adenosine-to-inosine miR-455-5p editing promotes melanoma growth and metastasis. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:311-21. [PMID: 25686251 PMCID: PMC4344852 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although recent studies have shown that adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing occurs in microRNAs, its effects on tumor growth and metastasis are not well understood. We present evidence of CREB-mediated low expression of ADAR1 in metastatic melanoma cell lines and tumor specimens. Re-expression of ADAR1 resulted in the suppression of melanoma growth and metastasis in vivo. Consequently, we identified 3 miRs undergoing A-to-I editing in the low-metastatic melanoma but not in highly metastatic cell lines. One of these miRs, miR-455-5p has two A-to-I RNA editing sites. The biological function of edited miR-455-5p is different from the unedited form as it recognizes different set of genes. Indeed, w.t. miR-455-5p promotes melanoma metastasis via inhibition of the tumor suppressor gene CPEB1. Moreover, w.t. miR-455 enhances melanoma growth and metastasis in vivo while the edited form inhibits these features. These results demonstrate a previously unrecognized role of RNA editing in melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einav Shoshan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Unit 0173, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Aaron K Mobley
- Department of Cancer Biology, Unit 0173, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Russell R Braeuer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Unit 0173, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Takafumi Kamiya
- Department of Cancer Biology, Unit 0173, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Li Huang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Unit 0173, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Mayra E Vasquez
- Department of Cancer Biology, Unit 0173, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ahmad Salameh
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825 Pressler Street, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ho Jeong Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology, Unit 0173, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Sun Jin Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, Unit 0173, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Cristina Ivan
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Unit 1362, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Guermarie Velazquez-Torres
- Department of Cancer Biology, Unit 0173, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ka Ming Nip
- Canada's Michael Smith Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Kelsey Zhu
- Canada's Michael Smith Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Denise Brooks
- Canada's Michael Smith Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Steven J M Jones
- Canada's Michael Smith Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Inanc Birol
- Canada's Michael Smith Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Maribel Mosqueda
- Institute of Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yu-ye Wen
- Institute of Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Agda Karina Eterovic
- Institute of Personalized Cancer Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Anil K Sood
- 1] Department of Cancer Biology, Unit 0173, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, Texas 77030, USA [2] Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Unit 1362, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Patrick Hwu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, Unit 0430, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Gershenwald
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Unit 1484, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - A Gordon Robertson
- Canada's Michael Smith Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - George A Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Unit 1950, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Gal Markel
- 1] Ella Institute of Melanoma, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan 52621, Israel [2] Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Isaiah J Fidler
- Department of Cancer Biology, Unit 0173, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Menashe Bar-Eli
- Department of Cancer Biology, Unit 0173, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Lei X, Guan CW, Song Y, Wang H. The multifaceted role of CD146/MCAM in the promotion of melanoma progression. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:3. [PMID: 25685061 PMCID: PMC4326486 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-014-0147-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human malignant melanoma is a common primary malignant cutaneous tumour derived from transformed epidermal melanocytes. Patients with melanoma have a high rate of mortality due to resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs, a major obstacle to a successful treatment. Several reports have suggested that CD146 plays an important role as a signalling molecule in human melanoma. This role includes CD146 as a participant in inflammation, differentiation, adhesion, tumourigenicity, metastasis, invasion and angiogenesis among other processes, which suggests that this molecule promotes the progression of human melanoma as a multifaceted regulator. In this article, we explore the effects and corresponding mechanisms with respect to the role of CD146/MUC18 in the promotion of human melanoma progression. Collectively, the studies indicated that targeting CD146, because it is a suitable marker of poor patient outcome, might be useful in the design of future strategies for the prevention and treatment of human melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Lei
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, 276000 China
| | - Ce-Wen Guan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001 China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 China
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Zhou Y, Zhang C, Liang W. Development of RNAi technology for targeted therapy — A track of siRNA based agents to RNAi therapeutics. J Control Release 2014; 193:270-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Protease activated receptor-1 mediates cytotoxicity during ischemia using in vivo and in vitro models. Neuroscience 2014; 281:229-40. [PMID: 25261684 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Protease activated receptors (PARs) populate neurons and astrocytes in the brain. The serine protease thrombin, which activates PAR-1 during the first hours after stroke, appears to be associated with the cytotoxicity. Thrombin antagonists and PAR-1 inhibitors have been correlated with reduced cell death and behavioral protection after stroke, but no data yet support a mechanistic link between PAR-1 action and benefit. We sought to establish the essential role of PAR-1 in mediating ischemic damage. Using a short hairpin mRNA packaged with green fluorescent protein in a lentivirus vector, we knocked downPAR-1 in the medial caudate nucleus prior to rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) and in rat neurons prior to oxygen-glucose deprivation. We also compared aged PAR-1 knockout mice with aged PAR-3, PAR-4 mice and young wild-type mice in a standard MCAo model. Silencing PAR-1 significantly reduced neurological deficits, reduced endothelial barrier leakage, and decreased neuronal degeneration in vivo during MCAo. PAR-1 knock-down in the ischemic medial caudate allowed cells to survive the ischemic injury; infected cells were negative for terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) and c-Fos injury markers. Primary cultured neurons infected with PAR-1 short hairpin ribonucleic acid (shRNA) showed increased neuroprotection during hypoxic/aglycemic conditions with or without added thrombin. The aged PAR-1 knockout mice showed decreased infarction and vascular disruption compared to aged controls or young wild types. We demonstrated an essential role for PAR-1 during ischemia. Silencing or removing PAR-1 significantly protected neurons and astrocytes. Further development of agents that act at PAR-1 or its downstream pathways could yield powerful stroke therapy.
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Drug delivery nanoparticles in skin cancers. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:895986. [PMID: 25101298 PMCID: PMC4102061 DOI: 10.1155/2014/895986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology involves the engineering of functional systems at nanoscale, thus being attractive for disciplines ranging from materials science to biomedicine. One of the most active research areas of the nanotechnology is nanomedicine, which applies nanotechnology to highly specific medical interventions for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases, including cancer disease. Over the past two decades, the rapid developments in nanotechnology have allowed the incorporation of multiple therapeutic, sensing, and targeting agents into nanoparticles, for detection, prevention, and treatment of cancer diseases. Nanoparticles offer many advantages as drug carrier systems since they can improve the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs, modify pharmacokinetics, increase drug half-life by reducing immunogenicity, improve bioavailability, and diminish drug metabolism. They can also enable a tunable release of therapeutic compounds and the simultaneous delivery of two or more drugs for combination therapy. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in the use of different types of nanoparticles for systemic and topical drug delivery in the treatment of skin cancer. In particular, the progress in the treatment with nanocarriers of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma has been reported.
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48
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Choi JI, Kim SD, Kim SH, Lim DJ, Ha SK. Semi-quantitative analyses of hippocampal heat shock protein-70 expression based on the duration of ischemia and the volume of cerebral infarction in mice. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 2014; 55:307-12. [PMID: 25237425 PMCID: PMC4166325 DOI: 10.3340/jkns.2014.55.6.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We investigated the expression of hippocampal heat shock protein 70 (HSP-70) infarction volume after different durations of experimental ischemic stroke in mice. Methods Focal cerebral ischemia was induced in mice by occluding the middle cerebral artery with the modified intraluminal filament technique. Twenty-four hours after ischemia induction, both hippocampi were extracted for HSP-70 protein analyses. Slices from each hemisphere were stained with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (2%), and infarction volumes were calculated. HSP-70 levels were evaluated using western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HSP-70 subtype (hsp70.1, hspa1a, hspa1b) mRNA levels in the hippocampus were measured using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results Cerebral infarctions were found ipsilateral to the occlusion in 10 mice exposed to transient ischemia (5 each in the 30-min and 60-min occlusion groups), whereas no focal infarctions were noted in any of the sham mice. The average infarct volumes of the 2 ischemic groups were 22.28±7.31 mm3 [30-min group±standard deviation (SD)] and 38.06±9.53 mm3 (60-min group±SD). Western blot analyses and ELISA showed that HSP-70 in hippocampal tissues increased in the infarction groups than in the sham group. However, differences in HSP-70 levels between the 2 infarction groups were statistically insignificant. Moreover, RT-PCR results demonstrated no relationship between the mRNA expression of HSP-70 subtypes and occlusion time or infarction volume. Conclusion Our results indicated no significant difference in HSP-70 expression between the 30- and 60-min occlusion groups despite the statistical difference in infarction volumes. Furthermore, HSP-70 subtype mRNA expression was independent of both occlusion duration and cerebral infarction volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Il Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ansan Hospital, Korea University Medical Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Korea
| | - Sang-Dae Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ansan Hospital, Korea University Medical Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Korea
| | - Se-Hoon Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ansan Hospital, Korea University Medical Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Korea
| | - Dong-Jun Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ansan Hospital, Korea University Medical Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Korea
| | - Sung-Kon Ha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ansan Hospital, Korea University Medical Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Korea
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Queiroz KCS, Shi K, Duitman J, Aberson HL, Wilmink JW, van Noesel CJM, Richel DJ, Spek CA. Protease-activated receptor-1 drives pancreatic cancer progression and chemoresistance. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:2294-304. [PMID: 24436106 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Protease activated receptor (PAR)-1 expression in tumor cells is associated with disease progression and overall survival in a variety of cancers of epithelial origin; however, the importance of PAR-1 in the tumor microenvironment remains unexplored. Utilizing an orthotopic pancreatic cancer model in which tumor cells are PAR-1 positive whereas stromal cells are PAR-1 negative, we show that PAR-1 expression in the microenvironment drives progression and induces chemoresistance of pancreatic cancer. PAR-1 enhances monocyte recruitment into the tumor microenvironment by regulating monocyte migration and fibroblast dependent chemokine production thereby inducing chemoresistance. Overall, our data identify a novel role of PAR-1 in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment and suggest that PAR-1 may be an attractive target to reduce drug resistance in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla C S Queiroz
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) therapeutics appear to offer substantial opportunities for future therapy. However, post-administration RNAi effectors are typically unable to reach disease target cells in vivo without the assistance of a delivery system or vector. The main focus of this review is on lipid-based nanoparticle (LNP) delivery systems in current research and development that have at least been shown to act as effective delivery systems for functional delivery of RNAi effectors to disease target cells in vivo. The potential utility of these LNP delivery systems is growing rapidly, and LNPs are emerging as the preferred synthetic delivery systems in preclinical studies and current nonviral RNAi effector clinical trials. Moreover, studies on LNP-mediated delivery in vivo are leading to the emergence of useful biophysical parameters and physical organic chemistry rules that provide a framework for understanding in vivo delivery behaviors and outcomes. These same parameters and rules should also suggest ways and means to develop next generations of LNPs with genuine utility and long-term clinical viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Miller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH , UK and GlobalAcorn Limited , London , UK
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