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Kim TD, Gu R, Janknecht R. Methylation of the JMJD2B epigenetic regulator differentially affects its ability to coactivate the ETV1 and JUN transcription factors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 14:101-115. [PMID: 38213775 PMCID: PMC10776875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Jumonji C domain-containing (JMJD) 2B (JMJD2B) is a transcriptional cofactor and histone demethylase that is involved in prostate cancer formation. However, how its function is regulated by posttranslational modification has remained elusive. Hence, we examined if JMJD2B would be regulated by lysine methylation. METHODS Through in vitro methylation assays and Western blotting with methyl-lysine specific antibodies, we analyzed lysine methylation within JMJD2B. Identified methylated lysine residues were mutated to arginine residues and the respective impact on JMJD2B transcriptional activity measured with a reporter gene assay in human LNCaP prostate cancer cells. RESULTS We discovered that JMJD2B is methylated on up to six different lysine residues. Further, we identified the suppressor of variegation 3-9/enhancer of zeste/trithorax (SET) domain-containing protein 7/9 (SET7/9) as the methyltransferase being responsible for this posttranslational modification. Mutating the methylation sites in JMJD2B to arginine residues led to diminished coactivation of the Ju-nana (JUN) transcription factor, which is a known oncogenic protein in prostate tumors. In contrast, methylation of JMJD2B had no impact on its ability to coactivate another transcription factor associated with prostate cancer, the DNA-binding protein E26 transformation-specific (ETS) variant 1 (ETV1). Consistent with a potential joint action of JMJD2B, SET7/9 and JUN in prostate cancer, the expression of JMJD2B in human prostate tumors was positively correlated with both SET7/9 and JUN levels. CONCLUSIONS The identified SET7/9-mediated methylation of JMJD2B appears to impact its cooperation with selected interacting transcription factors in prostate cancer cells. Given the implicated roles of JMJD2B beyond prostate tumorigenesis, SET7/9-mediated methylation of JMJD2B possibly also influences the development of other cancers, while its impairment might have relevance for obesity or a global developmental delay that can be elicited by reduced JMJD2B activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Dong Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma, OK, USA
| | - Ruicai Gu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma, OK, USA
| | - Ralf Janknecht
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma, OK, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma, OK, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma, OK, USA
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2
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Gu R, Kim TD, Jiang H, Shin S, Oh S, Janknecht R. Methylation of the epigenetic JMJD2D protein by SET7/9 promotes prostate tumorigenesis. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1295613. [PMID: 38045004 PMCID: PMC10690936 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1295613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
How the function of the JMJD2D epigenetic regulator is regulated or whether it plays a role in prostate cancer has remained elusive. We found that JMJD2D was overexpressed in prostate tumors, stimulated prostate cancer cell growth and became methylated by SET7/9 on K427. Mutation of this lysine residue in JMJD2D reduced the ability of DU145 prostate cancer cells to grow, invade and form tumors and elicited extensive transcriptomic changes. This included downregulation of CBLC, a ubiquitin ligase gene with hitherto unknown functions in prostate cancer, and upregulation of PLAGL1, a transcription factor with reported tumor suppressive characteristics in the prostate. Bioinformatic analyses indicated that CBLC expression was elevated in prostate tumors. Further, downregulation of CBLC largely phenocopied the effects of the K427 mutation on DU145 cells. In sum, these data have unveiled a novel mode of regulation of JMJD2D through lysine methylation, illustrated how this can affect oncogenic properties by influencing expression of the CBLC gene, and established a pro-tumorigenic role for CBLC in the prostate. A corollary is that JMJD2D and CBLC inhibitors could have therapeutic benefits in the treatment of prostate and possibly other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruicai Gu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Tae-Dong Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Hanlin Jiang
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Sook Shin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Sangphil Oh
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Ralf Janknecht
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
- Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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3
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Gu R, Kim TD, Song H, Sui Y, Shin S, Oh S, Janknecht R. SET7/9-mediated methylation affects oncogenic functions of histone demethylase JMJD2A. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e164990. [PMID: 37870957 PMCID: PMC10619491 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.164990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The histone demethylase JMJD2A/KDM4A facilitates prostate cancer development, yet how JMJD2A function is regulated has remained elusive. Here, we demonstrate that SET7/9-mediated methylation on 6 lysine residues modulated JMJD2A. Joint mutation of these lysine residues suppressed JMJD2A's ability to stimulate the MMP1 matrix metallopeptidase promoter upon recruitment by the ETV1 transcription factor. Mutation of just 3 methylation sites (K505, K506, and K507) to arginine residues (3xR mutation) was sufficient to maximally reduce JMJD2A transcriptional activity and also decreased its binding to ETV1. Introduction of the 3xR mutation into DU145 prostate cancer cells reduced in vitro growth and invasion and also severely compromised tumorigenesis. Consistently, the 3xR genotype caused transcriptome changes related to cell proliferation and invasion pathways, including downregulation of MMP1 and the NPM3 nucleophosmin/nucleoplasmin gene. NPM3 downregulation phenocopied and its overexpression rescued, to a large degree, the 3xR mutation in DU145 cells, suggesting that NPM3 was a seminal downstream effector of methylated JMJD2A. Moreover, we found that NPM3 was overexpressed in prostate cancer and might be indicative of disease aggressiveness. SET7/9-mediated lysine methylation of JMJD2A may aggravate prostate tumorigenesis in a manner dependent on NPM3, implying that the SET7/9→JMJD2A→NPM3 axis could be targeted for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sook Shin
- Department of Cell Biology
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Sangphil Oh
- Department of Cell Biology
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Ralf Janknecht
- Department of Cell Biology
- Department of Pathology, and
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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4
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Martín-Faivre L, Gaudaire D, Laugier C, Bouraïma-Lelong H, Zientara S, Hans A. Development of a chronic focal equine arteritis virus infection of a male reproductive tract cell line. J Virol Methods 2023; 319:114756. [PMID: 37268046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is an Alphaarterivirus (family Arteriviridae, order Nidovirales) that frequently causes an influenza-like illness in adult horses, but can also cause the abortions in mares and death of newborn foals. Once primary infection has been established, EAV can persist in the reproductive tract of some stallions. However, the mechanisms enabling this persistence, which depends on testosterone, remain largely unknown. We aimed to establish an in vitro model of non-cytopathic EAV infection to study viral persistence. In this work, we infected several cell lines originating from the male reproductive tract of different species. EAV infection was fully cytopathic for 92BR (donkey cells) and DDT1 MF-2 (hamster cells) cells, and less cytopathic for PC-3 cells (human cells); ST cells (porcine cells) seemed to eliminate the virus; LNCaP (human cells) and GC-1 spg (murine cells) cells were not permissive to EAV infection; finally, TM3 cells (murine cells) were permissive to EAV infection without any overt cytopathic effects. Infected TM3 cells can be maintained at least 7 days in culture without any subculture. They can also be subcultured over 39 days (subculturing them at 1:2 the first time at 5 dpi and then every 2-3 days), but in this case, the percentage of infected cells remains low. Infected TM3 cells may therefore provide a new model to study the host-pathogen interactions and to help determine the mechanisms involved in EAV persistence in stallion reproductive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Martín-Faivre
- ANSES Laboratory for Animal Health, Normandy site. PhEED Unit, Goustranville, France.
| | - Delphine Gaudaire
- ANSES Laboratory for Animal Health, Normandy site. PhEED Unit, Goustranville, France
| | - Claire Laugier
- ANSES Laboratory for Animal Health, Normandy site. PhEED Unit, Goustranville, France
| | | | - Stéphan Zientara
- Université Paris-Est, ANSES, Maisons-Alfort Laboratory for Animal Health, UMR Virology ANSES, INRAE, ENVA, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Aymeric Hans
- ANSES Laboratory for Animal Health, Normandy site. PhEED Unit, Goustranville, France
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5
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Li D, Zhan Y, Wang N, Tang F, Lee CJ, Bayshtok G, Moore AR, Wong EW, Pachai MR, Xie Y, Sher J, Zhao JL, Khudoynazarova M, Gopalan A, Chan J, Khurana E, Shepherd P, Navone NM, Chi P, Chen Y. ETV4 mediates dosage-dependent prostate tumor initiation and cooperates with p53 loss to generate prostate cancer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadc9446. [PMID: 37018402 PMCID: PMC10075989 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adc9446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying ETS-driven prostate cancer initiation and progression remain poorly understood due to a lack of model systems that recapitulate this phenotype. We generated a genetically engineered mouse with prostate-specific expression of the ETS factor, ETV4, at lower and higher protein dosage through mutation of its degron. Lower-level expression of ETV4 caused mild luminal cell expansion without histologic abnormalities, and higher-level expression of stabilized ETV4 caused prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mPIN) with 100% penetrance within 1 week. Tumor progression was limited by p53-mediated senescence and Trp53 deletion cooperated with stabilized ETV4. The neoplastic cells expressed differentiation markers such as Nkx3.1 recapitulating luminal gene expression features of untreated human prostate cancer. Single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing showed that stabilized ETV4 induced a previously unidentified luminal-derived expression cluster with signatures of cell cycle, senescence, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. These data suggest that ETS overexpression alone, at sufficient dosage, can initiate prostate neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yu Zhan
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Naitao Wang
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Fanying Tang
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cindy J. Lee
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gabriella Bayshtok
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Amanda R. Moore
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Elissa W. P. Wong
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mohini R. Pachai
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jessica Sher
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jimmy L. Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Makhzuna Khudoynazarova
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anuradha Gopalan
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Joseph Chan
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ekta Khurana
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Peter Shepherd
- Genitourinary Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nora M. Navone
- Genitourinary Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ping Chi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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6
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Sui Y, Jiang H, Kellogg CM, Oh S, Janknecht R. Promotion of colorectal cancer by transcription factor BHLHE40 involves upregulation of ADAM19 and KLF7. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1122238. [PMID: 36890812 PMCID: PMC9986587 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1122238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BHLHE40 is a transcription factor, whose role in colorectal cancer has remained elusive. We demonstrate that the BHLHE40 gene is upregulated in colorectal tumors. Transcription of BHLHE40 was jointly stimulated by the DNA-binding ETV1 protein and two associated histone demethylases, JMJD1A/KDM3A and JMJD2A/KDM4A, which were shown to also form complexes on their own and whose enzymatic activity was required for BHLHE40 upregulation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that ETV1, JMJD1A and JMJD2A interacted with several regions within the BHLHE40 gene promoter, suggesting that these three factors directly control BHLHE40 transcription. BHLHE40 downregulation suppressed both growth and clonogenic activity of human HCT116 colorectal cancer cells, strongly hinting at a pro-tumorigenic role of BHLHE40. Through RNA sequencing, the transcription factor KLF7 and the metalloproteinase ADAM19 were identified as putative BHLHE40 downstream effectors. Bioinformatic analyses showed that both KLF7 and ADAM19 are upregulated in colorectal tumors as well as associated with worse survival and their downregulation impaired HCT116 clonogenic activity. In addition, ADAM19, but not KLF7, downregulation reduced HCT116 cell growth. Overall, these data have revealed a ETV1/JMJD1A/JMJD2A→BHLHE40 axis that may stimulate colorectal tumorigenesis through upregulation of genes such as KLF7 and ADAM19, suggesting that targeting this axis represents a potential novel therapeutic avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Sui
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Hanlin Jiang
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Collyn M Kellogg
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Sangphil Oh
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Ralf Janknecht
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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7
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Zhang T, Wang Y, Xie M, Ji X, Luo X, Chen X, Zhang B, Liu D, Feng Y, Sun M, Huang W, Xia L. HGF-mediated elevation of ETV1 facilitates hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis through upregulating PTK2 and c-MET. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:275. [PMID: 36109787 PMCID: PMC9479266 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02475-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metastasis is a major determinant of death in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Dissecting key molecular mediators that promote this malignant feature may help yield novel therapeutic insights. Here, we investigated the role of E-twenty-six transformation-specific variant 1 (ETV1), a member of the E-twenty-six transformation-specific (ETS) family, in HCC metastasis. Methods The clinical significance of ETV1 and its target genes in two independent cohorts of HCC patients who underwent curative resection were assessed by Kaplan–Meier analysis and Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. Luciferase reporter assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay were used to detect the transcriptional regulation of target gene promoters by ETV1. The effect of ETV1 on invasiveness and metastasis of HCC were detected by transwell assays and the orthotopically metastatic model. Results ETV1 expression was frequently elevated in human HCC specimens. Increased ETV1 expression was associated with the malignant biological characteristics and poor prognosis of HCC patients. ETV1 facilitated invasion and metastasis of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, ETV1 promoted HCC metastasis via upregulating metastasis-related genes, including protein tyrosine kinase 2 (PTK2) and MET. Down-regulated the expression of PTK2 or tyrosine protein kinase Met (c-MET) decreased ETV1-mediated HCC metastasis. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) upregulated ETV1 expression through activating c-MET-ERK1/2-ELK1 pathway. Notably, in two independent cohorts, patients with positive coexpression of ETV1/PTK2 or ETV1/c-MET had worse prognosis. Furthermore, the combination of PTK2 inhibitor defactinib and c-MET inhibitor capmatinib significantly suppressed HCC metastasis induced by ETV1. Conclusion This study uncovers functional and prognostic roles for ETV1 in HCC and exposes a positive feedback loop of HGF-ERK1/2-ETV1-c-MET. Targeting this pathway may provide a potential therapeutic intervention for ETV1-overexpressing HCC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-022-02475-2.
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8
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Russell LG, Davis LAK, Hunter JE, Perkins ND, Kenneth NS. Increased migration and motility in XIAP-null cells mediated by the C-RAF protein kinase. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7943. [PMID: 35562367 PMCID: PMC9106734 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11438-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The product encoded by the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) gene is a multi-functional protein which not only controls caspase-dependent cell death, but also participates in inflammatory signalling, copper homeostasis, response to hypoxia and control of cell migration. Deregulation of XIAP, either by elevated expression or inherited genetic deletion, is associated with several human disease states. Reconciling XIAP-dependent signalling pathways with its role in disease progression is essential to understand how XIAP promotes the progression of human pathologies. In this study we have created a panel of genetically modified XIAP-null cell lines using TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9 to investigate the functional outcome of XIAP deletion. Surprisingly, in our genetically modified cells XIAP deletion had no effect on programmed cell death, but instead the primary phenotype we observed was a profound increase in cell migration rates. Furthermore, we found that XIAP-dependent suppression of cell migration was dependent on XIAPdependent control of C-RAF levels, a protein kinase which controls cell signalling pathways that regulate the cytoskeleton. These results suggest that XIAP is not necessary for control of the apoptotic signalling cascade, however it does have a critical role in controlling cell migration and motility that cannot be compensated for in XIAP-knockout cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren G Russell
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Lydia A K Davis
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Jill E Hunter
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Neil D Perkins
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Niall S Kenneth
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Cell Signalling, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
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9
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Qian C, Li D, Chen Y. ETS factors in prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2022; 530:181-189. [PMID: 35033589 PMCID: PMC8832285 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ETS family of proteins consists of 28 transcription factors, many of which play critical roles in both normal tissue development and homeostasis and have been implicated in development and progression of a variety of cancers. In prostate cancer, gene fusion and overexpression of ETS factors ERG, FLI1, ETV1, ETV4 and ETV5 have been found in half of prostate cancer patients in Caucasian men and define the largest genetic subtype of prostate cancer. This review summarizes the data on the discovery, modeling, molecular taxonomy, lineage plasticity and therapeutic targeting of ETS family members in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Qian
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA; Department of Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY, 10065, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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10
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Oh S, Shin S, Janknecht R. Sumoylation of transcription factor ETV1 modulates its oncogenic potential in prostate cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2021; 14:795-810. [PMID: 34367411 PMCID: PMC8339722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor ETS variant 1 (ETV1) is capable of promoting prostate tumorigenesis. We demonstrate that ETV1 can be posttranslationally modified by covalent attachment of small ubiquitin-like modifier 1 (SUMO1) onto four different lysine residues. In human embryonic kidney 293T cells, mutation of these sumoylation sites stimulated the transactivation potential of ETV1 at the matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1), but not Yes-associated protein 1 gene promoter, while ETV1 protein stability and intracellular localization remained unchanged. In stark contrast, sumoylation-deficient ETV1 was repressed in its ability to stimulate the MMP1 promoter and to cooperate with a histone demethylase, JmjC domain-containing 2A (JMJD2A), in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Mutation of sumoylation sites enhanced the ability of ETV1 to interact with the histone deacetylase (HDAC) 1, but had basically no impact on complex formation with HDAC3 or JMJD2A. Further, compared to non-sumoylated ETV1, its sumoylated forms were less able to bind to the transcription factor, SMAD family member 4. Lastly, in contrast to wild-type ETV1, sumoylation-deficient ETV1 repressed LNCaP cell growth. Altogether, these data suggest that sumoylation modulates ETV1 function in a cell type-specific manner, possibly by altering the spectrum of transcriptional cofactors being recruited. Notably, SUMO pathway components SUMO1, ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 2 and ubiquitin conjugating enzyme 9 were upregulated in prostate tumors, implying that enhanced sumoylation indeed promotes ETV1's oncogenic activity during prostate cancer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangphil Oh
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Sook Shin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Ralf Janknecht
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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11
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Oh S, Song H, Freeman WM, Shin S, Janknecht R. Cooperation between ETS transcription factor ETV1 and histone demethylase JMJD1A in colorectal cancer. Int J Oncol 2020; 57:1319-1332. [PMID: 33174020 PMCID: PMC7646594 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ETS variant 1 (ETV1) is an oncogenic transcription factor. However, its role in colorectal cancer has remained understudied. The present study demonstrated that ETV1 downregulation led to reduced HCT116 colorectal cancer cell growth and clonogenic activity. Furthermore, the ETV1 mRNA levels were enhanced in colorectal tumors and were associated with disease severity. In addition, ETV1 directly bound to Jumonji C domain-containing (JMJD) 1A, a histone demethylase known to promote colon cancer. ETV1 and JMJD1A, but not a catalytically inactive mutant thereof, cooperated in inducing the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)1 gene promoter that was similar to the cooperation between ETV1 and another histone demethylase, JMJD2A. RNA-sequencing revealed multiple potential ETV1 target genes in HCT116 cells, including the FOXQ1 and TBX6 transcription factor genes. Moreover, JMJD1A co-regulated FOXQ1 and other ETV1 target genes, but not TBX6, whereas JMJD2A downregulation had no impact on FOXQ1 as well as TBX6 transcription. Accordingly, the FOXQ1 gene promoter was stimulated by ETV1 and JMJD1A in a cooperative manner, and both ETV1 and JMJD1A bound to the FOXQ1 promoter. Notably, the overexpression of FOXQ1 partially reversed the growth inhibitory effects of ETV1 ablation on HCT116 cells, whereas TBX6 impaired HCT116 cell growth and may thereby dampen the oncogenic activity of ETV1. The latter also revealed for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, a potential tumor suppressive function of TBX6. Taken together, the present study uncovered a ETV1/JMJD1A-FOXQ1 axis that may drive colorectal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangphil Oh
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Hoogeun Song
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | | | - Sook Shin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Ralf Janknecht
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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12
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Bonk S, Kluth M, Jansen K, Hube-Magg C, Makrypidi-Fraune G, Höflmayer D, Weidemann S, Möller K, Uhlig R, Büscheck F, Luebke AM, Burandt E, Clauditz TS, Steurer S, Schlomm T, Huland H, Heinzer H, Sauter G, Simon R, Dum D. Reduced KLK2 expression is a strong and independent predictor of poor prognosis in ERG-negative prostate cancer. Prostate 2020; 80:1097-1107. [PMID: 32628300 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kallikrein-related peptidase 2 (KLK2)-like KLK3 (prostate-specific antigen [PSA])-belongs to the highly conserved serine proteases of the glandular kallikrein protein family (KLK family). Studies suggested that measurement of KLK2 serum levels advanced the predictive accuracy of PSA testing in prostate cancer. METHODS To clarify the potential utility of KLK2 as a prognostic tissue biomarker, KLK2 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in more than 12 000 prostate cancers. RESULTS Normal epithelium cells usually showed weak to moderate KLK2 immunostaining, whereas KLK2 was negative in 23%, weak in 38%, moderate in 35%, and strong in 4% of 9576 analyzable cancers. Lost or reduced KLK2 immunostaining was associated with advanced tumor stage, high Gleason score, lymph node metastasis, increased cell proliferation, positive resection margin, and early PSA recurrence (P < .0001). Comparison with previously analyzed molecular alterations revealed a strong association of KLK2 loss and presence of TMPRSS2:ERG fusion (P < .0001), most of all analyzed common deletions (9 of 11; P ≤ .03), and decreased PSA immunostaining (P < .0001 each). Cancers with combined negative or weak immunostaining of KLK2 and PSA showed worse prognosis than cancers with at least moderate staining of one or both proteins (P < .0001). Multivariate analyses including established preoperative and postoperative prognostic parameters showed a strong independent prognostic impact of KLK2 loss alone or in combination of PSA, especially in erythroblast transformation-specific-negative cancers (P ≤ .006). CONCLUSIONS Loss of KLK2 expression is a potentially useful prognostic marker in prostate cancer. Analysis of KLK2 alone or in combination with PSA may be useful for estimating cancer aggressiveness at the time of biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bonk
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery and Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Kluth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Jansen
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery and Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Hube-Magg
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Doris Höflmayer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sören Weidemann
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Möller
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ria Uhlig
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Büscheck
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas M Luebke
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eike Burandt
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till S Clauditz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Steurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schlomm
- Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartwig Huland
- Prostate Cancer Center (Martini-Clinic), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hans Heinzer
- Prostate Cancer Center (Martini-Clinic), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Dum
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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13
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Cosi I, Pellecchia A, De Lorenzo E, Torre E, Sica M, Nesi G, Notaro R, De Angioletti M. ETV4 promotes late development of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and cell proliferation through direct and p53-mediated downregulation of p21. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:112. [PMID: 32791988 PMCID: PMC7427297 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00943-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ETV4 is one of the ETS proteins overexpressed in prostate cancer (PC) as a result of recurrent chromosomal translocations. In human prostate cell lines, ETV4 promotes migration, invasion, and proliferation; however, its role in PC has been unclear. In this study, we have explored the effects of ETV4 expression in the prostate in a novel transgenic mouse model. METHODS We have created a mouse model with prostate-specific expression of ETV4 (ETV4 mice). By histochemical and molecular analysis, we have investigated in these engineered mice the expression of p21, p27, and p53. The implications of our in vivo findings have been further investigated in human cells lines by chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and luciferase assays. RESULTS ETV4 mice, from two independent transgenic lines, have increased cell proliferation in their prostate and two-thirds of them, by the age of 10 months, developed mouse prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mPIN). In these mice, cdkn1a and its p21 protein product were reduced compared to controls; p27 protein was also reduced. By ChIP assay in human prostate cell lines, we show that ETV4 binds to a specific site (-704/-696 bp upstream of the transcription start) in the CDKN1A promoter that was proven, by luciferase assay, to be functionally competent. ETV4 further controls CDKN1A expression by downregulating p53 protein: this reduction of p53 was confirmed in vivo in ETV4 mice. CONCLUSIONS ETV4 overexpression results in the development of mPIN but not in progression to cancer. ETV4 increases prostate cell proliferation through multiple mechanisms, including downregulation of CDKN1A and its p21 protein product: this in turn is mediated through direct binding of ETV4 to the CDKN1A promoter and through the ETV4-mediated decrease of p53. This multi-faceted role of ETV4 in prostate cancer makes it a potential target for novel therapeutic approaches that could be explored in this ETV4 transgenic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cosi
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Florence, 50139, Italy.,Doctorate School GenOMeC, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Annamaria Pellecchia
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Emanuele De Lorenzo
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Eugenio Torre
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Michela Sica
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Gabriella Nesi
- Division of Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Rosario Notaro
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Maria De Angioletti
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Florence, 50139, Italy. .,ICCOM-National Council of Research, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, 50019, Italy.
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14
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Sui Y, Li X, Oh S, Zhang B, Freeman WM, Shin S, Janknecht R. Opposite Roles of the JMJD1A Interaction Partners MDFI and MDFIC in Colorectal Cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8710. [PMID: 32457453 PMCID: PMC7250871 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65536-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MyoD family inhibitor (MDFI) and MDFI domain-containing (MDFIC) are homologous proteins known to regulate myogenic transcription factors. Hitherto, their role in cancer is unknown. We discovered that MDFI is up- and MDFIC downregulated in colorectal tumors. Mirroring these different expression patterns, MDFI stimulated and MDFIC inhibited growth of HCT116 colorectal cancer cells. Further, MDFI and MDFIC interacted with Jumonji C domain-containing (JMJD) 1 A, a histone demethylase and epigenetic regulator involved in colorectal cancer. JMJD1A influenced transcription of several genes that were also regulated by MDFI or MDFIC. Notably, the HIC1 tumor suppressor gene was stimulated by JMJD1A and MDFIC, but not by MDFI, and HIC1 overexpression phenocopied the growth suppressive effects of MDFIC in HCT116 cells. Similar to colorectal cancer, MDFI was up- and MDFIC downregulated in breast, ovarian and prostate cancer, but both were overexpressed in brain, gastric and pancreatic tumors that implies MDFIC to also promote tumorigenesis in certain tissues. Altogether, our data suggest a tumor modulating function for MDFI and MDFIC in colorectal and other cancers that may involve their interaction with JMJD1A and a MDFIC→HIC1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Sui
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, China.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Sangphil Oh
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.,Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130033, China
| | - Willard M Freeman
- Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.,Genes and Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Sook Shin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.,Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Ralf Janknecht
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA. .,Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
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15
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Rodriguez AC, Vahrenkamp JM, Berrett KC, Clark KA, Guillen KP, Scherer SD, Yang CH, Welm BE, Janát-Amsbury MM, Graves BJ, Gertz J. ETV4 Is Necessary for Estrogen Signaling and Growth in Endometrial Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2020; 80:1234-1245. [PMID: 32046982 PMCID: PMC7073291 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen signaling through estrogen receptor alpha (ER) plays a major role in endometrial cancer risk and progression, however, the molecular mechanisms underlying ER's regulatory role in endometrial cancer are poorly understood. In breast cancer cells, ER genomic binding is enabled by FOXA1 and GATA3, but the transcription factors that control ER genomic binding in endometrial cancer cells remain unknown. We previously identified ETV4 as a candidate factor controlling ER genomic binding in endometrial cancer cells, and here we explore the functional importance of ETV4. Homozygous deletion of ETV4, using CRISPR/Cas9, led to greatly reduced ER binding at the majority of loci normally bound by ER. Consistent with the dramatic loss of ER binding, the gene expression response to estradiol was dampened for most genes. ETV4 contributes to estrogen signaling in two distinct ways. ETV4 loss affects chromatin accessibility at some ER bound loci and impairs ER nuclear translocation. The diminished estrogen signaling upon ETV4 deletion led to decreased growth, particularly in 3D culture, where hollow organoids were formed and in vivo in the context of estrogen-dependent growth. These results show that ETV4 plays an important role in estrogen signaling in endometrial cancer cells. SIGNIFICANCE: Estrogen receptor alpha (ER) is a key oncogene in endometrial cancer. This study uncovers ETV4 as an important factor in controlling the activity of ER and the growth of endometrial cancer cells. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/80/6/1234/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana C Rodriguez
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Jeffery M Vahrenkamp
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Kristofer C Berrett
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Kathleen A Clark
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Katrin P Guillen
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Sandra D Scherer
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Chieh-Hsiang Yang
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Bryan E Welm
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Margit M Janát-Amsbury
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Barbara J Graves
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland
| | - Jason Gertz
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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16
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Yu C, Hu K, Nguyen D, Wang ZA. From genomics to functions: preclinical mouse models for understanding oncogenic pathways in prostate cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:2079-2102. [PMID: 31720076 PMCID: PMC6834478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing has revealed numerous genomic alterations that induce aberrant signaling activities in prostate cancer (PCa). Among them are pathways affecting multiple cancer types, including the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, p53, Rb, Ras/Raf/MAPK, Myc, FGF, and Wnt signaling pathways, as well as ones that are prominent in PCa, including alterations in genes of AR signaling, the ETS family, NKX3.1, and SPOP. Cross talk among the oncogenic pathways can confer PCa resistance to therapy, particularly in advanced tumors, which are castration-resistant or show neuroendocrine features. Various experimental models, such as cancer cell lines, animal models, and patient-derived xenografts and organoids have been utilized to dissect PCa progression mechanisms. Here, we review the current preclinical mouse models for studying the most commonly altered pathways in PCa, with an emphasis on their interplays. We highlight the power of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) in translating genomic discoveries into understanding of the functions of these oncogenic events in vivo. Developing and analyzing PCa mouse models will undoubtedly continue to offer new insights into tumor biology and guide novel rationalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Yu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Kevin Hu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Daniel Nguyen
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Zhu A Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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17
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Oh S, Shin S, Song H, Grande JP, Janknecht R. Relationship between ETS Transcription Factor ETV1 and TGF-β-regulated SMAD Proteins in Prostate Cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8186. [PMID: 31160676 PMCID: PMC6546734 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44685-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The ETS transcription factor ETV1 is frequently overexpressed in aggressive prostate cancer, which is one underlying cause of this disease. Accordingly, transgenic mice that prostate-specifically overexpress ETV1 develop prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. However, progression to the adenocarcinoma stage is stifled in these mice, suggesting that inhibitory pathways possibly preclude ETV1 from exerting its full oncogenic potential. Here we provide evidence that TGF-β/SMAD signaling represents such an inhibitory pathway. First, we discovered that ETV1 forms complexes with SMAD4. Second, SMAD2, SMAD3 and SMAD4 overexpression impaired ETV1’s ability to stimulate gene transcription. Third, TGF-β1 inhibited ETV1-induced invasion by benign RWPE-1 prostate cells. Fourth, increased expression of SMAD3 and SMAD4 was observable in prostates of ETV1 transgenic mice. Conversely, we found that ETV1 may enhance TGF-β signaling in PC3 prostate cancer cells, revealing a different facet of the ETV1/TGF-β interplay. Altogether, these data provide more insights into the regulation and action of ETV1 and additionally suggest that TGF-β/SMAD signaling exerts its tumor suppressive activity, at least in part, by curtailing the oncogenic potential of ETV1 in prostatic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangphil Oh
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Department of Cell Biology, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.,Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Sook Shin
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Department of Cell Biology, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.,Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Hoogeun Song
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Department of Cell Biology, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Joseph P Grande
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Ralf Janknecht
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Department of Cell Biology, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA. .,Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA. .,University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Department of Pathology, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
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18
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Eid W, Abdel-Rehim W. Genome-wide analysis of ETV1 targets: Insights into the role of ETV1 in tumor progression. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:8983-8991. [PMID: 30629294 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ETS variant 1 (ETV1) is a key player in metastatic progression in several types of human cancers, yet the direct target genes of ETV1 and the mechanisms by which ETV1 exerts its deleterious function remain largely elusive. Here, we performed large-scale mapping and analysis of target loci of ETV1 in the prostate cancer cells LNCaP using the DNA adenine methyltransferase identification technique, we identified close to 800 direct targets for ETV1. Expression analysis using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction confirmed a positive regulation by ETV1 in most of the genes examined. Furthermore, gene and pathway analysis unraveled new signaling pathways and biological networks that interact with ETV1. Our findings cast light on genes and networks regulated by ETV1, it also opens new fronts for studying the role of ETV1 and its target genes in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassim Eid
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Wafaa Abdel-Rehim
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
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19
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Li X, Oh S, Song H, Shin S, Zhang B, Freeman WM, Janknecht R. A potential common role of the Jumonji C domain-containing 1A histone demethylase and chromatin remodeler ATRX in promoting colon cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:6652-6662. [PMID: 30405805 PMCID: PMC6202502 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Jumonji C domain-containing 1A (JMJD1A) is a histone demethylase and epigenetic regulator that has been implicated in cancer development. In the current study, its mRNA and protein expression was analyzed in human colorectal tumors. It was demonstrated that JMJD1A levels were increased and correlated with a more aggressive phenotype. Downregulation of JMJD1A in human HCT116 colorectal cancer cells caused negligible growth defects, but robustly decreased clonogenic activity. Transcriptome analysis revealed that JMJD1A downregulation led to multiple changes in HCT116 cells, including inhibition of MYC- and MYCN-regulated pathways and stimulation of the TP53 tumor suppressor response. One gene identified to be stimulated by JMJD1A was α-thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked (ATRX), which encodes for a chromatin remodeler. The JMJD1A protein, but not a catalytically inactive mutant, activated the ATRX gene promoter and JMJD1A also affected levels of dimethylation on lysine 9 of histone H3. Similar to JMJD1A, ATRX was significantly overexpressed in human colorectal tumors and correlated with increased disease recurrence and lethality. Furthermore, ATRX downregulation in HCT116 cells reduced their growth and clonogenic activity. Accordingly, upregulation of ATRX may represent one mechanism by which JMJD1A promotes colorectal cancer. In addition, the data presented in this study suggest that the current notion of ATRX as a tumor suppressor is incomplete and that ATRX might context dependently also function as a tumor promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Li
- Department of Endoscopy and Gastrointestinal Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Sangphil Oh
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA.,Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Hoogeun Song
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Sook Shin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA.,Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Endoscopy and Gastrointestinal Medicine, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Willard M Freeman
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Ralf Janknecht
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA.,Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
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20
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Li X, Moon G, Shin S, Zhang B, Janknecht R. Cooperation between ETS variant 2 and Jumonji domain‑containing 2 histone demethylases. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:5518-5527. [PMID: 29393482 PMCID: PMC5865994 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The E26 transformation-specific (ETS) variant 2 (ETV2) protein, also designated as ETS-related 71, is a member of the ETS transcription factor family and is essential for blood and vascular development in the embryo. The role of ETV2 in cancer has not yet been investigated. In the present study, the expression of ETV2 mRNA was identified in a variety of tumor types, including prostate carcinoma. In addition, ETV2 gene amplification was identified in several types of cancer, suggesting that ETV2 plays an oncogenic role in tumorigenesis. It was demonstrated that ETV2 forms complexes with two histone demethylases: Jumonji domain-containing (JMJD)2A and JMJD2D; JMJD2A has been previously reported as a driver of prostate cancer development. In the present study, it was reported that ETV2 exhibited the potential to stimulate the promoters of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), including MMP1 and MMP7, within LNCaP prostate cancer cells. JMJD2A and JMJD2D could synergize with ETV2 to activate the MMP1 promoter, whereas only JMJD2A stimulated the MMP7 promoter in cooperation with ETV2. Furthermore, ETV2 expression was positively associated with JMJD2A and JMJD2D mRNA levels in neuroendocrine prostate tumors, in which an ETV2 gene amplification rate of 17.8% was identified. Collectively, the results of the present study indicated that ETV2, JMJD2A and JMJD2D may jointly promote tumorigenesis, particularly neuroendocrine prostate tumors. In addition, the interaction with the JMJD2A and JMJD2D epigenetic regulators may be important in the ability of ETV2 to reprogram cells, modulate normal and cancer stem cells, and affect spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Li
- China‑Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Gene Moon
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Sook Shin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- China‑Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
| | - Ralf Janknecht
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
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21
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Jomrich G, Maroske F, Stieger J, Preusser M, Ilhan-Mutlu A, Winkler D, Kristo I, Paireder M, Schoppmann SF. MK2 and ETV1 Are Prognostic Factors in Esophageal Adenocarcinomas. J Cancer 2018; 9:460-468. [PMID: 29483950 PMCID: PMC5820912 DOI: 10.7150/jca.22310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Esophageal cancer is ranked in the top ten of diagnosed tumors worldwide. Even though improvements in survival could be noticed over the last years, prognosis remains poor. ETS translocation variant 1 (ETV1) is a member of a family of transcription factors and is phosphorylated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2). Aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic role of MK2 and ETV1 in esophageal cancer. Methods. Consecutive patients that underwent surgical resection at the department of surgery at the Medical University of Vienna between 1991 and 2012 were included into this study. After microscopic analysis, tissue micro arrays (TMAs) were created and immunohistochemistry was performed with antibodies against MK2 and ETV1. Results. 323 patients were included in this study. Clinical data was achieved from a prospective patient data base. Nuclear overexpression of MK2 was observed in 143 (44.3%) cases for nuclear staining and in 142 (44.0%) cases a cytoplasmic overexpression of MK2 was observed. Nuclear and cytoplasmic ETV1 overexpression was detected in 20 cases (6.2%) and 30 cases (9.3%), respectively. In univariate survival analysis, cMK2 and nETV1 were found to be significantly associated with patients' overall survival. Whereas overexpression of cMK2 was associated with shorter, nETV1 was associated with longer overall survival. In multivariate survival analysis, both cMK2 and nETV1 were found to be independent prognostic factors for the subgroup of EAC as well. Discussion. Expression of MK2 and ETV1 are prognostic factors in patients, with esophageal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Jomrich
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, and Gastroesophageal Tumor Unit, Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Maroske
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, and Gastroesophageal Tumor Unit, Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jasmin Stieger
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, and Gastroesophageal Tumor Unit, Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Preusser
- Department of Medicine 1, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Aysegül Ilhan-Mutlu
- Department of Medicine 1, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Winkler
- Vienna University of Economics and Business, Welthandelsplatz 1, AD, 1020 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ivan Kristo
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, and Gastroesophageal Tumor Unit, Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Paireder
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, and Gastroesophageal Tumor Unit, Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian Friedrich Schoppmann
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, and Gastroesophageal Tumor Unit, Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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22
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Currie SL, Lau DKW, Doane JJ, Whitby FG, Okon M, McIntosh LP, Graves BJ. Structured and disordered regions cooperatively mediate DNA-binding autoinhibition of ETS factors ETV1, ETV4 and ETV5. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:2223-2241. [PMID: 28161714 PMCID: PMC5389675 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoinhibition enables spatial and temporal regulation of cellular processes by coupling protein activity to surrounding conditions, often via protein partnerships or signaling pathways. We report the molecular basis of DNA-binding autoinhibition of ETS transcription factors ETV1, ETV4 and ETV5, which are often overexpressed in prostate cancer. Inhibitory elements that cooperate to repress DNA binding were identified in regions N- and C-terminal of the ETS domain. Crystal structures of these three factors revealed an α-helix in the C-terminal inhibitory domain that packs against the ETS domain and perturbs the conformation of its DNA-recognition helix. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy demonstrated that the N-terminal inhibitory domain (NID) is intrinsically disordered, yet utilizes transient intramolecular interactions with the DNA-recognition helix of the ETS domain to mediate autoinhibition. Acetylation of selected lysines within the NID activates DNA binding. This investigation revealed a distinctive mechanism for DNA-binding autoinhibition in the ETV1/4/5 subfamily involving a network of intramolecular interactions not present in other ETS factors. These distinguishing inhibitory elements provide a platform through which cellular triggers, such as protein–protein interactions or post-translational modifications, may specifically regulate the function of these oncogenic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon L Currie
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, USA
| | - Desmond K W Lau
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jedediah J Doane
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, USA
| | - Frank G Whitby
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5650, USA
| | - Mark Okon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lawrence P McIntosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Barbara J Graves
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, USA.,Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5550, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6789, USA
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23
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Currie SL, Doane JJ, Evans KS, Bhachech N, Madison BJ, Lau DKW, McIntosh LP, Skalicky JJ, Clark KA, Graves BJ. ETV4 and AP1 Transcription Factors Form Multivalent Interactions with three Sites on the MED25 Activator-Interacting Domain. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:2975-2995. [PMID: 28728983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The recruitment of transcriptional cofactors by sequence-specific transcription factors challenges the basis of high affinity and selective interactions. Extending previous studies that the N-terminal activation domain (AD) of ETV5 interacts with Mediator subunit 25 (MED25), we establish that similar, aromatic-rich motifs located both in the AD and in the DNA-binding domain (DBD) of the related ETS factor ETV4 interact with MED25. These ETV4 regions bind MED25 independently, display distinct kinetics, and combine to contribute to a high-affinity interaction of full-length ETV4 with MED25. High-affinity interactions with MED25 are specific for the ETV1/4/5 subfamily as other ETS factors display weaker binding. The AD binds to a single site on MED25 and the DBD interacts with three MED25 sites, allowing for simultaneous binding of both domains in full-length ETV4. MED25 also stimulates the in vitro DNA binding activity of ETV4 by relieving autoinhibition. ETV1/4/5 factors are often overexpressed in prostate cancer and genome-wide studies in a prostate cancer cell line indicate that ETV4 and MED25 occupy enhancers that are enriched for ETS-binding sequences and are both functionally important for the transcription of genes regulated by these enhancers. AP1-motifs, which bind JUN and FOS transcription factor families, were observed in MED25-occupied regions and JUN/FOS also contact MED25; FOS strongly binds to the same MED25 site as ETV4 AD and JUN interacts with the other two MED25 sites. In summary, we describe features of the multivalent ETV4- and AP1-MED25 interactions, thereby implicating these factors in the recruitment of MED25 to transcriptional control elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon L Currie
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5500, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5500, USA
| | - Jedediah J Doane
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5500, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5500, USA
| | - Kathryn S Evans
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5500, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5500, USA
| | - Niraja Bhachech
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5500, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5500, USA
| | - Bethany J Madison
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5500, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5500, USA
| | - Desmond K W Lau
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lawrence P McIntosh
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jack J Skalicky
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5650, USA
| | - Kathleen A Clark
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5500, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5500, USA
| | - Barbara J Graves
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5500, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5500, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815-6789, USA.
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24
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Sizemore GM, Pitarresi JR, Balakrishnan S, Ostrowski MC. The ETS family of oncogenic transcription factors in solid tumours. Nat Rev Cancer 2017; 17:337-351. [PMID: 28450705 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2017.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Findings over the past decade have identified aberrant activation of the ETS transcription factor family throughout all stages of tumorigenesis. Specifically in solid tumours, gene rearrangement and amplification, feed-forward growth factor signalling loops, formation of gain-of-function co-regulatory complexes and novel cis-acting mutations in ETS target gene promoters can result in increased ETS activity. In turn, pro-oncogenic ETS signalling enhances tumorigenesis through a broad mechanistic toolbox that includes lineage specification and self-renewal, DNA damage and genome instability, epigenetics and metabolism. This Review discusses these different mechanisms of ETS activation and subsequent oncogenic implications, as well as the clinical utility of ETS factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Sizemore
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, 598 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Jason R Pitarresi
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, 598 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Subhasree Balakrishnan
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, 598 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Michael C Ostrowski
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, 598 Biomedical Research Tower, 460 W. 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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25
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Shiina M, Hashimoto Y, Kato T, Yamamura S, Tanaka Y, Majid S, Saini S, Varahram S, Kulkarni P, Dasgupta P, Mitsui Y, Sumida M, Tabatabai L, Deng G, Kumar D, Dahiya R. Differential expression of miR-34b and androgen receptor pathway regulate prostate cancer aggressiveness between African-Americans and Caucasians. Oncotarget 2017; 8:8356-8368. [PMID: 28039468 PMCID: PMC5352406 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
African-Americans are diagnosed with more aggressive prostate cancers and have worse survival than Caucasians, however a comprehensive understanding of this health disparity remains unclear. To clarify the mechanisms leading to this disparity, we analyzed the potential involvement of miR-34b expression in African-Americans and Caucasians. miR-34b functions as a tumor suppressor and has a multi-functional role, through regulation of cell proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis. We found that miR-34b expression is lower in human prostate cancer tissues from African-Americans compared to Caucasians. DNA hypermethylation of the miR-34b-3p promoter region showed significantly higher methylation in prostate cancer compared to normal samples. We then sequenced the promoter region of miR-34b-3p and found a chromosomal deletion in miR-34b in African-American prostate cancer cell line (MDA-PCA-2b) and not in Caucasian cell line (DU-145). We found that AR and ETV1 genes are differentially expressed in MDA-PCa-2b and DU-145 cells after overexpression of miR-34b. Direct interaction of miR-34b with the 3' untranslated region of AR and ETV1 was validated by luciferase reporter assay. We found that miR-34b downregulation in African-Americans is inversely correlated with high AR levels that lead to increased cell proliferation. Overexpression of miR-34b in cell lines showed higher inhibition of cell proliferation, apoptosis and G1 arrest in the African-American cells (MDA-PCa-2b) compared to Caucasian cell line (DU-145). Taken together, our results show that differential expression of miR-34b and AR are associated with prostate cancer aggressiveness in African-Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Shiina
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yutaka Hashimoto
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Taku Kato
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Soichiro Yamamura
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yuichiro Tanaka
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shahana Majid
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sharanjot Saini
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shahryari Varahram
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Priyanka Kulkarni
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Pritha Dasgupta
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yozo Mitsui
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mitsuho Sumida
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Laura Tabatabai
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Guoren Deng
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Division of Science and Mathematic, Cancer Research Laboratory, University of the District of Columbia, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rajvir Dahiya
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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26
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Rosati R, Patki M, Chari V, Dakshnamurthy S, McFall T, Saxton J, Kidder BL, Shaw PE, Ratnam M. The Amino-terminal Domain of the Androgen Receptor Co-opts Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase (ERK) Docking Sites in ELK1 Protein to Induce Sustained Gene Activation That Supports Prostate Cancer Cell Growth. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:25983-25998. [PMID: 27793987 PMCID: PMC5207070 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.745596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The ETS domain transcription factor ELK1 is in a repressive association with growth genes and is transiently activated through phosphorylation by ERK1/2. In prostate cancer (PCa) cells the androgen receptor (AR) is recruited by ELK1, via its amino-terminal domain (A/B), as a transcriptional co-activator, without ELK1 hyper-phosphorylation. Here we elucidate the structural basis of the interaction of AR with ELK1. The ELK1 polypeptide motifs required for co-activation by AR versus those required for activation of ELK1 by ERK were systematically mapped using a mammalian two-hybrid system and confirmed using a co-immunoprecipitation assay. The mapping precisely identified the two ERK-docking sites in ELK1, the D-box and the DEF (docking site for ERK, FXFP) motif, as the essential motifs for its cooperation with AR(A/B) or WTAR. In contrast, the transactivation domain in ELK1 was only required for activation by ERK. ELK1-mediated transcriptional activity of AR(A/B) was optimal in the absence of ELK1 binding partners, ERK1/2 and serum-response factor. Purified ELK1 and AR bound with a dissociation constant of 1.9 × 10−8m. A purified mutant ELK1 in which the D-box and DEF motifs were disrupted did not bind AR. An ELK1 mutant with deletion of the D-box region had a dominant-negative effect on androgen-dependent growth of PCa cells that were insensitive to MEK inhibition. This novel mechanism in which a nuclear receptor impinges on a signaling pathway by co-opting protein kinase docking sites to constitutively activate growth genes could enable rational design of a new class of targeted drug interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayna Rosati
- From the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology.,Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201-2013 and
| | - Mugdha Patki
- From the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology.,Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201-2013 and
| | - Venkatesh Chari
- From the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology
| | | | - Thomas McFall
- From the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology.,Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201-2013 and
| | - Janice Saxton
- the School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin L Kidder
- From the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology.,Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201-2013 and
| | - Peter E Shaw
- the School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom
| | - Manohar Ratnam
- From the Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute and Department of Oncology, .,Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201-2013 and
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27
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Kim TD, Oh S, Lightfoot SA, Shin S, Wren JD, Janknecht R. Upregulation of PSMD10 caused by the JMJD2A histone demethylase. Int J Clin Exp Med 2016; 9:10123-10134. [PMID: 28883898 PMCID: PMC5584593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
PSMD10, also known as gankyrin, is associated with the proteasome and has been shown to be an oncoprotein in the liver. Here, we report that PSMD10 expression is stimulated by the histone demethylase JMJD2A/KDM4A and its interaction partner, the ETV1 transcription factor, in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Global analysis of expression patterns revealed that PSMD10 mRNA levels are positively correlated with those of both JMJD2A and ETV1. In human prostate tumors, PSMD10 is highly overexpressed at the protein level and correlates with JMJD2A overexpression; further, PSMD10 expression is enhanced in the prostates of transgenic JMJD2A mice. Moreover, PSMD10 is particularly overexpressed in high Gleason score prostate tumors. Downregulation of PSMD10 in LNCaP prostate cancer cells impaired their growth, indicating that PSMD10 may exert a pro-oncogenic function in the prostate. Lastly, we observed that PSMD10 expression is correlated to YAP1, a component of the Hippo signaling pathway and whose gene promoter is regulated by JMJD2A, and that PSMD10 can cooperate with YAP1 in stimulating LNCaP cell growth. Altogether, these data indicate that PSMD10 is a novel downstream effector of JMJD2A and suggest that inhibition of the JMJD2A histone demethylase by small molecule drugs may be effective to curtail the oncogenic activity of PSMD10 in various PSMD10-overexpressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Dong Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Sangphil Oh
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Stan A Lightfoot
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Sook Shin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Jonathan D Wren
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Ralf Janknecht
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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28
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Kim TD, Shin S, Janknecht R. ETS transcription factor ERG cooperates with histone demethylase KDM4A. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:3679-88. [PMID: 27109047 PMCID: PMC4869937 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ERG (ETS-related gene) is a member of the ETS (erythroblast transformation-specific) family of transcription factors. Overexpression of the ERG transcription factor is observed in half of all prostate tumors and is an underlying cause of this disease. However, the mechanisms involved in the functions of ERG are still not fully understood. In the present study, we showed that ERG can directly bind to KDM4A (also known as JMJD2A), a histone demethylase that particularly demethylates lysine 9 on histone H3. ERG and KDM4A cooperated in upregulating the promoter of Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1), a downstream effector in the Hippo signaling pathway and crucial growth regulator. Multiple ERG binding sites within the human YAP1 gene promoter were identified and their impact on transcription was determined through mutational analysis. Furthermore, we found that ERG expression reduced histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation at the YAP1 gene promoter, consistent with its epigenetic regulation through the ERG interaction partner, KDM4A. Finally, downregulation of YAP1 phenocopied the growth-retarding effect of ERG or KDM4A depletion in human VCaP prostate cancer cells. Collectively, these results elucidated a novel mechanism - ERG promotes prostate tumorigenesis together with KDM4A through the upregulation of YAP1. A corollary is that KDM4A as well as YAP1 inhibitors may prove beneficial for the therapy of ERG-overexpressing prostate tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Dong Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Sook Shin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Ralf Janknecht
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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29
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Kim TD, Jin F, Shin S, Oh S, Lightfoot SA, Grande JP, Johnson AJ, van Deursen JM, Wren JD, Janknecht R. Histone demethylase JMJD2A drives prostate tumorigenesis through transcription factor ETV1. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:706-20. [PMID: 26731476 DOI: 10.1172/jci78132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone demethylase upregulation has been observed in human cancers, yet it is unknown whether this is a bystander event or a driver of tumorigenesis. We found that overexpression of lysine-specific demethylase 4A (KDM4A, also known as JMJD2A) was positively correlated with Gleason score and metastasis in human prostate tumors. Overexpression of JMJD2A resulted in the development of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in mice, demonstrating that JMJD2A can initiate prostate cancer development. Moreover, combined overexpression of JMJD2A and the ETS transcription factor ETV1, a JMJD2A-binding protein, resulted in prostate carcinoma formation in mice haplodeficient for the phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten) tumor-suppressor gene. Additionally, JMJD2A cooperated with ETV1 to increase expression of yes associated protein 1 (YAP1), a Hippo pathway component that itself was associated with prostate tumor aggressiveness. ETV1 facilitated the recruitment of JMJD2A to the YAP1 promoter, leading to changes in histone lysine methylation in a human prostate cancer cell line. Further, YAP1 expression largely rescued the growth inhibitory effects of JMJD2A depletion in prostate cancer cells, indicating that YAP1 is a downstream effector of JMJD2A. Taken together, these data reveal a JMJD2A/ETV1/YAP1 axis that promotes prostate cancer initiation and that may be a suitable target for therapeutic inhibition.
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Zong Y, Goldstein AS, Witte ON. Tissue Recombination Models for the Study of Epithelial Cancer. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2015; 2015:pdb.top069880. [PMID: 26631129 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top069880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of cancer provide fundamental insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of human cancer development. As an alternative to genetically engineered mouse models, increasing evidence shows that tissue recombination and transplantation models represent an efficient approach to faithfully recapitulate solid epithelial cancer in mice. Cancer can be rapidly initiated through lentiviral delivery of defined genetic alterations into target cells that are grown in a physiological milieu with an appropriate epithelial-stromal interaction. Through genetic manipulation of distinct subpopulations of epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells, this powerful system can readily test both cell-autonomous roles of genetic events in the epithelial compartment and the paracrine effects of the microenvironment. Here we review the recent advances in mouse models of several epithelial cancers achieved using orthotopic transplantation and tissue recombination strategies, with an emphasis on the dissociated cell in vivo prostate regeneration model to investigate prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Andrew S Goldstein
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; Department of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Owen N Witte
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
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Cooper CDO, Newman JA, Aitkenhead H, Allerston CK, Gileadi O. Structures of the Ets Protein DNA-binding Domains of Transcription Factors Etv1, Etv4, Etv5, and Fev: DETERMINANTS OF DNA BINDING AND REDOX REGULATION BY DISULFIDE BOND FORMATION. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:13692-709. [PMID: 25866208 PMCID: PMC4447949 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.646737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ets transcription factors, which share the conserved Ets DNA-binding domain, number nearly 30 members in humans and are particularly involved in developmental processes. Their deregulation following changes in expression, transcriptional activity, or by chromosomal translocation plays a critical role in carcinogenesis. Ets DNA binding, selectivity, and regulation have been extensively studied; however, questions still arise regarding binding specificity outside the core GGA recognition sequence and the mode of action of Ets post-translational modifications. Here, we report the crystal structures of Etv1, Etv4, Etv5, and Fev, alone and in complex with DNA. We identify previously unrecognized features of the protein-DNA interface. Interactions with the DNA backbone account for most of the binding affinity. We describe a highly coordinated network of water molecules acting in base selection upstream of the GGAA core and the structural features that may account for discrimination against methylated cytidine residues. Unexpectedly, all proteins crystallized as disulfide-linked dimers, exhibiting a novel interface (distant to the DNA recognition helix). Homodimers of Etv1, Etv4, and Etv5 could be reduced to monomers, leading to a 40–200-fold increase in DNA binding affinity. Hence, we present the first indication of a redox-dependent regulatory mechanism that may control the activity of this subset of oncogenic Ets transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D O Cooper
- From the Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph A Newman
- From the Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel Aitkenhead
- From the Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Charles K Allerston
- From the Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Opher Gileadi
- From the Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
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Linn DE, Bronson RT, Li Z. Genetic interaction between Tmprss2-ERG gene fusion and Nkx3.1-loss does not enhance prostate tumorigenesis in mouse models. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120628. [PMID: 25780911 PMCID: PMC4364018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene fusions involving ETS family transcription factors (mainly TMPRSS2-ERG and TMPRSS2-ETV1 fusions) have been found in ~50% of human prostate cancer cases. Although expression of TMPRSS2-ERG or TMPRSS2-ETV1 fusion alone is insufficient to initiate prostate tumorigenesis, they appear to sensitize prostate epithelial cells for cooperation with additional oncogenic mutations to drive frank prostate adenocarcinoma. To search for such ETS-cooperating oncogenic events, we focused on a well-studied prostate tumor suppressor NKX3.1, as loss of NKX3.1 is another common genetic alteration in human prostate cancer. Previous studies have shown that deletions at 8p21 (harboring NKX3.1) and 21q22 (resulting in TMPRSS2-ERG fusion) were both present in a subtype of prostate cancer cases, and that ERG can lead to epigenetic silencing of NKX3.1 in prostate cancer cells, whereas NKX3.1 can in turn negatively regulate TMPRSS2-ERG fusion expression via suppression of the TMPRSS2 promoter activity. We recently generated knockin mouse models for TMPRSS2-ERG and TMPRSS2-ETV1 fusions, utilizing the endogenous Tmprss2 promoter. We crossed these knockin models to an Nkx3.1 knockout mouse model. In Tmprss2-ERG;Nkx3.1+/- (or -/-) male mice, although we observed a slight but significant upregulation of Tmprss2-ERG fusion expression upon Nkx3.1 loss, we did not detect any significant cooperation between these two genetic events to enhance prostate tumorigenesis in vivo. Furthermore, retrospective analysis of a previously published human prostate cancer dataset revealed that within ERG-overexpressing prostate cancer cases, NKX3.1 loss or deletion did not predict biochemical relapse after radical prostatectomy. Collectively, these data suggest that although TMPRSS2-ERG fusion and loss of NKX3.1 are among the most common mutational events found in prostate cancer, and although each of them can sensitize prostate epithelial cells for cooperating with other oncogenic events, these two events themselves do not appear to cooperate at a significant level in vivo to enhance prostate tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E. Linn
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States of America
| | - Roderick T. Bronson
- Rodent Histopathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States of America
| | - Zhe Li
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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33
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Abstract
Androgens and androgen receptor (AR) signaling are necessary for prostate development and homeostasis. AR signaling also drives the growth of nearly all prostate cancer cells. The role of androgens and AR signaling has been well characterized in metastatic prostate cancer, where it has been shown that prostate cancer cells are exquisitely adept at maintaining functional AR signaling to drive cancer growth. As androgens and AR signaling are so intimately involved in prostate development and the proliferation of advanced prostate cancer, it stands to reason that androgens and AR are also involved in prostate cancer initiation and the early stages of cancer growth, yet little is known of this process. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge concerning the role of androgens and AR signaling in prostate tissue, from development to metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer, and use that information to suggest potential roles for androgens and AR in prostate cancer initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhou
- Department of Molecular PharmacologyBeckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E Duarte Road, Beckman 2310, Duarte, California 91010, USADepartment of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Eric C Bolton
- Department of Molecular PharmacologyBeckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E Duarte Road, Beckman 2310, Duarte, California 91010, USADepartment of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Jeremy O Jones
- Department of Molecular PharmacologyBeckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1500 E Duarte Road, Beckman 2310, Duarte, California 91010, USADepartment of Molecular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Higgins J, Brogley M, Palanisamy N, Mehra R, Ittmann MM, Li JZ, Tomlins SA, Robins DM. Interaction of the Androgen Receptor, ETV1, and PTEN Pathways in Mouse Prostate Varies with Pathological Stage and Predicts Cancer Progression. Discov Oncol 2015; 6:67-86. [PMID: 25631336 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-014-0215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the impact of common somatic mutations in prostate cancer (PCa) on androgen receptor (AR) signaling, mouse models were designed to perturb sequentially the AR, ETV1, and PTEN pathways. Mice with "humanized" AR (hAR) alleles that modified AR transcriptional strength by varying polyglutamine tract (Q-tract) length were crossed with mice expressing a prostate-specific, AR-responsive ETV1 transgene (ETV1(Tg)). While hAR allele did not grossly affect ETV1-induced neoplasia, ETV1 strongly antagonized global AR regulation and repressed critical androgen-induced differentiation and tumor suppressor genes, such as Nkx3-1 and Hoxb13. When Pten was varied to determine its impact on disease progression, mice lacking one Pten allele (Pten(+/-) ) developed more frequent prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). Yet, only those with the ETV1 transgene progressed to invasive adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, progression was more frequent with the short Q-tract (stronger) AR, suggesting that the AR, ETV1, and PTEN pathways cooperate in aggressive disease. On the Pten(+/-) background, ETV1 had markedly less effect on AR target genes. However, a strong inflammatory gene expression signature, notably upregulation of Cxcl16, was induced by ETV1. Comparison of mouse and human patient data stratified by the presence of E26 transformation-specific ETS fusion genes highlighted additional factors, some not previously associated with prostate cancer but for which targeted therapies are in development for other diseases. In sum, concerted use of these mouse models illuminates the complex interplay of AR, ETV1, and PTEN pathways in pre-cancerous neoplasia and early tumorigenesis, disease stages difficult to analyze in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Higgins
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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35
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Recent advances in the structural molecular biology of Ets transcription factors: interactions, interfaces and inhibition. Biochem Soc Trans 2014; 42:130-8. [PMID: 24450640 PMCID: PMC3901394 DOI: 10.1042/bst20130227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The Ets family of eukaryotic transcription factors is based around the conserved Ets DNA-binding domain. Although their DNA-binding selectivity is biochemically and structurally well characterized, structures of homodimeric and ternary complexes point to Ets domains functioning as versatile protein-interaction modules. In the present paper, we review the progress made over the last decade to elucidate the structural mechanisms involved in modulation of DNA binding and protein partner selection during dimerization. We see that Ets domains, although conserved around a core architecture, have evolved to utilize a variety of interaction surfaces and binding mechanisms, reflecting Ets domains as dynamic interfaces for both DNA and protein interaction. Furthermore, we discuss recent advances in drug development for inhibition of Ets factors, and the roles structural biology can play in their future.
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36
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Sharma NL, Massie CE, Butter F, Mann M, Bon H, Ramos-Montoya A, Menon S, Stark R, Lamb AD, Scott HE, Warren AY, Neal DE, Mills IG. The ETS family member GABPα modulates androgen receptor signalling and mediates an aggressive phenotype in prostate cancer. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:6256-69. [PMID: 24753418 PMCID: PMC4041454 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In prostate cancer (PC), the androgen receptor (AR) is a key transcription factor at all disease stages, including the advanced stage of castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In the present study, we show that GABPα, an ETS factor that is up-regulated in PC, is an AR-interacting transcription factor. Expression of GABPα enables PC cell lines to acquire some of the molecular and cellular characteristics of CRPC tissues as well as more aggressive growth phenotypes. GABPα has a transcriptional role that dissects the overlapping cistromes of the two most common ETS gene fusions in PC: overlapping significantly with ETV1 but not with ERG target genes. GABPα bound predominantly to gene promoters, regulated the expression of one-third of AR target genes and modulated sensitivity to AR antagonists in hormone responsive and castrate resistant PC models. This study supports a critical role for GABPα in CRPC and reveals potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi L Sharma
- Uro-oncology Research Group, CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK Department of Urology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Charlie E Massie
- Uro-oncology Research Group, CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Falk Butter
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Helene Bon
- Uro-oncology Research Group, CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Antonio Ramos-Montoya
- Uro-oncology Research Group, CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Suraj Menon
- Department of Bioinformatics, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Rory Stark
- Department of Bioinformatics, Cambridge Research Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Alastair D Lamb
- Uro-oncology Research Group, CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Helen E Scott
- Uro-oncology Research Group, CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Anne Y Warren
- Department of Pathology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - David E Neal
- Uro-oncology Research Group, CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK Department of Urology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Ian G Mills
- Uro-oncology Research Group, CRUK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK Prostate Cancer Research Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine (Norway), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Gaustadalleen 21, Oslo N-0349, Norway Department of Cancer Prevention and Department of Urology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo N-0349, Norway
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37
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is very common in elderly men in developed countries. Unravelling the molecular and biological processes that contribute to tumor development and progressive growth, including its heterogeneity, is a challenging task. The fusion of the genes ERG and TMPRSS2 is the most frequent genomic alteration in prostate cancer. ERG is an oncogene that encodes a member of the family of ETS transcription factors. At lower frequency, other members of this gene family are also rearranged and overexpressed in prostate cancer. TMPRSS2 is an androgen-regulated gene that is preferentially expressed in the prostate. Most of the less frequent ETS fusion partners are also androgen-regulated and prostate-specific. During the last few years, novel concepts of the process of gene fusion have emerged, and initial experimental results explaining the function of the ETS genes ERG and ETV1 in prostate cancer have been published. In this review, we focus on the most relevant ETS gene fusions and summarize the current knowledge of the role of ETS transcription factors in prostate cancer. Finally, we discuss the clinical relevance of TMRPSS2-ERG and other ETS gene fusions in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delila Gasi Tandefelt
- Departments of Pathology Urology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 2000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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38
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Kim TD, Fuchs JR, Schwartz E, Abdelhamid D, Etter J, Berry WL, Li C, Ihnat MA, Li PK, Janknecht R. Pro-growth role of the JMJD2C histone demethylase in HCT-116 colon cancer cells and identification of curcuminoids as JMJD2 inhibitors. Am J Transl Res 2014; 6:236-247. [PMID: 24936217 PMCID: PMC4058306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Colon tumors are a major cause of cancer death, yet their molecular intricacies are not fully understood. We demonstrate that the histone demethylases JMJD2A, JMJD2B and JMJD2C are overexpressed in colon cancer cell lines, whereas another related protein, JMJD2D, is not. Interestingly, despite their high homology, the intracellular localization of JMJD2A-C is different in colon and other cancer cells, with JMJD2A being present comparably in the cytoplasm and nucleus, JMJD2B more prevalent in the nucleus and JMJD2C strongly associated with chromatin. This suggests that each of these three proteins performs different, non-redundant functions. Moreover, we show that JMJD2C (also called KDM4C) forms complexes with β-catenin, an oncoprotein whose overexpression is crucial for the development of most colonic tumors. In addition, JMJD2C downregulation reduced both growth and clonogenic capacity of HCT-116 colon cancer cells. Further, JMJD2C was required for efficient expression of the growth stimulatory proteins FRA1 and cyclin D1 as well as the survival factor BCL2. Lastly, we identified derivatives of curcumin as in vitro inhibitors of JMJD2 enzymes, suggesting that these curcuminoids could be useful for decreasing JMJD2 activity in vivo. In conclusion, our data highlight that overexpression of JMJD2C confers a pro-growth effect on colon cancer cells and, therefore, its inhibition by curcuminoids or other small molecules could be beneficial as an adjuvant therapy for colon cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Dong Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - James R Fuchs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Eric Schwartz
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Dalia Abdelhamid
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jonathan Etter
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - William L Berry
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Chenglong Li
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael A Ihnat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer CenterOklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Pui-Kai Li
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State UniversityColumbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ralf Janknecht
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer CenterOklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Pop MS, Stransky N, Garvie CW, Theurillat JP, Hartman EC, Lewis TA, Zhong C, Culyba EK, Lin F, Daniels DS, Pagliarini R, Ronco L, Koehler AN, Garraway LA. A small molecule that binds and inhibits the ETV1 transcription factor oncoprotein. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:1492-502. [PMID: 24737027 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Members of the ETS transcription factor family have been implicated in several cancers, where they are often dysregulated by genomic derangement. ETS variant 1 (ETV1) is an ETS factor gene that undergoes chromosomal translocation in prostate cancers and Ewing sarcomas, amplification in melanomas, and lineage dysregulation in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Pharmacologic perturbation of ETV1 would be appealing in these cancers; however, oncogenic transcription factors are often deemed "undruggable" by conventional methods. Here, we used small-molecule microarray screens to identify and characterize drug-like compounds that modulate the biologic function of ETV1. We identified the 1,3,5-triazine small molecule BRD32048 as a top candidate ETV1 perturbagen. BRD32048 binds ETV1 directly, modulating both ETV1-mediated transcriptional activity and invasion of ETV1-driven cancer cells. Moreover, BRD32048 inhibits p300-dependent acetylation of ETV1, thereby promoting its degradation. These results point to a new avenue for pharmacologic ETV1 inhibition and may inform a general means to discover small molecule perturbagens of transcription factor oncoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius S Pop
- Authors' Affiliations: Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Broad Institute; Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research; Department of Biological Engineering; and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MassachusettsAuthors' Affiliations: Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Broad Institute; Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research; Department of Biological Engineering; and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Nicolas Stransky
- Authors' Affiliations: Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Broad Institute; Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research; Department of Biological Engineering; and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Colin W Garvie
- Authors' Affiliations: Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Broad Institute; Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research; Department of Biological Engineering; and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jean-Philippe Theurillat
- Authors' Affiliations: Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Broad Institute; Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research; Department of Biological Engineering; and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MassachusettsAuthors' Affiliations: Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Broad Institute; Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research; Department of Biological Engineering; and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Emily C Hartman
- Authors' Affiliations: Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Broad Institute; Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research; Department of Biological Engineering; and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy A Lewis
- Authors' Affiliations: Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Broad Institute; Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research; Department of Biological Engineering; and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Authors' Affiliations: Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Broad Institute; Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research; Department of Biological Engineering; and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth K Culyba
- Authors' Affiliations: Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Broad Institute; Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research; Department of Biological Engineering; and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Fallon Lin
- Authors' Affiliations: Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Broad Institute; Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research; Department of Biological Engineering; and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Douglas S Daniels
- Authors' Affiliations: Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Broad Institute; Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research; Department of Biological Engineering; and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Raymond Pagliarini
- Authors' Affiliations: Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Broad Institute; Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research; Department of Biological Engineering; and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Lucienne Ronco
- Authors' Affiliations: Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Broad Institute; Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research; Department of Biological Engineering; and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Angela N Koehler
- Authors' Affiliations: Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Broad Institute; Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research; Department of Biological Engineering; and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MassachusettsAuthors' Affiliations: Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Broad Institute; Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research; Department of Biological Engineering; and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MassachusettsAuthors' Affiliations: Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Broad Institute; Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research; Department of Biological Engineering; and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Levi A Garraway
- Authors' Affiliations: Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Broad Institute; Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research; Department of Biological Engineering; and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MassachusettsAuthors' Affiliations: Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; Broad Institute; Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research; Department of Biological Engineering; and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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40
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Berry WL, Kim TD, Janknecht R. Stimulation of β-catenin and colon cancer cell growth by the KDM4B histone demethylase. Int J Oncol 2014; 44:1341-8. [PMID: 24481461 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The linchpin of colorectal cancer is the oncoprotein and transcriptional cofactor β-catenin, whose overexpression is causative for the neoplastic transformation of colon cells. However, the molecular details of β-catenin dependent gene transcription in cancer cells are still not comprehensively explored. Here, we show that the histone demethylase KDM4B was upregulated in colon and rectal adenocarcinomas and required for efficient growth and clonogenic activity of human HT-29 colon cancer cells. Moreover, KDM4B formed complexes with β-catenin in vitro and in vivo, which involved its central amino acids 353-740. In addition, KDM4B also interacted with the DNA-binding protein TCF4, which is the main factor recruiting β-catenin to chromatin in the intestine. KDM4B downregulation resulted in reduced expression of the β-catenin/TCF4 target genes JUN, MYC and Cyclin D1, all of which encode for oncoproteins. Collectively, our data indicate that KDM4B overexpression supports β-catenin mediated gene transcription and thereby contributes to the genesis of colorectal tumors. Accordingly, inhibition of the KDM4B histone demethylase may represent a novel avenue of fighting colorectal cancer, one of the major causes of cancer death throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Berry
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Tae-Dong Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Ralf Janknecht
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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41
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Prostate cancer. Mol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139046947.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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42
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Zynda E, Jackson MW, Bhattacharya P, Kandel ES. ETV1 positively regulates transcription of tumor suppressor ARF. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 14:1167-73. [PMID: 24157551 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.26883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ETV1 (ETS variant 1) is a transcription factor from the ETS family and an oncogene in several types of human malignancies. Paradoxically, a predicted inactivating mutation in ETV1 was previously found in a clone of HT1080 cells with reduced activity of p53. We report that elevated expression of ETV1 makes p53-null tumor cells hypersensitive to restoration of said tumor suppressor. Furthermore, elevated levels of either wild-type ETV1 or its truncated derivative, dETV1, which mimics the product of an oncogenic rearrangement in certain tumors, results in increased expression of mRNA for p14ARF, a known activator of p53. Accordingly, expression of a luciferase reporter, which is driven by a putative ARF promoter, was elevated by concomitant expression of either ETV1 or dETV1. Our observations point to yet another example of a tumor suppressor gene being activated by a potentially oncogenic signal. A better understanding of the mechanisms that allow a cell to bypass such safeguards is needed in order to predict and prevent the development of an oncogene-tolerant state during cancer evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Zynda
- Department of Cell Stress Biology; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Mark W Jackson
- Department of Pathology; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Partho Bhattacharya
- Department of Cell Stress Biology; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Buffalo, NY USA
| | - Eugene S Kandel
- Department of Cell Stress Biology; Roswell Park Cancer Institute; Buffalo, NY USA
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43
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LI ZHIWEI, ZHANG LIBIN, MA ZHIGANG, YANG MING, TANG JIEBING, FU YUJIAO, MAO YINLING, HONG XUAN, ZHANG YANQIAO. ETV1 induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition in human gastric cancer cells through the upregulation of Snail expression. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:2859-63. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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44
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ETS factors reprogram the androgen receptor cistrome and prime prostate tumorigenesis in response to PTEN loss. Nat Med 2013; 19:1023-9. [PMID: 23817021 PMCID: PMC3737318 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Studies of ETS-mediated prostate oncogenesis have been hampered by the lack of suitable experimental systems. Here we describe a new conditional mouse model which gives robust, homogenous ERG expression throughout the prostate. When combined with homozygous Pten loss, mice developed accelerated, highly penetrant invasive prostate cancer. In mouse prostate tissue, ERG significantly increased androgen receptor (AR) binding. Robust ERG-mediated transcriptional changes, observed only in the setting of Pten loss, included restoration of AR transcriptional outut and genes involved in cell death, migration, inflammation and angiogenesis. Similarly, ETV1 positively regulated AR cistrome and transcriptional output in ETV1-translocated, PTEN-deficient human prostate cancer cells. In two large clinical cohorts, ERG and ETV1 expression correlated with higher AR transcriptional output in PTEN-negative prostate cancer specimens. We propose that ETS factors cause prostate-specific transformation by altering the AR cistrome, priming the prostate epithelium to respond to aberrant upstream signals such as PTEN loss.
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45
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Oh S, Shin S, Lightfoot SA, Janknecht R. 14-3-3 proteins modulate the ETS transcription factor ETV1 in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2013; 73:5110-9. [PMID: 23774214 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of the ETS-related transcription factor ETV1 can initiate neoplastic transformation of the prostate. ETV1 activity is highly regulated by phosphorylation, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here we report that all 14-3-3 proteins, with the exception of the tumor suppressor 14-3-3σ, can bind to ETV1 in a condition manner dictated by its prominent phosphorylation site S216. Non-σ 14-3-3 proteins synergized with ETV1 to activate transcription of its target genes MMP-1 and MMP-7, which regulate extracellular matrix in the prostate tumor microenvironment. S216 mutation or 14-3-3τ downregulation was sufficient to reduce ETV1 protein levels in prostate cancer cells, indicating that non-σ 14-3-3 proteins protect ETV1 from degradation. Notably, S216 mutation also decreased ETV1-dependent migration and invasion in benign prostate cells. Downregulation of 14-3-3τ reduced prostate cancer cell invasion and growth in the same manner as ETV1 attenuation. Finally, we showed that 14-3-3τ and 14-3-3ε were overexpressed in human prostate tumors. Taken together, our results showed that non-σ 14-3-3 proteins are important modulators of ETV1 function that promote prostate tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangphil Oh
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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46
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Baena E, Shao Z, Linn DE, Glass K, Hamblen MJ, Fujiwara Y, Kim J, Nguyen M, Zhang X, Godinho FJ, Bronson RT, Mucci LA, Loda M, Yuan GC, Orkin SH, Li Z. ETV1 directs androgen metabolism and confers aggressive prostate cancer in targeted mice and patients. Genes Dev 2013; 27:683-98. [PMID: 23512661 DOI: 10.1101/gad.211011.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Distinguishing aggressive from indolent disease and developing effective therapy for advanced disease are the major challenges in prostate cancer research. Chromosomal rearrangements involving ETS transcription factors, such as ERG and ETV1, occur frequently in prostate cancer. How they contribute to tumorigenesis and whether they play similar or distinct in vivo roles remain elusive. Here we show that in mice with ERG or ETV1 targeted to the endogenous Tmprss2 locus, either factor cooperated with loss of a single copy of Pten, leading to localized cancer, but only ETV1 appeared to support development of invasive adenocarcinoma under the background of full Pten loss. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that ERG and ETV1 control a common transcriptional network but largely in an opposing fashion. In particular, while ERG negatively regulates the androgen receptor (AR) transcriptional program, ETV1 cooperates with AR signaling by favoring activation of the AR transcriptional program. Furthermore, we found that ETV1 expression, but not that of ERG, promotes autonomous testosterone production. Last, we confirmed the association of an ETV1 expression signature with aggressive disease and poorer outcome in patient data. The distinct biology of ETV1-associated prostate cancer suggests that this disease class may require new therapies directed to underlying programs controlled by ETV1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Baena
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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47
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Patki M, Chari V, Sivakumaran S, Gonit M, Trumbly R, Ratnam M. The ETS domain transcription factor ELK1 directs a critical component of growth signaling by the androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:11047-65. [PMID: 23426362 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.438473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is essential for diverse aspects of prostate development and function. Molecular mechanisms by which prostate cancer (PC) cells redirect AR signaling to genes that primarily support growth are unclear. A systematic search for critical AR-tethering proteins led to ELK1, an ETS transcription factor of the ternary complex factor subfamily. Although genetically redundant, ELK1 was obligatory for AR-dependent growth and clonogenic survival in both hormone-dependent PC and castration-recurrent PC cells but not for AR-negative cell growth. AR required ELK1 to up-regulate a major subset of its target genes that was strongly and primarily enriched for cell growth functions. AR functioned as a coactivator of ELK1 by association through its A/B domain, bypassing the classical mechanism of ELK1 activation by phosphorylation and without inducing ternary complex target genes. The ELK1-AR synergy per se was ligand-independent, although it required ligand for nuclear localization of AR as targeting the AR A/B domain to the nucleus recapitulated the action of hormone; accordingly, Casodex was a poor antagonist of the synergy. ELK3, the closest substitute for ELK1 in structure/function and genome recognition, did not interact with AR. ELK1 thus directs selective and sustained gene induction that is a substantial and critical component of growth signaling by AR in PC cells. The ELK1-AR interaction offers a functionally tumor-selective drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugdha Patki
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201-2013, USA
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48
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Boormans JL, Korsten H, Ziel-van der Made AJC, van Leenders GJLH, de Vos CV, Jenster G, Trapman J. Identification of TDRD1 as a direct target gene of ERG in primary prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:335-45. [PMID: 23319146 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecular classification of ERG-rearranged prostate cancer clarifies the role of TMPRSS2-ERG in the development and progression of prostate cancer. The objective of our study was to identify direct ERG target genes in ERG-rearranged prostate cancer. Two independent cohorts of primary prostate cancer (Cohort A, n=48; Cohort B, n=31), a cohort of late-stage prostate cancer (n=51) and expression array data of a cohort of primary prostate tumors from a different institute (n=128) were analyzed for expression of genes that were coexpressed with ERG overexpression. By genome-wide expression analysis and Q-RT-PCR it was shown that the gene Tudor domain containing 1 (TDRD1) was by far the strongest correlated gene with ERG overexpression in both Cohort A and B. Expression array analysis of the patient cohort from a different institute showed a large overlap in genes that were positively correlated with ERG overexpression, including TDRD1. In late-stage prostate cancer, TDRD1 was also coexpressed with ERG overexpression, although a proportion of ERG-negative late-stage samples expressed TDRD1. TDRD1 expression was not associated with ETV1 overexpression. In the prostate cancer cell line VCaP, downregulation of ERG by shRNA lead to a lower expression level of TDRD1 and resulted in a decreased activity of the TDRD1 promoter. By mutation analysis we identified a functional ERG binding site in the TDRD1 promoter. Our findings show TDRD1 as the first identified upregulated direct ERG target gene that is strongly associated with ERG overexpression in primary prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost L Boormans
- Department of Urology Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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49
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Nyquist MD, Dehm SM. Interplay between genomic alterations and androgen receptor signaling during prostate cancer development and progression. Discov Oncol 2013; 4:61-9. [PMID: 23307762 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-013-0131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced prostate cancer (PCa) treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) eventually relapses to an ADT-resistant disease referred to as castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Recent integrative analyses of PCa genomes have led to the elucidation of potential subtypes that are revelatory to the development of PCa as well as the mechanisms of resistance to ADT and CRPC progression. These studies have confirmed that alterations in the androgen receptor (AR) signaling axis are central to CRPC progression, and have uncovered complex mechanisms by which AR and other components of the AR signaling axis affect, and are affected by, genomic changes and epigenetic transformations. Among the most frequent alterations in CRPC are direct alterations in the AR gene. These AR gene alterations include AR amplification, point mutations, and more recently AR gene rearrangements leading to expression of truncated, constitutively active AR splice variants that are impervious to ADT. In this review, we will highlight genomic alterations that are important for development and progression of PCa, with a focus on how these alterations affect, and are affected by, activity of the AR signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Nyquist
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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50
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Shin S, Oh S, An S, Janknecht R. ETS variant 1 regulates matrix metalloproteinase-7 transcription in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2012; 29:306-14. [PMID: 23076342 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is characterized by the recurrent translocation of ETS transcription factors, including ETS variant 1 (ETV1) [also known as ETS-related 81 (ER81)]. Transgenic ETV1 mice develop prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, yet the mechanisms by which ETV1 exerts its deleterious function remain largely unexplored. In this study, we demonstrated that ETV1 is capable of binding to the matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) gene promoter both in vitro and in vivo. ETV1 stimulated the activity of the MMP-7 promoter, which was suppressed upon mutation of two ETV1 binding sites located within 200 base pairs upstream of the MMP-7 transcription start site. ETV1 overexpression in human LNCaP prostate cancer cells induced endogenous MMP-7 gene transcription, whereas ETV1 downregulation had the opposite effect. While MMP-7 overexpression did not influence LNCaP cell proliferation, it increased cell migration, which may be important during later stages of tumorigenesis. Finally, MMP-7 mRNA was significantly overexpressed in human prostate tumors compared to normal tissue. Together, these results showed that MMP-7 is a bona fide ETV1 target gene, implicating that MMP-7 upregulation is partially responsible for the oncogenic effects of ETV1 in the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook Shin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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