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Morse PT, Wan J, Arroum T, Herroon MK, Kalpage HA, Bazylianska V, Lee I, Heath EI, Podgorski I, Hüttemann M. Prostate Cancer-Specific Lysine 53 Acetylation of Cytochrome c Drives Metabolic Reprogramming and Protects from Apoptosis in Intact Cells. Biomolecules 2024; 14:695. [PMID: 38927098 PMCID: PMC11201891 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c (Cytc) is important for both mitochondrial respiration and apoptosis, both of which are altered in cancer cells that switch to Warburg metabolism and manage to evade apoptosis. We earlier reported that lysine 53 (K53) of Cytc is acetylated in prostate cancer. K53 is conserved in mammals that is known to be essential for binding to cytochrome c oxidase and apoptosis protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1). Here we report the effects of this acetylation on the main functions of cytochrome c by expressing acetylmimetic K53Q in cytochrome c double knockout cells. Other cytochrome c variants analyzed were wild-type, K53R as a control that maintains the positive charge, and K53I, which is present in some non-mammalian species. Intact cells expressing K53Q cytochrome c showed 49% decreased mitochondrial respiration and a concomitant increase in glycolytic activity (Warburg effect). Furthermore, mitochondrial membrane potential was decreased, correlating with notably reduced basal mitochondrial superoxide levels and decreased cell death upon challenge with H2O2 or staurosporine. To test for markers of cancer aggressiveness and invasiveness, cells were grown in 3D spheroid culture. K53Q cytochrome c-expressing cells showed profoundly increased protrusions compared to WT, suggesting increased invasiveness. We propose that K53 acetylation of cytochrome c is an adaptive response that mediates prostate cancer metabolic reprogramming and evasion of apoptosis, which are two hallmarks of cancer, to better promote tumor survival and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T. Morse
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (P.T.M.)
| | - Junmei Wan
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (P.T.M.)
| | - Tasnim Arroum
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (P.T.M.)
| | | | - Hasini A. Kalpage
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (P.T.M.)
| | - Viktoriia Bazylianska
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (P.T.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Icksoo Lee
- College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Republic of Korea;
| | - Elisabeth I. Heath
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Izabela Podgorski
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Maik Hüttemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (P.T.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Wang J, Li B, Luo M, Huang J, Zhang K, Zheng S, Zhang S, Zhou J. Progression from ductal carcinoma in situ to invasive breast cancer: molecular features and clinical significance. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:83. [PMID: 38570490 PMCID: PMC10991592 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01779-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) represents pre-invasive breast carcinoma. In untreated cases, 25-60% DCIS progress to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). The challenge lies in distinguishing between non-progressive and progressive DCIS, often resulting in over- or under-treatment in many cases. With increasing screen-detected DCIS in these years, the nature of DCIS has aroused worldwide attention. A deeper understanding of the biological nature of DCIS and the molecular journey of the DCIS-IDC transition is crucial for more effective clinical management. Here, we reviewed the key signaling pathways in breast cancer that may contribute to DCIS initiation and progression. We also explored the molecular features of DCIS and IDC, shedding light on the progression of DCIS through both inherent changes within tumor cells and alterations in the tumor microenvironment. In addition, valuable research tools utilized in studying DCIS including preclinical models and newer advanced technologies such as single-cell sequencing, spatial transcriptomics and artificial intelligence, have been systematically summarized. Further, we thoroughly discussed the clinical advancements in DCIS and IDC, including prognostic biomarkers and clinical managements, with the aim of facilitating more personalized treatment strategies in the future. Research on DCIS has already yielded significant insights into breast carcinogenesis and will continue to pave the way for practical clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baizhou Li
- Department of Pathology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China
| | - Meng Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Plastic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Hangzhou, China
| | - Suzhan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jiaojiao Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Hangzhou, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Chen LM, Chai KX. Exosome-Mediated Activation of the Prostasin-Matriptase Serine Protease Cascade in B Lymphoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3848. [PMID: 37568664 PMCID: PMC10417574 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostasin and matriptase are extracellular membrane serine proteases with opposing effects in solid epithelial tumors. Matriptase is an oncoprotein that promotes tumor initiation and progression, and prostasin is a tumor suppressor that reduces tumor invasion and metastasis. Previous studies have shown that a subgroup of Burkitt lymphoma have high levels of ectopic matriptase expression but no prostasin. Reducing the matriptase level via small interfering RNAs in B lymphoma cells impeded tumor xenograft growth in mice. Here, we report a novel approach to matriptase regulation in B cancer cells by prostasin via exosomes to initiate a prostasin-matriptase protease activation cascade. The activation and shedding of matriptase were monitored by measuring its quantity and trypsin-like serine protease activity in conditioned media. Sustained activation of the protease cascade in the cells was achieved by the stable expression of prostasin. The B cancer cells with prostasin expression presented phenotypes consistent with its tumor suppressor role, such as reduced growth and increased apoptosis. Prostasin exosomes could be developed as an agent to initiate the prostasin-matriptase cascade for treating B lymphoma with further studies in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Mei Chen
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Karl X. Chai
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
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4
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Chhabra Y, Weeraratna AT. Fibroblasts in cancer: Unity in heterogeneity. Cell 2023; 186:1580-1609. [PMID: 37059066 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells do not exist in isolation in vivo, and carcinogenesis depends on the surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME), composed of a myriad of cell types and biophysical and biochemical components. Fibroblasts are integral in maintaining tissue homeostasis. However, even before a tumor develops, pro-tumorigenic fibroblasts in close proximity can provide the fertile 'soil' to the cancer 'seed' and are known as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). In response to intrinsic and extrinsic stressors, CAFs reorganize the TME enabling metastasis, therapeutic resistance, dormancy and reactivation by secreting cellular and acellular factors. In this review, we summarize the recent discoveries on CAF-mediated cancer progression with a particular focus on fibroblast heterogeneity and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Chhabra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Ashani T Weeraratna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Sourouni M, Opitz C, Radke I, Kiesel L, Tio J, Götte M, von Wahlde M. Establishment of a
3D
co‐culture model to investigate the role of primary fibroblasts in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2022; 6:e1771. [PMID: 36534078 PMCID: PMC10075300 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a precursor form of breast cancer. 13%-50% of these lesions will progress to invasive breast cancer, but the individual progression risk cannot be estimated. Therefore, all patients receive the same therapy, resulting in potential overtreatment of a large proportion of patients. AIMS The role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and especially of fibroblasts appears to be critical in DCIS development and a better understanding of their role may aid individualized treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS Primary fibroblasts isolated from benign or malignant punch biopsies of the breast and MCF10DCIS.com cells were seeded in a 3D cell culture system. The fibroblasts were cultured in a type I collagen layer beneath a Matrigel layer with MCF10DCIS.com cells. Dye-quenched (DQ) fluorescent collagen I and IV were used in collagen and Matrigel layer respectively to demonstrate proteolysis. Confocal microscopy was performed on day 2, 7, and 14 to reveal morphological changes, which could indicate the transition to an invasive phenotype. MCF10DCIS.com cells form smooth, round spheroids in co-culture with non-cancer associated fibroblasts (NAFs). Spheroids in co-culture with tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs) appear irregularly shaped and with an uneven surface; similar to spheroids formed from invasive cells. Therefore, these morphological changes represent the progression of an in situ to an invasive phenotype. In addition, TAFs show a higher proteolytic activity compared to NAFs. The distance between DCIS cells and fibroblasts decreases over time. CONCLUSION The TAFs seem to play an important role in the progression of DCIS to invasive breast cancer. The better characterization of the TME could lead to the identification of DCIS lesions with high or low risk of progression. This could enable personalized oncological therapy, prevention of overtreatment and individualized hormone replacement therapy after DCIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Sourouni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Breast Center University Hospital Münster Münster Germany
| | - Carl Opitz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Breast Center University Hospital Münster Münster Germany
| | - Isabel Radke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Breast Center University Hospital Münster Münster Germany
| | - Ludwig Kiesel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Breast Center University Hospital Münster Münster Germany
| | - Joke Tio
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Breast Center University Hospital Münster Münster Germany
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Breast Center University Hospital Münster Münster Germany
| | - Marie‐Kristin von Wahlde
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Breast Center University Hospital Münster Münster Germany
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Yang L, Qiao P, Zhang J, Chen X, Hu A, Huang S. Crosstalk between ROCK1 and PYROXD1 regulates CAFs activation and promotes laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma metastasis. Discov Oncol 2022; 13:120. [PMID: 36334145 PMCID: PMC9637080 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00578-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously found that the Rho-associated kinase 1 (ROCK1) activated Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) to promote LSCC metastasis. Accumulating evidence indicates that pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase domain 1 (PYROXD1) is an oncogene; however, the crosstalk between ROCK1 and PYROXD1 in LSCC metastasis remains largely unknown. Here, we found that ROCK1 could target PYROXD1. The knockdown of ROCK1 expression reduces the expression of PYROXD1, while the knockdown of PYROXD1 expression did not alter the expression of ROCK1 indicating that ROCK1 is upstream of PYROXD1. Further, LSCC cells cocultured with PYROXD1 knocked-down CAFs exhibited lower proliferation, migration, invasion and metastasis abilities. Conversely, LSCC cells cocultured with PYROXD1-overexpressing CAFs showed opposite results. In conclusion, the crosstalk between ROCK1 and PYROXD1 regulated CAFs activation and promoted LSCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Gongli Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Peipei Qiao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Gongli Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Gongli Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Gongli Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200135, China
| | - An Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Gongli Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200135, China.
| | - Shuixian Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Gongli Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200135, China.
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7
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Zheng ZY, Elsarraj H, Lei JT, Hong Y, Anurag M, Feng L, Kennedy H, Shen Y, Lo F, Zhao Z, Zhang B, Zhang XHF, Tawfik OW, Behbod F, Chang EC. Elevated NRAS expression during DCIS is a potential driver for progression to basal-like properties and local invasiveness. Breast Cancer Res 2022; 24:68. [PMID: 36258226 PMCID: PMC9578182 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-022-01565-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is the most common type of in situ premalignant breast cancers. What drives DCIS to invasive breast cancer is unclear. Basal-like invasive breast cancers are aggressive. We have previously shown that NRAS is highly expressed selectively in basal-like subtypes of invasive breast cancers and can promote their growth and progression. In this study, we investigated whether NRAS expression at the DCIS stage can control transition from luminal DCIS to basal-like invasive breast cancers. METHODS Wilcoxon rank-sum test was performed to assess expression of NRAS in DCIS compared to invasive breast tumors in patients. NRAS mRNA levels were also determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization in patient tumor microarrays (TMAs) with concurrent normal, DCIS, and invasive breast cancer, and association of NRAS mRNA levels with DCIS and invasive breast cancer was assessed by paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Pearson's correlation was calculated between NRAS mRNA levels and basal biomarkers in the TMAs, as well as in patient datasets. RNA-seq data were generated in cell lines, and unsupervised hierarchical clustering was performed after combining with RNA-seq data from a previously published patient cohort. RESULTS Invasive breast cancers showed higher NRAS mRNA levels compared to DCIS samples. These NRAShigh lesions were also enriched with basal-like features, such as basal gene expression signatures, lower ER, and higher p53 protein and Ki67 levels. We have shown previously that NRAS drives aggressive features in DCIS-like and basal-like SUM102PT cells. Here, we found that NRAS-silencing induced a shift to a luminal gene expression pattern. Conversely, NRAS overexpression in the luminal DCIS SUM225 cells induced a basal-like gene expression pattern, as well as an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition signature. Furthermore, these cells formed disorganized mammospheres containing cell masses with an apparent reduction in adhesion. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that elevated NRAS levels in DCIS are not only a marker but can also control the emergence of basal-like features leading to more aggressive tumor activity, thus supporting the therapeutic hypothesis that targeting NRAS and/or downstream pathways may block disease progression for a subset of DCIS patients with high NRAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Yi Zheng
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hanan Elsarraj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Jonathan T Lei
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yan Hong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Meenakshi Anurag
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Long Feng
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Pathogenic Organism Biology, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hilda Kennedy
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yichao Shen
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Flora Lo
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zifan Zhao
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Cancer Cell Biology Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Bing Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xiang H-F Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ossama W Tawfik
- MAWD Pathology Group, St. Luke's Hospital, Lenexa, KS, 66215, USA
| | - Fariba Behbod
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
| | - Eric C Chang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Barzaman K, Vafaei R, Samadi M, Kazemi MH, Hosseinzadeh A, Merikhian P, Moradi-Kalbolandi S, Eisavand MR, Dinvari H, Farahmand L. Anti-cancer therapeutic strategies based on HGF/MET, EpCAM, and tumor-stromal cross talk. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:259. [PMID: 35986321 PMCID: PMC9389806 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02658-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As an intelligent disease, tumors apply several pathways to evade the immune system. It can use alternative routes to bypass intracellular signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), Wnt, and mitogen-activated protein (MAP)/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Therefore, these mechanisms lead to therapeutic resistance in cancer. Also, these pathways play important roles in the proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion of cells. In most cancers, these signaling pathways are overactivated, caused by mutation, overexpression, etc. Since numerous molecules share these signaling pathways, the identification of key molecules is crucial to achieve favorable consequences in cancer therapy. One of the key molecules is the mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET; c-Met) and its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Another molecule is the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), which its binding is hemophilic. Although both of them are involved in many physiologic processes (especially in embryonic stages), in some cancers, they are overexpressed on epithelial cells. Since they share intracellular pathways, targeting them simultaneously may inhibit substitute pathways that tumor uses to evade the immune system and resistant to therapeutic agents.
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9
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Deshpande RP, Sharma S, Liu Y, Pandey PR, Pei X, Wu K, Wu SY, Tyagi A, Zhao D, Mo YY, Watabe K. LncRNA IPW inhibits growth of ductal carcinoma in situ by downregulating ID2 through miR-29c. Breast Cancer Res 2022; 24:6. [PMID: 35078502 PMCID: PMC8787949 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-022-01504-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of breast is the noninvasive lesion that has propensity to progress to the malignant form. At present, it is still unknown which lesions can potentially progress to invasive forms. In this study, we aimed to identify key lncRNAs involved in DCIS growth. METHODS We employ disease-related lncProfiler array to identify IPW in specimens of DCIS and matching control samples and validate the observations in three DCIS-non-tumorigenic cell lines. Further, we examine the mechanism of IPW action and the downstream signaling in in vitro and in vivo assays. Importantly, we screened a library containing 390 natural compounds to identify candidate compound selectively inhibiting IPW low DCIS cells. RESULTS We identified lncRNA IPW as a novel tumor suppressor critical for inhibiting DCIS growth. Ectopic expression of IPW in DCIS cells strongly inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation and cell cycle progression while silencing IPW in primary breast cells promoted their growth. Additionally, orthotropic implantation of cells with ectopic expression of IPW exhibited decreased tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, IPW epigenetically enhanced miR-29c expression by promoting H3K4me3 enrichment in its promoter region. Furthermore, we identified that miR-29c negatively regulated a stemness promoting gene, ID2, and diminished self-renewal ability of DCIS cells. Importantly, we screened a library containing 390 natural compounds and identified toyocamycin as a compound that selectively inhibited the growth of DCIS with low expression of IPW, while it did not affect DCIS with high IPW expression. Toyocamycin also suppressed genes associated with self-renewal ability and inhibited DCIS growth in vivo. CONCLUSION Our findings revealed a critical role of the IPW-miR-29c-ID2 axis in DCIS formation and suggested potential clinical use of toyocamycin for the treatment of DCIS.
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MESH Headings
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/genetics
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Humans
- Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 2/metabolism
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yin Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Puspa Raj Pandey
- Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
| | - Xinhong Pei
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Kerui Wu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Shih-Ying Wu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Abhishek Tyagi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Dan Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Yin-Yuan Mo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Kounosuke Watabe
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
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10
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Modeling Tumor: Lymphatic Interactions in Lymphatic Metastasis of Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13236044. [PMID: 34885152 PMCID: PMC8656640 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Lymphatic metastasis is a critical prognostic factor of breast cancer aggressiveness and patient survival. Since existing therapeutic approaches have shown limited efficacy, new strategies to identify effective therapeutic targets for reducing breast cancer lymphatic metastasis are needed. We have used novel culture chambers, designed and fabricated by our group, to develop 3D models in which we can study spat ial interactions between breast cancer cells and lymphatic cells as they occur in real-time. This approach provides information on the complex cell–cell interactions involved in lymphatic metastasis of breast cancers. Factors in the secretome of the lymphatic cells promote invasive outgrowths from 3D cultures of breast cancer cells, suggesting that targeting interactions between breast cancer cells and lymphatic cells could be a potential therapeutic approach for the prevention of lymphatic metastasis. Abstract Breast cancer frequently metastasizes to lymphatics and the presence of breast cancer cells in regional lymph nodes is an important prognostic factor. Delineating the mechanisms by which breast cancer cells disseminate and spatiotemporal aspects of interactions between breast cancer cells and lymphatics is needed to design new therapies to prevent lymphatic metastases. As triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has a high incidence of lymphatic metastasis, we used a three-dimensional (3D) coculture model of human TNBC cells and human microvascular lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) to analyze TNBC:LEC interactions. Non-invasive analyses such as live-cell imaging in real-time and collection of conditioned media for secretomic analysis were facilitated by our novel microfluidic chambers. The volumes of 3D structures formed in TNBC:LEC cocultures are greater than that of 3D structures formed by either LEC or TNBC monocultures. Over 4 days of culture there is an increase in multicellular invasive outgrowths from TNBC spheroids and an association of TNBC spheroids with LEC networks. The increase in invasive phenotype also occurred when TNBC spheroids were cultured in LEC-conditioned media and in wells linked to ones containing LEC networks. Our results suggest that modeling spatiotemporal interactions between TNBC and LECs may reveal paracrine signaling that could be targeted to reduce lymphatic metastasis.
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Asif PJ, Longobardi C, Hahne M, Medema JP. The Role of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Cancer Invasion and Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4720. [PMID: 34572947 PMCID: PMC8472587 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a key role in cancer progression by contributing to extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and remodeling, extensive crosstalk with cancer cells, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, metastasis, and therapy resistance. As metastasis is a main reason for cancer-related deaths, it is crucial to understand the role of CAFs in this process. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease and lethality is especially common in a subtype of CRC with high stromal infiltration. A key component of stroma is cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). To provide new perspectives for research on CAFs and CAF-targeted therapeutics, especially in CRC, we discuss the mechanisms, crosstalk, and functions involved in CAF-mediated cancer invasion, metastasis, and protection. This summary can serve as a framework for future studies elucidating these roles of CAFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paris Jabeen Asif
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (P.J.A.); (C.L.)
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ciro Longobardi
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (P.J.A.); (C.L.)
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Hahne
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France;
| | - Jan Paul Medema
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (P.J.A.); (C.L.)
- Oncode Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Mehraj U, Ganai RA, Macha MA, Hamid A, Zargar MA, Bhat AA, Nasser MW, Haris M, Batra SK, Alshehri B, Al-Baradie RS, Mir MA, Wani NA. The tumor microenvironment as driver of stemness and therapeutic resistance in breast cancer: New challenges and therapeutic opportunities. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2021; 44:1209-1229. [PMID: 34528143 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-021-00634-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC), the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths, remains a significant threat to the health and wellness of women worldwide. The tumor microenvironment (TME), comprising cellular components, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), immune cells, endothelial cells and adipocytes, and noncellular components such as extracellular matrix (ECM), has been recognized as a critical contributor to the development and progression of BC. The interplay between TME components and cancer cells promotes phenotypic heterogeneity, cell plasticity and cancer cell stemness that impart tumor dormancy, enhanced invasion and metastasis, and the development of therapeutic resistance. While most previous studies have focused on targeting cancer cells with a dismal prognosis, novel therapies targeting stromal components are currently being evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies, and are already showing improved efficacies. As such, they may offer better means to eliminate the disease effectively. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we focus on the evolving concept of the TME as a key player regulating tumor growth, metastasis, stemness, and the development of therapeutic resistance. Despite significant advances over the last decade, several clinical trials focusing on the TME have failed to demonstrate promising effectiveness in cancer patients. To expedite clinical efficacy of TME-directed therapies, a deeper understanding of the TME is of utmost importance. Secondly, the efficacy of TME-directed therapies when used alone or in combination with chemo- or radiotherapy, and the tumor stage needs to be studied. Likewise, identifying molecular signatures and biomarkers indicating the type of TME will help in determining precise TME-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Mehraj
- Department of Bioresources, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Rais A Ganai
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science & Technology , Awantipora, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science & Technology , Awantipora, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Abid Hamid
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, J&K, India
| | - Mohammed A Zargar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, J&K, India
| | - Ajaz A Bhat
- Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohd Wasim Nasser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Translational Medicine, Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.,Laboratory of Animal Research, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.,Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Bader Alshehri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Almajmaah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Raid Saleem Al-Baradie
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Almajmaah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Manzoor A Mir
- Department of Bioresources, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India.
| | - Nissar Ahmad Wani
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Kashmir, Ganderbal, J&K, India.
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13
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The Tumor Microenvironment of Primitive and Metastatic Breast Cancer: Implications for Novel Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218102. [PMID: 33143050 PMCID: PMC7662409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer evolves thanks to a dense and close interaction with the surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME). Fibroblasts, leukocytes, blood and lymphatic endothelial cells and extracellular matrix are the constituents of this entity, and they synergistically play a pivotal role in all of the stages of breast cancer development, from its onset to its metastatic spread. Moreover, it has been widely demonstrated that variations to the TME can correspond to prognosis variations. Breast cancer not only modulates the transformation of the environment within the mammary gland, but the same process is observed in metastases as well. In this minireview, we describe the features of TME within the primitive breast cancer, throughout its evolution and spread into the main metastatic sites.
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Aggarwal V, Miranda O, Johnston PA, Sant S. Three dimensional engineered models to study hypoxia biology in breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2020; 490:124-142. [PMID: 32569616 PMCID: PMC7442747 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of mortality among women worldwide. Despite the available therapeutic regimes, variable treatment response is reported among different breast cancer subtypes. Recently, the effects of the tumor microenvironment on tumor progression as well as treatment responses have been widely recognized. Hypoxia and hypoxia inducible factors in the tumor microenvironment have long been known as major players in tumor progression and survival. However, the majority of our understanding of hypoxia biology has been derived from two dimensional (2D) models. Although many hypoxia-targeted therapies have elicited promising results in vitro and in vivo, these results have not been successfully translated into clinical trials. These limitations of 2D models underscore the need to develop and integrate three dimensional (3D) models that recapitulate the complex tumor-stroma interactions in vivo. This review summarizes role of hypoxia in various hallmarks of cancer progression. We then compare traditional 2D experimental systems with novel 3D tissue-engineered models giving accounts of different bioengineering platforms available to develop 3D models and how these 3D models are being exploited to understand the role of hypoxia in breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Aggarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Oshin Miranda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Paul A Johnston
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA; UPMC-Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Shilpa Sant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA; UPMC-Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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15
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Correlative serum biomarker analyses in the phase 2 trial of lenvatinib-plus-everolimus in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2020; 124:237-246. [PMID: 33024271 PMCID: PMC7782770 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background No biomarkers have been established to predict treatment efficacy in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In an exploratory retrospective analysis of a Phase 2 study, we constructed composite biomarker scores (CBSs) to predict progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with metastatic RCC randomised to receive lenvatinib-plus-everolimus. Methods Of 40 biomarkers tested, the 5 most strongly associated with PFS (HGF, MIG, IL-18BP, IL-18, ANG-2) or OS (TIMP-1, M-CSF, IL-18BP, ANG-2, VEGF) were used to make a 5-factor PFS-CBS or OS-CBS, respectively. A 2-factor CBS was generated with biomarkers common to PFS-CBS and OS-CBS. Patients were divided into groups accordingly (5-factor-CBS high: 3−5, CBS-low: 0–2; 2-factor-CBS high: 1–2, CBS-low: 0). Results PFS/OS with lenvatinib-plus-everolimus were significantly longer in the 5-factor CBS-high group versus the CBS-low group (P = 0.0022/P < 0.0001, respectively). In the CBS-high group, PFS/OS were significantly longer with lenvatinib-plus-everolimus versus everolimus (P < 0.001/P = 0.0079, respectively); PFS was also significantly longer with lenvatinib-plus-everolimus versus lenvatinib (P = 0.0046). The 5-factor-CBS had a predictive role in PFS and OS after multivariate analysis. Similar trends were observed with the 2-factor-CBS for PFS (i.e., lenvatinib-plus-everolimus versus everolimus). Conclusions The 5-factor CBS may identify patients with metastatic RCC who would benefit from lenvatinib-plus-everolimus versus everolimus; additional validation is required. Clinical trial registration The clinical trial registration number is NCT01136733.
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Avagliano A, Fiume G, Ruocco MR, Martucci N, Vecchio E, Insabato L, Russo D, Accurso A, Masone S, Montagnani S, Arcucci A. Influence of Fibroblasts on Mammary Gland Development, Breast Cancer Microenvironment Remodeling, and Cancer Cell Dissemination. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1697. [PMID: 32604738 PMCID: PMC7352995 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The stromal microenvironment regulates mammary gland development and tumorigenesis. In normal mammary glands, the stromal microenvironment encompasses the ducts and contains fibroblasts, the main regulators of branching morphogenesis. Understanding the way fibroblast signaling pathways regulate mammary gland development may offer insights into the mechanisms of breast cancer (BC) biology. In fact, the unregulated mammary fibroblast signaling pathways, associated with alterations in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and branching morphogenesis, drive breast cancer microenvironment (BCM) remodeling and cancer growth. The BCM comprises a very heterogeneous tissue containing non-cancer stromal cells, namely, breast cancer-associated fibroblasts (BCAFs), which represent most of the tumor mass. Moreover, the different components of the BCM highly interact with cancer cells, thereby generating a tightly intertwined network. In particular, BC cells activate recruited normal fibroblasts in BCAFs, which, in turn, promote BCM remodeling and metastasis. Thus, comparing the roles of normal fibroblasts and BCAFs in the physiological and metastatic processes, could provide a deeper understanding of the signaling pathways regulating BC dissemination. Here, we review the latest literature describing the structure of the mammary gland and the BCM and summarize the influence of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EpMT) and autophagy in BC dissemination. Finally, we discuss the roles of fibroblasts and BCAFs in mammary gland development and BCM remodeling, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Avagliano
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (N.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Fiume
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.F.); (E.V.)
| | - Maria Rosaria Ruocco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Nunzia Martucci
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (N.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Eleonora Vecchio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (G.F.); (E.V.)
| | - Luigi Insabato
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.I.); (D.R.)
| | - Daniela Russo
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.I.); (D.R.)
| | - Antonello Accurso
- Department of General, Oncological, Bariatric and Endocrine-Metabolic Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Stefania Masone
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Stefania Montagnani
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (N.M.); (S.M.)
| | - Alessandro Arcucci
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy; (N.M.); (S.M.)
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Abbaszadegan MR, Mojarrad M, Moghbeli M. Role of extra cellular proteins in gastric cancer progression and metastasis: an update. Genes Environ 2020; 42:18. [PMID: 32467737 PMCID: PMC7227337 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-020-00157-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common cancers in the world with a high ratio of mortality. Regarding the late diagnosis, there is a high ratio of distant metastasis among GC cases. Despite the recent progresses in therapeutic modalities, there is not still an efficient therapeutic method to increase survival rate of metastatic GC cases. Main body Apart from the various intracellular signaling pathways which are involved in tumor cell migration and metastasis, the local microenvironment is also a critical regulator of tumor cell migration. Indeed, the intracellular signaling pathways also exert their final metastatic roles through regulation of extra cellular matrix (ECM). Therefore, it is required to assess the role of extra cellular components in biology of GC. Conclusion In the present review, we summarize 48 of the significant ECM components including 17 ECM modifying enzymes, seven extracellular angiogenic factors, 13 cell adhesion and cytoskeletal organizers, seven matricellular proteins and growth factors, and four proteoglycans and extra cellular glycoproteins. This review paves the way of determination of a specific extra cellular diagnostic and prognostic panel marker for the GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Majid Mojarrad
- 2Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Meysam Moghbeli
- 2Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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18
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Zhang S, Zhou C, Zhang D, Huang Z, Zhang G. The anti-apoptotic effect on cancer-associated fibroblasts of B7-H3 molecule enhancing the cell invasion and metastasis in renal cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:4119-4127. [PMID: 31213832 PMCID: PMC6538013 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s201121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Renal cancer is one of the most common malignancies. However, the mechanisms underlying its development are still ambiguous. B7-H3 has been described as an important tumor antigen in various human tumors. An abnormal high expression of B7-H3 molecules is often observed in tumor cells and tumor stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment. On the basis of the above findings, we hypothesized that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) clustered in the renal cell microenvironment can survive for a long time with the anti-apoptotic effect of B7-H3, and then secrete cytokines to enhance the malignant behavior of renal cancer cells. Methods: The expression of B7-H3 protein in CAFs was detected in renal cancer tissues. Then, the CAFs cells were stably transfected with shRNA and their expression was silenced to determine the role of B7-H3 in CAFs. Western blot was used to detect the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) protein and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (CXCL12) protein. CAF-NC cells and CAFs-shRNA cells were co-cultured with A498 cells to assess the biological function changes of A498. Results: A group of CAFs were found with B7-H3 expression in renal cancer. B7-H3 can stimulate CAFs to secrete HGF and Cxcl-12, and has strong anti-apoptotic effect on CAFs. We also found that CAFs-NC promotes the proliferation, invasion and migration of A498 cells in vitro and promotes the tumor formation of A498 in vivo. Conclusion: B7-H3+ CAFs promote the invasion and metastasis in renal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
- Jiangsu Institute of Jiangsu key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University
| | - Chenchao Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou216007, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongze Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
- Jiangsu Institute of Jiangsu key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University
| | - Ziyi Huang
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
- Jiangsu Institute of Jiangsu key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University
| | - Guangbo Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
- Jiangsu Institute of Jiangsu key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University
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Camargo S, Shamis Y, Assis A, Mitrani E. An in vivo Like Micro-Carcinoma Model. Front Oncol 2019; 9:410. [PMID: 31192122 PMCID: PMC6540606 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We here present a novel micro-system which allows to reconstitute an in vivo lung carcinoma where the various constituting epithelial and/or stromal structural and/or cellular components can be incorporated at will. In contrast to various "organs on a chip" the model is based on the observation that in nature, epithelial cells are always supported by a connective tissue or stroma. The model is based on acellular micro-scaffolds of microscopic dimensions which enable seeded cells to obtain gases and nutrients through diffusion thus avoiding the need for vascularization. As a proof of concept, we show that in this model, Calu-3 cells can form a well-organized, continuous, polarized, one-layer epithelium lining the stromal derived alveolar cavities, and express a different pattern of tumor-related genes than when grown as standard monolayer cultures on plastic culture dishes. To our knowledge, this model, introduces for the first time a system where the function of carcinogenic cells can be tested in vitro in an environment that closely mimics the natural in vivo situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Camargo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yulia Shamis
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Assaf Assis
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eduardo Mitrani
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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20
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Brock EJ, Ji K, Shah S, Mattingly RR, Sloane BF. In Vitro Models for Studying Invasive Transitions of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2019; 24:1-15. [PMID: 30056557 PMCID: PMC6641861 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-018-9405-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
About one fourth of all newly identified cases of breast carcinoma are diagnoses of breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Since we cannot yet distinguish DCIS cases that would remain indolent from those that may progress to life-threatening invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), almost all women undergo aggressive treatment. In order to allow for more rational individualized treatment, we and others are developing in vitro models to identify and validate druggable pathways that mediate the transition of DCIS to IDC. These models range from conventional two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures on plastic to 3D cultures in natural or synthetic matrices. Some models consist solely of DCIS cells, either cell lines or primary cells. Others are co-cultures that include additional cell types present in the normal or cancerous human breast. The 3D co-culture models more accurately mimic structural and functional changes in breast architecture that accompany the transition of DCIS to IDC. Mechanistic studies of the dynamic and temporal changes associated with this transition are facilitated by adapting the in vitro models to engineered microfluidic platforms. Ultimately, the goal is to create in vitro models that can serve as a reproducible preclinical screen for testing therapeutic strategies that will reduce progression of DCIS to IDC. This review will discuss the in vitro models that are currently available, as well as the progress that has been made using them to understand DCIS pathobiology.
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MESH Headings
- Breast/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Coculture Techniques/methods
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor/methods
- Female
- Humans
- Neoplasm Invasiveness/pathology
- Neoplasm Invasiveness/prevention & control
- Primary Cell Culture/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan J Brock
- Program in Cancer Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Kyungmin Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Seema Shah
- Program in Cancer Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Raymond R Mattingly
- Program in Cancer Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Bonnie F Sloane
- Program in Cancer Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, 540 E. Canfield, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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Curcumin Suppresses Hepatic Stellate Cell-Induced Hepatocarcinoma Angiogenesis and Invasion through Downregulating CTGF. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8148510. [PMID: 30800209 PMCID: PMC6360067 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8148510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Microenvironment plays a vital role in tumor progression; we focused on elucidating the role of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in hepatocarcinoma (HCC) aggressiveness and investigated the potential protective effect of curcumin on HSC-driven hepatocarcinoma angiogenesis and invasion. Our data suggest that HSCs increase HCC reactive oxygen species (ROS) production to upregulate hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) expression to promote angiogenesis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) process and invasion. And HSCs could secrete soluble factors, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF), and stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) to facilitate HCC progression. Curcumin could significantly suppress the above HSC-induced effects in HCC and could abrogate ROS and HIF-1α expression in HCC. HIF-1α or connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) knockdown could abolish the aforementioned curcumin affection. Moreover, CTGF is a downstream gene of HIF-1α. In addition, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and glutathione (GSH) are involved in curcumin protection of HCC. These data indicate that curcumin may induce ROS scavenging by upregulating Nrf2 and GSH, thus inhibiting HIF-1α stabilization to suppress CTGF expression to exhibit its protection on HCC. Curcumin has a promising therapeutic effect on HCC. CTGF is responsible for curcumin-induced protection in HCC.
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Kenney RM, Loeser A, Whitman NA, Lockett MR. Paper-based Transwell assays: an inexpensive alternative to study cellular invasion. Analyst 2018; 144:206-211. [PMID: 30328422 PMCID: PMC6296866 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01157e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellular movement is essential in the formation and maintenance of healthy tissues as well as in disease progression such as tumor metastasis. In this work, we describe a paper-based Transwell assay capable of quantifying cellular invasion through an extracellular matrix. The paper-based Transwell assays generate similar datasets, with equivalent reproducibility, to commercially available Transwell assays. With different culture configurations, we quantify invasion: upon addition of an exogenous factor or in the presence of medium obtained from other cell types, in an indirect or direct co-culture format whose medium composition is dynamically changing, and in a single-zone or parallel (96-zone) format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M Kenney
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 125 South Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA.
| | - Adam Loeser
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 125 South Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA.
| | - Nathan A Whitman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 125 South Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA.
| | - Matthew R Lockett
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 125 South Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA. and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 450 West Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA
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23
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HGF-mediated crosstalk between cancer-associated fibroblasts and MET-unamplified gastric cancer cells activates coordinated tumorigenesis and metastasis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:867. [PMID: 30158543 PMCID: PMC6115420 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0922-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are important components of tumor stroma and play a key role in tumor progression. CAFs involve in crosstalk with tumor cells through various kinds of cytokines. In the present study, we screened hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) as a cytokine predominantly originating from CAFs. CAFs-derived HGF was found to promote MET-unamplified gastric cancer (GC) proliferation, migration, and invasion through the activation of HGF/c-Met/STAT3/twist1 pathway. It also activated interleukin (IL)-6/IL-6R/JAK2/STAT3/twist1 pathway by up-regulating IL-6R expression. As IL-6 was also found to upregulate c-Met expression, we identified the cooperation of HGF and IL-6 in enhancing the characteristics of CAFs. In vivo experiments revealed that CAFs-derived HGF promoted tumorigenesis and metastasis of MET-unamplified GC. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed to confirm our findings. Our study found that the increased expression of HGF in CAFs induced by MET-unamplified GC contributed to the malignant phenotype of both MET-unamplified GC and CAFs in tumor microenvironment.
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24
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Wu X, Zahari MS, Renuse S, Sahasrabuddhe NA, Chaerkady R, Kim MS, Fackler MJ, Stampfer M, Gabrielson E, Sukumar S, Pandey A. Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis reveals reciprocal activation of receptor tyrosine kinases between cancer epithelial cells and stromal fibroblasts. Clin Proteomics 2018; 15:21. [PMID: 29946230 PMCID: PMC6003199 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-018-9197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are one of the most important components of tumor stroma and play a key role in modulating tumor growth. However, a mechanistic understanding of how CAFs communicate with tumor cells to promote their proliferation and invasion is far from complete. A major reason for this is that most current techniques and model systems do not capture the complexity of signal transduction that occurs between CAFs and tumor cells. Methods In this study, we employed a stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) strategy to label invasive breast cancer cells, MDA-MB-231, and breast cancer patient-derived CAF this has already been defined above cells. We used an antibody-based phosphotyrosine peptide enrichment method coupled to LC-MS/MS to catalog and quantify tyrosine phosphorylation-mediated signal transduction events induced by the bidirectional communication between patient-derived CAFs and tumor cells. Results We discovered that distinct signaling events were activated in CAFs and in tumor epithelial cells during the crosstalk between these two cell types. We identified reciprocal activation of a number of receptor tyrosine kinases including EGFR, FGFR1 and EPHA2 induced by this bidirectional communication. Conclusions Our study not only provides insights into the mechanisms of the interaction between CAFs and tumor cells, but the model system described here could be used as a prototype for analysis of intercellular communication in many different tumor microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Wu
- 1Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,2McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,8Johns Hopkins University, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Muhammad Saddiq Zahari
- 1Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,2McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Santosh Renuse
- 1Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,2McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,3Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India
| | - Nandini A Sahasrabuddhe
- 1Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,2McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,3Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India.,4Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Raghothama Chaerkady
- 1Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,2McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Min-Sik Kim
- 1Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,2McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Mary Jo Fackler
- 5Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Martha Stampfer
- 7Division of Biological Systems and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Edward Gabrielson
- 5Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA.,6Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Saraswati Sukumar
- 5Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- 1Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,2McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA.,3Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, 560066 India.,8Johns Hopkins University, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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25
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LeBleu VS, Kalluri R. A peek into cancer-associated fibroblasts: origins, functions and translational impact. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:11/4/dmm029447. [PMID: 29686035 PMCID: PMC5963854 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.029447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In malignant tumors, cancer cells adapt to grow within their host tissue. As a cancer progresses, an accompanying host stromal response evolves within and around the nascent tumor. Among the host stromal constituents associated with the tumor are cancer-associated fibroblasts, a highly abundant and heterogeneous population of cells of mesenchymal lineage. Although it is known that fibroblasts are present from the tumor's inception to the end-stage metastatic spread, their precise functional role in cancer is not fully understood. It has been suggested that cancer-associated fibroblasts play a key role in modulating the behavior of cancer cells, in part by promoting tumor growth, but evolving data also argue for their antitumor actions. Taken together, this suggests a putative bimodal function for cancer-associated fibroblasts in oncogenesis. As illustrated in this Review and its accompanying poster, cancer-associated fibroblasts are a dynamic component of the tumor microenvironment that orchestrates the interplay between the cancer cells and the host stromal response. Understanding the complexity of the relationship between cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts could offer insights into the regulation of tumor progression and control of cancer. Summary: Cancer-associated fibroblasts constitute a functionally heterogeneous mesenchymal cell population in the tumor microenvironment. This ‘At a glance’ article reviews their origin and their pro- and antitumor properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie S LeBleu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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26
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A RAB35-p85/PI3K axis controls oscillatory apical protrusions required for efficient chemotactic migration. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1475. [PMID: 29662076 PMCID: PMC5902610 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03571-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
How cells move chemotactically remains a major unmet challenge in cell biology. Emerging evidence indicates that for interpreting noisy, shallow gradients of soluble cues a system must behave as an excitable process. Here, through an RNAi-based, high-content screening approach, we identify RAB35 as necessary for the formation of growth factors (GFs)-induced waves of circular dorsal ruffles (CDRs), apically restricted actin-rich migratory protrusions. RAB35 is sufficient to induce recurrent and polarized CDRs that travel as propagating waves, thus behaving as an excitable system that can be biased to control cell steering. Consistently, RAB35 is essential for promoting directed chemotactic migration and chemoinvasion of various cells in response to gradients of motogenic GFs. Molecularly, RAB35 does so by directly regulating the activity of p85/PI3K polarity axis. We propose that RAB35 is a molecular determinant for the control of an excitable, oscillatory system that acts as a steering wheel for GF-mediated chemotaxis and chemoinvasion. Circular dorsal ruffles (CDRs) are apical actin enriched structures involved in the interpretation of growth factor gradients during cell migration. Here, the authors find that a RAB35/PI3K axis is necessary and sufficient for the formation and stabilization of polarized CDRs and persistent directional migration.
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27
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Kenney RM, Lloyd CC, Whitman NA, Lockett MR. 3D cellular invasion platforms: how do paper-based cultures stack up? Chem Commun (Camb) 2018. [PMID: 28621775 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc02357j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cellular invasion is the gateway to metastasis, which is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Invasion is driven by a number of chemical and mechanical stresses that arise in the tumor microenvironment. In vitro assays are needed for the systematic study of cancer progress. To be truly predictive, these assays must generate tissue-like environments that can be experimentally controlled and manipulated. While two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures are easily assembled and evaluated, they lack the extracellular components needed to assess invasion. Three-dimensional (3D) cultures are better suited for invasion studies because they generate cellular phenotypes that are more representative of those found in vivo. This feature article provides an overview of four invasion platforms. We focus on paper-based cultures, an emerging 3D culture platform capable of generating tissue-like structures and quantifying cellular invasion. Paper-based cultures are as easily assembled and analyzed as monolayers, but provide an experimentally powerful platform capable of supporting: co-cultures and representative extracellular environments; experimentally controlled gradients; readouts capable of quantifying, discerning, and separating cells based on their invasiveness. With a series of examples we highlight the potential of paper-based cultures, and discuss how they stack up against other invasion platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M Kenney
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kenan and Caudill Laboratories, 125 South Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, USA.
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28
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Brummer G, Acevedo DS, Hu Q, Portsche M, Fang WB, Yao M, Zinda B, Myers M, Alvarez N, Fields P, Hong Y, Behbod F, Cheng N. Chemokine Signaling Facilitates Early-Stage Breast Cancer Survival and Invasion through Fibroblast-Dependent Mechanisms. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 16:296-308. [PMID: 29133591 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is the most common form of breast cancer, with 50,000 cases diagnosed every year in the United States. Overtreatment and undertreatment remain significant clinical challenges in patient care. Identifying key mechanisms associated with DCIS progression could uncover new biomarkers to better predict patient prognosis and improve guided treatment. Chemokines are small soluble molecules that regulate cellular homing through molecular gradients. CCL2-mediated recruitment of CCR2+ macrophages are a well-established mechanism for metastatic progression. Although the CCL2/CCR2 pathway is a therapeutic target of interest, little is known about the role of CCR2 expression in breast cancer. Here, using a mammary intraductal injection (MIND) model to mimic DCIS formation, the role of CCR2 was explored in minimally invasive SUM225 and highly invasive DCIS.com breast cancer cells. CCR2 overexpression increased SUM225 breast cancer survival and invasion associated with accumulation of CCL2 expressing fibroblasts. CCR2-deficient DCIS.com breast cancer cells formed fewer invasive lesions with fewer CCL2+ fibroblasts. Cografting CCL2-deficient fibroblasts with DCIS.com breast cancer cells in the subrenal capsule model inhibited tumor invasion and survival associated with decreased expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH1), a proinvasive factor, and decreased expression of HTRA2, a proapoptotic serine protease. Through data mining analysis, high expression of CCR2 and ALDH1 and low HTRA2 expression were correlated with poor prognosis of breast cancer patients.Implications: This study demonstrates that CCR2 overexpression in breast cancer drives early-stage breast cancer progression through stromal-dependent expression of CCL2 with important insight into prognosis and treatment of DCIS. Mol Cancer Res; 16(2); 296-308. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gage Brummer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Diana S Acevedo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Qingting Hu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Mike Portsche
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Wei Bin Fang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Min Yao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Brandon Zinda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Megan Myers
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Nehemiah Alvarez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Patrick Fields
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Yan Hong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Fariba Behbod
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Nikki Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
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Wang X, Zhou Q, Yu Z, Wu X, Chen X, Li J, Li C, Yan M, Zhu Z, Liu B, Su L. Cancer-associated fibroblast-derived Lumican promotes gastric cancer progression via the integrin β1-FAK signaling pathway. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:998-1010. [PMID: 28542982 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai 200025 People's Republic of China
- Department of Surgery; Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai 200025 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenjia Yu
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai 200025 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiongyan Wu
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai 200025 People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehua Chen
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai 200025 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfang Li
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai 200025 People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai 200025 People's Republic of China
| | - Min Yan
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai 200025 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenggang Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai 200025 People's Republic of China
| | - Bingya Liu
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai 200025 People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Su
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasms; Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai 200025 People's Republic of China
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30
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Druzhkova IN, Shirmanova MV, Lukina MM, Dudenkova VV, Mishina NM, Zagaynova EV. The metabolic interaction of cancer cells and fibroblasts - coupling between NAD(P)H and FAD, intracellular pH and hydrogen peroxide. Cell Cycle 2017; 15:1257-66. [PMID: 26986068 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1160974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alteration in the cellular energy metabolism is a principal feature of tumors. An important role in modifying cancer cell metabolism belongs to the cancer-associated fibroblasts. However, the regulation of their interaction has been poorly studied to date. In this study we monitored the metabolic status of both cell types by using the optical redox ratio and the fluorescence lifetimes of the metabolic co-factors NAD(P)H and FAD, in addition to the intracellular pH and the hydrogen peroxide levels in the cancer cells, using genetically encoded sensors. In the co-culture of human cervical carcinoma cells HeLa and human fibroblasts we observed a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation toward glycolysis in cancer cells, and from glycolysis toward OXPHOS in fibroblasts, starting from Day 2 of co-culturing. The metabolic switch was accompanied by hydrogen peroxide production and slight acidification of the cytosol in the cancer cells in comparison with that of the corresponding monoculture. Therefore, our HeLa-huFb system demonstrated metabolic behavior similar to Warburg type tumors. To our knowledge, this is the first time that these 3 parameters have been investigated together in a model of tumor-stroma co-evolution. We propose that determination of the start-point of the metabolic alterations and understanding of the mechanisms of their realization can open a new ways for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina V Shirmanova
- a Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy , Nizhny Novgorod , Russia.,b Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod , Nizhny Novgorod , Russia
| | - Maria M Lukina
- a Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy , Nizhny Novgorod , Russia.,b Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod , Nizhny Novgorod , Russia
| | - Varvara V Dudenkova
- a Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy , Nizhny Novgorod , Russia.,b Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod , Nizhny Novgorod , Russia
| | - Nataliya M Mishina
- a Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy , Nizhny Novgorod , Russia.,c Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS , Moscow , Russia
| | - Elena V Zagaynova
- a Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy , Nizhny Novgorod , Russia.,b Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod , Nizhny Novgorod , Russia
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Sameni M, Cavallo-Medved D, Franco OE, Chalasani A, Ji K, Aggarwal N, Anbalagan A, Chen X, Mattingly RR, Hayward SW, Sloane BF. Pathomimetic avatars reveal divergent roles of microenvironment in invasive transition of ductal carcinoma in situ. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19:56. [PMID: 28506312 PMCID: PMC5433063 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-017-0847-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The breast tumor microenvironment regulates progression of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). However, it is unclear how interactions between breast epithelial and stromal cells can drive this progression and whether there are reliable microenvironmental biomarkers to predict transition of DCIS to IDC. METHODS We used xenograft mouse models and a 3D pathomimetic model termed mammary architecture and microenvironment engineering (MAME) to study the interplay between human breast myoepithelial cells (MEPs) and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) on DCIS progression. RESULTS Our results show that MEPs suppress tumor formation by DCIS cells in vivo even in the presence of CAFs. In the in vitro MAME model, MEPs reduce the size of 3D DCIS structures and their degradation of extracellular matrix. We further show that the tumor-suppressive effects of MEPs on DCIS are linked to inhibition of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA)/urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR)-mediated proteolysis by plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and that they can lessen the tumor-promoting effects of CAFs by attenuating interleukin 6 (IL-6) signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our studies using MAME are, to our knowledge, the first to demonstrate a divergent interplay between MEPs and CAFs within the DCIS tumor microenvironment. We show that the tumor-suppressive actions of MEPs are mediated by PAI-1, uPA and its receptor, uPAR, and are sustained even in the presence of the CAFs, which themselves enhance DCIS tumorigenesis via IL-6 signaling. Identifying tumor microenvironmental regulators of DCIS progression will be critical for defining a robust and predictive molecular signature for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoureh Sameni
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Dora Cavallo-Medved
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4 Canada
| | - Omar E. Franco
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Evanston, IL 60201 USA
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Anita Chalasani
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Kyungmin Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Neha Aggarwal
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Arulselvi Anbalagan
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Xuequn Chen
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Raymond R. Mattingly
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
| | - Simon W. Hayward
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Evanston, IL 60201 USA
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Bonnie F. Sloane
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4 Canada
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201 USA
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Hernandez-Fernaud JR, Ruengeler E, Casazza A, Neilson LJ, Pulleine E, Santi A, Ismail S, Lilla S, Dhayade S, MacPherson IR, McNeish I, Ennis D, Ali H, Kugeratski FG, Al Khamici H, van den Biggelaar M, van den Berghe PV, Cloix C, McDonald L, Millan D, Hoyle A, Kuchnio A, Carmeliet P, Valenzuela SM, Blyth K, Yin H, Mazzone M, Norman JC, Zanivan S. Secreted CLIC3 drives cancer progression through its glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase activity. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14206. [PMID: 28198360 PMCID: PMC5316871 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The secretome of cancer and stromal cells generates a microenvironment that contributes to tumour cell invasion and angiogenesis. Here we compare the secretome of human mammary normal and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). We discover that the chloride intracellular channel protein 3 (CLIC3) is an abundant component of the CAF secretome. Secreted CLIC3 promotes invasive behaviour of endothelial cells to drive angiogenesis and increases invasiveness of cancer cells both in vivo and in 3D cell culture models, and this requires active transglutaminase-2 (TGM2). CLIC3 acts as a glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase that reduces TGM2 and regulates TGM2 binding to its cofactors. Finally, CLIC3 is also secreted by cancer cells, is abundant in the stromal and tumour compartments of aggressive ovarian cancers and its levels correlate with poor clinical outcome. This work reveals a previously undescribed invasive mechanism whereby the secretion of a glutathione-dependent oxidoreductase drives angiogenesis and cancer progression by promoting TGM2-dependent invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea Casazza
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | | | - Ellie Pulleine
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK
| | - Alice Santi
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Shehab Ismail
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Sergio Lilla
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | | | - Iain R. MacPherson
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G611QH, UK
| | - Iain McNeish
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G611QH, UK
| | - Darren Ennis
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G611QH, UK
| | - Hala Ali
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | | | - Heba Al Khamici
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Laura McDonald
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - David Millan
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
| | - Aoisha Hoyle
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow G51 4TF, UK
| | - Anna Kuchnio
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Carmeliet
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular Metabolism, VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stella M. Valenzuela
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- Centre for Health Technologies, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Karen Blyth
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Huabing Yin
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, UK
| | - Massimiliano Mazzone
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Angiogenesis, Vesalius Research Center, VIB, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Jim C. Norman
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G611BD, UK
| | - Sara Zanivan
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow G611BD, UK
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Diaz-Vera J, Palmer S, Hernandez-Fernaud JR, Dornier E, Mitchell LE, Macpherson I, Edwards J, Zanivan S, Norman JC. A proteomic approach to identify endosomal cargoes controlling cancer invasiveness. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:697-711. [PMID: 28062852 PMCID: PMC5339883 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.190835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that Rab17, a small GTPase associated with epithelial polarity, is specifically suppressed by ERK2 (also known as MAPK1) signalling to promote an invasive phenotype. However, the mechanisms through which Rab17 loss permits invasiveness, and the endosomal cargoes that are responsible for mediating this, are unknown. Using quantitative mass spectrometry-based proteomics, we have found that knockdown of Rab17 leads to a highly selective reduction in the cellular levels of a v-SNARE (Vamp8). Moreover, proteomics and immunofluorescence indicate that Vamp8 is associated with Rab17 at late endosomes. Reduced levels of Vamp8 promote transition between ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and a more invasive phenotype. We developed an unbiased proteomic approach to elucidate the complement of receptors that redistributes between endosomes and the plasma membrane, and have pin-pointed neuropilin-2 (NRP2) as a key pro-invasive cargo of Rab17- and Vamp8-regulated trafficking. Indeed, reduced Rab17 or Vamp8 levels lead to increased mobilisation of NRP2-containing late endosomes and upregulated cell surface expression of NRP2. Finally, we show that NRP2 is required for the basement membrane disruption that accompanies the transition between DCIS and a more invasive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesica Diaz-Vera
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Sarah Palmer
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | | | - Emmanuel Dornier
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Louise E Mitchell
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Iain Macpherson
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Joanne Edwards
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Sara Zanivan
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Jim C Norman
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
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Fang WB, Yao M, Brummer G, Acevedo D, Alhakamy N, Berkland C, Cheng N. Targeted gene silencing of CCL2 inhibits triple negative breast cancer progression by blocking cancer stem cell renewal and M2 macrophage recruitment. Oncotarget 2016; 7:49349-49367. [PMID: 27283985 PMCID: PMC5226513 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancers are an aggressive subtype of breast cancer, characterized by the lack of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and Her2 expression. Triple negative breast cancers are non-responsive to conventional anti-hormonal and Her2 targeted therapies, making it necessary to identify new molecular targets for therapy. The chemokine CCL2 is overexpressed in invasive breast cancers, and regulates breast cancer progression through multiple mechanisms. With few approaches to target CCL2 activity, its value as a therapeutic target is unclear. In these studies, we developed a novel gene silencing approach that involves complexing siRNAs to TAT cell penetrating peptides (Ca-TAT) through non-covalent calcium cross-linking. Ca-TAT/siRNA complexes penetrated 3D collagen cultures of breast cancer cells and inhibited CCL2 expression more effectively than conventional antibody neutralization. Ca-TAT/siRNA complexes targeting CCL2 were delivered to mice bearing MDA-MB-231 breast tumor xenografts. In vivo CCL2 gene silencing inhibited primary tumor growth and metastasis, associated with a reduction in cancer stem cell renewal and recruitment of M2 macrophages. These studies are the first to demonstrate that targeting CCL2 expression in vivo may be a viable therapeutic approach to treating triple negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Bin Fang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Min Yao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Gage Brummer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Diana Acevedo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Nabil Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Cory Berkland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Nikki Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Liu J, Chen S, Wang W, Ning BF, Chen F, Shen W, Ding J, Chen W, Xie WF, Zhang X. Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis through chemokine-activated hedgehog and TGF-β pathways. Cancer Lett 2016; 379:49-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Aggarwal N, Santiago AM, Kessel D, Sloane BF. Photodynamic therapy as an effective therapeutic approach in MAME models of inflammatory breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 154:251-62. [PMID: 26502410 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive, FDA-approved therapy for treatment of endobronchial and esophageal cancers that are accessible to light. Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is an aggressive and highly metastatic form of breast cancer that spreads to dermal lymphatics, a site that would be accessible to light. IBC patients have a relatively poor survival rate due to lack of targeted therapies. The use of PDT is underexplored for breast cancers but has been proposed for treatment of subtypes for which a targeted therapy is unavailable. We optimized and used a 3D mammary architecture and microenvironment engineering (MAME) model of IBC to examine the effects of PDT using two treatment protocols. The first protocol used benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid A (BPD) activated at doses ranging from 45 to 540 mJ/cm(2). The second PDT protocol used two photosensitizers: mono-L-aspartyl chlorin e6 (NPe6) and BPD that were sequentially activated. Photokilling by PDT was assessed by live-dead assays. Using a MAME model of IBC, we have shown a significant dose-response in photokilling by BPD-PDT. Sequential activation of NPe6 followed by BPD is more effective in photokilling of tumor cells than BPD alone. Sequential activation at light doses of 45 mJ/cm(2) for each agent resulted in >90 % cell death, a response only achieved by BPD-PDT at a dose of 360 mJ/cm(2). Our data also show that effects of PDT on a volumetric measurement of 3D MAME structures reflect efficacy of PDT treatment. Our study is the first to demonstrate the potential of PDT for treating IBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Aggarwal
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Ann Marie Santiago
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - David Kessel
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Bonnie F Sloane
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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Sameni M, Tovar EA, Essenburg CJ, Chalasani A, Linklater ES, Borgman A, Cherba DM, Anbalagan A, Winn ME, Graveel CR, Sloane BF. Cabozantinib (XL184) Inhibits Growth and Invasion of Preclinical TNBC Models. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:923-34. [PMID: 26432786 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype that is associated with poor clinical outcome. There is a vital need for effective targeted therapeutics for TNBC patients, yet treatment strategies are challenged by the significant intertumoral heterogeneity within the TNBC subtype and its surrounding microenvironment. Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) are highly expressed in several TNBC subtypes and are promising therapeutic targets. In this study, we targeted the MET receptor, which is highly expressed across several TNBC subtypes. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using the small-molecule inhibitor cabozantinib (XL184), we examined the efficacy of MET inhibition in preclinical models that recapitulate human TNBC and its microenvironment. To analyze the dynamic interactions between TNBC cells and fibroblasts over time, we utilized a 3D model referred to as MAME (Mammary Architecture and Microenvironment Engineering) with quantitative image analysis. To investigate cabozantinib inhibition in vivo, we used a novel xenograft model that expresses human HGF and supports paracrine MET signaling. RESULTS XL184 treatment of MAME cultures of MDA-MB-231 and HCC70 cells (± HGF-expressing fibroblasts) was cytotoxic and significantly reduced multicellular invasive outgrowths, even in cultures with HGF-expressing fibroblasts. Treatment with XL184 had no significant effects on MET(neg) breast cancer cell growth. In vivo assays demonstrated that cabozantinib treatment significantly inhibited TNBC growth and metastasis. CONCLUSIONS Using preclinical TNBC models that recapitulate the breast tumor microenvironment, we demonstrate that cabozantinib inhibition is an effective therapeutic strategy in several TNBC subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoureh Sameni
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Elizabeth A Tovar
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Curt J Essenburg
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Anita Chalasani
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Erik S Linklater
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Andrew Borgman
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - David M Cherba
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Arulselvi Anbalagan
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Mary E Winn
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Carrie R Graveel
- Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan.
| | - Bonnie F Sloane
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan. Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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Ji K, Heyza J, Cavallo-Medved D, Sloane BF. Pathomimetic cancer avatars for live-cell imaging of protease activity. Biochimie 2015; 122:68-76. [PMID: 26375517 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are essential for normal physiology as well as multiple diseases, e.g., playing a causative role in cancer progression, including in tumor angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Identification of dynamic alterations in protease activity may allow us to detect early stage cancers and to assess the efficacy of anti-cancer therapies. Despite the clinical importance of proteases in cancer progression, their functional roles individually and within the context of complex protease networks have not yet been well defined. These gaps in our understanding might be addressed with: 1) accurate and sensitive tools and methods to directly identify changes in protease activities in live cells, and 2) pathomimetic avatars for cancer that recapitulate in vitro the tumor in the context of its cellular and non-cellular microenvironment. Such avatars should be designed to facilitate mechanistic studies that can be translated to animal models and ultimately the clinic. Here, we will describe basic principles and recent applications of live-cell imaging for identification of active proteases. The avatars optimized by our laboratory are three-dimensional (3D) human breast cancer models in a matrix of reconstituted basement membrane (rBM). They are designated mammary architecture and microenvironment engineering (MAME) models as they have been designed to mimic the structural and functional interactions among cell types in the normal and cancerous human breast. We have demonstrated the usefulness of these pathomimetic avatars for following dynamic and temporal changes in cell:cell interactions and quantifying changes in protease activity associated with these interactions in real-time (4D). We also briefly describe adaptation of the avatars to custom-designed and fabricated tissue architecture and microenvironment engineering (TAME) chambers that enhance our ability to analyze concomitant changes in the malignant phenotype and the associated tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungmin Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Joshua Heyza
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Dora Cavallo-Medved
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada.
| | - Bonnie F Sloane
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada.
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Choi Y, Hyun E, Seo J, Blundell C, Kim HC, Lee E, Lee S, Moon A, Moon WK, Huh D. A microengineered pathophysiological model of early-stage breast cancer. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:3350-7. [PMID: 26158500 PMCID: PMC4524879 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00514k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A mounting body of evidence in cancer research suggests that the local microenvironment of tumor cells has a profound influence on cancer progression and metastasis. In vitro studies on the tumor microenvironment and its pharmacological modulation, however, are often hampered by the technical challenges associated with creating physiological cell culture environments that integrate cancer cells with the key components of their native niche such as neighboring cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) to mimic complex microarchitecture of cancerous tissue. Using early-stage breast cancer as a model disease, here we describe a biomimetic microengineering strategy to reconstitute three-dimensional (3D) structural organization and microenvironment of breast tumors in human cell-based in vitro models. Specifically, we developed a microsystem that enabled co-culture of breast tumor spheroids with human mammary ductal epithelial cells and mammary fibroblasts in a compartmentalized 3D microfluidic device to replicate microarchitecture of breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). We also explored the potential of this breast cancer-on-a-chip system as a drug screening platform by evaluating the efficacy and toxicity of an anticancer drug (paclitaxel). Our microengineered disease model represents the first critical step towards recapitulating pathophysiological complexity of breast cancer, and may serve as an enabling tool to systematically examine the contribution of the breast cancer microenvironment to the progression of DCIS to an invasive form of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonseok Choi
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjeh Hyun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyun Seo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Cassidy Blundell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hee Chan Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program, Bioengineering Major, Graduate School, Seoul National University, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhee Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhyun Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Aree Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women’s University, Seoul 132-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Kyung Moon
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. (D. Huh), Tel: 1-215-898-5208. (W.K. Moon), Tel: +82-2-2072-3928
| | - Dongeun Huh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. (D. Huh), Tel: 1-215-898-5208. (W.K. Moon), Tel: +82-2-2072-3928
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Osuala KO, Sameni M, Shah S, Aggarwal N, Simonait ML, Franco OE, Hong Y, Hayward SW, Behbod F, Mattingly RR, Sloane BF. Il-6 signaling between ductal carcinoma in situ cells and carcinoma-associated fibroblasts mediates tumor cell growth and migration. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:584. [PMID: 26268945 PMCID: PMC4535667 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1576-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-obligate precursor lesion of invasive breast cancer in which approximately half the patients will progress to invasive cancer. Gaining a better understanding of DCIS progression may reduce overtreatment of patients. Expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 increases with pathological stage and grade, and is associated with poorer prognosis in breast cancer patients. Carcinoma associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which are present in the stroma of DCIS patients are known to secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and promote tumor progression. Methods We hypothesized that IL-6 paracrine signaling between DCIS cells and CAFs mediates DCIS proliferation and migration. To test this hypothesis, we utilized the mammary architecture and microenvironment engineering or MAME model to study the interactions between human breast CAFs and human DCIS cells in 3D over time. We specifically inhibited autocrine and paracrine IL-6 signaling to determine its contribution to early stage tumor progression. Results Here, DCIS cells formed multicellular structures that exhibited increased proliferation and migration when cultured with CAFs. Treatment with an IL-6 neutralizing antibody inhibited growth and migration of the multicellular structures. Moreover, selective knockdown of IL-6 in CAFs, but not in DCIS cells, abrogated the migratory phenotype. Conclusion Our results suggest that paracrine IL-6 signaling between preinvasive DCIS cells and stromal CAFs represent an important factor in the initiation of DCIS progression to invasive breast carcinoma. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1576-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingsley O Osuala
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA. .,School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Mansoureh Sameni
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA. .,School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Seema Shah
- Cancer Biology Program, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA. .,School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Neha Aggarwal
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA. .,School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Michelle L Simonait
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Omar E Franco
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Health System Research Institute, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA.
| | - Yan Hong
- Division of Cancer and Developmental Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
| | - Simon W Hayward
- Department of Surgery, NorthShore University Health System Research Institute, 1001 University Place, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA.
| | - Fariba Behbod
- Division of Cancer and Developmental Biology, The University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
| | - Raymond R Mattingly
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA. .,School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Bonnie F Sloane
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA. .,School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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TGF-β Negatively Regulates CXCL1 Chemokine Expression in Mammary Fibroblasts through Enhancement of Smad2/3 and Suppression of HGF/c-Met Signaling Mechanisms. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135063. [PMID: 26252654 PMCID: PMC4529193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are major cellular components of the breast cancer stroma, and influence the growth, survival and invasion of epithelial cells. Compared to normal tissue fibroblasts, carcinoma associated fibroblasts (CAFs) show increased expression of numerous soluble factors including growth factors and cytokines. However, the mechanisms regulating expression of these factors remain poorly understood. Recent studies have shown that breast CAFs overexpress the chemokine CXCL1, a key regulator of tumor invasion and chemo-resistance. Increased expression of CXCL1 in CAFs correlated with poor patient prognosis, and was associated with decreased expression of TGF-β signaling components. The goal of these studies was to understand the role of TGF-β in regulating CXCL1 expression in CAFs, using cell culture and biochemical approaches. We found that TGF-β treatment decreased CXCL1 expression in CAFs, through Smad2/3 dependent mechanisms. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and site-directed mutagenesis assays revealed two new binding sites in the CXCL1 promoter important for Smad2/3 modulation of CXCL1 expression. Smad2/3 proteins also negatively regulated expression of Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF), which was found to positively regulate CXCL1 expression in CAFs through c-Met receptor dependent mechanisms. HGF/c-Met signaling in CAFs was required for activity of NF-κB, a transcriptional activator of CXCL1 expression. These studies indicate that TGF-β negatively regulates CXCL1 expression in CAFs through Smad2/3 binding to the promoter, and through suppression of HGF/c-Met autocrine signaling. These studies reveal novel insight into how TGF-β and HGF, key tumor promoting factors modulate CXCL1 chemokine expression in CAFs.
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Wild-Type N-Ras, Overexpressed in Basal-like Breast Cancer, Promotes Tumor Formation by Inducing IL-8 Secretion via JAK2 Activation. Cell Rep 2015; 12:511-24. [PMID: 26166574 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Basal-like breast cancers (BLBCs) are aggressive, and their drivers are unclear. We have found that wild-type N-RAS is overexpressed in BLBCs but not in other breast cancer subtypes. Repressing N-RAS inhibits transformation and tumor growth, whereas overexpression enhances these processes even in preinvasive BLBC cells. We identified N-Ras-responsive genes, most of which encode chemokines; e.g., IL8. Expression levels of these chemokines and N-RAS in tumors correlate with outcome. N-Ras, but not K-Ras, induces IL-8 by binding and activating the cytoplasmic pool of JAK2; IL-8 then acts on both the cancer cells and stromal fibroblasts. Thus, BLBC progression is promoted by increasing activities of wild-type N-Ras, which mediates autocrine/paracrine signaling that can influence both cancer and stroma cells.
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Thompson AI, Conroy KP, Henderson NC. Hepatic stellate cells: central modulators of hepatic carcinogenesis. BMC Gastroenterol 2015; 15:63. [PMID: 26013123 PMCID: PMC4445994 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-015-0291-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents the second most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and is increasing in incidence. Currently, our therapeutic repertoire for the treatment of HCC is severely limited, and therefore effective new therapies are urgently required. Recently, there has been increasing interest focusing on the cellular and molecular interactions between cancer cells and their microenvironment. HCC represents a unique opportunity to study the relationship between a diseased stroma and promotion of carcinogenesis, as 90 % of HCCs arise in a cirrhotic liver. Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are the major source of extracellular proteins during fibrogenesis, and may directly, or via secreted products, contribute to tumour initiation and progression. In this review we explore the complex cellular and molecular interplay between HSC biology and hepatocarcinogenesis. We focus on the molecular mechanisms by which HSC modulate HCC growth, immune cell evasion and angiogenesis. This is followed by a discussion of recent progress in the field in understanding the mechanistic crosstalk between HSC and HCC, and the pathways that are potentially amenable to therapeutic intervention. Furthermore, we summarise the exciting recent developments in strategies to target HSC specifically, and novel techniques to deliver pharmaceutical agents directly to HSC, potentially allowing tailored, cell-specific therapy for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra I Thompson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Kylie P Conroy
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Neil C Henderson
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK.
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Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 and paracrine diffusible signals have a major role in the promotion of breast cancer cell migration induced by cancer-associated fibroblasts. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:1675-86. [PMID: 25880005 PMCID: PMC4430719 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite the recognised contribution of the stroma to breast cancer development and progression, the effective targeting of the tumor microenvironment remains a challenge to be addressed. We previously reported that normal fibroblasts (NFs) and, notably, breast cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and increases in cell membrane fluidity and migration in well- (MCF-7) and poorly-differentiated (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer cells. This study was designed to better define the role played, especially by CAFs, in promoting breast tumor cell migration. Methods: Fibroblast/breast cancer cell co-cultures were set up to investigate the influence of NFs and CAFs on gene and protein expression of Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), the main enzyme regulating membrane fluidity, as well as on the protein level and activity of its transcription factor, the sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. To assess the role of SREBP1 in the regulation of SCD1 expression, the desaturase levels were also determined in tumor cells treated with an SREBP1 inhibitor. Migration was evaluated by wound-healing assay in SCD1-inhibited (by small-interfering RNA (siRNA) or pharmacologically) cancer cells and the effect of CAF-conditioned medium was also assessed. To define the role of stroma-derived signals in cancer cell migration speed, cell-tracking analysis was performed in the presence of neutralising antibodies to hepatocyte growth factor, transforming growth factor-β or basic fibroblast growth factor. Results: A two to three fold increase in SCD1 mRNA and protein expression has been induced, particularly by CAFs, in the two cancer cell lines that appear to be dependent on SREBP1 activity in MCF-7 but not in MDA-MB-231 cells. Both siRNA-mediated and pharmacological inhibition of SCD1 impaired tumor cells migration, also when promoted by CAF-released soluble factors. Fibroblast-triggered increase in cancer cell migration speed was markedly reduced or abolished by neutralising the above growth factors. Conclusion: These results provide further insights in understanding the role of CAFs in promoting tumor cell migration, which may help to design new stroma-based therapeutic strategies.
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Ho-Yen CM, Jones JL, Kermorgant S. The clinical and functional significance of c-Met in breast cancer: a review. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:52. [PMID: 25887320 PMCID: PMC4389345 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0547-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
c-Met is a receptor tyrosine kinase that upon binding of its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), activates downstream pathways with diverse cellular functions that are important in organ development and cancer progression. Anomalous c-Met signalling has been described in a variety of cancer types, and the receptor is regarded as a novel therapeutic target. In breast cancer there is a need to develop new treatments, particularly for the aggressive subtypes such as triple-negative and basal-like cancer, which currently lack targeted therapy. Over the last two decades, much has been learnt about the functional role of c-Met signalling in different models of breast development and cancer. This work has been complemented by clinical studies, establishing the prognostic significance of c-Met in tissue samples of breast cancer. While the clinical trials of anti-c-Met therapy in advanced breast cancer progress, there is a need to review the existing evidence so that the potential of these treatments can be better appreciated. The aim of this article is to examine the role of HGF/c-Met signalling in in vitro and in vivo models of breast cancer, to describe the mechanisms of aberrant c-Met signalling in human tissues, and to give a brief overview of the anti-c-Met therapies currently being evaluated in breast cancer patients. We will show that the HGF/c-Met pathway is associated with breast cancer progression and suggest that there is a firm basis for continued development of anti-c-Met treatment, particularly for patients with basal-like and triple-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colan M Ho-Yen
- Department of Cellular Pathology, St George's Healthcare NHS Trust, Blackshaw Road, Tooting, London, SW17 0QT, UK.
| | - J Louise Jones
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Stephanie Kermorgant
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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Suo J, Medina D, Herrera S, Zheng ZY, Jin L, Chamness GC, Contreras A, Gutierrez C, Hilsenbeck S, Umar A, Foekens JA, Hanash S, Schiff R, Zhang XHF, Chang EC. Int6 reduction activates stromal fibroblasts to enhance transforming activity in breast epithelial cells. Cell Biosci 2015; 5:10. [PMID: 25774287 PMCID: PMC4359526 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-015-0001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The INT6 gene was first discovered as a site of integration in mouse mammary tumors by the mouse mammary tumor virus; however, INT6’s role in the development of human breast cancer remains largely unknown. By gene silencing, we have previously shown that repressing INT6 promotes transforming activity in untransformed human mammary epithelial cells. In the present study, guided by microarray data of human tumors, we have discovered a role of Int6 in stromal fibroblasts. Results We searched microarray databases of human tumors to assess Int6’s role in breast cancer. While INT6 expression levels, as expected, were lower in breast tumors than in adjacent normal breast tissue samples, INT6 expression levels were also substantially lower in tumor stroma. By immunohistochemistry, we determined that the low levels of INT6 mRNA observed in the microarray databases most likely occurs in stromal fibroblasts, because far fewer fibroblasts in the tumor tissue showed detectable levels of the Int6 protein. To directly investigate the effects of Int6 repression on fibroblasts, we silenced INT6 expression in immortalized human mammary fibroblasts (HMFs). When these INT6-repressed HMFs were co-cultured with breast cancer cells, the abilities of the latter to form colonies in soft agar and to invade were enhanced. We analyzed INT6-repressed HMFs and found an increase in the levels of a key carcinoma-associated fibroblast (CAF) marker, smooth muscle actin. Furthermore, like CAFs, these INT6-repressed HMFs secreted more stromal cell–derived factor 1 (SDF-1), and the addition of an SDF-1 antagonist attenuated the INT6-repressed HMFs’ ability to enhance soft agar colony formation when co-cultured with cancer cells. These INT6-repressed HMFs also expressed high levels of mesenchymal markers such as vimentin and N-cadherin. Intriguingly, when mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were induced to form CAFs, Int6 levels were reduced. Conclusion These data suggest that besides enhancing transforming activity in epithelial cells, INT6 repression can also induce fibroblasts, and possibly MSCs as well, via mesenchymal-mesenchymal transitions to promote the formation of CAFs, leading to a proinvasive microenvironment for tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Suo
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 77030 TX USA ; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030 TX USA
| | - Daniel Medina
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030 TX USA
| | - Sabrina Herrera
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030 TX USA
| | - Ze-Yi Zheng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030 TX USA
| | - Lei Jin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030 TX USA
| | - Gary C Chamness
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030 TX USA
| | - Alejandro Contreras
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030 TX USA
| | - Carolina Gutierrez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030 TX USA
| | - Susan Hilsenbeck
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030 TX USA
| | - Arzu Umar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - John A Foekens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Samir Hanash
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 77030 TX USA
| | - Rachel Schiff
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030 TX USA
| | - Xiang H-F Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030 TX USA
| | - Eric C Chang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030 TX USA
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Guan H, Tan J, Zhang F, Gao L, Bai L, Qi D, Dong H, Zhu L, Li X, Liu T. Myofibroblasts from salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinomas promote cancer invasion by expressing MMP2 and CXCL12. Histopathology 2015; 66:781-90. [PMID: 25098606 DOI: 10.1111/his.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haijie Guan
- Section of Oral Pathology; College of Stomatology; Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Jie Tan
- Section of Oral Pathology; College of Stomatology; Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Fuyin Zhang
- Department of Oral Surgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital; Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Lu Gao
- Section of Oral Pathology; College of Stomatology; Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Liang Bai
- Department of Oral Surgery; The First Affiliated Hospital; Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Dongyuan Qi
- Department of Oral Surgery; The First Affiliated Hospital; Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of Oral Surgery; The First Affiliated Hospital; Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Section of Oral Pathology; College of Stomatology; Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Xiaojie Li
- Section of Oral Pathology; College of Stomatology; Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
| | - Tingjiao Liu
- Section of Oral Pathology; College of Stomatology; Dalian Medical University; Dalian China
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Ohshio Y, Hanaoka J, Kontani K, Teramoto K. Tranilast inhibits the function of cancer-associated fibroblasts responsible for the induction of immune suppressor cell types. Scand J Immunol 2015; 80:408-16. [PMID: 25224016 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the dominant stromal component in the tumour microenvironment (TME), playing critical roles in generation of pro-tumourigenic TME; however, their contribution to suppression of antitumour immune responses has not been fully understood. To elucidate the interaction between CAFs and immune suppressor cells, we examined whether inhibition of CAFs function would impair the induction of immune suppressor cell types in vitro. In this study, we applied an anti-allergic and antifibrotic agent tranilast, which is used clinically, and evaluated a potential of tranilast to serve as a CAFs inhibitor. CAFs that had been isolated from E.G7 or LLC1 tumour-bearing mice were cultured in the presence of tranilast, and thereafter, CAFs functions on the secretion of some soluble factors as well as the induction of immune suppressor cells were evaluated. As a result, tranilast inhibited the proliferation of CAFs and reduced the levels of stromal cell-derived factor-1, prostaglandin E2 and transforming growth factor-β1 from CAFs in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, tranilast exerted no inhibitory effects on immune cells at doses under 100 μm. The induction of regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells from their progenitor cells was suppressed in the medium that CAFs had been cultured in the presence of tranilast; however, these findings were not observed when those progenitor cells were cultured in the medium containing tranilast alone. These data demonstrate that tranilast inhibits CAFs function, which is responsible for the induction of immune suppressor cells, and possesses a potential to serve as a specific CAFs inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ohshio
- Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
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Spina A, De Pasquale V, Cerulo G, Cocchiaro P, Della Morte R, Avallone L, Pavone LM. HGF/c-MET Axis in Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis Formation. Biomedicines 2015; 3:71-88. [PMID: 28536400 PMCID: PMC5344235 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines3010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastases are responsible for approximately 90% of all cancer-related deaths. Metastasis formation is a multistep process that requires acquisition by tumor cells of a malignant phenotype that allows them to escape from the primary tumor site and invade other organs. Each step of this mechanism involves a deep crosstalk between tumor cells and their microenvironment where the host cells play a key role in influencing metastatic behavior through the release of many secreted factors. Among these signaling molecules, Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) is released by many cell types of the tumor microenvironment to target its receptor c-MET within the cells of the primary tumor. Many studies reveal that HGF/c-MET axis is implicated in various human cancers, and genetic and epigenetic gain of functions of this signaling contributes to cancer development through a variety of mechanisms. In this review, we describe the specific types of cells in the tumor microenvironment that release HGF in order to promote the metastatic outgrowth through the activation of extracellular matrix remodeling, inflammation, migration, angiogenesis, and invasion. We dissect the potential use of new molecules that interfere with the HGF/c-MET axis as therapeutic targets for future clinical trials in cancer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Spina
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Valeria De Pasquale
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Cerulo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Cocchiaro
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy.
| | - Rossella Della Morte
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy.
| | - Luigi Avallone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137 Naples, Italy.
| | - Luigi Michele Pavone
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Ohshio Y, Teramoto K, Hanaoka J, Tezuka N, Itoh Y, Asai T, Daigo Y, Ogasawara K. Cancer-associated fibroblast-targeted strategy enhances antitumor immune responses in dendritic cell-based vaccine. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:134-42. [PMID: 25483888 PMCID: PMC4399032 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the close interaction between tumor cells and stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), TME-targeted strategies would be promising for developing integrated cancer immunotherapy. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the dominant stromal component, playing critical roles in generation of the pro-tumorigenic TME. We focused on the immunosuppressive trait of CAFs, and systematically explored the alteration of tumor-associated immune responses by CAF-targeted therapy. C57BL/6 mice s.c. bearing syngeneic E.G7 lymphoma, LLC1 Lewis lung cancer, or B16F1 melanoma were treated with an anti-fibrotic agent, tranilast, to inhibit CAF function. The infiltration of immune suppressor cell types, including regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, in the TME was effectively decreased through reduction of stromal cell-derived factor-1, prostaglandin E2 , and transforming growth factor-β. In tumor-draining lymph nodes, these immune suppressor cell types were significantly decreased, leading to activation of tumor-associated antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells. In addition, CAF-targeted therapy synergistically enhanced multiple types of systemic antitumor immune responses such as the cytotoxic CD8(+) T cell response, natural killer activity, and antitumor humoral immunity in combination with dendritic cell-based vaccines; however, the suppressive effect on tumor growth was not observed in tumor-bearing SCID mice. These data indicate that systemic antitumor immune responses by various immunologic cell types are required to bring out the efficacy of CAF-targeted therapy, and these effects are enhanced when combined with effector-stimulatory immunotherapy such as dendritic cell-based vaccines. Our mouse model provides a novel rationale with TME-targeted strategy for the development of cell-based cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Ohshio
- Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
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