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Espinosa-Sotelo R, Fusté NP, Peñuelas-Haro I, Alay A, Pons G, Almodóvar X, Albaladejo J, Sánchez-Vera I, Bonilla-Amadeo R, Dituri F, Serino G, Ramos E, Serrano T, Calvo M, Martínez-Chantar ML, Giannelli G, Bertran E, Fabregat I. Dissecting the role of the NADPH oxidase NOX4 in TGF-beta signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma. Redox Biol 2023; 65:102818. [PMID: 37463530 PMCID: PMC10372458 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase NOX4 has been proposed as necessary for the apoptosis induced by the Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) in hepatocytes and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. However, whether NOX4 is required for TGF-β-induced canonical (SMADs) or non-canonical signals is not fully understood yet, neither its potential involvement in other parallel actions induced by TGF-β. In this work we have used CRISPR Cas9 technology to stable attenuate NOX4 expression in HCC cells. Results have indicated that NOX4 is required for an efficient SMAD2/3 phosphorylation in response to TGF-β, whereas non-canonical signals, such as the phosphorylation of the Epidermal Growth Receptor or AKT, are higher in NOX4 silenced cells. TGF-β-mediated inhibition of cell proliferation and viability is attenuated in NOX4 silenced cells, correlating with decreased response in terms of apoptosis, and maintenance of high expression of MYC and CYCLIN D1. These results would indicate that NOX4 is required for all the tumor suppressor actions of TGF-β in HCC. However, analysis in human HCC tumors has revealed a worse prognosis for patients showing high expression of TGF-β1-related genes concomitant with high expression of NOX4. Deepening into other tumorigenic actions of TGF-β that may contribute to tumor progression, we found that NOX4 is also required for TGF-β-induced migratory effects. The Epithelial-Mesenchymal transition (EMT) program does not appear to be affected by attenuation of NOX4 levels. However, TGF-β-mediated regulation of cytoskeleton dynamics and focal adhesions require NOX4, which is necessary for TGF-β-induced increase in the chaperone Hsp27 and correct subcellular localization of Hic-5 within focal adhesions, as well for upregulation of the metalloprotease MMP9. All these results together point to NOX4 as a key element in the whole TGF-β signaling in HCC cells, revealing an unknown role for NOX4 as tumor promoter in HCC patients presenting activation of the TGF-β pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rut Espinosa-Sotelo
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; CIBEREHD, ISCIII, Spain
| | - Noel P Fusté
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Peñuelas-Haro
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; CIBEREHD, ISCIII, Spain
| | - Ania Alay
- Unit of Bioinformatics for Precision Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Preclinical and Experimental Research in Thoracic Tumors (PReTT), Oncobell Program, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Gabriel Pons
- Physiological Sciences Department, University of Barcelona, Oncobell-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xènia Almodóvar
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Júlia Albaladejo
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ismael Sánchez-Vera
- Physiological Sciences Department, University of Barcelona, Oncobell-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricard Bonilla-Amadeo
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesco Dituri
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Saverio De Bellis Research Hospital, Castellana Wrotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Grazia Serino
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Saverio De Bellis Research Hospital, Castellana Wrotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Emilio Ramos
- CIBEREHD, ISCIII, Spain; Department of Surgery, Liver Transplant Unit, University Hospital of Bellvitge and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Serrano
- CIBEREHD, ISCIII, Spain; Pathological Anatomy Service, University Hospital of Bellvitge and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Calvo
- Oncología Médica, Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO-IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Luz Martínez-Chantar
- CIBEREHD, ISCIII, Spain; Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC BioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- National Institute of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Saverio De Bellis Research Hospital, Castellana Wrotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Esther Bertran
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; CIBEREHD, ISCIII, Spain
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; CIBEREHD, ISCIII, Spain.
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Tao Y, Chen W, Xu H, Xu J, Yang H, Luo X, Chen M, He J, Bai Y, Qi H. Adipocyte-Derived Exosomal NOX4-Mediated Oxidative Damage Induces Premature Placental Senescence in Obese Pregnancy. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:4705-4726. [PMID: 37608820 PMCID: PMC10441661 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s419081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A recent study has reported that maternal obesity is linked to placental oxidative damage and premature senescence. NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) is massively expressed in adipose tissue, and its induced reactive oxygen species have been found to contribute to cellular senescence. While, whether, in obese pregnancy, adipose tissue-derived NOX4 is the considerable cause of placental senescence remained elusive. Methods This study collected term placentas from obese and normal pregnancies and obese pregnant mouse model was constructed by a high fat diet to explore placental senescence. Furthermore, adipocyte-derived exosomes were isolated from primary adipocyte medium of obese and normal pregnancies to examine their effect on placenta functions in vivo and vitro. Results The placenta from the obese group showed a significant increase in placental oxidative damage and senescence. Exosomes from obese adipocytes contained copies of NOX4, and when cocultured with HTR8/SVneo cells, they induced severe oxidative damage, cellular senescence, and suppressed proliferation and invasion functions when compared with the control group. In vivo, adipocyte-derived NOX4-containing exosomes could induce placental oxidative damage and senescence, ultimately leading to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Conclusion In obesity, adipose tissue can secrete exosomes containing NOX4 which can be delivered to trophoblast resulting in severe DNA oxidative damage and premature placental senescence, ultimately leading to adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelan Tao
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Emergency & Intensive Care Units, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongbing Xu
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiacheng Xu
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, 404100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Chen
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Bai
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Qi
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of China
- Women and Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, People’s Republic of China
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Peñuelas‐Haro I, Espinosa‐Sotelo R, Crosas‐Molist E, Herranz‐Itúrbide M, Caballero‐Díaz D, Alay A, Solé X, Ramos E, Serrano T, Martínez‐Chantar ML, Knaus UG, Cuezva JM, Zorzano A, Bertran E, Fabregat I. The NADPH oxidase NOX4 regulates redox and metabolic homeostasis preventing HCC progression. Hepatology 2023; 78:416-433. [PMID: 35920301 PMCID: PMC10344438 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The NADPH oxidase NOX4 plays a tumor-suppressor function in HCC. Silencing NOX4 confers higher proliferative and migratory capacity to HCC cells and increases their in vivo tumorigenic potential in xenografts in mice. NOX4 gene deletions are frequent in HCC, correlating with higher tumor grade and worse recurrence-free and overall survival rates. However, despite the accumulating evidence of a protective regulatory role in HCC, the cellular processes governed by NOX4 are not yet understood. Accordingly, the aim of this work was to better understand the molecular mechanisms regulated by NOX4 in HCC in order to explain its tumor-suppressor action. APPROACH AND RESULTS Experimental models: cell-based loss or gain of NOX4 function experiments, in vivo hepatocarcinogenesis induced by diethylnitrosamine in Nox4 -deficient mice, and analyses in human HCC samples. Methods include cellular and molecular biology analyses, proteomics, transcriptomics, and metabolomics, as well as histological and immunohistochemical analyses in tissues. Results identified MYC as being negatively regulated by NOX4. MYC mediated mitochondrial dynamics and a transcriptional program leading to increased oxidative metabolism, enhanced use of both glucose and fatty acids, and an overall higher energetic capacity and ATP level. NOX4 deletion induced a redox imbalance that augmented nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activity and was responsible for MYC up-regulation. CONCLUSIONS Loss of NOX4 in HCC tumor cells induces metabolic reprogramming in a Nrf2/MYC-dependent manner to promote HCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Peñuelas‐Haro
- TGF‐β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBEREHD, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rut Espinosa‐Sotelo
- TGF‐β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBEREHD, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Crosas‐Molist
- TGF‐β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Macarena Herranz‐Itúrbide
- TGF‐β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBEREHD, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Caballero‐Díaz
- TGF‐β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBEREHD, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ania Alay
- Unit of Bioinformatics for Precision Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Preclinical and Experimental Research in Thoracic Tumors, Oncobell Program, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Solé
- Unit of Bioinformatics for Precision Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Preclinical and Experimental Research in Thoracic Tumors, Oncobell Program, IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Molecular Biology CORE, Center for Biomedical Diagnostics, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapies in Solid Tumors, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio Ramos
- CIBEREHD, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Liver Transplant Unit, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Serrano
- CIBEREHD, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Pathological Anatomy Service, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María L. Martínez‐Chantar
- CIBEREHD, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Liver Disease Lab, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, Bizkaia Technology Park, Spain
| | - Ulla G. Knaus
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - José M. Cuezva
- Center for Molecular Biology “Severo Ochoa,” Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- CIBERER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Zorzano
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine Department, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERDEM, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Bertran
- TGF‐β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBEREHD, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- TGF‐β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBEREHD, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Physiological Sciences Department, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Zhang CH, Jiang ZL, Meng Y, Yang WY, Zhang XY, Zhang YX, Khattak S, Ji XY, Wu DD. Hydrogen sulfide and its donors: Novel antitumor and antimetastatic agents for liver cancer. Cell Signal 2023; 106:110628. [PMID: 36774973 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most frequent human cancer and the world's third most significant cause of cancer mortality. HCC treatment has recently improved, but its mortality continues to increase worldwide due to its extremely complicated and heterogeneous genetic abnormalities. After nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO), the third gas signaling molecule discovered is hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which has long been thought to be a toxic gas. However, numerous studies have proven that H2S plays many pathophysiological roles in mammals. Endogenous or exogenous H2S can decrease cell proliferation, promote apoptosis, block cell cycle, invasion and migration through various cellular signaling pathways. This review analyzes and discusses the recent literature on the function and molecular mechanism of H2S and H2S donors in HCC, so as to provide convenience for the scientific research and clinical application of H2S in the treatment of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Hao Zhang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China; School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Zhi-Liang Jiang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China; School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Yuan Meng
- School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Wen-Yan Yang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Yan-Xia Zhang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Saadullah Khattak
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Xin-Ying Ji
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China.
| | - Dong-Dong Wu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China; School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China.
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Wang Y, Wei J, Zhang P, Zhang X, Wang Y, Chen W, Zhao Y, Cui X. Neuregulin-1, a potential therapeutic target for cardiac repair. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:945206. [PMID: 36120374 PMCID: PMC9471952 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.945206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
NRG1 (Neuregulin-1) is an effective cardiomyocyte proliferator, secreted and released by endothelial vascular cells, and affects the cardiovascular system. It plays a major role in heart growth, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and other cardiovascular processes. Numerous experiments have shown that NRG1 can repair the heart in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, ischemia reperfusion, heart failure, cardiomyopathy and other cardiovascular diseases. NRG1 can connect related signaling pathways through the NRG1/ErbB pathway, which form signal cascades to improve the myocardial microenvironment, such as regulating cardiac inflammation, oxidative stress, necrotic apoptosis. Here, we summarize recent research advances on the molecular mechanisms of NRG1, elucidate the contribution of NRG1 to cardiovascular disease, discuss therapeutic approaches targeting NRG1 associated with cardiovascular disease, and highlight areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- First Clinical Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jianliang Wei
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- First Clinical Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjing Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yanan Zhao
- First Clinical Medical School, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Yanan Zhao, ; Xiangning Cui,
| | - Xiangning Cui
- Department of Cardiovascular, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yanan Zhao, ; Xiangning Cui,
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García-Gómez P, Golán I, Dadras MS, Mezheyeuski A, Bellomo C, Tzavlaki K, Morén A, Carreras-Puigvert J, Caja L. NOX4 regulates TGFβ-induced proliferation and self-renewal in glioblastoma stem cells. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:1891-1912. [PMID: 35203105 PMCID: PMC9067149 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and common glioma subtype, with a median survival of 15 months after diagnosis. Current treatments have limited therapeutic efficacy; thus, more effective approaches are needed. The glioblastoma tumoural mass is characterised by a small cellular subpopulation – glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) – that has been held responsible for glioblastoma initiation, cell invasion, proliferation, relapse and resistance to chemo‐ and radiotherapy. Targeted therapies against GSCs are crucial, as is understanding the molecular mechanisms that govern the GSCs. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signalling and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production are known to govern and regulate cancer stem cell biology. Among the differentially expressed genes regulated by TGFβ in a transcriptomic analysis of two different patient‐derived GSCs, we found NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) as one of the top upregulated genes. Interestingly, when patient tissues were analysed, NOX4 expression was found to be higher in GSCs versus differentiated cells. A functional analysis of the role of NOX4 downstream of TGFβ in several patient‐derived GSCs showed that TGFβ does indeed induce NOX4 expression and increases ROS production in a NOX4‐dependent manner. NOX4 downstream of TGFβ regulates GSC proliferation, and NOX4 expression is necessary for TGFβ‐induced expression of stem cell markers and of the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (NRF2), which in turn controls the cell’s antioxidant and metabolic responses. Interestingly, overexpression of NOX4 recapitulates the effects induced by TGFβ in GSCs: enhanced proliferation, stemness and NRF2 expression. In conclusion, this work functionally establishes NOX4 as a key mediator of GSC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro García-Gómez
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 582, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden. Ludwig Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 595, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden.,Brain Metastasis Group, Molecular Oncology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Golán
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 582, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden. Ludwig Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 595, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mahsa S Dadras
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 582, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden. Ludwig Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 595, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden.,Weill Cornell Medical College Brain and Mind Research Institute, New York, NY, USA, 10021-5608
| | - Artur Mezheyeuski
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Claudia Bellomo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 582, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden. Ludwig Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 595, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kalliopi Tzavlaki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 582, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden. Ludwig Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 595, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anita Morén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 582, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden. Ludwig Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 595, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jordi Carreras-Puigvert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Box 591, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Laia Caja
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 582, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden. Ludwig Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 595, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
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7
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Herranz-Itúrbide M, Peñuelas-Haro I, Espinosa-Sotelo R, Bertran E, Fabregat I. The TGF-β/NADPH Oxidases Axis in the Regulation of Liver Cell Biology in Health and Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092312. [PMID: 34571961 PMCID: PMC8470857 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) pathway plays essential roles in liver development and homeostasis and become a relevant factor involved in different liver pathologies, particularly fibrosis and cancer. The family of NADPH oxidases (NOXs) has emerged in recent years as targets of the TGF-β pathway mediating many of its effects on hepatocytes, stellate cells and macrophages. This review focuses on how the axis TGF-β/NOXs may regulate the biology of different liver cells and how this influences physiological situations, such as liver regeneration, and pathological circumstances, such as liver fibrosis and cancer. Finally, we discuss whether NOX inhibitors may be considered as potential therapeutic tools in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Herranz-Itúrbide
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; (M.H.-I.); (I.P.-H.); (R.E.-S.); (E.B.)
- Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Peñuelas-Haro
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; (M.H.-I.); (I.P.-H.); (R.E.-S.); (E.B.)
- Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rut Espinosa-Sotelo
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; (M.H.-I.); (I.P.-H.); (R.E.-S.); (E.B.)
- Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Bertran
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; (M.H.-I.); (I.P.-H.); (R.E.-S.); (E.B.)
- Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; (M.H.-I.); (I.P.-H.); (R.E.-S.); (E.B.)
- Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-932-607-828
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8
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Farooqi HMU, Kang B, Khalid MAU, Salih ARC, Hyun K, Park SH, Huh D, Choi KH. Real-time monitoring of liver fibrosis through embedded sensors in a microphysiological system. NANO CONVERGENCE 2021; 8:3. [PMID: 33528697 PMCID: PMC7855143 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-021-00253-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a foreshadowing of future adverse events like liver cirrhosis, liver failure, and cancer. Hepatic stellate cell activation is the main event of liver fibrosis, which results in excessive extracellular matrix deposition and hepatic parenchyma's disintegration. Several biochemical and molecular assays have been introduced for in vitro study of the hepatic fibrosis progression. However, they do not forecast real-time events happening to the in vitro models. Trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) is used in cell culture science to measure cell monolayer barrier integrity. Herein, we explored TEER measurement's utility for monitoring fibrosis development in a dynamic cell culture microphysiological system. Immortal HepG2 cells and fibroblasts were co-cultured, and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) was used as a fibrosis stimulus to create a liver fibrosis-on-chip model. A glass chip-based embedded TEER and reactive oxygen species (ROS) sensors were employed to gauge the effect of TGF-β1 within the microphysiological system, which promotes a positive feedback response in fibrosis development. Furthermore, albumin, Urea, CYP450 measurements, and immunofluorescent microscopy were performed to correlate the following data with embedded sensors responses. We found that chip embedded electrochemical sensors could be used as a potential substitute for conventional end-point assays for studying fibrosis in microphysiological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bohye Kang
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Kinam Hyun
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hyuk Park
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongeun Huh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Kyung Hyun Choi
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Wang F, Wang H, Liu X, Yu H, Huang X, Huang W, Wang G. Neuregulin-1 alleviate oxidative stress and mitigate inflammation by suppressing NOX4 and NLRP3/caspase-1 in myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:1783-1795. [PMID: 33470533 PMCID: PMC7875921 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuregulin‐1 (NRG‐1) is reported to be cardioprotective through the extracellular‐regulated protein kinase (ERK) 1/2 pathway in myocardial ischaemia‐reperfusion injury (MIRI). NOX4‐induced ROS activated NLRP3 inflammasome and exacerbates MIRI. This study aims to investigate whether NRG‐1 can suppress NOX4 by ERK1/2 and consequently inhibit the NLRP3/caspase‐1 signal in MIRI. The myocardial infarct size (IS) was measured by TTC‐Evans blue staining. Immunohistochemical staining, real‐time quantitative PCR (RT‐qPCR) and Western blotting were used for detection of the factors, such as NOX4, ERK1/2, NLRP3, caspase‐1 and IL‐1β .The IS in the NRG‐1 (3 μg/kg, intravenous) group was lower than that in the IR group. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed NRG‐1 decreased 4HNE and NOX4. The RT‐qPCR and Western blot analyses revealed that NRG‐1 mitigated the IR‐induced up‐regulation of NOX4 and ROS production. Compared with the IR group, the NRG‐1 group exhibited a higher level of P‐ERK1/2 and a lower level of NLRP3. In the Langendorff model, PD98059 inhibited ERK1/2 and up‐regulated the expression of NOX4, NLRP3, caspase‐1 and IL‐1β, which exacerbated oxidative stress and inflammation. In conclusion, NRG‐1 can reduce ROS production by inhibiting NOX4 through ERK1/2 and inhibit the NLRP3/caspase‐1 pathway to attenuate myocardial oxidative damage and inflammation in MIRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhua Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejing Liu
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Haiyi Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Huang
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Guisong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
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10
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Zhang K, Zhang M, Luo Z, Wen Z, Yan X. The dichotomous role of TGF-β in controlling liver cancer cell survival and proliferation. J Genet Genomics 2020; 47:497-512. [PMID: 33339765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the major form of primary liver cancer and one of the most prevalent and life-threatening malignancies globally. One of the hallmarks in HCC is the sustained cell survival and proliferative signals, which are determined by the balance between oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is an effective growth inhibitor of epithelial cells including hepatocytes, through induction of cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, cellular senescence, or autophagy. The antitumorigenic effects of TGF-β are bypassed during liver tumorigenesis via multiple mechanisms. Furthermore, along with malignant progression, TGF-β switches to promote cancer cell survival and proliferation. This dichotomous nature of TGF-β is one of the barriers to therapeutic targeting in liver cancer. Thereafter, understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms is a prerequisite for discovering novel antitumor drugs that may specifically disable the growth-promoting branch of TGF-β signaling or restore its tumor-suppressive arm. This review summarizes how TGF-β inhibits or promotes liver cancer cell survival and proliferation, highlighting the functional switch mechanisms during the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kegui Zhang
- School of Biological Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, 232001, China
| | - Meiping Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Zhijun Luo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Zhili Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
| | - Xiaohua Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Nanchang University Medical College, Nanchang, 330031, China.
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11
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Li X, Chen X, Liu Y, Zhang P, Zheng Y, Zeng W. The Histone Methyltransferase SETDB1 Modulates Survival of Spermatogonial Stem/Progenitor Cells Through NADPH Oxidase. Front Genet 2020; 11:997. [PMID: 33133132 PMCID: PMC7567028 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SETDB1, a histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) methyltransferase, is crucial in meiosis and embryo development. This study aimed to investigate whether SETDB1 was associated with spermatogonial stem cells (SSC) homeostasis. We found that knockdown of Setdb1 impaired cell proliferation, led to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) level through NADPH oxidase, and Setdb1 deficiency activated ROS downstream signaling pathways, including JNK and p38 MAPK, which possibly contributed to SSC apoptosis. Melatonin scavenged ROS and rescued the phenotype of Setdb1 KD. In addition, we demonstrated that SETDB1 regulated NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) and E2F1. Therefore, this study uncovers the new roles of SETDB1 in mediating intracellular ROS homeostasis for the survival of SSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaoxu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yingdong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wenxian Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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12
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Lee YA, Kim KA, Min A, Shin MH. NOX4 activation is involved in ROS-dependent Jurkat T-cell death induced by Entamoeba histolytica. Parasite Immunol 2020; 41:e12670. [PMID: 31505041 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Entamoeba histolytica can induce host cell death through induction of various intracellular signalling pathways. The responses triggered by E. histolytica are closely associated with tissue pathogenesis and immune evasion. Although E. histolytica can induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in host cells, which NADPH oxidase (NOX) isoform contributes to amoeba-triggered Jurkat T-cell death is unclear. In this study, we investigated the signalling role of NOX4-derived ROS in E. histolytica-induced Jurkat T-cell death process. METHODS AND RESULTS In resting-state Jurkat T cells, NOX4 is strongly expressed. When Jurkat T cells were incubated with live E. histolytica trophozoites, intracellular ROS was significantly increased compared to cells incubated with medium alone. E. histolytica-induced ROS production was inhibited by pretreating Jurkat T cells with a NOX inhibitor. In addition, pretreating Jurkat T cells with a NOX inhibitor (Diphenyleneiodonium chloride) effectively blocked E. histolytica-induced phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure and DNA fragmentation of host cells. Moreover, siRNA-mediated knockdown of NOX4 protein expression in Jurkat T cells prevented E. histolytica-induced ROS generation and DNA fragmentation. CONCLUSION These results suggest that NOX4 has a critical role in ROS-dependent cell death process in Jurkat T cells induced by E. histolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ah Lee
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyeong Ah Kim
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Arim Min
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myeong Heon Shin
- Department of Environmental Medical Biology and Institute of Tropical Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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13
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Bhagyaraj E, Ahuja N, Kumar S, Tiwari D, Gupta S, Nanduri R, Gupta P. TGF-β induced chemoresistance in liver cancer is modulated by xenobiotic nuclear receptor PXR. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:3589-3602. [PMID: 31739702 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1693120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma appears as an extremely angiogenic solid tumor marked by apoptosis evasion, dysregulated cell cycle and low sensitivity to chemotherapy. TGF-β, a multifunctional cytokine, plays a pleiotropic role in the tumor microenvironment and has implications in cancer drug resistance. The current study provides novel evidence that TGF-β signaling contributes to drug resistance in liver cancer cells by inducing the expression of xenobiotic nuclear receptor PXR. We observed that PXR increases the expression of drug efflux transporters; therefore, accounting for exacerbated drug resistance. Additionally, anti-apoptotic nature of PXR contributes to TGF-β mediated chemoresistance as seen by procaspase-3 and Mcl-1 cellular levels. TGF-β binding to the TGF-β receptor triggers a complex downstream signaling cascade through a non-canonical SMAD-independent ERK pathway that leads to increased PXR expression. Activated ERK activates ETS1 transcription factor which is a critical regulator of endogenous PXR expression in hepatic cells. Loss of function of ETS1 abrogates the TGF-β induced PXR expression. Together these findings indicate that PXR modulates TGF-β induced resistance to chemotherapy in liver cancer cells. This underscores the need for combinatorial approaches with focus on PXR antagonism to improve drug effectiveness in hepatocellular carcinoma.Abbreviations: HCC: Hepatocellular Carcinoma; FDA: Food and Drug Administration; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β; PXR: Pregnane X receptor; CAR: Constitutive androstane receptor; P-gp/ABCB1: P-glycoproteins/ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamily B member 1; MRP1/ABCC1 and MRP2/ABCC2: Multidrug-resistance associated proteins; BCRP/ABCG2: Breast cancer resistant protein; DMEs: Drug-metabolizing enzymes; CFDA: 5,6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate; ETS1: Transcription factor E26 transformation specific sequence 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Bhagyaraj
- Department of Molecular Biology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India.,Department of Infectious disease and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nancy Ahuja
- Department of Molecular Biology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sumit Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Drishti Tiwari
- Department of Molecular Biology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shalini Gupta
- Department of Molecular Biology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ravikanth Nanduri
- Department of Molecular Biology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India.,Laboratory of Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pawan Gupta
- Department of Molecular Biology, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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14
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AbdulHameed MDM, Pannala VR, Wallqvist A. Mining Public Toxicogenomic Data Reveals Insights and Challenges in Delineating Liver Steatosis Adverse Outcome Pathways. Front Genet 2019; 10:1007. [PMID: 31681434 PMCID: PMC6813744 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to chemicals contributes to the development and progression of fatty liver, or steatosis, a process characterized by abnormal accumulation of lipids within liver cells. However, lack of knowledge on how chemicals cause steatosis has prevented any large-scale assessment of the 80,000+ chemicals in current use. To address this gap, we mined a large, publicly available toxicogenomic dataset associated with 18 known steatogenic chemicals to assess responses across assays (in vitro and in vivo) and species (i.e., rats and humans). We identified genes that were differentially expressed (DEGs) in rat in vivo, rat in vitro, and human in vitro studies in which rats or in vitro primary cell lines were exposed to the chemicals at different doses and durations. Using these DEGs, we performed pathway enrichment analysis, analyzed the molecular initiating events (MIEs) of the steatosis adverse outcome pathway (AOP), and predicted metabolite changes using metabolic network analysis. Genes indicative of oxidative stress were among the DEGs most frequently observed in the rat in vivo studies. Nox4, a pro-fibrotic gene, was down-regulated across these chemical exposure conditions. We identified eight genes (Cyp1a1, Egr1, Ccnb1, Gdf15, Cdk1, Pdk4, Ccna2, and Ns5atp9) and one pathway (retinol metabolism), associated with steatogenic chemicals and whose response was conserved across the three in vitro and in vivo systems. Similarly, we found the predicted metabolite changes, such as increases of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, conserved across the three systems. Analysis of the target genes associated with the MIEs of the current steatosis AOP did not provide a clear association between these 18 chemicals and the MIEs, underlining the multi-factorial nature of this disease. Notably, our overall analysis implicated mitochondrial toxicity as an important and overlooked MIE for chemical-induced steatosis. The integrated toxicogenomics approach to identify genes, pathways, and metabolites based on known steatogenic chemicals, provide an important mean to assess development of AOPs and gauging the relevance of new testing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Diwan M AbdulHameed
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD, United States.,The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Venkat R Pannala
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD, United States.,The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Anders Wallqvist
- Department of Defense Biotechnology High Performance Computing Software Applications Institute, Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center, U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
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15
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LXRα limits TGFβ-dependent hepatocellular carcinoma associated fibroblast differentiation. Oncogenesis 2019; 8:36. [PMID: 31097694 PMCID: PMC6522550 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-019-0140-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) is deposited in the extracellular space of diverse tissues. Resident fibroblasts respond to TGFβ and undergo myofibroblastic differentiation during tissue wound healing and cancer progression. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) communicate with tumor cells during cancer progression, under the guidance of TGFβ signaling. We report that agonist-activated liver X receptors (LXR) limit the expression of key components of myofibroblast differentiation, including the α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) gene in liver cancer cells. CAFs derived from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) express high αSMA and low LXRα levels, whereas hepatocarcinoma cells exhibit an inverse expression pattern. All hepatoma cells analyzed responded to the LXRα agonist T0901317 by inducing fatty acid synthase (FASN) expression. On the other hand, T0901317 antagonized TGFβ-induced fibroblastic marker responses, such as fibronectin and calponin, in a subset of hepatoma cells and all CAFs analyzed. Mechanistically, LXRα antagonized TGFβ signaling at the transcriptional level. Smad3 and LXRα were recruited to adjacent DNA motifs of the ACTA2 promoter. Upon cloning the human ACTA2 promoter, we confirmed its transcriptional induction by TGFβ stimulation, and LXRα overexpression repressed the promoter activity. Hepatosphere formation by HCC cells was enhanced upon co-culturing with CAFs. T0901317 suppressed the positive effects exerted on hepatosphere growth by CAFs. Taken together, the data suggest that LXRα agonists limit TGFβ-dependent CAF differentiation, potentially limiting primary HCC growth.
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16
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Campisano S, Bertran E, Caballero-Díaz D, La Colla A, Fabregat I, Chisari AN. Paradoxical role of the NADPH oxidase NOX4 in early preneoplastic stages of hepatocytes induced by amino acid deprivation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2019; 1863:714-722. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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17
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Tang CT, Gao YJ, Ge ZZ. NOX4, a new genetic target for anti-cancer therapy in digestive system cancer. J Dig Dis 2018; 19:578-585. [PMID: 30058122 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated as an important factor in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase subunit 4 (NOX4), a substrate of NADPH that can generate H2 O2 reactive oxygen species, has been reported to be highly expressed in gastrointestinal tumors. In this review we summarize the available evidence on the biological function of NOX4 in digestive system tumors by focusing on its correlation with classical cell signaling pathways, including VEGF, MAPK and PI3K/AKT, and with biochemical mediators, such as nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), activator protein (AP)-1 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. According to the clinical and database studies on tumors of the digestive system, such as colorectal, gastric and pancreatic cancer, there are significant associations between NOX4 expression and tumor prognosis as well as patient's survival. Animal studies using NOX4 inhibitors such as diphenylene iodonium and GKT137831, which selectively block NOX4, indicate their potential as therapeutic agents for targeting cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tao Tang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Jie Gao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Zheng Ge
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
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18
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Fabregat I, Caballero-Díaz D. Transforming Growth Factor-β-Induced Cell Plasticity in Liver Fibrosis and Hepatocarcinogenesis. Front Oncol 2018; 8:357. [PMID: 30250825 PMCID: PMC6139328 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) family plays relevant roles in the regulation of different cellular processes that are essential for tissue and organ homeostasis. In the case of the liver, TGF-β signaling participates in different stages of disease progression, from initial liver injury toward fibrosis, cirrhosis and cancer. When a chronic injury takes place, mobilization of lymphocytes and other inflammatory cells occur, thus setting the stage for persistence of an inflammatory response. Macrophages produce profibrotic mediators, among them, TGF-β, which is responsible for activation -transdifferentiation- of quiescent hepatic stellate cells (HSC) to a myofibroblast (MFB) phenotype. MFBs are the principal source of extracellular matrix protein (ECM) accumulation and prominent mediators of fibrogenesis. TGF-β also mediates an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in hepatocytes that may contribute, directly or indirectly, to increase the MFB population. In hepatocarcinogenesis, TGF-β plays a dual role, behaving as a suppressor factor at early stages, but contributing to later tumor progression, once cells escape from its cytostatic effects. As part of its potential pro-tumorigenic actions, TGF-β induces EMT in liver tumor cells, which increases its pro-migratory and invasive potential. In parallel, TGF-β also induces changes in tumor cell plasticity, conferring properties of a migratory tumor initiating cell (TIC). The main aim of this review is to shed light about the pleiotropic actions of TGF-β that explain its effects on the different liver cell populations. The cross-talk with other signaling pathways that contribute to TGF-β effects, in particular the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR), will be presented. Finally, we will discuss the rationale for targeting the TGF-β pathway in liver pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Fabregat
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Caballero-Díaz
- TGF-β and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.,Oncology Program, CIBEREHD, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Demelash A, Pfannenstiel LW, Liu L, Gastman BR. Mcl-1 regulates reactive oxygen species via NOX4 during chemotherapy-induced senescence. Oncotarget 2018; 8:28154-28168. [PMID: 28423654 PMCID: PMC5438639 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mcl-1, a Bcl-2 family member, is highly expressed in a variety of human cancers and is believed to enhance tumorigenic potential and chemotherapy resistance through the inhibition of apoptosis and senescence. We previously reported that Mcl-1′s regulation of chemotherapy-induced senescence (CIS) is dependent on its ability to prevent reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. In this report, we demonstrate that Mcl-1-regulated CIS requires not only ROS, but specifically mitochondrial ROS, and that these events are upstream of activation of the DNA damage response, another necessary step toward senescence. Mcl-1′s anti-senescence activity also involves the unique ability to inhibit ROS formation by preventing the upregulation of pro-oxidants. Specifically, we found that NADPH oxidases (NOXs) are regulated by Mcl-1 and that NOX4 expression in particular is a required step for CIS induction that is blocked by Mcl-1. Lastly, we illustrate that by preventing expression of NOX4, Mcl-1 limits its availability in the mitochondria, thereby lowering the production of mitochondrial ROS during CIS. Our studies not only define the essential role of Mcl-1 in chemoresistance, but also for the first time link a key pro-survival Bcl-2 family member with the NOX protein family, both of which have significant ramifications in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeba Demelash
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Lukas W Pfannenstiel
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Brian R Gastman
- Department of Immunology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Institutes of Head and Neck, Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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20
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Ge K, Huang J, Wang W, Gu M, Dai X, Xu Y, Wu H, Li G, Lu H, Zhong J, Huang Q. Serine protease inhibitor kazal-type 6 inhibits tumorigenesis of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells via its extracellular action. Oncotarget 2018; 8:5965-5975. [PMID: 27999203 PMCID: PMC5351605 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) causes significant medical burdens worldwide. Diagnosis, especially in the early stages, is still challenging. Therapeutic options are limited and often ineffective. Although several risk factors have been known important for development of HCC, the molecular basis of the process is rather complex and has not been fully understood. We have found that a subpopulation of HCC cells which are resistant to oncolytic parvovirus H1 superinfection highly express serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 6 (SPINK6). This protein is specifically reduced in all HCC cell lines and tissues we analyzed. When upregulated, SPINK6 could suppress the malignant phenotypes of the HCC cells in several in vitro models. The putative tumor suppression role of SPINK6 is, however, independent of its protease inhibitory activity. To suppress the malignancy of HCC cells, SPINK6 has to be secreted to trigger signals which regulate an intracellular signaling molecule, ERK1/2, as well as a series of downstream factors involved in cell cycle progression, apoptosis and migration. Our study supports that SPINK6 is an important tumor suppressor in liver, and further investigations may help develop more effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuikui Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jinjiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Meigang Gu
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xinchuan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hongyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Shanghai High-Tech United Bio-Technological R&D Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Guodong Li
- Shanghai High-Tech United Bio-Technological R&D Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Hairong Lu
- Shanghai High-Tech United Bio-Technological R&D Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201206, China
| | - Jiang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qingshan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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21
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Ethanol sensitizes hepatocytes for TGF-β-triggered apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:51. [PMID: 29352207 PMCID: PMC5833779 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse is a global health problem causing a substantial fraction of chronic liver diseases. Abundant TGF-β—a potent pro-fibrogenic cytokine—leads to disease progression. Our aim was to elucidate the crosstalk of TGF-β and alcohol on hepatocytes. Primary murine hepatocytes were challenged with ethanol and TGF-β and cell fate was determined. Fluidigm RNA analyses revealed transcriptional effects that regulate survival and apoptosis. Mechanistic insights were derived from enzyme/pathway inhibition experiments and modulation of oxidative stress levels. To substantiate findings, animal model specimens and human liver tissue cultures were investigated. Results: On its own, ethanol had no effect on hepatocyte apoptosis, whereas TGF-β increased cell death. Combined treatment led to massive hepatocyte apoptosis, which could also be recapitulated in human HCC liver tissue treated ex vivo. Alcohol boosted the TGF-β pro-apoptotic gene signature. The underlying mechanism of pathway crosstalk involves SMAD and non-SMAD/AKT signaling. Blunting CYP2E1 and ADH activities did not prevent this effect, implying that it was not a consequence of alcohol metabolism. In line with this, the ethanol metabolite acetaldehyde did not mimic the effect and glutathione supplementation did not prevent the super-induction of cell death. In contrast, blocking GSK-3β activity, a downstream mediator of AKT signaling, rescued the strong apoptotic response triggered by ethanol and TGF-β. This study provides novel information on the crosstalk between ethanol and TGF-β. We give evidence that ethanol directly leads to a boost of TGF-β’s pro-apoptotic function in hepatocytes, which may have implications for patients with chronic alcoholic liver disease.
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22
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Bellomo C, Caja L, Fabregat I, Mikulits W, Kardassis D, Heldin CH, Moustakas A. Snail mediates crosstalk between TGFβ and LXRα in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Death Differ 2017; 25:885-903. [PMID: 29230000 PMCID: PMC5943406 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-017-0021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the complexity of changes in differentiation and cell survival in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is essential for the design of new diagnostic tools and therapeutic modalities. In this context, we have analyzed the crosstalk between transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and liver X receptor α (LXRα) pathways. TGFβ is known to promote cytostatic and pro-apoptotic responses in HCC, and to facilitate mesenchymal differentiation. We here demonstrate that stimulation of the nuclear LXRα receptor system by physiological and clinically useful agonists controls the HCC response to TGFβ. Specifically, LXRα activation antagonizes the mesenchymal, reactive oxygen species and pro-apoptotic responses to TGFβ and the mesenchymal transcription factor Snail mediates this crosstalk. In contrast, LXRα activation and TGFβ cooperate in enforcing cytostasis in HCC, which preserves their epithelial features. LXRα influences Snail expression transcriptionally, acting on the Snail promoter. These findings propose that clinically used LXR agonists may find further application to the treatment of aggressive, mesenchymal HCCs, whose progression is chronically dependent on autocrine or paracrine TGFβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Bellomo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 582, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 595, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Laia Caja
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 582, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 595, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet, and Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, ES-08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Mikulits
- Department of Medicine I, Division: Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dimitris Kardassis
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Crete Medical School and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology of Hellas, GR-71003, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 582, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 595, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 582, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden. .,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Box 595, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden.
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23
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The level of caveolin-1 expression determines response to TGF-β as a tumour suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3098. [PMID: 29022911 PMCID: PMC5680590 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a heterogeneous tumour associated with poor prognostic outcome. Caveolin-1 (CAV1), a membrane protein involved in the formation of caveolae, is frequently overexpressed in HCC. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a pleiotropic cytokine having a dual role in hepatocarcinogenesis: inducer of apoptosis at early phases, but pro-tumourigenic once cells acquire mechanisms to overcome its suppressor effects. Apoptosis induced by TGF-β is mediated by upregulation of the NADPH oxidase NOX4, but counteracted by transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway. Previous data suggested that CAV1 is required for the anti-apoptotic signals triggered by TGF-β in hepatocytes. Whether this mechanism is relevant in hepatocarcinogenesis has not been explored yet. Here we analysed the TGF-β response in HCC cell lines that express different levels of CAV1. Accordingly, stable CAV1 knockdown or overexpressing cell lines were generated. We demonstrate that CAV1 is protecting HCC cells from TGF-β-induced apoptosis, which attenuates its suppressive effect on clonogenic growth and increases its effects on cell migration. Downregulation of CAV1 in HLE cells promotes TGF-β-mediated induction of the pro-apoptotic BMF, which correlates with upregulation of NOX4, whereas CAV1 overexpression in Huh7 cells shows the opposite effect. CAV1 silenced HLE cells show attenuation in TGF-β-induced EGFR transactivation and activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. On the contrary, Huh7 cells, which do not respond to TGF-β activating the EGFR pathway, acquire the capacity to do so when CAV1 is overexpressed. Analyses in samples from HCC patients revealed that tumour tissues presented higher expression levels of CAV1 compared with surrounding non-tumoural areas. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation among the expression of CAV1 and TGFB1 was observed. We conclude that CAV1 has an essential role in switching the response to TGF-β from cytostatic to tumourigenic, which could have clinical meaning in patient stratification.
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24
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Meitzler JL, Makhlouf HR, Antony S, Wu Y, Butcher D, Jiang G, Juhasz A, Lu J, Dahan I, Jansen-Dürr P, Pircher H, Shah AM, Roy K, Doroshow JH. Decoding NADPH oxidase 4 expression in human tumors. Redox Biol 2017; 13:182-195. [PMID: 28578276 PMCID: PMC5458090 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) is a redox active, membrane-associated protein that contributes to genomic instability, redox signaling, and radiation sensitivity in human cancers based on its capacity to generate H2O2 constitutively. Most studies of NOX4 in malignancy have focused on the evaluation of a small number of tumor cell lines and not on human tumor specimens themselves; furthermore, these studies have often employed immunological tools that have not been well characterized. To determine the prevalence of NOX4 expression across a broad range of solid tumors, we developed a novel monoclonal antibody that recognizes a specific extracellular region of the human NOX4 protein, and that does not cross-react with any of the other six members of the NOX gene family. Evaluation of 20 sets of epithelial tumors revealed, for the first time, high levels of NOX4 expression in carcinomas of the head and neck (15/19 patients), esophagus (12/18 patients), bladder (10/19 patients), ovary (6/17 patients), and prostate (7/19 patients), as well as malignant melanoma (7/15 patients) when these tumors were compared to histologically-uninvolved specimens from the same organs. Detection of NOX4 protein upregulation by low levels of TGF-β1 demonstrated the sensitivity of this new probe; and immunofluorescence experiments found that high levels of endogenous NOX4 expression in ovarian cancer cells were only demonstrable associated with perinuclear membranes. These studies suggest that NOX4 expression is upregulated, compared to normal tissues, in a well-defined, and specific group of human carcinomas, and that its expression is localized on intracellular membranes in a fashion that could modulate oxidative DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Meitzler
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hala R Makhlouf
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Smitha Antony
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yongzhong Wu
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Donna Butcher
- Pathology/Histotechnology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, NIH, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Guojian Jiang
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Agnes Juhasz
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jiamo Lu
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Iris Dahan
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pidder Jansen-Dürr
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Haymo Pircher
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Universität Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ajay M Shah
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, Cardiovascular Division, James Black Centre, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - James H Doroshow
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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25
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Xu Y, Ge K, Lu J, Huang J, Wei W, Huang Q. MicroRNA-493 suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma tumorigenesis through down-regulation of anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1) and R-Spondin 2 (RSPO2). Biomed Pharmacother 2017. [PMID: 28651234 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is known as a highly prevalent cancer with a poor prognosis and short survival time, despite intensive research and clinical efforts. Increasing numbers of studies have reported that microRNAs are involved in the malignant behavior of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via directly targeting multiple oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Here, we report that the expression of microRNA-493 (miR-493) is decreased in HCC cell lines and in tumor tissues. Overexpression of miR-493 in HCC cells dramatically inhibited cell proliferation and colony-formation in vitro and inhibited tumor formation of HCC cell xenografts in vivo. miR-493 also suppressed cell migration and invasion in HCC cell lines. Novel targets ANTXR1 and RSPO2 were confirmed to be suppressed by miR-493 directly, and overexpression of ANTXR1 and RSPO2 could restore tumorigenesis in miR-493 treated HCC cell. Moreover, Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which was reported to be activated by ANTXR1 and RSPO2, was also inhibited by miR-493 overexpression and might be involved in anti-tumor function of miR-493. These findings suggest that miR-493 acts as a negative regulator in hepatocellular carcinoma progression and may be a potential therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Kuikui Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai High-Tech United Bio-Technological R&D Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201206, China.
| | - Junhao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Jinjiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Qingshan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai High-Tech United Bio-Technological R&D Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201206, China.
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26
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Rojas A, Zhang P, Wang Y, Foo WC, Muñoz NM, Xiao L, Wang J, Gores GJ, Hung MC, Blechacz B. A Positive TGF-β/c-KIT Feedback Loop Drives Tumor Progression in Advanced Primary Liver Cancer. Neoplasia 2017; 18:371-86. [PMID: 27292026 PMCID: PMC4909706 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is globally the second most common cause of cancer mortality. The majority of HCC patients are diagnosed at advanced stage disease for which no curative treatments exist. TGF-β has been identified as a potential therapeutic target. However, the molecular mechanisms mediating its functional switch from a tumor suppressor to tumor promoter in HCC and its interactions with other signaling pathways are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate an aberrant molecular network between the TGF-β and c-KIT pathway that mediates the functional switch of TGF-β to a driver of tumor progression in HCC. TGF-β/SMAD2 signaling transcriptionally regulates expression of the c-KIT receptor ligand (stem cell factor [SCF]) with subsequent auto- and paracrine activation of c-KIT/JAK1/STAT3 signaling. SCF induces TGF-β1 ligand expression via STAT3, thereby forming a positive feedback loop between TGF-β/SMAD and SCF/c-KIT signaling. This network neutralizes TGF-β–mediated cell cycle inhibition and induces tumor cell proliferation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition, migration, and invasion. Disruption of this feedback loop inhibits TGF-β tumor-promoting effects and restores its antiproliferative functions. Consistent with our in vitro data, we demonstrate SCF overexpression and its correlation to SMAD2 and STAT3 activation in human HCC tumors, advanced tumor-node-metastasis stages, and shorter survival. CONCLUSIONS: Canonical TGF-β and c-KIT signaling forms a positive, tumor-promoting feedback loop. Disruption of this loop restores TGF-β tumor suppressor function and provides the rationale for targeting the TGF-β/SCF axis as a novel therapeutic strategy for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Rojas
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Pingyu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Wai Chin Foo
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Nina M Muñoz
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Lianchun Xiao
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Gregory J Gores
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX; Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Boris Blechacz
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
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27
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Kim SH, Kang JG, Kim CS, Ihm SH, Choi MG, Yoo HJ, Lee SJ. Cytotoxic effect of celastrol alone or in combination with paclitaxel on anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317698369. [DOI: 10.1177/1010428317698369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of celastrol alone or in combination with paclitaxel on survival of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells was investigated. In 8505C and SW1736 cells, after treatment of celastrol, cell viability decreased, and cytotoxic activity increased. The protein levels of heat shock protein (hsp) 90, hsp70, Bax, death receptor 5, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) were elevated, and those of Bcl2, phospho-nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), and total and phospho-Akt were reduced. The endoplasmic reticulum stress markers expression and reactive oxygen species production were enhanced. In celastrol-treated cells, N-acetylcysteine increased cell viability and phospho-NF-κB protein levels, and decreased reactive oxygen species production and cytotoxic activity. The protein levels of cyclooxygenase 2, phospho-ERK1/2, phospho-JNK and Bip were diminished. After treatment of both celastrol and paclitaxel, compared with paclitaxel alone, cell viability and the percentage of viable cells were reduced, and death rate and cytotoxic activity were elevated. The protein levels of phospho-ERK1/2, phospho-JNK, Bip, and cyclooxygenase 2, and reactive oxygen species production were enhanced. All of the Combination Index values calculated by Chou–Talalay equation were lower than 1.0, implying the synergism between celastrol and paclitaxel in induction of cell death. In conclusion, our results suggest that celastrol induces cytotoxicity through involvement of Bcl2 family proteins and death receptor, and modulation of phospho-NF-κB, Akt, and mitogen-activated protein kinase in association with endoplasmic reticulum stress and reactive oxygen species production in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells. Moreover, celastrol synergizes with paclitaxel in induction of cytotoxicity in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Hyoung Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Goo Kang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Sik Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Ihm
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Gi Choi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Yoo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Jin Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
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28
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Kim SH, Kang JG, Kim CS, Ihm SH, Choi MG, Yoo HJ, Lee SJ. Doxorubicin has a synergistic cytotoxicity with cucurbitacin B in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317692252. [PMID: 28218042 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317692252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the combined effect of doxorubicin with cucurbitacin B on survival of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells was evaluated. For experiments, 8505C and CAL62 human anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells were used. Cell viability, the percentage of viable cells, and cytotoxic activity were measured using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, multiplexed cytotoxicity assay, and cytotoxicity assay, respectively. Reactive oxygen species production was measured. In experiments, doxorubicin and cucurbitacin B reduced cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Cotreatment of doxorubicin and cucurbitacin B, compared with treatment of doxorubicin alone, decreased the percentage of viable cells and increased cytotoxic activity. All of the combination index values were lower than 1.0, suggesting the synergism between doxorubicin and cucurbitacin B in induction of cytotoxicity. In cells treated with both doxorubicin and cucurbitacin B, compared with doxorubicin alone, the protein levels of cleaved poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase and cyclooxygenase 2 and reactive oxygen species production were enhanced. In contrast, the protein levels of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma 2 and survivin and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma 2/B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma 2-associated x protein ratio were diminished. The protein levels of Janus kinase 2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 were reduced, while phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 protein levels were elevated without change in total extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 protein levels. These results suggest that doxorubicin synergizes with cucurbitacin B in induction of cytotoxicity in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells. Moreover, synergistic cytotoxicity of doxorubicin with cucurbitacin B is mediated by B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma 2 family proteins, survivin, and reactive oxygen species and modulated by Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Hyoung Kim
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Goo Kang
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Sik Kim
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hee Ihm
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Gi Choi
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Yoo
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Jin Lee
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea.,2 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang-Si, Republic of Korea
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29
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ZNF32 contributes to the induction of multidrug resistance by regulating TGF-β receptor 2 signaling in lung adenocarcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2428. [PMID: 27763636 PMCID: PMC5133992 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the most important contributors to the high mortality of cancer and remains a major concern. We previously found that zinc finger protein 32 (ZNF32), an important transcription factor associated with cancer in Homo sapiens, protects tumor cells against cell death induced by oxidative stress and other stimuli. We thus hypothesized that ZNF32 might enable the tolerance of cancer cells to anti-tumor drugs because higher ZNF32 expression has been found in cancer tissues and in drug-resistant lung adenocarcinoma (AC) cells. In this study, we found that ZNF32 is upregulated by Sp1 (specificity protein 1) in response to drug treatment and that ZNF32 promotes drug resistance and protects AC cells against cisplatin or gefitinib treatment. ZNF32 overexpression in AC cells conferred resistance to EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) inhibitors by enhancing MEK/ERK activation. Moreover, ZNF32 was found to directly bind to the TGF-βR2 (transforming growth factor-beta receptor 2) promoter to promote its expression, and ZNF32-induced resistance was mediated by enhancing TGF-βR2 expression and activating the TGF-βR2/SMAD2 pathway. In both a mouse model and ex vivo cultured patient samples, a high level of ZNF32 expression was closely associated with worse overall survival and cisplatin resistance. ZNF32 appears to be a potential inducer of drug resistance that could increase the expression of the drug resistance-associated gene TGF-βR2 and subsequently facilitate the induction of drug resistance during both conventional chemotherapy and novel target therapy. Thus, ZNF32-associated target therapy is a potential novel adjuvant therapy that might effectively prevent the occurrence of multidrug resistance (MDR) during chemotherapy and improve the survival of patients with AC.
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Identification of a novel oxidative stress induced cell death by Sorafenib and oleanolic acid in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 118:9-17. [PMID: 27544320 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The lack of effective chemotherapies in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still an unsolved problem and underlines the need for new strategies in liver cancer treatment. In this study, we present a novel approach to improve the efficacy of Sorafenib, today's only routinely used chemotherapeutic drug for HCC, in combination with triterpenoid oleanolic acid (OA). Our data show that cotreatment with subtoxic concentrations of Sorafenib and OA leads to highly synergistic induction of cell death. Importantly, Sorafenib/OA cotreatment triggers cell damage in a sustained manner and suppresses long-term clonogenic survival. Sorafenib/OA cotreatment induces DNA fragmentation and caspase-3/7 cleavage and the addition of the pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD.fmk shows the requirement of caspase activation for Sorafenib/OA-triggered cell death. Furthermore, Sorafenib/OA co-treatment stimulates a significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Most importantly, the accumulation of intracellular ROS is required for cell death induction, since the addition of ROS scavengers (i.e. α-tocopherol, MnTBAP) that prevent the increase of intracellular ROS levels completely rescues cells from Sorafenib/OA-triggered cell death. In conclusion, OA represents a novel approach to increase the sensitivity of HCC cells to Sorafenib via oxidative stress.
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Liang S, Kisseleva T, Brenner DA. The Role of NADPH Oxidases (NOXs) in Liver Fibrosis and the Activation of Myofibroblasts. Front Physiol 2016; 7:17. [PMID: 26869935 PMCID: PMC4735448 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver injury, resulted from different etiologies (e.g., virus infection, alcohol abuse, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cholestasis) can lead to liver fibrosis characterized by the excess accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (e.g., type I collagen). Hepatic myofibroblasts that are activated upon liver injury are the key producers of ECM proteins, contributing to both the initiation and progression of liver fibrosis. Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and to a lesser extent, portal fibroblast, are believed to be the precursor cells that give rise to hepatic myofibroblasts in response to liver injury. Although, much progress has been made toward dissecting the lineage origin of myofibroblasts, how these cells are activated and become functional producers of ECM proteins remains incompletely understood. Activation of myofibroblasts is a complex process that involves the interactions between parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells, which drives the phenotypic change of HSCs from a quiescent stage to a myofibroblastic and active phenotype. Accumulating evidence has suggested a critical role of NADPH oxidase (NOX), a multi-component complex that catalyzes reactions from molecular oxygen to reactive oxygen species (ROS), in the activation process of hepatic myofibroblasts. NOX isoforms, including NOX1, NOX2 and NOX4, and NOX-derived ROS, have all been implicated to regulate HSC activation and hepatocyte apoptosis, both of which are essential steps for initiating liver fibrosis. This review highlights the importance of NOX isoforms in hepatic myofibroblast activation and the progression of liver fibrosis, and also discusses the therapeutic potential of targeting NOXs for liver fibrosis and associated hepatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liang
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tatiana Kisseleva
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David A Brenner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
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32
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major health problem. In human hepatocarcinogenesis, the balance between cell death and proliferation is deregulated, tipping the scales for a situation where antiapoptotic signals are overpowering the death-triggering stimuli. HCC cells harbor a wide variety of mutations that alter the regulation of apoptosis and hence the response to chemotherapeutical drugs, making them resistant to the proapoptotic signals. Considering all these modifications found in HCC cells, therapeutic approaches need to be carefully studied in order to specifically target the antiapoptotic signals. This review deals with the recent relevant contributions reporting molecular alterations for HCC that lead to a deregulation of apoptosis, as well as the challenge of death-inducing chemotherapeutics in current HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Moreno-Càceres
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Physiological Sciences II, University of Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Physiological Sciences II, University of Barcelona, Spain
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Liu RM, Desai LP. Reciprocal regulation of TGF-β and reactive oxygen species: A perverse cycle for fibrosis. Redox Biol 2015; 6:565-577. [PMID: 26496488 PMCID: PMC4625010 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is the most potent pro-fibrogenic cytokine and its expression is increased in almost all of fibrotic diseases. Although signaling through Smad pathway is believed to play a central role in TGF-β's fibrogenesis, emerging evidence indicates that reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulate TGF-β's signaling through different pathways including Smad pathway. TGF-β1 increases ROS production and suppresses antioxidant enzymes, leading to a redox imbalance. ROS, in turn, induce/activate TGF-β1 and mediate many of TGF-β's fibrogenic effects, forming a vicious cycle (see graphic flow chart on the right). Here, we review the current knowledge on the feed-forward mechanisms between TGF-β1 and ROS in the development of fibrosis. Therapeutics targeting TGF-β-induced and ROS-dependent cellular signaling represents a novel approach in the treatment of fibrotic disorders. TGF-β1 is the most potent ubiquitous profibrogenic cytokine. TGF- β 1 induces redox imbalance by ↑ ROS production and ↓ anti-oxidant defense system Redox imbalance, in turn, activates latent TGF-β1 and induces TGF-β1 expression. Redox imbalance also mediates many of TGF-β1’s profibrogenic effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Ming Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmi ngham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Leena P Desai
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmi ngham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Narayanan KB, Ali M, Barclay BJ, Cheng QS, D'Abronzo L, Dornetshuber-Fleiss R, Ghosh PM, Gonzalez Guzman MJ, Lee TJ, Leung PS, Li L, Luanpitpong S, Ratovitski E, Rojanasakul Y, Romano MF, Romano S, Sinha RK, Yedjou C, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Amedei A, Brown DG, Ryan EP, Colacci A, Hamid RA, Mondello C, Raju J, Salem HK, Woodrick J, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Vaccari M, Roy R, Forte S, Memeo L, Kim SY, Bisson WH, Lowe L, Park HH. Disruptive environmental chemicals and cellular mechanisms that confer resistance to cell death. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S89-110. [PMID: 26106145 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell death is a process of dying within biological cells that are ceasing to function. This process is essential in regulating organism development, tissue homeostasis, and to eliminate cells in the body that are irreparably damaged. In general, dysfunction in normal cellular death is tightly linked to cancer progression. Specifically, the up-regulation of pro-survival factors, including oncogenic factors and antiapoptotic signaling pathways, and the down-regulation of pro-apoptotic factors, including tumor suppressive factors, confers resistance to cell death in tumor cells, which supports the emergence of a fully immortalized cellular phenotype. This review considers the potential relevance of ubiquitous environmental chemical exposures that have been shown to disrupt key pathways and mechanisms associated with this sort of dysfunction. Specifically, bisphenol A, chlorothalonil, dibutyl phthalate, dichlorvos, lindane, linuron, methoxychlor and oxyfluorfen are discussed as prototypical chemical disruptors; as their effects relate to resistance to cell death, as constituents within environmental mixtures and as potential contributors to environmental carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Badri Narayanan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea, Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Malaysia, Plant Biotechnologies Inc, St. Albert AB, Canada, Computer Science Department, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA, Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Austria, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, School of Public Health, Nutrition Program, San Juan Puerto Rico 00936-5067, USA, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, 705-717, South Korea, School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University Of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA, Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, MEM 180, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze, 50134, Italy, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado state University/ Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, 40126, Italy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Se
| | - Manaf Ali
- Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Malaysia
| | | | - Qiang Shawn Cheng
- Computer Science Department, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Leandro D'Abronzo
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | | | - Paramita M Ghosh
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Michael J Gonzalez Guzman
- University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, School of Public Health, Nutrition Program, San Juan Puerto Rico 00936-5067, USA
| | - Tae-Jin Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, 705-717, South Korea
| | - Po Sing Leung
- School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University Of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University Of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Suidjit Luanpitpong
- Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Edward Ratovitski
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Maria Fiammetta Romano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Romano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ranjeet K Sinha
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, MEM 180, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Clement Yedjou
- Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | | | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze, 50134, Italy
| | - Dustin G Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado state University/ Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado state University/ Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA
| | - Annamaria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Roslida A Hamid
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Hosni K Salem
- Urology Department, Kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo, 12515, Egypt
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20057, USA
| | - A Ivana Scovassi
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Neetu Singh
- Advenced Molecular Science Research Centre, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226003, India
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Molecular Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20057, USA
| | - Stefano Forte
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande, 95029, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande, 95029, Italy
| | - Seo Yun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul 139-706, South Korea
| | - William H Bisson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA and
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Hyun Ho Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 712-749, South Korea, Sultan Zainal Abidin University, Malaysia, Plant Biotechnologies Inc, St. Albert AB, Canada, Computer Science Department, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA, Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Austria, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, School of Public Health, Nutrition Program, San Juan Puerto Rico 00936-5067, USA, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, 705-717, South Korea, School of Biomedical Science, The Chinese University Of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China, Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand, Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Head and Neck Cancer Research Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA, Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, MEM 180, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, Department of Biology, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA, Department of Pathology, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Firenze, 50134, Italy, Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado state University/ Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680, USA, Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, 40126, Italy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Se
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García-Álvaro M, Addante A, Roncero C, Fernández M, Fabregat I, Sánchez A, Herrera B. BMP9-Induced Survival Effect in Liver Tumor Cells Requires p38MAPK Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:20431-48. [PMID: 26343646 PMCID: PMC4613212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160920431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) role in tumorigenic processes, and specifically in the liver, has gathered importance in the last few years. Previous studies have shown that BMP9 is overexpressed in about 40% of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. In vitro data have also shown evidence that BMP9 has a pro-tumorigenic action, not only by inducing epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migration, but also by promoting proliferation and survival in liver cancer cells. However, the precise mechanisms driving these effects have not yet been established. In the present work, we deepened our studies into the intracellular mechanisms implicated in the BMP9 proliferative and pro-survival effect on liver tumor cells. In HepG2 cells, BMP9 induces both Smad and non-Smad signaling cascades, specifically PI3K/AKT and p38MAPK. However, only the p38MAPK pathway contributes to the BMP9 growth-promoting effect on these cells. Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we demonstrate that p38MAPK activation, although dispensable for the BMP9 proliferative activity, is required for the BMP9 protective effect on serum withdrawal-induced apoptosis. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the signaling pathways involved in the BMP9 pro-tumorigenic role in liver tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- María García-Álvaro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid. San Carlos Clinical Hospital Health Research Institute (IdISSC), Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Annalisa Addante
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid. San Carlos Clinical Hospital Health Research Institute (IdISSC), Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Cesáreo Roncero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid. San Carlos Clinical Hospital Health Research Institute (IdISSC), Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Margarita Fernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid. San Carlos Clinical Hospital Health Research Institute (IdISSC), Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) and University of Barcelona (UB), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08908, Spain.
| | - Aránzazu Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid. San Carlos Clinical Hospital Health Research Institute (IdISSC), Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Blanca Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid. San Carlos Clinical Hospital Health Research Institute (IdISSC), Plaza Ramón y Cajal S/N, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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Abstract
Liver fibrosis is the pathological consequence of chronic liver diseases, where an excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins occurs, concomitantly with the processes of repair and regeneration. It is characterized by increased production of matrix proteins, in particular collagens, and decreased matrix remodelling. The principal source of ECM accumulation is myofibroblasts (MFB). Most fibrogenic MFB are endogenous to the liver, coming from hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and portal fibroblasts. Dysregulated inflammatory responses have been associated with most (if not all) hepatotoxic insults and chronic oxidative stress play a role during the initial liver inflammatory phase and its progression to fibrosis. Redox-regulated processes are responsible for activation of HSC to MFB, as well as maintenance of the MFB function. Increased oxidative stress also induces hepatocyte apoptosis, which contributes to increase the liver injury and to transdifferentiate HSC to MFB, favouring the fibrogenic process. Mitochondria and other redox-active enzymes can generate superoxide and hydrogen peroxide as a by-product in liver cells. Moreover, accumulating evidence indicates that NADPH oxidases (NOXs), which play a critical role in the inflammatory response, may contribute to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during liver fibrosis, being important players in HSC activation and hepatocyte apoptosis. Based on the knowledge of the pathogenic role of ROS, different strategies to prevent or reverse the oxidative damage have been developed to be used as therapeutic tools in liver fibrosis. This review will update all these concepts, highlighting the relevance of redox biology in chronic fibrogenic liver pathologies. Oxidative stress is a major cause for initiation/progression of liver fibrosis. Redox-regulated processes activate hepatic stellate cells to myofibroblasts. Increased oxidative stress induces hepatocyte apoptosis. NOX inhibitors are considered as a new strategy to prevent/reverse liver fibrosis. NADPH oxidases (NOX) have been involved in liver fibrogenic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Crosas-Molist
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Physiological Sciences II, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain.
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Afanas'ev I. Mechanisms of superoxide signaling in epigenetic processes: relation to aging and cancer. Aging Dis 2015; 6:216-27. [PMID: 26029480 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2014.0924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Superoxide is a precursor of many free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in biological systems. It has been shown that superoxide regulates major epigenetic processes of DNA methylation, histone methylation, and histone acetylation. We suggested that superoxide, being a radical anion and a strong nucleophile, could participate in DNA methylation and histone methylation and acetylation through mechanism of nucleophilic substitution and free radical abstraction. In nucleophilic reactions superoxide is able to neutralize positive charges of methyl donors S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) and acetyl-coenzyme A (AcCoA) enhancing their nucleophilic capacity or to deprotonate cytosine. In the reversed free radical reactions of demethylation and deacetylation superoxide is formed catalytically by the (Tet) family of dioxygenates and converted into the iron form of hydroxyl radical with subsequent oxidation and final eradication of methyl substituents. Double role of superoxide in these epigenetic processes might be of importance for understanding of ROS effects under physiological and pathological conditions including cancer and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Afanas'ev
- Vitamin Research Institute, Moscow, Russia, Porto, Portugal
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38
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Delire B, Stärkel P. The Ras/MAPK pathway and hepatocarcinoma: pathogenesis and therapeutic implications. Eur J Clin Invest 2015; 45:609-23. [PMID: 25832714 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still a major health problem, often diagnosed at an advanced stage. The multikinase inhibitor sorafenib is to date the sole approved systemic therapy. Several signalling pathways are implicated in tumour development and progression. Among these pathways, the Ras/MAPK pathway is activated in 50-100% of human HCCs and is correlated with a poor prognosis. The aim of this work was to review the main intracellular mechanisms leading to aberrant Ras pathway activation in HCC and the potential therapeutic implications. MATERIALS AND METHODS This review is based on the material found on PubMed up to December 2014. 'Ras signaling, Ras dysregulation, Ras inhibition, MAPK pathway, cancer, hepatocarcinoma and liver cancer' alone or in combination were the main terms used for online research. RESULTS Multiple mechanisms lead to the deregulation of the Ras pathway in liver cancer. Ras and Raf gene mutations are rare events in human hepatocarcinogenesis in contrast to experimental models in rodents. Downregulation of several Ras/MAPK pathway inhibitors such as GAPs, RASSF proteins, DUSP1, Sprouty and Spred proteins is largely implicated in the aberrant activation of this pathway in the context of wild-type Ras and Raf genes. Epigenetic or post-transcriptional mechanisms lead to the downregulation of these tumour suppressor genes. CONCLUSION Ras/MAPK pathway effectors may be considered as potential therapeutic targets in the field of HCC. In particular after the arrival of sorafenib, more Ras/MAPK inhibitors have emerged and are still in preclinical or clinical investigation for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Delire
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Stärkel
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology, Saint-Luc Academic Hospital and Institute of Clinical Research, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Hubackova S, Kucerova A, Michlits G, Kyjacova L, Reinis M, Korolov O, Bartek J, Hodny Z. IFNγ induces oxidative stress, DNA damage and tumor cell senescence via TGFβ/SMAD signaling-dependent induction of Nox4 and suppression of ANT2. Oncogene 2015; 35:1236-49. [PMID: 25982278 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence provides a biological barrier against tumor progression, often associated with oncogene-induced replication and/or oxidative stress, cytokine production and DNA damage response (DDR), leading to persistent cell-cycle arrest. While cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) and interferon gamma (IFNγ) are important components of senescence-associated secretome and induce senescence in, for example, mouse pancreatic β-cancer cell model, their downstream signaling pathway(s) and links with oxidative stress and DDR are mechanistically unclear. Using human and mouse normal and cancer cell models, we now show that TNFα and IFNγ induce NADPH oxidases Nox4 and Nox1, reactive oxygen species (ROS), DDR signaling and premature senescence. Unlike mouse tumor cells that required concomitant presence of IFNγ and TNFα, short exposure to IFNγ alone was sufficient to induce Nox4, Nox1 and DDR in human cells. siRNA-mediated knockdown of Nox4 but not Nox1 decreased IFNγ-induced DDR. The expression of Nox4/Nox1 required Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling and the effect was mediated by downstream activation of transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) secretion and consequent autocrine/paracrine activation of the TGFβ/Smad pathway. Furthermore, the expression of adenine nucleotide translocase 2 (ANT2) was suppressed by IFNγ contributing to elevation of ROS and DNA damage. In contrast to mouse B16 cells, inability of TC-1 cells to respond to IFNγ/TNFα by DDR and senescence correlated with the lack of TGFβ and Nox4 response, supporting the role of ROS induced by NADPH oxidases in cytokine-induced senescence. Overall, our data reveal differences between cytokine effects in mouse and human cells, and mechanistically implicate the TGFβ/SMAD pathway, via induction of NADPH oxidases and suppression of ANT2, as key mediators of IFNγ/TNFα-evoked genotoxicity and cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hubackova
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A Kucerova
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - G Michlits
- Department of Tumour Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Kyjacova
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Reinis
- Department of Tumour Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - O Korolov
- Department of Tumour Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Bartek
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.,Genome Integrity Unit, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Z Hodny
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics, v.v.i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Hepatocyte fate upon TGF-β challenge is determined by the matrix environment. Differentiation 2015; 89:105-16. [PMID: 25982745 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Primary hepatocytes are a versatile tool to investigate all aspects of liver function, and frequently used in drug development and testing. Upon TGF-β challenge, hepatocytes either undergo an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) or apoptosis: culture on stiff collagen (monolayer) results in EMT whereas hepatocytes in a soft collagen matrix (sandwich) undergo programmed cell death. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptional programs triggered by TGF-β under different culture conditions. Our results indicate that TGF-β initiates an identical transcription profile in hepatocytes irrespective of the cellular environment. The fact that we nevertheless observe two vastly different phenotypes indicates that the matrix environment rather than the TGF-β induced expression signature is the major determinant of the hepatocellular response. To confirm the impact of the surrounding matrix environment on the hepatocytes׳ phenotype in response to TGF-β signaling, we studied the effect of Snail overexpression and knockout in both culture conditions. Neither genetic manipulation showed an impact on hepatocytes' fate upon TGF-β treatment, confirming the crucial role of the surrounding matrix. Our findings provide novel insights into the hepatocellular basis of the fate decision between EMT and apoptotic cell death, and might explain why liver cells can react in very different manners to identical stimuli when tissue remodeling has changed the matrix environment, as occurs in a fibrotic liver.
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Guo S, Chen X. The human Nox4: gene, structure, physiological function and pathological significance. J Drug Target 2015; 23:888-96. [PMID: 25950600 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1036276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer. NADPH oxidase (Nox), a multicomponent enzyme, has been identified as one of the key sources of ROS. Nox4, one of the seven members of Nox family (Nox1, Nox2, Nox3, Nox4, Nox5, Duox1 and Duox2), has been extensively investigated in recent years. Its unique structures result in the constitutive generation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as the main product. As a key oxygen sensor, Nox4-derived H2O2 plays diverse roles in cell proliferation, migration and death. Increased expression of Nox4 in cancer has been observed, which participates in metastasis, angiogenesis and apoptosis. Expression of Nox4 in endothelial cells actively mediated endothelial activation, dysfunction and injury, which contributes to the development of atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and among others. This article explores the experimental studies related to the gene, structure, physiological function and pathological significance of Nox4. As Nox4 might serve as a potential target for the therapy of cardiovascular diseases and cancer, the Nox4 inhibitor is also discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Guo
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao , China
| | - Xiuping Chen
- a State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao , China
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Yang Y, Li M, Chang S, Wang L, Song T, Gao L, Hu L, Li Z, Liu L, Yao J, Huang C. MicroRNA-195 acts as a tumor suppressor by directly targeting Wnt3a in HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:2643-8. [PMID: 25174704 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, non‑coding, endogenous RNAs that are important in tumor cell biological processes as they regulate gene expression. miR-195 has been demonstrated to be a tumor repressor in numerous types of human cancer. However, the mechanism by which miR‑195 suppresses tumor development remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of miR-195 on the biological functions of HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and identify the association between miR-195 and Wnt3a in HCC. miR-195 mRNA expression levels in HCC tissues and cell lines were measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis. miR-195 function was measured with cell proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis assays following transfection with miR‑195 and anti‑miR‑195 sequences, and the respective controls. Luciferase reporter assay was used to determine whether Wnt3a was a target of miR-195. In addition, Wnt3a expression levels were determined in HCC cells using western blot analysis. The miR-195 expression levels were found to be reduced in HCC tissues and cell lines. miR-195 overexpression resulted in a reduction in cell proliferation. In addition, the overexpression of miR-195 in HCC cells induced G1 phase cell cycle arrest and promoted apoptosis. Furthermore, Wnt3a was demonstrated to be directly targeted by miR-195. These findings suggest that miR-195 is key in regulating cell proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis through targeting Wnt3a. In addition, overexpression of miR-195 may be a potential therapeutic strategy in the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Menghe Li
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Su'e Chang
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Lumin Wang
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Tusheng Song
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Ling Gao
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Lili Hu
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Zongfang Li
- Engineering Research Center of Biotherapy and Translational Medicine of Shaanxi Province, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Liying Liu
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jiayi Yao
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Han LL, Lv Y, Guo H, Ruan ZP, Nan KJ. Implications of biomarkers in human hepatocellular carcinoma pathogenesis and therapy. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:10249-10261. [PMID: 25132742 PMCID: PMC4130833 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i30.10249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent tumors worldwide and accounts for approximately one-third of all malignancies. In the past decade, advances have been made to improve the prognosis of HCC, including improvement in the clinical diagnosis of early-stage HCC using molecular biomarkers and molecular-targeted therapy to treat advanced HCC. However, the diagnosis, pathogenesis and targeted therapy of HCC are not completely independent, and should be comprehensively studied. For example, a number of tumor markers provide useful clinical information not only for prognosis, but also in pathogenesis and treatment efficacy. Therefore, this review will focus on the role of several specific biomarkers implicated in the pathogenesis of HCC and several promising molecular-targeted drugs that target the biomarkers of HCC.
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Choi J, Corder NLB, Koduru B, Wang Y. Oxidative stress and hepatic Nox proteins in chronic hepatitis C and hepatocellular carcinoma. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 72:267-84. [PMID: 24816297 PMCID: PMC4099059 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver cancer and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major etiologic agent of HCC. A majority of HCV infections lead to chronic infection that can progress to cirrhosis and, eventually, HCC and liver failure. A common pathogenic feature present in HCV infection, and other conditions leading to HCC, is oxidative stress. HCV directly increases superoxide and H2O2 formation in hepatocytes by elevating Nox protein expression and sensitizing mitochondria to reactive oxygen species generation while decreasing glutathione. Nitric oxide synthesis and hepatic iron are also elevated. Furthermore, activation of phagocytic NADPH oxidase (Nox) 2 of host immune cells is likely to exacerbate oxidative stress in HCV-infected patients. Key mechanisms of HCC include genome instability, epigenetic regulation, inflammation with chronic tissue injury and sustained cell proliferation, and modulation of cell growth and death. Oxidative stress, or Nox proteins, plays various roles in these mechanisms. Nox proteins also function in hepatic fibrosis, which commonly precedes HCC, and Nox4 elevation by HCV is mediated by transforming growth factor β. This review summarizes mechanisms of oncogenesis by HCV, highlighting the roles of oxidative stress and hepatic Nox enzymes in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinah Choi
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
| | - Nicole L B Corder
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Bhargav Koduru
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Yiyan Wang
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
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45
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TONG DANDAN, QU HUI, MENG XIANGNING, JIANG YANG, LIU DUANYANG, YE SHENGQIAN, CHEN HE, JIN YAN, FU SONGBIN, GENG JINGSHU. S-allylmercaptocysteine promotes MAPK inhibitor-induced apoptosis by activating the TGF-β signaling pathway in cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:1124-32. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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46
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Paik YH, Kim J, Aoyama T, De Minicis S, Bataller R, Brenner DA. Role of NADPH oxidases in liver fibrosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:2854-72. [PMID: 24040957 PMCID: PMC4026397 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Hepatic fibrosis is the common pathophysiologic process resulting from chronic liver injury, characterized by the accumulation of an excessive extracellular matrix. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) is a multicomponent enzyme complex that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to a wide range of stimuli. In addition to phagocytic NOX2, there are six nonphagocytic NOX proteins. RECENT ADVANCES In the liver, NOX is functionally expressed both in the phagocytic form and in the nonphagocytic form. NOX-derived ROS contributes to various kinds of liver disease caused by alcohol, hepatitis C virus, and toxic bile acids. Recent evidence indicates that both phagocytic NOX2 and nonphagocytic NOX isoforms, including NOX1 and NOX4, mediate distinct profibrogenic actions in hepatic stellate cells, the main fibrogenic cell type in the liver. The critical role of NOX in hepatic fibrogenesis provides a rationale to assess pharmacological NOX inhibitors that treat hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease. CRITICAL ISSUES Although there is compelling evidence indicating a crucial role for NOX-mediated ROS generation in hepatic fibrogenesis, little is known about the expression, subcellular localization, regulation, and redox signaling of NOX isoforms in specific cell types in the liver. Moreover, the exact mechanism of NOX-mediated fibrogenic signaling is still largely unknown. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A better understanding through further research about NOX-mediated fibrogenic signaling may enable the development of novel anti-fibrotic therapy using NOX inhibition strategy. Antio
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Han Paik
- 1 Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
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Pan Y, Ye S, Yuan D, Zhang J, Bai Y, Shao C. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)/cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) pathway contributes to the proliferation of hepatoma cells. Mutat Res 2014; 763-764:10-18. [PMID: 24657251 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)/cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE) pathway has been demonstrated to play vital roles in physiology and pathophysiology. However, its role in tumor cell proliferation remains largely unclear. Here we found that CSE over-expressed in hepatoma HepG2 and PLC/PRF/5 cells. Inhibition of endogenous H2S/CSE pathway drastically decreased the proliferation of HepG2 and PLC/PRF/5 cells, and it also enhanced ROS production and mitochondrial disruption, pronounced DNA damage and increased apoptosis. Moreover, this increase of apoptosis was associated with the activation of p53 and p21 accompanied by a decreased ratio of Bcl-2/Bax and up-regulation of phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and caspase-3 activity. In addition, the negative regulation of cell proliferation by inhibition of H2S/CSE system correlated with the blockage of cell mitogenic and survival signal transduction of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) via down-regulating the extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activation. These results demonstrate that H2S/CSE and its downstream pathway contribute to the proliferation of hepatoma cells, and inhibition of this pathway strongly suppress the excessive growth of hepatoma cells by stimulating mitochondrial apoptosis and suppressing cell growth signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Pan
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, No. 2094 Xie-Tu Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shuang Ye
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, No. 2094 Xie-Tu Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dexiao Yuan
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, No. 2094 Xie-Tu Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jianghong Zhang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, No. 2094 Xie-Tu Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, No. 2094 Xie-Tu Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chunlin Shao
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, No. 2094 Xie-Tu Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Crosas-Molist E, Bertran E, Sancho P, López-Luque J, Fernando J, Sánchez A, Fernández M, Navarro E, Fabregat I. The NADPH oxidase NOX4 inhibits hepatocyte proliferation and liver cancer progression. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 69:338-47. [PMID: 24509161 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The NADPH oxidase NOX4 has emerged as an important source of reactive oxygen species in signal transduction, playing roles in physiological and pathological processes. NOX4 mediates transforming growth factor-β-induced intracellular signals that provoke liver fibrosis, and preclinical assays have suggested NOX4 inhibitors as useful tools to ameliorate this process. However, the potential consequences of sustained treatment of liver cells with NOX4 inhibitors are yet unknown. The aim of this work was to analyze whether NOX4 plays a role in regulating liver cell growth either under physiological conditions or during tumorigenesis. In vitro assays proved that stable knockdown of NOX4 expression in human liver tumor cells increased cell proliferation, which correlated with a higher percentage of cells in S/G2/M phases of the cell cycle, downregulation of p21(CIP1/WAF1), increase in cyclin D1 protein levels, and nuclear localization of β-catenin. Silencing of NOX4 in untransformed human and mouse hepatocytes also increased their in vitro proliferative capacity. In vivo analysis in mice revealed that NOX4 expression was downregulated under physiological proliferative situations of the liver, such as regeneration after partial hepatectomy, as well as during pathological proliferative conditions, such as diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Xenograft experiments in athymic mice indicated that NOX4 silencing conferred an advantage to human hepatocarcinoma cells, resulting in earlier onset of tumor formation and increase in tumor size. Interestingly, immunochemical analyses of NOX4 expression in human liver tumor cell lines and tissues revealed decreased NOX4 protein levels in liver tumorigenesis. Overall, results described here strongly suggest that NOX4 would play a growth-inhibitory role in liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Crosas-Molist
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Bertran
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Sancho
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit López-Luque
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Fernando
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28080 Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Fernández
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28080 Madrid, Spain
| | - Estanis Navarro
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08908 Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, Universitat de Barcelona, Campus de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain.
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Intrahepatic microcirculatory disorder, parenchymal hypoxia and NOX4 upregulation result in zonal differences in hepatocyte apoptosis following lipopolysaccharide- and D-galactosamine-induced acute liver failure in rats. Int J Mol Med 2013; 33:254-62. [PMID: 24317376 PMCID: PMC3896462 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the mechanisms responsible for acute liver failure (ALF) have not yet been fully elucidated, studies have indicated that intrahepatic macrophage activation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ALF through intrahepatic microcirculatory disorder and consequent parenchymal cell death. Intrahepatic microcirculatory disorder has been demonstrated in animal models using intravital microscopy; however, the limitations of this method include simultaneously evaluating blood flow and the surrounding pathological changes. Therefore, in this study, we devised a novel method involving tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC)-dextran administration for the pathological assessment of hepatic microcirculation. In addition, we aimed to elucidate the mechanisms through which intrahepatic microcirculatory disorder progresses with relation to activated macrophages. ALF was induced in Wistar rats by exposure to lipopolysaccharide and D-galactosamine. Intrahepatic microcirculation and microcirculatory disorder in zone 3 (pericentral zone) of the livers of rats with ALF was observed. Immunohistochemical examinations in conjunction with TRITC-dextran images revealed that the macrophages were mainly distributed in zone 2 (intermediate zone), while cleaved caspase-3-positive hepatocytes, pimonidazole and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α were abundant in zone 3. We also found that 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX)4-positive cells were predominantly located in the zone 3 parenchyma. The majority of apoptotic hepatocytes in zone 3 were co-localized with NOX4. Our results revealed that the apoptotic cells in zone 3 were a result of hypoxic conditions induced by intrahepatic microcirculatory disorder, and were not induced by activated macrophages. The increased levels of oxidative stress in zone 3 may contribute to the progression of hepatocyte apoptosis.
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Bertran E, Crosas-Molist E, Sancho P, Caja L, Lopez-Luque J, Navarro E, Egea G, Lastra R, Serrano T, Ramos E, Fabregat I. Overactivation of the TGF-β pathway confers a mesenchymal-like phenotype and CXCR4-dependent migratory properties to liver tumor cells. Hepatology 2013; 58:2032-44. [PMID: 23813475 DOI: 10.1002/hep.26597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is an important regulatory suppressor factor in hepatocytes. However, liver tumor cells develop mechanisms to overcome its suppressor effects and respond to this cytokine by inducing other processes, such as the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which contributes to tumor progression and dissemination. Recent studies have placed chemokines and their receptors at the center not only of physiological cell migration but also of pathological processes, such as metastasis in cancer. In particular, CXCR4 and its ligand, stromal cell-derived factor 1α (SDF-1α) / chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12) have been revealed as regulatory molecules involved in the spreading and progression of a variety of tumors. Here we show that autocrine stimulation of TGF-β in human liver tumor cells correlates with a mesenchymal-like phenotype, resistance to TGF-β-induced suppressor effects, and high expression of CXCR4, which is required for TGF-β-induced cell migration. Silencing of the TGF-β receptor1 (TGFBR1), or its specific inhibition, recovered the epithelial phenotype and attenuated CXCR4 expression, inhibiting cell migratory capacity. In an experimental mouse model of hepatocarcinogenesis (diethylnitrosamine-induced), tumors showed increased activation of the TGF-β pathway and enhanced CXCR4 levels. In human hepatocellular carcinoma tumors, high levels of CXCR4 always correlated with activation of the TGF-β pathway, a less differentiated phenotype, and a cirrhotic background. CXCR4 concentrated at the tumor border and perivascular areas, suggesting its potential involvement in tumor cell dissemination. CONCLUSION A crosstalk exists among the TGF-β and CXCR4 pathways in liver tumors, reflecting a novel molecular mechanism that explains the protumorigenic effects of TGF-β and opens new perspectives for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Bertran
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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