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Hua M, Chen Y, Jia M, Lv W, Xu Y, Zhang Y. RNA-binding protein THUMPD2 inhibits proliferation and promotes metastasis in epithelial ovarian cancer. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33201. [PMID: 39071668 PMCID: PMC11279259 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is a common and lethal gynaecological malignancy. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play a crucial role in governing RNA metabolism and have been implicated in the development and progression of diverse cancer types. Slight alterations in RBPs' expression or activity can induce substantial modifications in the regulatory network. THUMPD2, as member of the RBP family, was found to have differential expression in ovarian cancer, with the mechanism has not been studied yet. In this study, THUMPD2 protein was found to be weakly expressed in the early (I + II) stages of OC (P = 0.013), with a low expression rate of 78.6 %, and highly expressed in late (III + IV) stages (P = 0.009), with a high expression rate of 84.8 %. The shRNA-mediated knockdown of THUMPD2 in OVCAR3 and SKOV3 cells resulted in increased cell proliferation but inhibited metastasis, whereas THUMPD2 overexpression had the opposite effect. THUMPD2 overexpression suppressed tumour growth in vivo. Conversely, low THUMPD2 expression promoted tumour growth. Furthermore, we identified the potential target genes and pathways of THUMPD2 using GO and KEGG analyses, which were related to the centrosome, microtubules, cell cycle, and extracellular matrix. We demonstrated that low expression of THUMPD2 in the early stage promoted tumour growth and high expression in the late stage promoted tumour metastasis. Our findings reveal the dual function of THUMPD2 in OC and suggest that THUMPD2 may serve as a therapeutic target for the treatment of OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhui Hua
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Meiqun Jia
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Wenxuan Lv
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yunzhao Xu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yuquan Zhang
- Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
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Wei Z, Zhao Y, Cai J, Xie Y. The Nucleolar Protein C1orf131 Is a Novel Gene Involved in the Progression of Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells through the AKT Signalling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6381. [PMID: 38928092 PMCID: PMC11203618 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most widespread cancer in the world, and its development is associated with complex biological mechanisms that are poorly understood. Here, we revealed a marked upregulation in the mRNA level of C1orf131 in LUAD samples compared to non-tumor tissue samples in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Depletion of C1orf131 suppressed cell proliferation and growth, whereas it stimulated apoptosis in LUAD cells. Mechanistic investigations revealed that C1orf131 knockdown induced cell cycle dysregulation via the AKT and p53/p21 signalling pathways. Additionally, C1orf131 knockdown blocked cell migration through the modulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in lung adenocarcinoma. Notably, we identified the C1orf131 protein nucleolar localization sequence, which included amino acid residues 137-142 (KKRKLT) and 240-245 (KKKRKG). Collectively, C1orf131 has potential as a novel therapeutic marker for patients in the future, as it plays a vital role in the progression of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Wei
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, the College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China;
| | - Yiming Zhao
- College of Medical Informatics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China;
| | - Jing Cai
- National Talent Introduction Demonstration Base, the College of Basic Medicine, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China;
| | - Yajun Xie
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, the College of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China;
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Yue W, Li X, Zhan X, Wang L, Ma J, Bi M, Wang Q, Gu X, Xie B, Liu T, Guo H, Zhu X, Song C, Qiao J, Li M. PARP inhibitors suppress tumours via centrosome error-induced senescence independent of DNA damage response. EBioMedicine 2024; 103:105129. [PMID: 38640836 PMCID: PMC11052917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have emerged as promising chemotherapeutic drugs primarily against BRCA1/2-associated tumours, known as synthetic lethality. However, recent clinical trials reported patients' survival benefits from PARP inhibitor treatments, irrelevant to homologous recombination deficiency. Therefore, revealing the therapeutic mechanism of PARP inhibitors beyond DNA damage repair is urgently needed, which can facilitate precision medicine. METHODS A CRISPR-based knock-in technology was used to establish stable BRCA1 mutant cancer cells. The effects of PARP inhibitors on BRCA1 mutant cancer cells were evaluated by biochemical and cell biological experiments. Finally, we validated its in vivo effects in xenograft and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) tumour mice. FINDINGS In this study, we uncovered that the majority of clinical BRCA1 mutations in breast cancers were in and near the middle of the gene, rather than in essential regions for DNA damage repair. Representative mutations such as R1085I and E1222Q caused transient extra spindle poles during mitosis in cancer cells. PAR, which is synthesized by PARP2 but not PARP1 at mitotic centrosomes, clustered these transient extra poles, independent of DNA damage response. Common PARP inhibitors could effectively suppress PARP2-synthesized PAR and induce cell senescence by abrogating the correction of mitotic extra-pole error. INTERPRETATION Our findings uncover an alternative mechanism by which PARP inhibitors efficiently suppress tumours, thereby pointing to a potential new therapeutic strategy for centrosome error-related tumours. FUNDING Funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (T2225006, 82272948, 82103106), Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (Key program Z220011), and the National Clinical Key Specialty Construction Program, P. R. China (2023).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China; National Clinical Research Centre for Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China; National Clinical Research Centre for Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Centre for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Centre for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jihong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China; National Clinical Research Centre for Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Meiyu Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China; National Clinical Research Centre for Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qilong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China; National Clinical Research Centre for Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaoyang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China; National Clinical Research Centre for Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Bingteng Xie
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biological Diagnosis and Treatment (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology), School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Hongyan Guo
- National Clinical Research Centre for Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China; National Clinical Research Centre for Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Chen Song
- Centre for Quantitative Biology, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Peking-Tsinghua Centre for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jie Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China; National Clinical Research Centre for Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Mo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Female Fertility Promotion, Centre for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China; National Clinical Research Centre for Obstetrics and Gynaecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Schatten H. The Impact of Centrosome Pathologies on Ovarian Cancer Development and Progression with a Focus on Centrosomes as Therapeutic Target. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1452:37-64. [PMID: 38805124 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-58311-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The impact of centrosome abnormalities on cancer cell proliferation has been recognized as early as 1914 (Boveri, Zur Frage der Entstehung maligner Tumoren. Jena: G. Fisher, 1914), but vigorous research on molecular levels has only recently started when it became fully apparent that centrosomes can be targeted for new cancer therapies. While best known for their microtubule-organizing capabilities as MTOC (microtubule organizing center) in interphase and mitosis, centrosomes are now further well known for a variety of different functions, some of which are related to microtubule organization and consequential activities such as cell division, migration, maintenance of cell shape, and vesicle transport powered by motor proteins, while other functions include essential roles in cell cycle regulation, metabolic activities, signal transduction, proteolytic activity, and several others that are now heavily being investigated for their role in diseases and disorders (reviewed in Schatten and Sun, Histochem Cell Biol 150:303-325, 2018; Schatten, Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 235:43-50, 2022a; Schatten, Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 235:17-35, 2022b).Cancer cell centrosomes differ from centrosomes in noncancer cells in displaying specific abnormalities that include phosphorylation abnormalities, overexpression of specific centrosomal proteins, abnormalities in centriole and centrosome duplication, formation of multipolar spindles that play a role in aneuploidy and genomic instability, and several others that are highlighted in the present review on ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer cell centrosomes, like those in other cancers, display complex abnormalities that in part are based on the heterogeneity of cells in the cancer tissues resulting from different etiologies of individual cancer cells that will be discussed in more detail in this chapter.Because of the critical role of centrosomes in cancer cell proliferation, several lines of research are being pursued to target centrosomes for therapeutic intervention to inhibit abnormal cancer cell proliferation and control tumor progression. Specific centrosome abnormalities observed in ovarian cancer will be addressed in this chapter with a focus on targeting such aberrations for ovarian cancer-specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heide Schatten
- University of Missouri-Columbia Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Columbia, MO, USA.
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5
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Martino J, Siri SO, Calzetta NL, Paviolo NS, Garro C, Pansa MF, Carbajosa S, Brown AC, Bocco JL, Gloger I, Drewes G, Madauss KP, Soria G, Gottifredi V. Inhibitors of Rho kinases (ROCK) induce multiple mitotic defects and synthetic lethality in BRCA2-deficient cells. eLife 2023; 12:e80254. [PMID: 37073955 PMCID: PMC10185344 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The trapping of Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) on DNA caused by PARP inhibitors (PARPi) triggers acute DNA replication stress and synthetic lethality (SL) in BRCA2-deficient cells. Hence, DNA damage is accepted as a prerequisite for SL in BRCA2-deficient cells. In contrast, here we show that inhibiting ROCK in BRCA2-deficient cells triggers SL independently from acute replication stress. Such SL is preceded by polyploidy and binucleation resulting from cytokinesis failure. Such initial mitosis abnormalities are followed by other M phase defects, including anaphase bridges and abnormal mitotic figures associated with multipolar spindles, supernumerary centrosomes and multinucleation. SL was also triggered by inhibiting Citron Rho-interacting kinase, another enzyme that, similarly to ROCK, regulates cytokinesis. Together, these observations demonstrate that cytokinesis failure triggers mitotic abnormalities and SL in BRCA2-deficient cells. Furthermore, the prevention of mitotic entry by depletion of Early mitotic inhibitor 1 (EMI1) augmented the survival of BRCA2-deficient cells treated with ROCK inhibitors, thus reinforcing the association between M phase and cell death in BRCA2-deficient cells. This novel SL differs from the one triggered by PARPi and uncovers mitosis as an Achilles heel of BRCA2-deficient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Cintia Garro
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de CórdobaCórdobaArgentina
- OncoPrecisionCórdobaArgentina
| | - Maria F Pansa
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de CórdobaCórdobaArgentina
| | - Sofía Carbajosa
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de CórdobaCórdobaArgentina
- OncoPrecisionCórdobaArgentina
| | - Aaron C Brown
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research InstituteScarboroughUnited States
| | - José Luis Bocco
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de CórdobaCórdobaArgentina
| | - Israel Gloger
- GlaxoSmithKline-Trust in Science, Global Health R&DStevenageUnited Kingdom
| | - Gerard Drewes
- GlaxoSmithKline-Trust in Science, Global Health R&DStevenageUnited Kingdom
| | - Kevin P Madauss
- GlaxoSmithKline-Trust in Science, Global Health R&DUpper ProvidenceUnited States
| | - Gastón Soria
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, CIBICI-CONICET, Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de CórdobaCórdobaArgentina
- OncoPrecisionCórdobaArgentina
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Jasiak A, Koczkowska M, Stukan M, Wydra D, Biernat W, Izycka-Swieszewska E, Buczkowski K, Eccles MR, Walker L, Wasag B, Ratajska M. Analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 alternative splicing in predisposition to ovarian cancer. Exp Mol Pathol 2023; 130:104856. [PMID: 36791903 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2023.104856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mRNA splicing is regulated on multiple levels, resulting in the proper distribution of genes' transcripts in each cell and maintaining cell homeostasis. At the same time, the expression of alternative transcripts can change in response to underlying genetic variants, often missed during routine diagnostics. AIM The main aim of this study was to define the frequency of aberrant splicing in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in blood RNA extracted from ovarian cancer patients who were previously found negative for the presence of pathogenic alterations in the 25 most commonly analysed ovarian cancer genes, including BRCA1 and BRCA2. MATERIAL AND METHODS Frequency and spectrum of splicing alterations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes were analysed in blood RNA from 101 ovarian cancer patients and healthy controls (80 healthy women) using PCR followed by gel electrophoresis and Sanger sequencing. The expression of splicing events was examined using RT-qPCR. RESULTS We did not identify any novel, potentially pathogenic splicing alterations. Nevertheless, we detected six naturally occurring transcripts, named BRCA1ΔE9-10, BRCA1ΔE11, BRCA1ΔE11q, and BRCA2ΔE3, BRCA2ΔE12 and BRCA2ΔE17-18 of which three (BRCA1ΔE11q, BRCA1ΔE11 and BRCA2ΔE3) were significantly higher expressed in the ovarian cancer cohort than in healthy controls (p ≤ 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS This observation indicates that the upregulation of selected naturally occurring transcripts can be stimulated by non-genetic mechanisms and be a potential systemic response to disease progression and/or treatment. However, this hypothesis requires further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jasiak
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Koczkowska
- 3P Medicine Laboratory, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Maciej Stukan
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Gdynia Oncology Center, Pomeranian Hospitals, Gdynia, Poland; Department Oncological Propedeutics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dariusz Wydra
- Department of Gynaecology, Gynaecological Oncology and Gynaecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Biernat
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Kamil Buczkowski
- Department of Pathology & Neuropathology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michael R Eccles
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Logan Walker
- Department of Pathology and Biomedical Science, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bartosz Wasag
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Laboratory of Clinical Genetics, University Clinical Centre, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Ratajska
- Department of Biology and Medical Genetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand.
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7
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Ikeda D, Chi S, Uchiyama S, Nakamura H, Guo YM, Yamauchi N, Yuda J, Minami Y. Molecular Classification and Overcoming Therapy Resistance for Acute Myeloid Leukemia with Adverse Genetic Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5950. [PMID: 35682627 PMCID: PMC9180585 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The European LeukemiaNet (ELN) criteria define the adverse genetic factors of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). AML with adverse genetic factors uniformly shows resistance to standard chemotherapy and is associated with poor prognosis. Here, we focus on the biological background and real-world etiology of these adverse genetic factors and then describe a strategy to overcome the clinical disadvantages in terms of targeting pivotal molecular mechanisms. Different adverse genetic factors often rely on common pathways. KMT2A rearrangement, DEK-NUP214 fusion, and NPM1 mutation are associated with the upregulation of HOX genes. The dominant tyrosine kinase activity of the mutant FLT3 or BCR-ABL1 fusion proteins is transduced by the AKT-mTOR, MAPK-ERK, and STAT5 pathways. Concurrent mutations of ASXL1 and RUNX1 are associated with activated AKT. Both TP53 mutation and mis-expressed MECOM are related to impaired apoptosis. Clinical data suggest that adverse genetic factors can be found in at least one in eight AML patients and appear to accumulate in relapsed/refractory cases. TP53 mutation is associated with particularly poor prognosis. Molecular-targeted therapies focusing on specific genomic abnormalities, such as FLT3, KMT2A, and TP53, have been developed and have demonstrated promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ikeda
- Department of Hematology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan; (D.I.); (S.C.); (S.U.); (H.N.); (Y.-M.G.); (N.Y.); (J.Y.)
- Department of Hematology, Kameda Medical Center, Kamogawa 296-8602, Japan
| | - SungGi Chi
- Department of Hematology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan; (D.I.); (S.C.); (S.U.); (H.N.); (Y.-M.G.); (N.Y.); (J.Y.)
| | - Satoshi Uchiyama
- Department of Hematology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan; (D.I.); (S.C.); (S.U.); (H.N.); (Y.-M.G.); (N.Y.); (J.Y.)
| | - Hirotaka Nakamura
- Department of Hematology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan; (D.I.); (S.C.); (S.U.); (H.N.); (Y.-M.G.); (N.Y.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yong-Mei Guo
- Department of Hematology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan; (D.I.); (S.C.); (S.U.); (H.N.); (Y.-M.G.); (N.Y.); (J.Y.)
| | - Nobuhiko Yamauchi
- Department of Hematology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan; (D.I.); (S.C.); (S.U.); (H.N.); (Y.-M.G.); (N.Y.); (J.Y.)
| | - Junichiro Yuda
- Department of Hematology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan; (D.I.); (S.C.); (S.U.); (H.N.); (Y.-M.G.); (N.Y.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yosuke Minami
- Department of Hematology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8577, Japan; (D.I.); (S.C.); (S.U.); (H.N.); (Y.-M.G.); (N.Y.); (J.Y.)
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8
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Kim S, Kim SA, Han J, Kim IS. Rho-Kinase as a Target for Cancer Therapy and Its Immunotherapeutic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312916. [PMID: 34884721 PMCID: PMC8657458 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is fast rising as a prominent new pillar of cancer treatment, harnessing the immune system to fight against numerous types of cancer. Rho-kinase (ROCK) pathway is involved in diverse cellular activities, and is therefore the target of interest in various diseases at the cellular level including cancer. Indeed, ROCK is well-known for its involvement in the tumor cell and tumor microenvironment, especially in its ability to enhance tumor cell progression, migration, metastasis, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Importantly, ROCK is also considered to be a novel and effective modulator of immune cells, although further studies are needed. In this review article, we describe the various activities of ROCK and its potential to be utilized in cancer treatment, particularly in cancer immunotherapy, by shining a light on its activities in the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seohyun Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.K.); (S.A.K.); (J.H.)
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Seong A. Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.K.); (S.A.K.); (J.H.)
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Jihoon Han
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.K.); (S.A.K.); (J.H.)
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - In-San Kim
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (S.K.); (S.A.K.); (J.H.)
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
- Correspondence:
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9
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Cheng C, Seen D, Zheng C, Zeng R, Li E. Role of Small GTPase RhoA in DNA Damage Response. Biomolecules 2021; 11:212. [PMID: 33546351 PMCID: PMC7913530 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has suggested a role of the small GTPase Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA) in DNA damage response (DDR) in addition to its traditional function of regulating cell morphology. In DDR, 2 key components of DNA repair, ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) and flap structure-specific endonuclease 1 (FEN1), along with intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been shown to regulate RhoA activation. In addition, Rho-specific guanine exchange factors (GEFs), neuroepithelial transforming gene 1 (Net1) and epithelial cell transforming sequence 2 (Ect2), have specific functions in DDR, and they also participate in Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1)/RhoA interaction, a process which is largely unappreciated yet possibly of significance in DDR. Downstream of RhoA, current evidence has highlighted its role in mediating cell cycle arrest, which is an important step in DNA repair. Unraveling the mechanism by which RhoA modulates DDR may provide more insight into DDR itself and may aid in the future development of cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Enmin Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, Guangdong, China; (C.C.); (D.S.); (C.Z.); (R.Z.)
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10
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Deng B, Deng J, Yi X, Zou Y, Li C. ROCK2 Promotes Osteosarcoma Growth and Glycolysis by Up-Regulating HKII via Phospho-PI3K/AKT Signalling. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:449-462. [PMID: 33500659 PMCID: PMC7823140 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s279496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteosarcoma (OS) is a malignant bone tumour that exhibits a high mortality. While tumours thrive in a state of malnutrition, the mechanism by which OS cells adapt to metabolic stress through metabolic reprogramming remains unclear. Methods We analysed the expression of ROCK2 in osteosarcoma tissues by RT-qPCR and Western blot. Cell proliferation were analysed using CCK8, EdU and colony formation assays. The level of cell glycolysis was detected by glucose-6 phosphate, glucose consumption, lactate production and ATP levels. Results Herein, our study showed that ROCK2 expression in OS tissues was higher than in adjacent tissues. Functional assays have demonstrated that ROCK2 contributes to the growth of OS cells by inducing aerobic glycolysis. The current study revealed that ROCK2 knockdown decreased the levels of mitochondrial hexokinase II (HKII). And also indicated that ROCK2 served as a key enzyme in glycolysis and that it served an important role in tumour growth. A significant positive correlation was identified between the mRNA and protein expressions of ROCK2 and HKII, further demonstrating that ROCK2-induced glycolysis and proliferation was dependent on HKII expression in OS cells. Mechanistically, ROCK2 promotes HKII expression by activating the phospho-PI3K/AKT signalling pathway. Conclusion Taken together, the results of the current study linked the two drivers of OS growth and aerobic glycolysis and identified a new mechanism of ROCK2 control in OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyong Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Yi
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yeqing Zou
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
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11
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Principal Postulates of Centrosomal Biology. Version 2020. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102156. [PMID: 32987651 PMCID: PMC7598677 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome, which consists of two centrioles surrounded by pericentriolar material, is a unique structure that has retained its main features in organisms of various taxonomic groups from unicellular algae to mammals over one billion years of evolution. In addition to the most noticeable function of organizing the microtubule system in mitosis and interphase, the centrosome performs many other cell functions. In particular, centrioles are the basis for the formation of sensitive primary cilia and motile cilia and flagella. Another principal function of centrosomes is the concentration in one place of regulatory proteins responsible for the cell's progression along the cell cycle. Despite the existing exceptions, the functioning of the centrosome is subject to general principles, which are discussed in this review.
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12
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Liu X, Li Y, Wen J, Qi T, Wang Y. Long non-coding RNA TTN-AS1 promotes tumorigenesis of ovarian cancer through modulating the miR-139-5p/ROCK2 axis. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 125:109882. [PMID: 32006899 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) TTN antisense RNA 1 (TTN-AS1) was reported to be crucial modulators in the tumorigenesis of several types of cancers. However, it is unclear whether TTN-AS1 can regulate the progression of ovarian cancer (OC). The present study aimed to explore functional roles and molecular mechanism of TTN-AS1 in OC. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of TTN-AS1 in OC tissues and cell lines. The biological function of TTN-AS1 in OC was identified by a series of in vitro and in vivo assays. Bioinformatics analysis and mechanism experiments were used to analyze and identify the molecular mechanism of TTN-AS1 in OC progression. A high level of TTN-AS1 was found in OC tissues and cell lines. High TTN-AS1 was positively associated with advanced FIGO stage, lymph node metastasis, and poorer overall survival of OC patients. Functionally, knockdown of TTN-AS1 inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation, invasion and migration of OC cells in vitro, and suppressed tumor formation in vivo. Mechanistically, TTN-AS1 functioned as a competing endogenous RNA by sponging microRNA-139-5p (miR-139-5p) to elevate Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 2 (ROCK2). Downregulation of miR-139-5p or upregulation of ROCK2 partially rescued the inhibitory impact of TTN-AS1 knockdown on OC cells. These results obtained in the present study suggested that TTN-AS1 promoted the progression of OC by regulating the miR-139-5p/ROCK2 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Liu
- Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71#Xinmin Street, Chaoyang District, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yiyang Li
- Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71#Xinmin Street, Chaoyang District, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jihong Wen
- Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71#Xinmin Street, Chaoyang District, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Tingting Qi
- Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71#Xinmin Street, Chaoyang District, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71#Xinmin Street, Chaoyang District, Changchun, 130021, China.
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13
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The C. elegans BRCA2-ALP/Enigma Complex Regulates Axon Regeneration via a Rho GTPase-ROCK-MLC Phosphorylation Pathway. Cell Rep 2019; 24:1880-1889. [PMID: 30110643 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of specific neurons to regenerate their axons after injury is governed by cell-intrinsic regeneration pathways. However, the mechanisms regulating axon regeneration are not well understood. Here, we identify the brc-2 gene encoding a homolog of the mammalian BRCA2 tumor suppressor as a regulator of axon regeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans motor neurons. We show that the RHO-1/Rho GTPase-LET-502/ROCK (Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase)-regulatory non-muscle myosin light-chain (MLC-4/MLC) phosphorylation signaling pathway regulates axon regeneration. BRC-2 functions between RHO-1 and LET-502, suggesting that BRC-2 is required for the activation of LET-502 by RHO-1-GTP. We also find that one component that interacts with BRC-2, the ALP (α-actinin-associated LIM protein)/Enigma protein ALP-1, is required for regeneration and acts between LET-502 and MLC-4 phosphorylation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ALP-1 associates with LET-502 and MLC-4. Thus, ALP-1 serves as a platform to activate MLC-4 phosphorylation mediated by the RHO-1-LET-502 signaling pathway.
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14
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Pranatharthi A, Thomas P, Udayashankar AH, Bhavani C, Suresh SB, Krishna S, Thatte J, Srikantia N, Ross CR, Srivastava S. RhoC regulates radioresistance via crosstalk of ROCK2 with the DNA repair machinery in cervical cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:392. [PMID: 31488179 PMCID: PMC6729006 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Radioresistance remains a challenge to the successful treatment of various tumors. Intrinsic factors like alterations in signaling pathways regulate response to radiation. RhoC, which has been shown to modulate several tumor phenotypes has been investigated in this report for its role in radioresistance. In vitro and clinical sample-based studies have been performed to understand its contribution to radiation response in cervical cancer and this is the first report to establish the role of RhoC and its effector ROCK2 in cervical cancer radiation response. Methods Biochemical, transcriptomic and immunological approaches including flow cytometry and immunofluorescence were used to understand the role of RhoC and ROCK2. RhoC variants, siRNA and chemical inhibitors were used to alter the function of RhoC and ROCK2. Transcriptomic profiling was performed to understand the gene expression pattern of the cells. Live sorting using an intracellular antigen has been developed to isolate the cells for transcriptomic studies. Results Enhanced expression of RhoC conferred radioprotection on the tumor cells while inhibition of RhoC resulted in sensitization of cells to radiation. The RhoC overexpressing cells had a better DNA repair machinery as observed using transcriptomic analysis. Similarly, overexpression of ROCK2, protected tumor cells against radiation while its inhibition increased radiosensitivity in vitro. Further investigations revealed that ROCK2 inhibition abolished the radioresistance phenotype, conferred by RhoC on SiHa cells, confirming that it is a downstream effector of RhoC in this context. Additionally, transcriptional analysis of the live sorted ROCK2 high and ROCK2 low expressing SiHa cells revealed an upregulation of the DNA repair pathway proteins. Consequently, inhibition of ROCK2 resulted in reduced expression of pH2Ax and MRN complex proteins, critical to repair of double strand breaks. Clinical sample-based studies also demonstrated that ROCK2 inhibition sensitizes tumor cells to irradiation. Conclusions Our data primarily indicates that RhoC and ROCK2 signaling is important for the radioresistance phenotype in cervical cancer tumor cells and is regulated via association of ROCK2 with the proteins of DNA repair pathway involving pH2Ax, MRE11 and RAD50 proteins, partly offering insights into the mechanism of radioresistance in tumor cells. These findings highlight RhoC-ROCK2 signaling involvement in DNA repair and urge the need for development of these molecules as targets to alleviate the non-responsiveness of cervical cancer tumor cells to irradiation treatment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1385-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annapurna Pranatharthi
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Bangalore, 560065, India.,Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, 560041, India.,Translational and Molecular Biology Laboratory (TMBL), Department of Medicine, St. John's Medical College Hospital (SJMCH), Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Pavana Thomas
- School of Integrative Health Sciences, The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bangalore, 560064, India.,Translational and Molecular Biology Laboratory (TMBL), St. John's Research Institute (SJRI), Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Avinash H Udayashankar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St John's Medical College Hospital (SJMCH), Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Chandra Bhavani
- Translational and Molecular Biology Laboratory (TMBL), St. John's Research Institute (SJRI), Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Srinag Bangalore Suresh
- Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, 560041, India.,Translational and Molecular Biology Laboratory (TMBL), Department of Medicine, St. John's Medical College Hospital (SJMCH), Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Sudhir Krishna
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Jayashree Thatte
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (NCBS), Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Nirmala Srikantia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St John's Medical College Hospital (SJMCH), Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Cecil R Ross
- Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, 560041, India.,Translational and Molecular Biology Laboratory (TMBL), Department of Medicine, St. John's Medical College Hospital (SJMCH), Bangalore, 560034, India
| | - Sweta Srivastava
- Translational and Molecular Biology Laboratory (TMBL), Department of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, St. John's Medical College Hospital (SJMCH), Bangalore, 560034, India. .,School of Integrative Health Sciences, The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bangalore, 560064, India.
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15
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Cortés C, Rivera AL, Trochez D, Solarte M, Gómez D, Cifuentes L, Barreto G. Mutational analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in women with familial breast cancer from different regions of Colombia. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2019; 17:20. [PMID: 31341521 PMCID: PMC6631644 DOI: 10.1186/s13053-019-0120-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The main risk factor for familial breast cancer is the presence of mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. The prevalence of mutations in these genes is heterogeneous and varies according to geographical origin of studied families. In Colombia mutations in these genes have been mainly studied on patients from Andean region. Bogotá and Medellin presented its own battery of mutations. This study aims to identify mutations in BRCA1–2 genes in women with familial breast cancer from different regions of Colombia. Methods One hundred four families with a history of breast cancer were sampled in different regions of Colombia, and the BRCA1 gene and exon 11 of the BRCA2 gene were sequenced. To predict the possible effects of sequence alterations found in protein function, different bioinformatics tools were used. Results A total of 33 variants were found; 18 in BRCA1 and 15 in BRCA2, of which 15 are unique variants of Colombia. In silico analysis established that alterations p.Thr790Ala, p.Arg959Lys and p.Glu1345Lys in the BRCA1 gene and variants p.Leu771Phe, p.Asn818Lys, p.Val859Ser*22 and p.Lys1032Ile in the BRCA2 gene are considered likely pathogenic. Both the mutations as the variants of unknown clinical significance, in their great majority, presented a specific region distribution and they were different from those reported in previous studies. Conclusions In this study we report the BRCA1 and BRCA2 spectrum of mutations and their distribution by regions in Colombia. Our results may help to design a diagnostic test including recurrent mutations for screening high risk to breast cancer families in Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Cortés
- 1Human Molecular Genetics Lab, Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00 AA, 25360 Cali, Colombia
| | - Ana Lucía Rivera
- 1Human Molecular Genetics Lab, Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00 AA, 25360 Cali, Colombia
| | - David Trochez
- 1Human Molecular Genetics Lab, Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00 AA, 25360 Cali, Colombia
| | - Melissa Solarte
- 1Human Molecular Genetics Lab, Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00 AA, 25360 Cali, Colombia
| | - Daniela Gómez
- 2Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional Sede Manizales, Carrera 27 # 64-60, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Laura Cifuentes
- Health Sciences, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia Nariño, Calle 18 No. 47-150, Pasto, Colombia
| | - Guillermo Barreto
- 1Human Molecular Genetics Lab, Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No. 100-00 AA, 25360 Cali, Colombia
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16
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Vicens A, Posada D. Selective Pressures on Human Cancer Genes along the Evolution of Mammals. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9120582. [PMID: 30487452 PMCID: PMC6316132 DOI: 10.3390/genes9120582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a disease driven by both somatic mutations that increase survival and proliferation of cell lineages and the evolution of genes associated with cancer risk in populations. Several genes associated with cancer in humans, hereafter cancer genes, show evidence of germline positive selection among species. Taking advantage of a large collection of mammalian genomes, we systematically looked for signatures of germline positive selection in 430 cancer genes available in COSMIC. We identified 40 cancer genes with a robust signal of positive selection in mammals. We found evidence for fewer selective constraints—higher number of non-synonymous substitutions per non-synonymous site to the number of synonymous substitutions per synonymous site (dN/dS)—and higher incidence of positive selection—more positively selected sites—in cancer genes bearing germline and recessive mutations that predispose to cancer. This finding suggests a potential association between relaxed selection, positive selection, and risk of hereditary cancer. On the other hand, we did not find significant differences in terms of tissue or gene type. Human cancer genes under germline positive selection in mammals are significantly enriched in the processes of DNA repair, with high presence of Fanconi anaemia/Breast Cancer A (FA/BRCA) pathway components and T cell proliferation genes. We also show that the inferred positively selected sites in the two genes with the strongest signal of positive selection, i.e., BRCA2 and PTPRC, are in regions of functional relevance, which could be relevant to cancer susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Vicens
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - David Posada
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
- Galicia Sur Health Research Institute, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
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17
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Liu J, Wada Y, Katsura M, Tozawa H, Erwin N, Kapron CM, Bao G, Liu J. Rho-Associated Coiled-Coil Kinase (ROCK) in Molecular Regulation of Angiogenesis. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:6053-6069. [PMID: 30613282 PMCID: PMC6299434 DOI: 10.7150/thno.30305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Identified as a major downstream effector of the small GTPase RhoA, Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK) is a versatile regulator of multiple cellular processes. Angiogenesis, the process of generating new capillaries from the pre-existing ones, is required for the development of various diseases such as cancer, diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. Recently, ROCK has attracted attention for its crucial role in angiogenesis, making it a promising target for new therapeutic approaches. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the role of ROCK signaling in regulating the permeability, migration, proliferation and tubulogenesis of endothelial cells (ECs), as well as its functions in non-ECs which constitute the pro-angiogenic microenvironment. The therapeutic potential of ROCK inhibitors in angiogenesis-related diseases is also discussed.
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18
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Watanabe G, Chiba N, Nomizu T, Furuta A, Sato K, Miyashita M, Tada H, Suzuki A, Ohuchi N, Ishida T. Increased centrosome number in BRCA-related breast cancer specimens determined by immunofluorescence analysis. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:2027-2035. [PMID: 29601120 PMCID: PMC5989840 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BRCA‐related breast carcinoma can be prevented through prophylactic surgery and an intensive follow‐up regimen. However, BRCA genetic tests cannot be routinely performed, and some BRCA mutations could not be defined as deleterious mutations or normal variants. Therefore, an easy functional assay of BRCA will be useful to evaluate BRCA status. As it has been reported that BRCA functions in the regulation of centrosome number, we focused on centrosome number in cancer tissues. Here, 70 breast cancer specimens with known BRCA status were analyzed using immunofluorescence of γ‐tubulin (a marker of centrosome) foci. The number of foci per cell was higher in cases with BRCA mutation compared to wild‐type cases, that is, 1.9 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5‐2.3) vs 0.5 (95% CI, 0.2‐0.8) (P < .001). Specifically, foci numbers per cell in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation cases were 1.2 (95% CI, 0.6‐1.8) and 2.2 (95% CI, 1.7‐2.6), respectively, both higher than those in wild‐type cases (P = .042 and P < .0001, respectively). The predictive value of γ‐tubulin foci as determined by area under the curve (AUC = 0.86) for BRCA status was superior to BRCAPRO (AUC = 0.69), Myriad Table (AUC = 0.61), and KOHBRA BRCA risk calculator (AUC = 0.65) pretest values. The use of γ‐tubulin foci to predict BRCA status had sensitivity = 83% (19/23), specificity = 89% (42/47), and positive predictive value = 77% (20/26). Thus, γ‐tubulin immunofluorescence, a functional assessment of BRCA, can be used as a new prospective test of BRCA status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gou Watanabe
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Natsuko Chiba
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nomizu
- Department of Surgery, Hoshi General Hospital, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Akihiko Furuta
- Department of Breast Surgery, Ishinomaki Red Cross Hospital, Ishinomaki, Japan
| | - Kaolu Sato
- Department of Breast Surgery, Ishinomaki Red Cross Hospital, Ishinomaki, Japan
| | - Minoru Miyashita
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tada
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akihiko Suzuki
- Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Noriaki Ohuchi
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takanori Ishida
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Assessment of DNA repair susceptibility genes identified by whole exome sequencing in head and neck cancer. DNA Repair (Amst) 2018; 66-67:50-63. [PMID: 29747023 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck cancer (HNC), the sixth most common cancer globally, stands second in India. In Northeast (NE) India, it is the sixth most common cause of death in males and seventh in females. Prolonged tobacco and alcohol consumption constitute the major etiological factors for HNC development, which induce DNA damage. Therefore, DNA repair pathway is a crucial system in maintaining genomic integrity and preventing carcinogenesis. The present work was aimed to predict the consequence of significant germline variants of the DNA repair genes in disease predisposition. Whole exome sequencing was performed in Ion Proton™ platform on 15 case-control samples from the HNC-prevalent states of Manipur, Mizoram, and Nagaland. Variant annotation was done in Ion Reporter™ as well as wANNOVAR. Subsequent statistical and bioinformatics analysis identified significant exonic and intronic variants associated with HNC. Amongst our observed variants, 78.6% occurred in ExAC, 94% reported in dbSNP and 5.8% & 9.3% variants were present in ClinVar and HGMD, respectively. The total variants were dispersed among 199 genes with DSBR and FA pathway being the most mutated pathways. The allelic association test suggested that the intronic variants in HLTF and RAD52 gene significantly associated (P < 0.05) with the risk (OR > 5), while intronic variants in PARP4, RECQL5, EXO1 and PER1 genes and exonic variant in TDP2 gene showed protection (OR < 1) for HNC. MDR analysis proposed the exonic variants in MSH6, BRCA2, PALB2 and TP53 genes and intronic variant in RECQL5 genetic region working together during certain phase of DNA repair mechanism for HNC causation. In addition, other intronic and 3'UTR variations caused modifications in the transcription factor binding sites and miRNA target sites associated with HNC. Large-scale validation in NE Indian population, in-depth structure prediction and subsequent simulation of our recognized polymorphisms is necessary to identify true causal variants related to HNC.
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Wang Y, Li J, Xu C, Zhang X. MicroRNA-139-5p Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Invasion by Targeting RHO-Associated Coiled-Coil-Containing Protein Kinase 2 in Ovarian Cancer. Oncol Res 2018; 26:411-420. [PMID: 28653604 PMCID: PMC7844637 DOI: 10.3727/096504017x14974343584989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that the dysregulation of microRNAs is associated with the development and progression of various cancers. MicroRNA-139-5p (miR-139-5p) has been reported to have a tumor suppressive role in many types of cancers. The role of miR-139-5p in ovarian cancer (OC) is poorly understood. The purpose of the present study was to explore the expression of miR-139-5p and its function in OC. The results showed that miR-139-5p expression was markedly downregulated in OC tissues and cell lines. In addition, underexpression of miR-139-5p was significantly associated with FIGO stage, lymph mode metastasis, and poor overall survival of OC patients. Functional analyses indicated that overexpression of miR-139-5p significantly inhibited proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion of OC cells. Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 2 (ROCK2) was identified as a direct target of miR-139-5p using luciferase reporter assays, qualitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR), and Western blot. In addition, ROCK2 expression was upregulated and was inversely correlated with miR-139-5p levels in OC tissues. Rescue experiments showed that overexpression of ROCK2 effectively reversed the inhibitory effect of OC cells induced by miR-139-5p. Most interestingly, in vivo studies indicated that miR-139-5p markedly suppressed the growth of tumors by repressing ROCK2 expression in nude mice. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that miR-139-5p plays an important tumor suppressor role in OC by directly binding to ROCK2, providing a novel target for the molecular treatment of OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Wang
- *Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Jia Li
- †Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Chunling Xu
- †Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- †Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
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Abstract
Fanconi anaemia (FA) is a genetic disorder that is characterized by bone marrow failure (BMF), developmental abnormalities and predisposition to cancer. Together with other proteins involved in DNA repair processes and cell division, the FA proteins maintain genome homeostasis, and germline mutation of any one of the genes that encode FA proteins causes FA. Monoallelic inactivation of some FA genes, such as FA complementation group D1 (FANCD1; also known as the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA2), leads to adult-onset cancer predisposition but does not cause FA, and somatic mutations in FA genes occur in cancers in the general population. Carcinogenesis resulting from a dysregulated FA pathway is multifaceted, as FA proteins monitor multiple complementary genome-surveillance checkpoints throughout interphase, where monoubiquitylation of the FANCD2-FANCI heterodimer by the FA core complex promotes recruitment of DNA repair effectors to chromatin lesions to resolve DNA damage and mitosis. In this Review, we discuss how the FA pathway safeguards genome integrity throughout the cell cycle and show how studies of FA have revealed opportunities to develop rational therapeutics for this genetic disease and for malignancies that acquire somatic mutations within the FA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Nalepa
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W Walnut Street, R4-421, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Room 5900, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Indiana University School of Medicine
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - D Wade Clapp
- Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Room 5900, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Indiana University School of Medicine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202, USA
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Shakhov AS, Alieva IB. The Centrosome as the Main Integrator of Endothelial Cell Functional Activity. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:663-677. [PMID: 28601076 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917060037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The centrosome is an intracellular structure of the animal cell responsible for organization of cytoplasmic microtubules. According to modern concepts, the centrosome is a very important integral element of the living cell whose functions are not limited to its ability to polymerize microtubules. The centrosome localization in the geometric center of the interphase cell, the high concentration of various regulatory proteins in this area, the centrosome-organized radial system of microtubules for intracellular transport by motor proteins, the centrosome involvement in the perception of external signals and their transmission - all these features make this cellular structure a unique regulation and distribution center managing dynamic morphology of the animal cell. In conjunction with the tissue-specific features of the centrosome structure, this suggests the direct involvement of the centrosome in execution of cell functions. This review discusses the involvement of the centrosome in the vital activity of endothelial cells, as well as its possible participation in the implementation of barrier function, the major function of endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Shakhov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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23
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Regulation of spindle integrity and mitotic fidelity by BCCIP. Oncogene 2017; 36:4750-4766. [PMID: 28394342 PMCID: PMC5561484 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Centrosomes together with the mitotic spindle ensure the faithful distribution of chromosomes between daughter cells, and spindle orientation is a major determinant of cell fate during tissue regeneration. Spindle defects are not only an impetus of chromosome instability but are also a cause of developmental disorders involving defective asymmetric cell division. In this work, we demonstrate BCCIP, especially BCCIPα, as a previously unidentified component of the mitotic spindle pole and the centrosome. We demonstrate that BCCIP localizes proximal to the mother centriole and participates in microtubule organization and then redistributes to the spindle pole to ensure faithful spindle architecture. We find that BCCIP depletion leads to morphological defects, disoriented mitotic spindles, chromosome congression defects and delayed mitotic progression. Our study identifies BCCIP as a novel factor critical for microtubule regulation and explicates a mechanism utilized by BCCIP in tumor suppression.
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Fradet-Turcotte A, Sitz J, Grapton D, Orthwein A. BRCA2 functions: from DNA repair to replication fork stabilization. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:T1-T17. [PMID: 27530658 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining genomic integrity is essential to preserve normal cellular physiology and to prevent the emergence of several human pathologies including cancer. The breast cancer susceptibility gene 2 (BRCA2, also known as the Fanconi anemia (FA) complementation group D1 (FANCD1)) is a potent tumor suppressor that has been extensively studied in DNA double-stranded break (DSB) repair by homologous recombination (HR). However, BRCA2 participates in numerous other processes central to maintaining genome stability, including DNA replication, telomere homeostasis and cell cycle progression. Consequently, inherited mutations in BRCA2 are associated with an increased risk of breast, ovarian and pancreatic cancers. Furthermore, bi-allelic mutations in BRCA2 are linked to FA, a rare chromosome instability syndrome characterized by aplastic anemia in children as well as susceptibility to leukemia and cancer. Here, we discuss the recent developments underlying the functions of BRCA2 in the maintenance of genomic integrity. The current model places BRCA2 as a central regulator of genome stability by repairing DSBs and limiting replication stress. These findings have direct implications for the development of novel anticancer therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Fradet-Turcotte
- Laval University Cancer Research CenterCHU de Québec Research Center - Université Laval, Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Oncology Axis, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Justine Sitz
- Laval University Cancer Research CenterCHU de Québec Research Center - Université Laval, Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Oncology Axis, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Damien Grapton
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical ResearchSegal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alexandre Orthwein
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical ResearchSegal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada Department of OncologyMcGill University, Montreal, Canada
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25
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Scott DD, Oeffinger M. Nucleolin and nucleophosmin: nucleolar proteins with multiple functions in DNA repair. Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 94:419-432. [PMID: 27673355 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2016-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleolus represents a highly multifunctional intranuclear organelle in which, in addition to the canonical ribosome assembly, numerous processes such as transcription, DNA repair and replication, the cell cycle, and apoptosis are coordinated. The nucleolus is further a key hub in the sensing of cellular stress and undergoes major structural and compositional changes in response to cellular perturbations. Numerous nucleolar proteins have been identified that, upon sensing nucleolar stress, deploy additional, non-ribosomal roles in the regulation of varied cell processes including cell cycle arrest, arrest of DNA replication, induction of DNA repair, and apoptosis, among others. The highly abundant proteins nucleophosmin (NPM1) and nucleolin (NCL) are two such factors that transit to the nucleoplasm in response to stress, and participate directly in the repair of numerous different DNA damages. This review discusses the contributions made by NCL and (or) NPM1 to the different DNA repair pathways employed by mammalian cells to repair DNA insults, and examines the implications of such activities for the regulation, pathogenesis, and therapeutic targeting of NPM1 and NCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Scott
- a Laboratory of RNP Biochemistry, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
- b Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2A3, Canada
| | - Marlene Oeffinger
- a Laboratory of RNP Biochemistry, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
- b Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3A 2A3, Canada
- c Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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26
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Cancer Stem Cells and Radioresistance: Rho/ROCK Pathway Plea Attention. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:5785786. [PMID: 27597870 PMCID: PMC5002480 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5785786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation is the most potent mode of cancer therapy; however, resistance to radiation therapy results in tumor relapse and subsequent fatality. The cancer stem cell (CSC), which has better DNA repair capability, has been shown to contribute to tumor resistance and is an important target for treatment. Signaling molecules such as Notch, Wnt, and DNA repair pathways regulate molecular mechanisms in CSCs; however, none of them have been translated into therapeutic targets. The RhoGTPases and their effector ROCK-signaling pathway, though important for tumor progression, have not been well studied in the context of radioresistance. There are reports that implicate RhoA in radioresistance. ROCK2 has also been shown to interact with BRCA2 in the regulation of cell division. Incidentally, statins (drug for cardiovascular ailment) are functional inhibitors of RhoGTPases. Studies suggest that patients on statins have a better prognosis in cancers. Data from our lab suggest that ROCK signaling regulates radioresistance in cervical cancer cells. Collectively, these findings suggest that Rho/ROCK signaling may be important for radiation resistance. In this review, we enumerate the role of Rho/ROCK signaling in stemness and radioresistance and highlight the need to explore these molecules for a better understanding of radioresistance and development of therapeutics.
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27
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Malik S, Saito H, Takaoka M, Miki Y, Nakanishi A. BRCA2 mediates centrosome cohesion via an interaction with cytoplasmic dynein. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:2145-2156. [PMID: 27433848 PMCID: PMC4993541 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1195531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA2 is responsible for familial breast and ovarian cancer and has been linked to DNA repair and centrosome duplication. Here we analyzed the mechanism by which the centrosomal localization signal (CLS) of BRCA2 interacts with cytoplasmic dynein 1 to localize BRCA2 to the centrosome. In vitro pull-down assays demonstrated that BRCA2 directly binds to the cytoplasmic dynein 1 light intermediate chain 2. A dominant-negative HA-CLS-DsRed fusion protein, the depletion of dynein by siRNA, and the inactivation of dynein by EHNA, inhibited the localization of BRCA2 at centrosomes and caused the separation of centrosome pairs during the S-phase. The double depletion of BRCA2 and C-Nap1 caused a larger dispersion of centrosome distances than the silencing of C-Nap1. These results suggest that cytoplasmic dynein 1 binds to BRCA2 through the latter's CLS and BRCA2 mediates the cohesion between centrosomes during the S phase, potentially serving as a cell-cycle checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadiya Malik
- a Department of Molecular Genetics , Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hiroko Saito
- b Department of Genetic Diagnosis , The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Miho Takaoka
- a Department of Molecular Genetics , Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Yoshio Miki
- a Department of Molecular Genetics , Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University , Tokyo , Japan.,b Department of Genetic Diagnosis , The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Akira Nakanishi
- a Department of Molecular Genetics , Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University , Tokyo , Japan
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28
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Wei L, Surma M, Shi S, Lambert-Cheatham N, Shi J. Novel Insights into the Roles of Rho Kinase in Cancer. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2016; 64:259-78. [PMID: 26725045 PMCID: PMC4930737 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK) is a major downstream effector of the small GTPase RhoA. The ROCK family, consisting of ROCK1 and ROCK2, plays a central role in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton, and is involved in a wide range of fundamental cellular functions such as contraction, adhesion, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. Since the discovery of effective inhibitors such as fasudil and Y27632, the biological roles of ROCK have been extensively explored in numerous diseases, including cancer. Accumulating evidence supports the concept that ROCK plays important roles in tumor development and progression through regulating many key cellular functions associated with malignancy, including tumorigenicity, tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, tumor cell apoptosis/survival and chemoresistance as well. This review focuses on the new advances of the most recent 5 years from the studies on the roles of ROCK in cancer development and progression; the discussion is mainly focused on the potential value of ROCK inhibitors in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wei
- Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, R4 Building, Room 332, 1044 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA. .,Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University, School of Medicine, 1044 West Walnut Street, R4-370, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA.
| | - Michelle Surma
- Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, R4 Building, Room 332, 1044 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA
| | - Stephanie Shi
- Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, R4 Building, Room 332, 1044 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA
| | - Nathan Lambert-Cheatham
- Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, R4 Building, Room 332, 1044 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA
| | - Jianjian Shi
- Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, R4 Building, Room 332, 1044 West Walnut Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-5225, USA.
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29
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Chan N, Lim TM. Cytoplasmic nucleophosmin has elevated T199 phosphorylation upon which G2/M phase progression is dependent. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11777. [PMID: 26123729 PMCID: PMC4485321 DOI: 10.1038/srep11777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasmic mutant of nucleophosmin (NPMc) is found approximately in one-third of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cases and is highly associated with normal karyotype. Whereas previous studies have focused on wtNPM in centrosome duplication, we further elucidate the role of NPM in the cell cycle by utilizing the increased cytoplasmic load of NPMc. Overexpression of NPMc causes increased phosphorylation of NPM on T199 and, to a lesser degree, S4. T199 phosphorylation is dependent on cdk2 but activators of cdk2 were not elevated. Upon inhibition of cdk2, NPMc-overexpressing cells demonstrate a greater G2/M phase arrest than wtNPM or GFP counterparts. However, the number of cells with 2 centrosomes did not increase concordantly. This suggests that the arrest was caused by a delay in centrosome duplication, most likely due to the inhibition of centrosome duplication caused by unphosphorylated NPMc. Overall, these results suggest that the phosphorylation of T199 is important in the mitotic progression of NPMc-expressing cells. This further supports the hypothesis that NPMc is associated with normal karyotypes in AML because the higher cytoplasmic load of NPM can better suppress centrosome overduplication which would otherwise result in unequal segregation of chromosomes during mitosis, leading to aneuploidy and other genomic instabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narisa Chan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
| | - Tit Meng Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543
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30
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Li M, Zhou W, Yuan R, Chen L, Liu T, Huang D, Hao L, Xie Y, Shao J. ROCK2 promotes HCC proliferation by CEBPD inhibition through phospho-GSK3β/β-catenin signaling. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:1018-25. [PMID: 25771860 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rho-associated kinase 2 (Rock2) is known to promote tumorigenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein delta (CEBPD) functions as a tumor suppressor. In this study, we found that the expression of Rock2 and CEBPD are inversely correlated. Knockdown of Rock2 increased CEBPD expression and inhibited the proliferation of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we found that Rock2 regulates CEBPD expression through the p-GSK3β/β-catenin pathway. Taken together, we identified a novel Rock2-p-GSK3β/β-catenin-CEBPD regulatory circuitry, the dysfunction of which may contribute to the tumorigenic characteristic of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Jiangxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Rongfa Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; Jiangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Hepatobiliary Disease, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Leifeng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Tiande Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; Jiangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Hepatobiliary Disease, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Da Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Liang Hao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yuancai Xie
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, Jiangxi Province 34100 China
| | - Jianghua Shao
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; Jiangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Hepatobiliary Disease, Nanchang 330006, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanchang 330006, China.
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31
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Li H, Jiang X, Yu Y, Huang W, Xing H, Agar NY, Yang HW, Yang B, Carroll RS, Johnson MD. KAP regulates ROCK2 and Cdk2 in an RNA-activated glioblastoma invasion pathway. Oncogene 2014; 34:1432-41. [PMID: 24704824 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant splicing of the cyclin-dependent kinase-associated phosphatase, KAP, promotes glioblastoma invasion in a Cdc2-dependent manner. However, the mechanism by which this occurs is unknown. Here we show that miR-26a, which is often amplified in glioblastoma, promotes invasion in phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-competent and PTEN-deficient glioblastoma cells by directly downregulating KAP expression. Mechanistically, we find that KAP binds and activates ROCK2. Thus, RNA-mediated downregulation of KAP leads to decreased ROCK2 activity and this, in turn, increases Rac1-mediated invasion. In addition, the decrease in KAP expression activates the cyclin-dependent kinase, Cdk2, and this directly promotes invasion by increasing retinoblastoma phosphorylation, E2F-dependent Cdc2 expression and Cdc2-mediated inactivation of the actomyosin inhibitor, caldesmon. Importantly, glioblastoma cell invasion mediated by this pathway can be antagonized by Cdk2/Cdc2 inhibitors in vitro and in vivo. Thus, two distinct RNA-based mechanisms activate this novel KAP/ROCK2/Cdk2-dependent invasion pathway in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Li
- 1] Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [2] Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - X Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - W Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H Xing
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - N Y Agar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H W Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - B Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - R S Carroll
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - M D Johnson
- 1] Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA [2] Program in Neuro-Oncology, Dana Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
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32
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Londero AP, Orsaria M, Tell G, Marzinotto S, Capodicasa V, Poletto M, Vascotto C, Sacco C, Mariuzzi L. Expression and prognostic significance of APE1/Ref-1 and NPM1 proteins in high-grade ovarian serous cancer. Am J Clin Pathol 2014; 141:404-14. [PMID: 24515769 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpidkdlsge26cx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To correlate the expression profile of human apurinic endonuclease/redox factor 1 (APE1/Ref-1) with that of nucleolar/nucleoplasmic protein nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) in association with the aggressiveness and progression of high-grade ovarian serous cancer. METHODS Retrospective study analyzing a tissue microarray of 73 women affected by high-grade ovarian serous cancer. Protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry on primary tumor masses and synchronous peritoneal metastases if present. RESULTS APE1/Ref-1 and NPM1 showed a significant correlation in ovarian serous cancer. Patients with a poorer outcome showed a significant overexpression of nuclear NPM1 protein. A Cox proportional hazards multivariate regression model revealed NPM1 expression to be independently significant for overall survival in high-grade ovarian serous cancers after correcting for stage, age, cytoreduction completeness, and platinum resistance. CONCLUSIONS APE1/Ref-1 interacts with NPM1 to control the DNA damage repair system, and it is likely that this interaction plays a defining role in high-grade ovarian serous carcinoma. A high NPM1 immunohistochemical expression was independently correlated with a shorter survival period and thus appears to be an important prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambrogio P. Londero
- Deparment of Experimental Clinical and Medical Science, Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Maria Orsaria
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tell
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Stefania Marzinotto
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Valentina Capodicasa
- Deparment of Experimental Clinical and Medical Science, Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Mattia Poletto
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Carlo Vascotto
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Cosimo Sacco
- Clinic of Oncology, University Hospital of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Laura Mariuzzi
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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33
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Vascotto C, Lirussi L, Poletto M, Tiribelli M, Damiani D, Fabbro D, Damante G, Demple B, Colombo E, Tell G. Functional regulation of the apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 by nucleophosmin: impact on tumor biology. Oncogene 2013; 33:2876-87. [PMID: 23831574 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) is a nucleolar protein involved in ribosome biogenesis, stress responses and maintaining genome stability. One-third of acute myeloid leukemias (AMLs) are associated with aberrant localization of NPM1 to the cytoplasm (NPM1c+). This mutation is critical during leukemogenesis and constitutes a good prognostic factor for chemotherapy. At present, there is no clear molecular basis for the role of NPM1 in DNA repair and the tumorigenic process. We found that the nuclear apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1), a core enzyme in base excision DNA repair (BER) of DNA lesions, specifically interacts with NPM1 within nucleoli and the nucleoplasm. Cytoplasmic accumulation of APE1 is associated with cancers including, as we show, NPM1c+ AML. Here we show that NPM1 stimulates APE1 BER activity in cells. We provide evidence that expression of the NPM1c+ variant causes cytoplasmic accumulation of APE1 in: (i) a heterologous cell system (HeLa cells); (ii) the myeloid cell line OCI/AML3 stably expressing NPM1c+; and (iii) primary lymphoblasts of NPM1c+ AML patients. Consistent with impaired APE1 localization, OCI/AML3 cells and blasts of AML patients have impaired BER activity. Cytoplasmic APE1 in NPM1c+ myeloid cells is truncated due to proteolysis. Thus, the good prognostic response of NPM1c+ AML to chemotherapy may result from the cytoplasmic relocalization of APE1 and the consequent BER deficiency. NPM1 thus has an indirect but significant role in BER in vivo that may also be important for NPM1c+ tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vascotto
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - L Lirussi
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - M Poletto
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - M Tiribelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medical Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - D Damiani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medical Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - D Fabbro
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - G Damante
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - B Demple
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - E Colombo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - G Tell
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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34
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Schofield AV, Bernard O. Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK) signaling and disease. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 48:301-16. [PMID: 23601011 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2013.786671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The small Rho GTPase family of proteins, encompassing the three major G-protein classes Rho, Rac and cell division control protein 42, are key mitogenic signaling molecules that regulate multiple cancer-associated cellular phenotypes including cell proliferation and motility. These proteins are known for their role in the regulation of actin cytoskeletal dynamics, which is achieved through modulating the activity of their downstream effector molecules. The Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase 1 and 2 (ROCK1 and ROCK2) proteins were the first discovered Rho effectors that were primarily established as players in RhoA-mediated stress fiber formation and focal adhesion assembly. It has since been discovered that the ROCK kinases actively phosphorylate a large cohort of actin-binding proteins and intermediate filament proteins to modulate their functions. It is well established that global cellular morphology, as modulated by the three cytoskeletal networks: actin filaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules, is regulated by a variety of accessory proteins whose activities are dependent on their phosphorylation by the Rho-kinases. As a consequence, they regulate many key cellular functions associated with malignancy, including cell proliferation, motility and viability. In this current review, we focus on the role of the ROCK-signaling pathways in disease including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice V Schofield
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Cytoskeleton and Cancer Unit and Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
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35
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BRCA2 localization to the midbody by filamin A regulates cep55 signaling and completion of cytokinesis. Dev Cell 2012; 23:137-52. [PMID: 22771033 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of the BRCA2 tumor suppressor is associated with structural and numerical chromosomal defects. The numerical abnormalities in BRCA2-deficient cells may partly result from aberrations in cell division caused by disruption of BRCA2 during cytokinesis. Here we show that BRCA2 is a component of the midbody that is recruited through an interaction with Filamin A actin-binding protein. At the midbody, BRCA2 influences the recruitment of endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT)-associated proteins, Alix and Tsg101, and formation of CEP55-Alix and CEP55-Tsg101 complexes during abscission. Disruption of these BRCA2 interactions by cancer-associated mutations results in increased cytokinetic defects but has no effect on BRCA2-dependent homologous recombination repair of DNA damage. These findings identify a specific role for BRCA2 in the regulation of midbody structure and function, separate from DNA damage repair, that may explain in part the whole-chromosomal instability in BRCA2-deficient tumors.
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36
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Bhat UG, Jagadeeswaran R, Halasi M, Gartel AL. Nucleophosmin interacts with FOXM1 and modulates the level and localization of FOXM1 in human cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:41425-41433. [PMID: 21979956 PMCID: PMC3308854 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.270843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Using mass spectrometric analysis we found that oncogenic transcription factor FOXM1 that is overexpressed in a majority of human cancers interacts with multifunctional protein NPM, which is also overexpressed in a variety of human tumors. Coimmunoprecipitation and glutathione S-transferase pull-down experiments demonstrated that NPM forms a complex with FOXM1 and also identified the regions responsible for their interaction. Immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed the interaction between FOXM1 and NPM in cancer and immortal cells. Furthermore, knockdown of NPM in immortal and cancer cells led to significant down-regulation of FOXM1 similar to its levels in normal cells, suggesting that NPM might modulate FOXM1 level. In addition, in OCI/AML3 leukemia cells where mutant NPM is localized in the cytoplasm we found that typically nuclear FOXM1 was predominantly co-localized with NPM in the cytoplasm, while NPM knockdown led to the disappearance of FOXM1 from the cytoplasm, suggesting that NPM may also determine intracellular localization of FOXM1. Knockdown of FOXM1 or NPM in MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells inhibited anchorage-dependent and independent growth in cell culture, and tumor growth in nude mice. In addition, over-expression of FOXM1 reversed the effect of NPM knockdown in vitro. Our data suggest that in cancer cells NPM interacts with FOXM1 and their interaction is required for sustaining the level and localization of FOXM1. Targeting the interaction between FOXM1 and NPM by peptides or small molecules may represent a novel therapeutic strategy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uppoor G Bhat
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | | | - Marianna Halasi
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607
| | - Andrei L Gartel
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607; Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60612.
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37
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Chan JY. A clinical overview of centrosome amplification in human cancers. Int J Biol Sci 2011; 7:1122-44. [PMID: 22043171 PMCID: PMC3204404 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7.1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The turn of the 21st century had witnessed a surge of interest in the centrosome and its causal relation to human cancer development - a postulate that has existed for almost a century. Centrosome amplification (CA) is frequently detected in a growing list of human cancers, both solid and haematological, and is a candidate "hallmark" of cancer cells. Several lines of evidence support the progressive involvement of CA in the transition from early to advanced stages of carcinogenesis, being also found in pre-neoplastic lesions and even in histopathologically-normal tissue. CA constitutes the major mechanism leading to chromosomal instability and aneuploidy, via the formation of multipolar spindles and chromosomal missegregation. Clinically, CA may translate to a greater risk for initiation of malignant transformation, tumour progression, chemoresistance and ultimately, poor patient prognosis. As mechanisms underlying CA are progressively being unravelled, the centrosome has emerged as a novel candidate target for cancer treatment. This Review summarizes mainly the clinical studies performed to date focusing on the mechanisms underlying CA in human neoplasia, and highlights the potential utility of centrosomes in the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of human cancers.
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Harrison MK, Adon AM, Saavedra HI. The G1 phase Cdks regulate the centrosome cycle and mediate oncogene-dependent centrosome amplification. Cell Div 2011; 6:2. [PMID: 21272329 PMCID: PMC3038874 DOI: 10.1186/1747-1028-6-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Because centrosome amplification generates aneuploidy and since centrosome amplification is ubiquitous in human tumors, a strong case is made for centrosome amplification being a major force in tumor biogenesis. Various evidence showing that oncogenes and altered tumor suppressors lead to centrosome amplification and aneuploidy suggests that oncogenes and altered tumor suppressors are a major source of genomic instability in tumors, and that they generate those abnormal processes to initiate and sustain tumorigenesis. We discuss how altered tumor suppressors and oncogenes utilize the cell cycle regulatory machinery to signal centrosome amplification and aneuploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Harrison
- Emory University, Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, 1701 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, Georgia, 30322, USA.
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