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Panting RG, Kotecha RS, Cheung LC. The critical role of the bone marrow stromal microenvironment for the development of drug screening platforms in leukemia. Exp Hematol 2024; 133:104212. [PMID: 38552942 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2024.104212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Extensive research over the past 50 years has resulted in significant improvements in survival for patients diagnosed with leukemia. Despite this, a subgroup of patients harboring high-risk genetic alterations still suffer from poor outcomes. There is a desperate need for new treatments to improve survival, yet consistent failure exists in the translation of in vitro drug development to clinical application. Preclinical screening conventionally utilizes tumor cell monocultures to assess drug activity; however, emerging research has acknowledged the vital role of the tumor microenvironment in treatment resistance and disease relapse. Current co-culture drug screening methods frequently employ fibroblasts as the designated stromal cell component. Alternative stromal cell types that are known to contribute to chemoresistance are often absent in preclinical evaluations of drug efficacy. This review highlights mechanisms of chemoresistance by a range of different stromal constituents present in the bone marrow microenvironment. Utilizing an array of stromal cell types at the early stages of drug screening may enhance the translation of in vitro drug development to clinical use. Ultimately, we highlight the need to consider the bone marrow microenvironment in drug screening platforms for leukemia to develop superior therapies for the treatment of high-risk patients with poor prognostic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon G Panting
- Leukaemia Translational Research Laboratory, Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rishi S Kotecha
- Leukaemia Translational Research Laboratory, Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Clinical Haematology, Oncology, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Laurence C Cheung
- Leukaemia Translational Research Laboratory, Telethon Kids Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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2
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Schmid VK, Hobeika E. B cell receptor signaling and associated pathways in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1339620. [PMID: 38469232 PMCID: PMC10926848 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1339620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling is a key driver of growth and survival in both normal and malignant B cells. Several lines of evidence support an important pathogenic role of the BCR in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The significant improvement of CLL patients' survival with the use of various BCR pathway targeting inhibitors, supports a crucial involvement of BCR signaling in the pathogenesis of CLL. Although the treatment landscape of CLL has significantly evolved in recent years, no agent has clearly demonstrated efficacy in patients with treatment-refractory CLL in the long run. To identify new drug targets and mechanisms of drug action in neoplastic B cells, a detailed understanding of the molecular mechanisms of leukemic transformation as well as CLL cell survival is required. In the last decades, studies of genetically modified CLL mouse models in line with CLL patient studies provided a variety of exciting data about BCR and BCR-associated kinases in their role in CLL pathogenesis as well as disease progression. BCR surface expression was identified as a particularly important factor regulating CLL cell survival. Also, BCR-associated kinases were shown to provide a crosstalk of the CLL cells with their tumor microenvironment, which highlights the significance of the cells' milieu in the assessment of disease progression and treatment. In this review, we summarize the major findings of recent CLL mouse as well as patient studies in regard to the BCR signalosome and discuss its relevance in the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elias Hobeika
- Institute of Immunology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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3
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Cerreto M, Foà R, Natoni A. The Role of the Microenvironment and Cell Adhesion Molecules in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5160. [PMID: 37958334 PMCID: PMC10647257 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15215160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a B-cell malignancy whose progression largely depends on the lymph node and bone marrow microenvironment. Indeed, CLL cells actively proliferate in specific regions of these anatomical compartments, known as proliferation centers, while being quiescent in the blood stream. Hence, CLL cell adhesion and migration into these protective niches are critical for CLL pathophysiology. CLL cells are lodged in their microenvironment through a series of molecular interactions that are mediated by cellular adhesion molecules and their counter receptors. The importance of these adhesion molecules in the clinic is demonstrated by the correlation between the expression levels of some of them, in particular CD49d, and the prognostic likelihood. Furthermore, novel therapeutic agents, such as ibrutinib, impair the functions of these adhesion molecules, leading to an egress of CLL cells from the lymph nodes and bone marrow into the circulation together with an inhibition of homing into these survival niches, thereby preventing disease progression. Several adhesion molecules have been shown to participate in CLL adhesion and migration. Their importance also stems from the observation that they are involved in promoting, directly or indirectly, survival signals that sustain CLL proliferation and limit the efficacy of standard and novel chemotherapeutic drugs, a process known as cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance. In this respect, many studies have elucidated the molecular mechanisms underlying cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance, which have highlighted different signaling pathways that may represent potential therapeutic targets. Here, we review the role of the microenvironment and the adhesion molecules that have been shown to be important in CLL and their impact on transendothelial migration and cell-mediated drug resistance. We also discuss how novel therapeutic compounds modulate the function of this important class of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alessandro Natoni
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, 00100 Rome, Italy; (M.C.); (R.F.)
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4
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El-Tanani M, Platt-Higgins A, Nsairat H, Matalka II, Ahmed KAA, Zhang SD, Alshaer W, Awidi A, Matchett KB, Aljabali AA, Mishra V, Serrano-Aroca Á, Tambuwala MM, Rudland PS. Development and validation of Ran as a prognostic marker in stage I and stage II primary breast cancer. Life Sci 2023; 329:121964. [PMID: 37473800 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Existing prognostic biomarkers are inadequate for stratifying breast cancer patients with the highest risk of tumor progression at the time of diagnosis. Here, we demonstrate that the small GTPase Ran has predictive value for breast cancer (BC) patients as a whole, and for specific BC subtypes. PATIENTS AND METHODS Ran expression was quantified by immunohistochemistry in 263 patients with primary breast cancer diagnosed at the Breast Unit, Royal Liverpool Hospital. Additionally as an independent validation, we also analyzed the mRNA expressions of Ran, ER, PR, and Cerb-2, the triple-negative endocrine receptors, and their associations with patient survival in a combined patient cohorts of multiple public datasets (n = 1079). We analyzed the data with Spearman's rank correlation and Kaplan-Meier plots coupled with Wilcoxon-Gehan tests, respectively. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Ran nuclear, cytoplasmic, and total staining are substantially associated with poor survival, independent of conventional prognostic markers such as estrogen receptor (ER), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and lymph node status. According to the datasets, Ran was significantly correlated with distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) and relapse-free survival (RFS). CONCLUSION We found that Ran expression is a unique predictive biomarker for patient survival, metastasis, and tumor relapse. This biomarker could be used for diagnostic purposes, using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor biopsy samples from breast cancer patients in the early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Tanani
- College of Pharmacy, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE; Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan.
| | - Angela Platt-Higgins
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Cancer and Polio Research Fund Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Hamdi Nsairat
- College of Pharmacy, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE
| | - Ismail I Matalka
- Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Khaled Abdul-Aziz Ahmed
- College of Pharmacy, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE
| | - Shu-Dong Zhang
- Personalised Medicine Centre, School of Medicine, University of Ulster, UK
| | - Walhan Alshaer
- Cell Therapy Center, the University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Abdalla Awidi
- Cell Therapy Center, the University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Kyle B Matchett
- Northern Ireland Centre for Stratified Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, C-TRIC, Altnagelvin Hospital Campus, Glenshane Road, Derry/Londonderry BT47 6SB, UK
| | - Alaa A Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Vijay Mishra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Ángel Serrano-Aroca
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Laboratory, Centro de Investigación Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, c/Guillem de Castro 94, 46001, Valencia, Spain
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- Lincoln Medical School, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool Campus, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK.
| | - Philip S Rudland
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Cancer and Polio Research Fund Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, United Kingdom.
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5
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Oumeslakht L, Aziz AI, Bensussan A, Ben Mkaddem S. CD160 receptor in CLL: Current state and future avenues. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1028013. [PMID: 36420268 PMCID: PMC9676924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1028013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
CD160 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell surface glycoprotein expressed on cytotoxic natural killer (NK) cells and T-cell subsets. It plays a crucial role in the activation of NK-cell cytotoxicity and cytokine production. It also modulates the immune system and is involved in some pathologies, such as cancer. CD160 is abnormally expressed in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) but not expressed in normal B lymphocytes. Its expression in CLL enhances tumor cell proliferation and resistance to apoptosis. CD160 is also a potential prognostic marker for the detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) in CLL, which is important for the clinical management of CLL, the prevention of disease relapse, and the achievement of complete remission. In this review, we present an overview of CD160 and its involvement in the pathophysiology of CLL. We also discuss its use as a prognostic marker for the assessment of MRD in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loubna Oumeslakht
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben-Guerir, Morocco
| | - Abdel-ilah Aziz
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben-Guerir, Morocco
| | - Armand Bensussan
- INSERM U976, Université de Paris, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
- Institut Jean Godinot, Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer, Reims, France
| | - Sanae Ben Mkaddem
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben-Guerir, Morocco
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6
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Burley TA, Hesketh A, Bucca G, Kennedy E, Ladikou EE, Towler BP, Mitchell S, Smith CP, Fegan C, Johnston R, Pepper A, Pepper C. Elucidation of Focal Adhesion Kinase as a Modulator of Migration and Invasion and as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071600. [PMID: 35406371 PMCID: PMC8996841 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The retention and re-migration of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia cells into cytoprotective and proliferative lymphoid niches is thought to contribute to the development of resistance, leading to subsequent disease relapse. The aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular processes that govern CLL cell migration to elicit a more complete inhibition of tumor cell migration. We compared the phenotypic and transcriptional changes induced in CLL cells using two distinct models designed to recapitulate the peripheral circulation, CLL cell migration across an endothelial barrier, and the lymph node interaction between CLL cells and activated T cells. Initially, CLL cells were co-cultured with CD40L-expressing fibroblasts and exhibited an activated B-cell phenotype, and their transcriptional signatures demonstrated the upregulation of pro-survival and anti-apoptotic genes and overrepresentation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Using our dynamic circulating model, we were able to study the transcriptomics and miRNomics associated with CLL migration. More than 3000 genes were altered when CLL cells underwent transendothelial migration, with an overrepresentation of adhesion and cell migration gene sets. From this analysis, an upregulation of the FAK signaling pathway was observed. Importantly, PTK2 (FAK) gene expression was significantly upregulated in migrating CLL cells (PTK2 Fold-change = 4.9). Here we demonstrate that TLR9 agonism increased levels of p-FAK (p ≤ 0.05), which could be prevented by pharmacological inhibition of FAK with defactinib (p ≤ 0.01). Furthermore, a reduction in CLL cell migration and invasion was observed when FAK was inhibited (p ≤ 0.0001), supporting a role for FAK in both CLL migration and tissue invasion. When taken together, our data highlights the potential for combining FAK inhibition with current targeted therapies as a more effective treatment regime for CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Burley
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK; (T.A.B.); (E.K.); (E.E.L.); (B.P.T.); (S.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Andrew Hesketh
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK; (A.H.); (G.B.); (C.P.S.)
| | - Giselda Bucca
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK; (A.H.); (G.B.); (C.P.S.)
| | - Emma Kennedy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK; (T.A.B.); (E.K.); (E.E.L.); (B.P.T.); (S.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Eleni E. Ladikou
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK; (T.A.B.); (E.K.); (E.E.L.); (B.P.T.); (S.M.); (C.P.)
- Department of Haematology, Brighton and Sussex University Hospital Trust, Brighton BN2 5BE, UK;
| | - Benjamin P. Towler
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK; (T.A.B.); (E.K.); (E.E.L.); (B.P.T.); (S.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Simon Mitchell
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK; (T.A.B.); (E.K.); (E.E.L.); (B.P.T.); (S.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Colin P. Smith
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, UK; (A.H.); (G.B.); (C.P.S.)
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7YH, UK
| | - Christopher Fegan
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK;
| | - Rosalynd Johnston
- Department of Haematology, Brighton and Sussex University Hospital Trust, Brighton BN2 5BE, UK;
| | - Andrea Pepper
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK; (T.A.B.); (E.K.); (E.E.L.); (B.P.T.); (S.M.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-01273-678644
| | - Chris Pepper
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK; (T.A.B.); (E.K.); (E.E.L.); (B.P.T.); (S.M.); (C.P.)
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7
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Haselager M, Thijssen R, West C, Young L, Van Kampen R, Willmore E, Mackay S, Kater A, Eldering E. Regulation of Bcl-XL by non-canonical NF-κB in the context of CD40-induced drug resistance in CLL. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:1658-1668. [PMID: 33495554 PMCID: PMC8167103 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00692-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the lymph node (LN) microenvironment delivers critical survival signals by inducing the expression of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 members Bcl-XL, Bfl-1, and Mcl-1, resulting in apoptosis blockade. We determined previously that resistance against various drugs, among which is the clinically applied BH3 mimetic venetoclax, is dominated by upregulation of the anti-apoptotic regulator Bcl-XL. Direct clinical targeting of Bcl-XL by, e.g., Navitoclax is however not desirable due to induction of thrombocytopenia. Since the actual regulation of Bcl-XL in CLL in the context of the LN microenvironment is not well elucidated, we investigated various candidate LN signals to drive Bcl-XL expression. We found a dominance for NF-κB signaling upon CD40 stimulation, which results in activation of both the canonical and non-canonical NF-κB signaling pathways. We demonstrate that expression of Bcl-XL is first induced by the canonical NF-κB pathway, and subsequently boosted and continued via non-canonical NF-κB signaling through stabilization of NIK. NF-κB subunits p65 and p52 can both bind to the Bcl-XL promoter and activate transcription upon CD40 stimulation. Moreover, canonical NF-κB signaling was correlated with Bfl-1 expression, whereas Mcl-1 in contrast, was not transcriptionally regulated by NF-κB. Finally, we applied a novel compound targeting NIK to selectively inhibit the non-canonical NF-κB pathway and showed that venetoclax-resistant CLL cells were sensitized to venetoclax. In conclusion, protective signals from the CLL microenvironment can be tipped towards apoptosis sensitivity by interfering with non-canonical NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Haselager
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam institute for Infection & Immunity, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel Thijssen
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam institute for Infection & Immunity, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.7177.60000000084992262Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam institute for Infection & Immunity, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher West
- grid.11984.350000000121138138Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Louise Young
- grid.11984.350000000121138138Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Roel Van Kampen
- grid.416905.fZuyderland Medical Center, Sittard, The Netherlands
| | - Elaine Willmore
- grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212Drug Discovery Unit, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Simon Mackay
- grid.11984.350000000121138138Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Arnon Kater
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Department of Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam institute for Infection & Immunity, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Eldering
- grid.7177.60000000084992262Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam institute for Infection & Immunity, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands ,Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam, LYMMCARE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Apollonio B, Ioannou N, Papazoglou D, Ramsay AG. Understanding the Immune-Stroma Microenvironment in B Cell Malignancies for Effective Immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:626818. [PMID: 33842331 PMCID: PMC8027510 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.626818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers, including lymphomas, develop in complex tissue environments where malignant cells actively promote the creation of a pro-tumoral niche that suppresses effective anti-tumor effector T cell responses. Research is revealing that the tumor microenvironment (TME) differs between different types of lymphoma, covering inflamed environments, as exemplified by Hodgkin lymphoma, to non-inflamed TMEs as seen in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or diffuse-large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). In this review we consider how T cells and interferon-driven inflammatory signaling contribute to the regulation of anti-tumor immune responses, as well as sensitivity to anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. We discuss tumor intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms critical to anti-tumor immune responses, as well as sensitivity to immunotherapies, before adding an additional layer of complexity within the TME: the immunoregulatory role of non-hematopoietic stromal cells that co-evolve with tumors. Studying the intricate interactions between the immune-stroma lymphoma TME should help to design next-generation immunotherapies and combination treatment strategies to overcome complex TME-driven immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Apollonio
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolaos Ioannou
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Despoina Papazoglou
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alan G Ramsay
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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9
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CD49d promotes disease progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: new insights from CD49d bimodal expression. Blood 2020; 135:1244-1254. [PMID: 32006000 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019003179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD49d is a remarkable prognostic biomarker of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The cutoff value for the extensively validated 30% of positive CLL cells is able to separate CLL patients into 2 subgroups with different prognoses, but it does not consider the pattern of CD49d expression. In the present study, we analyzed a cohort of 1630 CLL samples and identified the presence of ∼20% of CLL cases (n = 313) characterized by a bimodal expression of CD49d, that is, concomitant presence of a CD49d+ subpopulation and a CD49d- subpopulation. At variance with the highly stable CD49d expression observed in CLL patients with a homogeneous pattern of CD49d expression, CD49d bimodal CLL showed a higher level of variability in sequential samples, and an increase in the CD49d+ subpopulation over time after therapy. The CD49d+ subpopulation from CD49d bimodal CLL displayed higher levels of proliferation compared with the CD49d- cells; and was more highly represented in the bone marrow compared with peripheral blood (PB), and in PB CLL subsets expressing the CXCR4dim/CD5bright phenotype, known to be enriched in proliferative cells. From a clinical standpoint, CLL patients with CD49d bimodal expression, regardless of whether the CD49d+ subpopulation exceeded the 30% cutoff or not, experienced clinical behavior similar to CD49d+ CLL, both in chemoimmunotherapy (n = 1522) and in ibrutinib (n = 158) settings. Altogether, these results suggest that CD49d can drive disease progression in CLL, and that the pattern of CD49d expression should also be considered to improve the prognostic impact of this biomarker in CLL.
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10
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Resveratrol Suppresses Cross-Talk between Colorectal Cancer Cells and Stromal Cells in Multicellular Tumor Microenvironment: A Bridge between In Vitro and In Vivo Tumor Microenvironment Study. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184292. [PMID: 32962102 PMCID: PMC7570736 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The interaction between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (TME) is an important process for the development of tumor malignancy. Modulation of paracrine cross-talk could be a promising strategy for tumor control within the TME. The exact mechanisms of multi-targeted compound resveratrol are not yet fully understood. Whether resveratrol can modulate paracrine signal transduction-induced malignancy in the multicellular-TME of colorectal cancer cells (CRC) was investigated. An in vitro model with 3D-alginate HCT116 cells in multicellular-TME cultures (fibroblast cells, T-lymphocytes) was used to elucidate the role of TNF-β, Sirt1-ASO and/or resveratrol in the proliferation, invasion and cancer stem cells (CSC) of CRC cells. We found that multicellular-TME, similar to TNF-β-TME, promoted proliferation, colony formation, invasion of CRC cells and enabled activation of CSCs. However, after co-treatment with resveratrol, the malignancy of multicellular-TME reversed to HCT116. In addition, resveratrol reduced the secretion of T-lymphocyte/fibroblast (TNF-β, TGF-β3) proteins, antagonized the T-lymphocyte/fibroblast-promoting NF-κB activation, NF-κB nuclear translocation and thus the expression of NF-κB-promoting biomarkers, associated with proliferation, invasion and survival of CSCs in 3D-alginate cultures of HCT116 cells induced by TNF-β- or multicellular-TME, but not by Sirt1-ASO, indicating the central role of this enzyme in the anti-tumor function of resveratrol. Our results suggest that in vitro multicellular-TME promotes crosstalk between CRC and stromal cells to increase survival, migration of HCT116 and the resveratrol/Sirt1 axis suppresses this loop by modulating paracrine agent secretion and NF-κB signaling. Fibroblasts and T-lymphocytes are promising targets for resveratrol in the prevention of CRC metastasis.
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11
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Wang ZZ, Huang TY, Gong YF, Zhang XM, Feng-Wang, Huang XY. Effects of sorafenib on fibroblast-like synoviocyte apoptosis in rats with adjuvant arthritis. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 83:106418. [PMID: 32199349 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that is characterized by synovial inflammation and hyperplasia resulting from an imbalance between the proliferation and apoptosis of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs). Our previous study found that sorafenib had inhibitory effects in rats with adjuvant arthritis (AA). The present study investigated the role of sorafenib in the induction of AA FLS apoptosis in vitro. FLSs obtained from AA rats were cultured in vitro and identified. Cell apoptosis was detected using terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and propidium iodide (PI) labeling methods. Real-time PCR and Western blotting assays were used to quantify the expression levels of Fas, Caspase-3, Mcl-1, NF-κB and C-jun gene products in AA FLSs. Our data revealed that sorafenib (4 μmol/L) induced apoptosis in AA FLSs, and flow cytometry analysis showed that AA FLSs treated with sorafenib (4 μmol/L) in vitro accumulated in early and late apoptosis. There were significant increases in the expression levels of Fas, Caspase-3 and Mcl-1, and significant decreases in NF-κB and C-jun expression in AA FLSs treated with sorafenib. In summary, these results demonstrate that sorafenib promotes AA FLS apoptosis, which may be related to the upregulation of Fas and Caspase-3 and downregulation of NF-κB and C-jun. All of these findings suggest that sorafenib exerts an inhibitory effect on AA rats in vivo via AA FLS apoptotic induction, which has potential therapeutic implications for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhen Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Tian-Yu Huang
- Grade 2016, The First Department of Clinical Medicine, Bengbu Medical College, 2600 Donghai Road, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Yong-Fang Gong
- Department of Anatomy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Feng-Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xue-Ying Huang
- Department of Anatomy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, China.
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12
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Condoluci A, Rossi D. Genetic mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: impact on clinical treatment. Expert Rev Hematol 2019; 12:89-98. [DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2019.1575130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adalgisa Condoluci
- Division of Hematology, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland and Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Davide Rossi
- Division of Hematology, Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland and Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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13
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BIRC3 Expression Predicts CLL Progression and Defines Treatment Sensitivity via Enhanced NF-κB Nuclear Translocation. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:1901-1912. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Cai Z, Cao Y, Luo Y, Hu H, Ling H. Signalling mechanism(s) of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cells in tumour therapeutic resistance. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 483:156-163. [PMID: 29709449 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) leads to tumour progression, including tumour metastasis, disease recurrence and therapy resistance. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small group of cells that have the ability to undergo self-renewal and heterogeneous differentiation, which play a key role in the occurrence and development of cancer. EMT can promote tumour cells to develop stem cell characteristics, which makes tumours more difficult to treat. Therefore, exploring the role of EMT and CSCs in the metastasis of cancer is of great significance to guide tumour treatment and prognosis. In this review, we discuss EMT and CSCs in cancer progression and therapeutic resistance, with a special focus on the common characteristics and relationships between these processes, to explore the crucial relationships in the development of improved anti-tumour therapies. AREAS COVERED In this brief review article, the author has searched PubMed and Wikipedia for original research and reviewed articles to gather current information on the association of CSCs and EMT with therapeutic resistance characteristics, cancer growth and metastasis, which are believed to be regulated by the TGF-β, Wnt, Hedgehog (Hh), β-catenin, STAT3, Notch, and Nanog signalling pathways and other factors (miRNAs, microenvironment and additional cytokines).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (University of South China),College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, PR China
| | - Yijing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (University of South China),College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, PR China
| | - Yichen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (University of South China),College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, PR China
| | - Haobin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (University of South China),College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, PR China
| | - Hui Ling
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (University of South China),College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, PR China.
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15
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Flores MA, Fortea P, Trinidad EM, García D, Soler G, Ortuño FJ, Zapata AG, Alonso-Colmenar LM. EphrinA4 plays a critical role in α4 and αL mediated survival of human CLL cells during extravasation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:48481-48500. [PMID: 27374180 PMCID: PMC5217033 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A role of endothelial cells in the survival of CLL cells during extravasation is presently unknown. Herein we show that CLL cells but not normal B cells can receive apoptotic signals through physical contact with TNF-α activated endothelium impairing survival in transendothelial migration (TEM) assays. In addition, the CLL cells of patients having lymphadenopathy (LApos) show a survival advantage during TEM that can be linked to increased expression of α4 and αL integrin chains. Within this context, ephrinA4 expressed on the surface of CLL cells sequestrates integrins and inactivates them resulting in reduced adhesion and inhibition of apoptotic/survival signals through them. In agreement, ephrinA4 silencing resulted in increased survival of CLL cells of LApos patients but not LA neg patients. Similarly was observed when a soluble ephrinA4 isoform was added to TEM assays strongly suggesting that accumulation of this isoform in the serum of LApos patients could contribute to CLL cells dissemination and survival in vivo. In supporting, CLL lymphadenopathies showed a preferential accumulation of apoptotic CLL cells around high endothelial venules lacking ephrinA4. Moreover, soluble ephrinA4 isolated from sera of patients increased the number and viability of CLL cells recovered from the lymph nodes of adoptively transferred mice. Finally, we present evidence suggesting that soluble ephrinA4 mediated survival during TEM could enhance a transcellular TEM route of the CLL cells. Together these findings point to an important role of ephrinA4 in the nodal dissemination of CLL cells governing extravasation and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Flores
- Cytometry and Fluorescence Microscopy Research Center, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Nováis, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Fortea
- Cytometry and Fluorescence Microscopy Research Center, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Nováis, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva M Trinidad
- Transformation and Metastasis Group, Cancer Epigenetic and Molecular Biology Program (PEBC), IDIBELL, 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolores García
- Hematology and Medical Oncology Department, HGU Morales Meseguer, Marqués de los Velez, 30008 Murcia, Spain
| | - Gloria Soler
- Hematology and Medical Oncology Department, HGU Morales Meseguer, Marqués de los Velez, 30008 Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco J Ortuño
- Hematology and Medical Oncology Department, HGU Morales Meseguer, Marqués de los Velez, 30008 Murcia, Spain
| | - Agustín G Zapata
- Cytometry and Fluorescence Microscopy Research Center, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Nováis, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M Alonso-Colmenar
- Cytometry and Fluorescence Microscopy Research Center, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Nováis, 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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16
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Benedetti D, Tissino E, Pozzo F, Bittolo T, Caldana C, Perini C, Martorelli D, Bravin V, D’Agaro T, Rossi FM, Bomben R, Santinelli E, Zaja F, Pozzato G, Chiarenza A, Di Raimondo F, Del Poeta G, Rossi D, Gaidano G, Dal Bo M, Gattei V, Zucchetto A. NOTCH1 mutations are associated with high CD49d expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: link between the NOTCH1 and the NF-κB pathways. Leukemia 2017; 32:654-662. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Strati P, Parikh SA, Chaffee KG, Achenbach SJ, Slager SL, Call TG, Ding W, Jelinek DF, Hanson CA, Kay NE, Shanafelt TD. CD49d associates with nodal presentation and subsequent development of lymphadenopathy in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2017; 178:99-105. [PMID: 28386906 PMCID: PMC5549625 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
CD49d is a surface integrin that is expressed on chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) cells, and strongly correlates with more aggressive disease. Given its association with cell-cell adhesion and leucocyte trafficking, we hypothesized that patients with high CD49d expression would experience a clinical course dominated by lymphadenopathy. CD49d expression was measured by flow cytometry and considered positive if expressed by ≥30% of CLL cells. The study included 797 newly diagnosed CLL/small lymphocytic leukaemia patients; 279 (35%) were CD49d positive. CD49d-positive patients were more likely to present with lymphadenopathy (P < 0·001); a finding that persisted after adjusting for fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) and IGHV mutation status [odds ratio (OR) 2·51; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·64-3·83; P < 0·001]. Among CLL Rai 0 patients, CD49d positivity was associated with shorter time to development of lymphadenopathy (3·2 years vs not reached, P < 0·01). This association was maintained after adjusting for either FISH [hazard ratio (HR) 2·18; 95% CI 1·25-3·81; P = 0·006) or IGHV status (HR 2·02; 95% CI 1·11-3·69; P = 0·02) individually, but was attenuated when adjusting by both (HR 1·72; 95% CI 0·88-3·38; P = 0·11).These data demonstrate that CD49d-positive CLL patients experience a disease course dominated by lymphadenopathy. These findings could have implications for therapy selection and disease monitoring.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Genes, Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain/genetics
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Integrin alpha4/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphadenopathy/diagnosis
- Lymphadenopathy/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Staging
- Prognosis
- Time Factors
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Strati
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Wei Ding
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Neil E Kay
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
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18
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Hahn M, Bürckert JP, Luttenberger CA, Klebow S, Hess M, Al-Maarri M, Vogt M, Reißig S, Hallek M, Wienecke-Baldacchino A, Buch T, Muller CP, Pallasch CP, Wunderlich FT, Waisman A, Hövelmeyer N. Aberrant splicing of the tumor suppressor CYLD promotes the development of chronic lymphocytic leukemia via sustained NF-κB signaling. Leukemia 2017; 32:72-82. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Hernández P, Gorrochategui J, Primo D, Robles A, Rojas JL, Espinosa AB, Gómez C, Martínez-López J, Bennett TA, Ballesteros J. Drug Discovery Testing Compounds in Patient Samples by Automated Flow Cytometry. SLAS Technol 2017; 22:325-337. [PMID: 28340541 PMCID: PMC5464399 DOI: 10.1177/2472630317700346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Functional ex vivo assays that predict a patient’s clinical response to anticancer drugs for guiding cancer treatment have long been a goal, but few have yet proved to be reliable. To address this, we have developed an automated flow cytometry platform for drug screening that evaluates multiple endpoints with a robust data analysis system that can capture the complex mechanisms of action across different compounds. This system, called PharmaFlow, is used to test peripheral blood or bone marrow samples from patients diagnosed with hematological malignancies. Functional assays that use the whole sample, retaining all the microenvironmental components contained in the sample, offer an approach to ex vivo testing that may give results that are clinically relevant. This new approach can help to predict the patients’ response to existing treatments or to drugs under development, for hematological malignancies or other tumors. In addition, relevant biomarkers can be identified that determine the patient’s sensitivity, resistance, or toxicity to a given treatment. We propose that this approach, which better recapitulates the human microenvironment, constitutes a more predictive assay for personalized medicine and preclinical drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Joaquín Martínez-López
- 1 Vivia Biotech, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain.,2 Hematology Service, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
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20
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van Attekum MHA, Terpstra S, Slinger E, von Lindern M, Moerland PD, Jongejan A, Kater AP, Eldering E. Macrophages confer survival signals via CCR1-dependent translational MCL-1 induction in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncogene 2017; 36:3651-3660. [PMID: 28192408 PMCID: PMC5584520 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Protective interactions with bystander cells in micro-environmental niches, such as lymph nodes (LNs), contribute to survival and therapy resistance of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. This is caused by a shift in expression of B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) family members. Pro-survival proteins B-cell lymphoma-extra large (BCL-XL), BCL-2-related protein A1 (BFL-1) and myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein 1 (MCL-1) are upregulated by LN-residing T cells through CD40L interaction, presumably via nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling. Macrophages (Mφs) also reside in the LN, and are assumed to provide important supportive functions for CLL cells. However, if and how Mφs are able to induce survival is incompletely known. We first established that Mφs induced survival because of an exclusive upregulation of MCL-1. Next, we investigated the mechanism underlying MCL-1 induction by Mφs in comparison with CD40L. Genome-wide expression profiling of in vitro Mφ- and CD40L-stimulated CLL cells indicated activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-V-Akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (AKT)-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which was confirmed in ex vivo CLL LN material. Inhibition of PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling abrogated MCL-1 upregulation and survival by Mφs, as well as CD40 stimulation. MCL-1 can be regulated at multiple levels, and we established that AKT leads to increased MCL-1 translation, but does not affect MCL-1 transcription or protein stabilization. Furthermore, among Mφ-secreted factors that could activate AKT, we found that induction of MCL-1 and survival critically depended on C-C motif chemokine receptor-1 (CCR1). In conclusion, this study indicates that two distinct micro-environmental factors, CD40L and Mφs, signal via CCR1 to induce AKT activation resulting in translational stabilization of MCL-1, and hence can contribute to CLL cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H A van Attekum
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Terpstra
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Slinger
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M von Lindern
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P D Moerland
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Jongejan
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A P Kater
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam (LYMMCARE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Eldering
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Lymphoma and Myeloma Center Amsterdam (LYMMCARE), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid, an Inhibitor of Histone Deacetylase, Induces Apoptosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes. Inflammation 2016; 39:39-46. [PMID: 26228975 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Here, we explored the effects of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) on the viability and apoptosis of rheumatoid arthritis of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (rheumatoid arthritis (RA) fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS)). FLS obtained from RA patients were treated with SAHA. SAHA significantly inhibited the viability of RA FLS in a concentration-dependent manner up to 5 μM. SAHA-treated FLS showed a significant increase in the percentage of apoptosis and the expression and activity of caspase-3 and higher intracellular ROS levels. N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) pretreatment significantly attenuated SAHA-induced apoptosis, decreasing the percentage of apoptosis by about 60 %. A significant decline in phosphorylated IκBα and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 and concomitant increase in total IκBα were shown in SAHA-treated FLS. Additionally, the levels of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins (Bcl-xL and Mcl-1) were significantly reduced by SAHA. Collectively, SAHA induces apoptosis of RA FLS, at least partially, through generation of ROS and suppression of NF-κB activation and Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 expression.
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22
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Crassini K, Shen Y, Mulligan S, Giles Best O. Modeling the chronic lymphocytic leukemia microenvironment in vitro. Leuk Lymphoma 2016; 58:266-279. [PMID: 27756161 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2016.1204654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Microenvironments within the lymph node and bone marrow promote proliferation and drug resistance in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Successful treatment of CLL must therefore target the leukemic cells within these compartments. A better understanding of the interaction between CLL cells and the tumor microenvironment has led to the development of in vitro models that mimic the mechanisms that support leukemic cell survival and proliferation in vivo. Employing these models as part of the pre-clinical evaluation of novel therapeutic agents enables a better approximation of their potential clinical efficacy. In this review we summarize the current literature describing how different aspects of the tumor microenvironment have been modeled in vitro and detail how these models have been employed to study the biology of the disease and potential efficacy of novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Crassini
- a Northern Blood Research Centre , Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital , Sydney , Australia
| | - Yandong Shen
- a Northern Blood Research Centre , Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital , Sydney , Australia
| | - Stephen Mulligan
- a Northern Blood Research Centre , Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital , Sydney , Australia.,b Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research Consortium (CLLARC) , Australia
| | - O Giles Best
- a Northern Blood Research Centre , Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital , Sydney , Australia.,b Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Research Consortium (CLLARC) , Australia
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23
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Gade P, Kimball AS, DiNardo AC, Gangwal P, Ross DD, Boswell HS, Keay SK, Kalvakolanu DV. Death-associated Protein Kinase-1 Expression and Autophagy in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Are Dependent on Activating Transcription Factor-6 and CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Protein-β. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:22030-22042. [PMID: 27590344 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.725796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of DAPK1, a critical regulator of autophagy and apoptosis, is lost in a wide variety of tumors, although the mechanisms are unclear. A transcription factor complex consisting of ATF6 (an endoplasmic reticulum-resident factor) and C/EBP-β is required for the IFN-γ-induced expression of DAPK1 IFN-γ-induced proteolytic processing of ATF6 and phosphorylation of C/EBP-β are obligatory for the formation of this transcriptional complex. We report that defects in this pathway fail to control growth of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Consistent with these observations, IFN-γ and chemotherapeutics failed to activate autophagy in CLL patient samples lacking ATF6 and/or C/EBP-β. Together, these results identify a molecular basis for the loss of DAPK1 expression in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmaja Gade
- From the Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and
| | | | | | | | - Douglas D Ross
- Medicine and the Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, the Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, and
| | - H Scott Boswell
- the Indianapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Susan K Keay
- Medicine and the Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, and
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24
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Alsagaby SA, Brennan P, Pepper C. Key Molecular Drivers of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2016; 16:593-606. [PMID: 27601002 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is an adult neoplastic disease of B cells characterized by variable clinical outcomes. Although some patients have an aggressive form of the disease and often encounter treatment failure and short survival, others have more stable disease with long-term survival and little or no need for theraphy. In the past decade, significant advances have been made in our understanding of the molecular drivers that affect the natural pathology of CLL. The present review describes what is known about these key molecules in the context of their role in tumor pathogenicity, prognosis, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suliman A Alsagaby
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Science, Majmaah University, Al-Zuli, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
| | - Paul Brennan
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Pepper
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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25
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Zeligs KP, Neuman MK, Annunziata CM. Molecular Pathways: The Balance between Cancer and the Immune System Challenges the Therapeutic Specificity of Targeting Nuclear Factor-κB Signaling for Cancer Treatment. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:4302-8. [PMID: 27422962 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-1374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The NF-κB signaling pathway is a complex network linking extracellular stimuli to cell survival and proliferation. Cytoplasmic signaling to activate NF-κB can occur as part of the DNA damage response or in response to a large variety of activators, including viruses, inflammation, and cell death. NF-κB transcription factors play a fundamental role in tumorigenesis and are implicated in the origination and propagation of both hematologic and solid tumor types, including melanoma, breast, prostate, ovarian, pancreatic, colon, lung, and thyroid cancers. On the other hand, NF-κB signaling is key to immune function and is likely necessary for antitumor immunity. This presents a dilemma when designing therapeutic approaches to target NF-κB. There is growing interest in identifying novel modulators to inhibit NF-κB activity as impeding different steps of the NF-κB pathway has potential to slow tumor growth, progression, and resistance to chemotherapy. Despite significant advances in our understanding of this pathway, our ability to effectively clinically block key targets for cancer therapy remains limited due to on-target effects in normal tissues. Tumor specificity is critical to developing therapeutic strategies targeting this antiapoptotic signaling pathway to maintain antitumor immune surveillance when applying such therapy to patients. Clin Cancer Res; 22(17); 4302-8. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen P Zeligs
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland. Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Monica K Neuman
- Women's Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, Maryland
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Phenotype and immune function of lymph node and peripheral blood CLL cells are linked to transendothelial migration. Blood 2016; 128:563-73. [PMID: 27252234 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-01-683128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that homing of tumor cells to lymphoid tissue contributes to disease progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Here, we demonstrate that lymph node (LN)-derived CLL cells possess a distinct phenotype, and exhibit enhanced capacity for T-cell activation and superior immune synapse formation when compared with paired peripheral blood (PB) samples. LN-derived CLL cells manifest a proliferative, CXCR4(dim)CD5(bright) phenotype compared with those in the PB and higher expression of T-cell activation molecules including CD80, CD86, and HLA-D-related (DR). In addition, LN-CLL cells have higher expression of α4β1 (CD49d) which, as well as being a co-stimulatory molecule, is required for CLL cells to undergo transendothelial migration (TEM) and enter the proliferation centers of the LNs. Using an in vitro system that models circulation and TEM, we showed that the small population of CLL cells that migrate are CXCR4(dim)CD5(bright) with higher CD49d, CD80, CD86, and HLA-DR compared with those that remain circulating; a phenotype strikingly similar to LN-derived CLL cells. Furthermore, sorted CD49d(hi) CLL cells showed an enhanced capacity to activate T cells compared with CD49d(lo) subpopulations from the same patient. Thus, although PB-CLL cells have a reduced capacity to form immune synapses and activate CD4(+) T cells, this was not the case for LN-CLL cells or those with the propensity to undergo TEM. Taken together, our study suggests that CLL cell immunologic function is not only modulated by microenvironmental interactions but is also a feature of a subpopulation of PB-CLL cells that are primed for lymphoid tissue homing and interaction with T cells.
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Kamel AM, El-Sharkawy NM, Osman RA, Abd El-Fattah EK, El-Noshokaty E, Abd El-Hamid T, Kandeel EZ. Adhesion molecules expression in CLL: Potential impact on clinical and hematological parameters. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2016; 28:31-7. [PMID: 26873628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnci.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is marked by the accumulation of CD5+ B lymphocytes within the blood, bone marrow (BM), and secondary lymphoid tissues. Abnormalities in the expression and function of cell adhesion molecules may account for the patterns of intra-nodal growth and hematogenous spread of the malignant cells. Chemokines and integrin-mediated adhesion and trans-endothelial migration (TEM) are central aspects in trafficking and retention of hematopoietic cells in the BM and lymphoid organs. AIM OF THE WORK This work was conducted to study adhesion molecules status in CLL and its potential impact on both hematological and clinical parameters. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study included 78 newly diagnosed CLL patients. Immunophenotyping was performed on peripheral blood using the chronic lymphoid panel. Adhesion molecules (CD11a, CD11b, CD49d, CD49C, CD29 and CD38) were tested using monoclonal antibodies and analyzed by Flow Cytometry. RESULTS Positive correlation was encountered between adhesion molecules: CD38 with CD49d (r=0.25, p=0.028), CD11a with CD11b, CD49d and CD29 (r=0.394, p=0.001; r=0.441, p=<0.01 and r=0.446, p<0.01 respectively) and CD29 with CD49c and CD49d (r=0.437, p<0.01; r=0.674, p<0.01 respectively). CD49c showed negative correlation with Rai staging (r=-0.269, p=0.033). CD11a and CD29 showed a significant relation with splenomegaly (p=0.04 and 0.03 respectively) and CD49d showed a significant relation with lymphadenopathy (p=0.02). CONCLUSION The level of different adhesion molecules expression in CLL is apparently reflected on the potential migratory behavior of the leukemic cells to different organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza M Kamel
- Clinical Pathology Department, NCI, Cairo University, Fom El-Khalig Square, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11796, Egypt.
| | - Nahla M El-Sharkawy
- Clinical Pathology Department, NCI, Cairo University, Fom El-Khalig Square, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11796, Egypt.
| | - Randa A Osman
- Clinical Pathology Department, NCI, Cairo University, Fom El-Khalig Square, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11796, Egypt.
| | - Eman K Abd El-Fattah
- Clinical Pathology Department, NCI, Cairo University, Fom El-Khalig Square, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11796, Egypt.
| | - Essam El-Noshokaty
- Clinical Pathology Department, NCI, Cairo University, Fom El-Khalig Square, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11796, Egypt.
| | - Thoraya Abd El-Hamid
- Medical Oncology Department, NCI, Cairo University, Fom El-Khalig Square, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11796, Egypt.
| | - Eman Z Kandeel
- Clinical Pathology Department, NCI, Cairo University, Fom El-Khalig Square, Kasr El-Aini St., Cairo 11796, Egypt.
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Straface E, Vona R, Campesi I, Franconi F. Mitochondria can orchestrate sex differences in cell fate of vascular smooth muscle cells from rats. Biol Sex Differ 2015; 6:34. [PMID: 26677409 PMCID: PMC4681081 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-015-0051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In basal conditions, vascular smooth muscle cells freshly isolated from aortas of male and female rats display marked sex differences in terms of redox balance and susceptibility to ultraviolet radiation-induced cell death. In particular, in the same experimental conditions, cells from male rats are more susceptible to oxidative stress and underwent apoptosis, while cells from female rats underwent premature senescence. In the present work, the mechanism involved in cell fate after ultraviolet radiation exposure is investigated. Methods Vascular smooth muscle cells, isolated from the descending aortas of both female and male Sprague–Dawley young rats, were exposed to a single sub-cytotoxic dose of ultraviolet radiation (200 mJ/cm2). The distribution and the expression of molecules involved in cell survival and mitochondrial physiology were evaluated by static and flow cytometry using commercial kits and antibodies. Statistical analyses were performed by using Student’s t test and two-way ANOVA. Results After exposure to ultraviolet radiation, an upregulation of survival proteins such as BclxL, survivin and the presence in the nucleus of NF-κB were found in cells from females. Conversely, pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9 as well as loss of mitochondrial membrane potential were found in cells from male rats. Conclusions Our results suggest that (i) mitochondria, being producers of ROS, can orchestrate sex differences in cell fate of VSMC and (ii) mitochondrial dysfunction may be a significant mechanism by which cardiovascular risk factors lead to the formation of vascular lesions in a sex-specific way.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Straface
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy ; Section of Cell Aging and Gender Medicine, Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - R Vona
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicine Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - I Campesi
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sassari, Sassari, 07100 Italy
| | - F Franconi
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sassari, Sassari, 07100 Italy
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29
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Mohammad RM, Muqbil I, Lowe L, Yedjou C, Hsu HY, Lin LT, Siegelin MD, Fimognari C, Kumar NB, Dou QP, Yang H, Samadi AK, Russo GL, Spagnuolo C, Ray SK, Chakrabarti M, Morre JD, Coley HM, Honoki K, Fujii H, Georgakilas AG, Amedei A, Niccolai E, Amin A, Ashraf SS, Helferich WG, Yang X, Boosani CS, Guha G, Bhakta D, Ciriolo MR, Aquilano K, Chen S, Mohammed SI, Keith WN, Bilsland A, Halicka D, Nowsheen S, Azmi AS. Broad targeting of resistance to apoptosis in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S78-S103. [PMID: 25936818 PMCID: PMC4720504 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 496] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis or programmed cell death is natural way of removing aged cells from the body. Most of the anti-cancer therapies trigger apoptosis induction and related cell death networks to eliminate malignant cells. However, in cancer, de-regulated apoptotic signaling, particularly the activation of an anti-apoptotic systems, allows cancer cells to escape this program leading to uncontrolled proliferation resulting in tumor survival, therapeutic resistance and recurrence of cancer. This resistance is a complicated phenomenon that emanates from the interactions of various molecules and signaling pathways. In this comprehensive review we discuss the various factors contributing to apoptosis resistance in cancers. The key resistance targets that are discussed include (1) Bcl-2 and Mcl-1 proteins; (2) autophagy processes; (3) necrosis and necroptosis; (4) heat shock protein signaling; (5) the proteasome pathway; (6) epigenetic mechanisms; and (7) aberrant nuclear export signaling. The shortcomings of current therapeutic modalities are highlighted and a broad spectrum strategy using approaches including (a) gossypol; (b) epigallocatechin-3-gallate; (c) UMI-77 (d) triptolide and (e) selinexor that can be used to overcome cell death resistance is presented. This review provides a roadmap for the design of successful anti-cancer strategies that overcome resistance to apoptosis for better therapeutic outcome in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi M Mohammad
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States; Interim translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Irfana Muqbil
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Clement Yedjou
- C-SET, [Jackson, #229] State University, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Hsue-Yin Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Tzung Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Markus David Siegelin
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Carmela Fimognari
- Dipartimento di Scienze per la Qualità della Vita Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Italy
| | - Nagi B Kumar
- Moffit Cancer Center, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Q Ping Dou
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States; Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit MI, United States
| | - Huanjie Yang
- The School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | | | - Gian Luigi Russo
- Institute of Food Sciences National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Carmela Spagnuolo
- Institute of Food Sciences National Research Council, Avellino, Italy
| | - Swapan K Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Mrinmay Chakrabarti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - James D Morre
- Mor-NuCo, Inc, Purdue Research Park, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Helen M Coley
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Kanya Honoki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Fujii
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, university of florence, Italy
| | - Elena Niccolai
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, university of florence, Italy
| | - Amr Amin
- Department of Biology, College of Science, UAE University, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - S Salman Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, UAE University, United Arab Emirates
| | - William G Helferich
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Xujuan Yang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Chandra S Boosani
- Department of BioMedical Sciences, School of Medicine Creighton University, Omaha NE, United States
| | - Gunjan Guha
- School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Dipita Bhakta
- School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | | | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Italy
| | - Sophie Chen
- Ovarian and Prostate Cancer Research Trust Laboratory, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Sulma I Mohammed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology and Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - W Nicol Keith
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Ireland
| | - Alan Bilsland
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Ireland
| | - Dorota Halicka
- Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Somaira Nowsheen
- Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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30
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Del Principe MI, Dal Bo M, Bittolo T, Buccisano F, Rossi FM, Zucchetto A, Rossi D, Bomben R, Maurillo L, Cefalo M, De Santis G, Venditti A, Gaidano G, Amadori S, de Fabritiis P, Gattei V, Del Poeta G. Clinical significance of bax/bcl-2 ratio in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Haematologica 2015; 101:77-85. [PMID: 26565002 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2015.131854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic lymphocytic leukemia the balance between the pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic members of the bcl-2 family is involved in the pathogenesis, chemorefractoriness and clinical outcome. Moreover, the recently proposed anti-bcl-2 molecules, such as ABT-199, have emphasized the potential role of of bcl-2 family proteins in the context of target therapies. We investigated bax/bcl-2 ratio by flow cytometry in 502 patients and identified a cut off of 1.50 to correlate bax/bcl-2 ratio with well-established clinical and biological prognosticators. Bax/bcl-2 was 1.50 or over in 263 patients (52%) with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Higher bax/bcl-2 was associated with low Rai stage, lymphocyte doubling time over 12 months, beta-2 microglobulin less than 2.2 mg/dL, soluble CD23 less than 70 U/mL and a low risk cytogenetic profile (P<0.0001). On the other hand, lower bax/bcl-2 was correlated with unmutated IGHV (P<0.0001), mutated NOTCH1 (P<0.0001) and mutated TP53 (P=0.00007). Significant shorter progression-free survival and overall survival were observed in patients with lower bax/bcl-2 (P<0.0001). Moreover, within IGHV unmutated (168 patients) and TP53 mutated (37 patients) subgroups, higher bax/bcl-2 identified cases with significant longer PFS (P=0.00002 and P=0.039). In multivariate analysis of progression-free survival and overall survival, bax/bcl-2 was an independent prognostic factor (P=0.0002 and P=0.002). In conclusion, we defined the prognostic power of bax/bcl-2 ratio, as determined by a flow cytometric approach, and highlighted a correlation with chemoresistance and outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Finally, the recently proposed new therapies employing bcl-2 inhibitors prompted the potential use of bax/bcl-2 ratio to identify patients putatively resistant to these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ilaria Del Principe
- Ematologia, Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, S. Eugenio Hospital and Università Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - Michele Dal Bo
- Unità Clinica e Sperimentale Onco-Ematologica, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, I.R.C.C.S., Aviano, Italy
| | - Tamara Bittolo
- Unità Clinica e Sperimentale Onco-Ematologica, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, I.R.C.C.S., Aviano, Italy
| | - Francesco Buccisano
- Ematologia, Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, S. Eugenio Hospital and Università Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesca Maria Rossi
- Unità Clinica e Sperimentale Onco-Ematologica, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, I.R.C.C.S., Aviano, Italy
| | - Antonella Zucchetto
- Unità Clinica e Sperimentale Onco-Ematologica, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, I.R.C.C.S., Aviano, Italy
| | - Davide Rossi
- Ematologia, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bomben
- Unità Clinica e Sperimentale Onco-Ematologica, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, I.R.C.C.S., Aviano, Italy
| | - Luca Maurillo
- Ematologia, Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, S. Eugenio Hospital and Università Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - Mariagiovanna Cefalo
- Ematologia, Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, S. Eugenio Hospital and Università Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanna De Santis
- Ematologia, Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, S. Eugenio Hospital and Università Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - Adriano Venditti
- Ematologia, Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, S. Eugenio Hospital and Università Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Sergio Amadori
- Ematologia, Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, S. Eugenio Hospital and Università Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - Paolo de Fabritiis
- Ematologia, Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, S. Eugenio Hospital and Università Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - Valter Gattei
- Unità Clinica e Sperimentale Onco-Ematologica, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, I.R.C.C.S., Aviano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Del Poeta
- Ematologia, Dipartimento di Biomedicina e Prevenzione, S. Eugenio Hospital and Università Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
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Herman SEM, Mustafa RZ, Jones J, Wong DH, Farooqui M, Wiestner A. Treatment with Ibrutinib Inhibits BTK- and VLA-4-Dependent Adhesion of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells In Vivo. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:4642-51. [PMID: 26089373 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ibrutinib leads to a transient lymphocytosis in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) that develops within hours of starting drug and is due to the efflux of cells from lymphoid tissues into the blood. We therefore sought to investigate the in vivo effect of ibrutinib on migration and adhesion of CLL cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients received single-agent ibrutinib (420 mg daily) on an investigator-initiated phase II trial. Serial blood samples were collected pretreatment and during treatment for ex vivo functional assays. RESULTS Adhesion of CLL cells to fibronectin was rapidly (within hours) and almost completely inhibited (median reduction 98% on day 28, P < 0.001), while the effect on migration to chemokines was more moderate (median reduction 64%, P = 0.008) and less uniform. Although cell surface expression of key adhesion molecules such as CD49d, CD29, and CD44 were modestly reduced, this was only apparent after weeks of treatment. Stimulation of CLL cells from patients on ibrutinib with PMA, which activates PKC independent of BTK, restored the ability of the cells to adhere to fibronectin in a VLA-4-dependent manner. Finally, the addition of ibrutinib to CLL cells adhered to fibronectin in vitro caused the detachment of 17% of the cells, on average; consisten t with in vivo observations of an increasing lymphocytosis within 4 hours of starting ibrutinib. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of BTK and VLA-4-dependent adhesion of CLL cells to stroma and stromal components provides a mechanistic explanation for the treatment-induced lymphocytosis and may reduce CD49d-dependent prosurvival signals in the tissue microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E M Herman
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rashida Z Mustafa
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jade Jones
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland. Medical Research Scholars Program, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Deanna H Wong
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mohammed Farooqui
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Adrian Wiestner
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland.
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Weiler S, Ademokun JA, Norton JD. ID helix-loop-helix proteins as determinants of cell survival in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in vitro. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:30. [PMID: 25644253 PMCID: PMC4320821 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-014-0286-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the inhibitor of DNA-binding (ID) family of helix-loop-helix proteins have been causally implicated in the pathogenesis of several types of B-cell lineage malignancy, either on the basis of mutation or by altered expression. B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia encompasses a heterogeneous group of disorders and is the commonest leukaemia type in the Western world. In this study, we have investigated the pathobiological functions of the ID2 and ID3 proteins in this disease with an emphasis on their role in regulating leukemic cell death/survival. METHODS Bioinformatics analysis of microarray gene expression data was used to investigate expression of ID2/ID3 in leukemic versus normal B cells, their association with clinical course of disease and molecular sub-type and to reconstruct a gene regulatory network using the 'maximum information coefficient' (MIC) for target gene inference. In vitro cultured primary leukemia cells, either in isolation or co-cultured with accessory vascular endothelial cells, were used to investigate ID2/ID3 protein expression by western blotting and to assess the cytotoxic response of different drugs (fludarabine, chlorambucil, ethacrynic acid) by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. ID2/ID3 protein levels in primary leukemia cells and in MEC1 cells were manipulated by transduction with siRNA reagents. RESULTS Datamining showed that the expression profiles of ID2 and ID3 are associated with distinct pathobiological features of disease and implicated both genes in regulating cell death/survival by targeting multiple non-overlapping sets of apoptosis effecter genes. Consistent with microarray data, the overall pattern of ID2/ID3 protein expression in relation to cell death/survival responses of primary leukemia cells was suggestive of a pro-survival function for both ID proteins. This was confirmed by siRNA knock-down experiments in MEC1 cells and in primary leukemia cells, but with variability in the dependence of leukemic cells from different patients on ID protein expression for cell survival. Vascular endothelial cells rescued leukemia cells from spontaneous and cytotoxic drug-induced cell death at least in part, via an ID protein-coupled redox-dependent mechanism. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides evidence for a pro-survival function of the ID2/ID3 proteins in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and also highlights these proteins as potential determinants of the pathobiology of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Weiler
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK.
| | - Jolaolu A Ademokun
- Department of Haematology, Ipswich Hospital NHS Trust, Heath Road, Ipswich, Suffolk, IP4 5PD, UK.
| | - John D Norton
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK.
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Bürgler S, Gimeno A, Parente-Ribes A, Wang D, Os A, Devereux S, Jebsen P, Bogen B, Tjønnfjord GE, Munthe LA. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells express CD38 in response to Th1 cell-derived IFN-γ by a T-bet-dependent mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:827-35. [PMID: 25505279 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a B cell malignancy associated with increased levels of inflammatory cytokines. Similarly, expression of CD38 on CLL cells correlates with CLL cell survival and proliferation, but the mechanisms that regulate CD38 expression and inflammatory cytokines remain unclear. We have recently demonstrated that patients have CLL-specific Th cells that support CLL proliferation. In this article, we show that CLL cells attract such Th cells, thereby establishing an Ag-dependent collaboration. Blocking experiments performed in vitro as wells as in vivo, using a xenograft model, revealed that secretion of IFN-γ was a major mechanism by which CLL-specific Th cells increased CD38 on CLL cells. The expression of the transcription factor T-bet in peripheral blood CLL cells significantly correlated with CD38 expression, and transient transfection of CLL cells with T-bet resulted in T-bet(hi)CD38(hi) cells. Finally, chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that T-bet can bind to regulatory regions of the CD38 gene. These data suggest that CLL cells attract CLL-specific Th cells and initiate a positive feedback loop with upregulation of T-bet, CD38, and type 1 chemokines allowing further recruitment of Th cells and increased type 1 cytokine secretion. This insight provides a cellular and molecular mechanism that links the inflammatory signature observed in CLL pathogenesis with CD38 expression and aggressive disease and suggests that targeting the IFN-γ/IFN-γR/JAK/STAT/T-bet/CD38 pathway could play a role in the therapy of CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bürgler
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway; Department of Hematology, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway; Experimental Infectious Diseases and Cancer Research, University Children's Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Aleix Gimeno
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway; Department of Hematology, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Parente-Ribes
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dong Wang
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Audun Os
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephen Devereux
- Department of Hematological Medicine, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Jebsen
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway; and
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway; K. G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir E Tjønnfjord
- Department of Hematology, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Ludvig A Munthe
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway;
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Buhrmann C, Kraehe P, Lueders C, Shayan P, Goel A, Shakibaei M. Curcumin suppresses crosstalk between colon cancer stem cells and stromal fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment: potential role of EMT. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107514. [PMID: 25238234 PMCID: PMC4169561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interaction of stromal and tumor cells plays a dynamic role in initiating and enhancing carcinogenesis. In this study, we investigated the crosstalk between colorectal cancer (CRC) cells with stromal fibroblasts and the anti-cancer effects of curcumin and 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), especially on cancer stem cell (CSC) survival in a 3D-co-culture model that mimics in vivo tumor microenvironment. METHODS Colon carcinoma cells HCT116 and MRC-5 fibroblasts were co-cultured in a monolayer or high density tumor microenvironment model in vitro with/without curcumin and/or 5-FU. RESULTS Monolayer tumor microenvironment co-cultures supported intensive crosstalk between cancer cells and fibroblasts and enhanced up-regulation of metastatic active adhesion molecules (β1-integrin, ICAM-1), transforming growth factor-β signaling molecules (TGF-β3, p-Smad2), proliferation associated proteins (cyclin D1, Ki-67) and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) factor (vimentin) in HCT116 compared with tumor mono-cultures. High density tumor microenvironment co-cultures synergistically increased tumor-promoting factors (NF-κB, MMP-13), TGF-β3, favored CSC survival (characterized by up-regulation of CD133, CD44, ALDH1) and EMT-factors (increased vimentin and Slug, decreased E-cadherin) in HCT116 compared with high density HCT116 mono-cultures. Interestingly, this synergistic crosstalk was even more pronounced in the presence of 5-FU, but dramatically decreased in the presence of curcumin, inducing biochemical changes to mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET), thereby sensitizing CSCs to 5-FU treatment. CONCLUSION Enrichment of CSCs, remarkable activation of tumor-promoting factors and EMT in high density co-culture highlights that the crosstalk in the tumor microenvironment plays an essential role in tumor development and progression, and this interaction appears to be mediated at least in part by TGF-β and EMT. Modulation of this synergistic crosstalk by curcumin might be a potential therapy for CRC and suppress metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Buhrmann
- Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Patricia Kraehe
- Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cora Lueders
- German Heart Institute Berlin, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Laboratory for Tissue Engineering, Berlin, Germany
| | - Parviz Shayan
- Investigating Institute of Molecular Biological System Transfer, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ajay Goel
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology, Baylor Research Institute and Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AG); (MS)
| | - Mehdi Shakibaei
- Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail: (AG); (MS)
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Jacque E, Schweighoffer E, Visekruna A, Papoutsopoulou S, Janzen J, Zillwood R, Tarlinton DM, Tybulewicz VLJ, Ley SC. IKK-induced NF-κB1 p105 proteolysis is critical for B cell antibody responses to T cell-dependent antigen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:2085-101. [PMID: 25225457 PMCID: PMC4172221 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20132019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Jacque et al. investigate the functions of NF-κB1 p105 and its associated NF-κB–binding partners in B cells, using a mutant mouse strain that carries a form of the NF-κB1 precursor that is resistant to IKK-induced proteolysis. They identify a critical B cell–intrinsic role for this IKK signaling pathway in the antigen-induced survival and differentiation of follicular mature B cells. The importance of IκB kinase (IKK)–induced proteolysis of NF-κB1 p105 in B cells was investigated using Nfkb1SSAA/SSAA mice, in which this NF-κB signaling pathway is blocked. Nfkb1SSAA mutation had no effect on the development and homeostasis of follicular mature (FM) B cells. However, analysis of mixed bone marrow chimeras revealed that Nfkb1SSAA/SSAA FM B cells were completely unable to mediate T cell–dependent antibody responses. Nfkb1SSAA mutation decreased B cell antigen receptor (BCR) activation of NF-κB in FM B cells, which selectively blocked BCR stimulation of cell survival and antigen-induced differentiation into plasmablasts and germinal center B cells due to reduced expression of Bcl-2 family proteins and IRF4, respectively. In contrast, the antigen-presenting function of FM B cells and their BCR-induced migration to the follicle T cell zone border, as well as their growth and proliferation after BCR stimulation, were not affected. All of the inhibitory effects of Nfkb1SSAA mutation on B cell functions were rescued by normalizing NF-κB activation genetically. Our study identifies critical B cell-intrinsic functions for IKK-induced NF-κB1 p105 proteolysis in the antigen-induced survival and differentiation of FM B cells, which are essential for T-dependent antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Jacque
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, England, UK
| | - Edina Schweighoffer
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, England, UK
| | - Alexander Visekruna
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, England, UK
| | - Stamatia Papoutsopoulou
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, England, UK
| | - Julia Janzen
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, England, UK
| | - Rachel Zillwood
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, England, UK
| | - David M Tarlinton
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute for Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Victor L J Tybulewicz
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, England, UK
| | - Steven C Ley
- Division of Immune Cell Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, England, UK
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Jain P, Lee HJ, Qiao W, Wierda W, Benjamini O, Burger J, Ferrajoli A, Estrov Z, Kantarjian H, Keating M, O'Brien S. FCR and bevacizumab treatment in patients with relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer 2014; 120:3494-501. [PMID: 25043749 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.28910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) often achieve response with chemoimmunotherapy but have short remission durations. Studies have shown that patients with CLL have increased angiogenesis in the microenvironment; levels of proangiogenic growth factors such as VEGF and/or angiopoietin-2 are also elevated. Increased angiogenesis correlates with poor outcome in CLL. Bevacizumab (B) is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting VEGF-A. METHODS In this study, we analyzed whether a combination of bevacizumab with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab chemoimmunotherapy (FCR-B) could improve outcomes in patients with relapsed CLL. Sixty-two patients were enrolled. The median age of the patients was 60 years (range, 31-84 years) and 40% had received >1 prior therapy for CLL. Sixty-one patients were evaluable for toxicity, and 57 were evaluable for response. Six cycles were planned; 36 patients (59%) completed ≥4-6 cycles of the regimen. RESULTS The overall response rate was 79%, with 13 (23%) complete remissions (CRs), 8 nodular partial remissions (14%), and 24 partial remissions (43%). The median progression-free survival and overall survival rates were 13.5 and 45 months, respectively. Grade 3 or 4 toxicities included febrile neutropenia (n = 40), infections (n = 21), thrombocytopenia (n = 18) and anemia (n = 9). CONCLUSIONS Results with FCR-B were similar to those observed with an historical cohort of relapsed patients treated with FCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetesh Jain
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Zhu J, Huang H, Dong S, Ge L, Zhang Y. Progress in aptamer-mediated drug delivery vehicles for cancer targeting and its implications in addressing chemotherapeutic challenges. Theranostics 2014; 4:931-44. [PMID: 25057317 PMCID: PMC4107293 DOI: 10.7150/thno.9663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are novel oligonucleotides with flexible three-dimensional configurations that recognize and bind to their cognate targets, including tumor surface receptors, in a high-affinity and highly specific manner. Because of their unique intrinsic properties, a variety of aptamer-mediated nanovehicles have been developed to directionally transport anti-cancer drugs to tumor sites to minimize systemic cytotoxicity and to enhance permeation by these tumoricidal agents. Despite advances in the selection and synthesis of aptamers and in the conjugation and self-assembly of nanotechnologies, current chemotherapy and drug delivery systems face great challenges. These challenges are due to the limitations of aptamers and vehicles and because of complicated tumor mechanisms, including heterogeneity, anti-cancer drug resistance, and hypoxia-induced aberrances. In this review, we will summarize current approaches utilizing tumor surface hallmarks and aptamers and their roles and mechanisms in therapeutic nanovehicles targeting tumors. Delivery forms include nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanogels, aptamer-drug conjugates, and novel molecular trains. Moreover, the obstacles posed by the aforementioned issues will be highlighted, and possible solutions will be acknowledged. Furthermore, future perspectives will be presented, including cutting-edge integration with RNA interference nanotechnology and personalized chemotherapy, which will facilitate innovative approaches to aptamer-based therapeutics.
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Dal Bo M, Tissino E, Benedetti D, Caldana C, Bomben R, Del Poeta G, Gaidano G, Rossi FM, Zucchetto A, Gattei V. Microenvironmental Interactions in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: The Master Role of CD49d. Semin Hematol 2014; 51:168-76. [DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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39
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Maffei R, Bulgarelli J, Fiorcari S, Martinelli S, Castelli I, Valenti V, Rossi D, Bonacorsi G, Zucchini P, Potenza L, Vallisa D, Gattei V, Poeta GD, Forconi F, Gaidano G, Narni F, Luppi M, Marasca R. Endothelin-1 promotes survival and chemoresistance in chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells through ETA receptor. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98818. [PMID: 24901342 PMCID: PMC4046988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelin axis, comprising endothelins (ET-1, ET-2 and ET-3) and their receptors (ET(A)R and ETBR), has emerged as relevant player in tumor growth and metastasis. Here, we investigated the involvement of ET-1/ET(A)R axis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). CLL cells expressed higher levels of ET-1 and ETA receptor as compared to normal B cells. ET-1 peptide stimulated phosphoinositide-3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways, improved survival and promoted proliferation of leukemic cells throughout ET(A)R triggering. Moreover, the blockade of ET(A)R by the selective antagonist BQ-123 inhibited the survival advantage acquired by CLL cells in contact with endothelial layers. We also found that blocking ET(A)R via BQ-123 interferes with ERK phosphorylation and CLL pro-survival effect mediated by B-cell receptor (BCR) activation. The pro-apoptotic effect of phosphoinositide-3-kinase δ inhibitor idelalisib and mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor PD98059 was decreased by the addition of ET-1 peptide. Then, ET-1 also reduced the cytotoxic effect of fludarabine on CLL cells cultured alone or co-cultured on endothelial layers. ET(A)R blockade by BQ-123 inhibited the ET-1-mediated protection against drug-induced apoptosis. Lastly, higher plasma levels of big ET-1 were detected in patients (n = 151) with unfavourable prognostic factors and shorter time to first treatment. In conclusion, our data describe for the first time a role of ET-1/ET(A)R signaling in CLL pathobiology. ET-1 mediates survival, drug-resistance, and growth signals in CLL cells that can be blocked by ET(A)R inhibition.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Endothelin A Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Endothelin-1/blood
- Endothelin-1/genetics
- Endothelin-1/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/mortality
- Prognosis
- Receptor, Endothelin A/genetics
- Receptor, Endothelin A/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Maffei
- Hematology Division, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Jenny Bulgarelli
- Hematology Division, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Stefania Fiorcari
- Hematology Division, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Silvia Martinelli
- Hematology Division, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Castelli
- Hematology Division, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Davide Rossi
- Hematology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Amedeo Avogadro University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Goretta Bonacorsi
- Hematology Division, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Patrizia Zucchini
- Hematology Division, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Leonardo Potenza
- Hematology Division, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Valter Gattei
- Clinical and Experimental Onco-Hematology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, I.R.C.C.S., Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Giovanni Del Poeta
- Hematology Division, S.Eugenio Hospital and University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Forconi
- Cancer Sciences Unit, CRUK Clinical Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Hematology Division, Department of Clinical Medicine and Immunological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Gianluca Gaidano
- Hematology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Amedeo Avogadro University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Franco Narni
- Hematology Division, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Mario Luppi
- Hematology Division, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Roberto Marasca
- Hematology Division, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Development and characterization of a physiologically relevant model of lymphocyte migration in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2014; 123:3607-17. [PMID: 24637360 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-12-544569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that lymphocyte trafficking contributes to the clinical course of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), but to date, only static in vitro cultures have been used to study these phenomena. To address this lack of data, we have developed a dynamic in vitro model in which CLL cells experience shear forces equivalent to those in capillary beds and are made to flow through capillary-like hollow fibers lined with endothelial cells. CLL cells treated in this way increased their expression of CD62L and CXCR4 (both P < .0001) and of CD49d and CD5 (both P = .003) directly as a result of the shear force. Furthermore, CLL cells migrated through the endothelium into the "extravascular" space (mean migration, 1.37% ± 2.14%; n = 21). Migrated CLL cells had significantly higher expression of CD49d (P = .02), matrix metallopeptidase-9 (P = .004), CD38 (P = .009), CD80 (P = .04), and CD69 (P = .04) compared with CLL cells that remained in the circulation. The degree of migration observed strongly correlated with CD49d expression (r(2), 0.47; P = .01), and treatment with the CD49d-blocking antibody natalizumab resulted in significantly decreased migration (P = .01). Taken together, our data provide evidence for a novel, dynamic, and tractable in vitro model of lymphocyte migration and confirm that CD49d is a critical regulator of this process in CLL.
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Brachtl G, Piñón Hofbauer J, Greil R, Hartmann TN. The pathogenic relevance of the prognostic markers CD38 and CD49d in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Ann Hematol 2014; 93:361-74. [PMID: 24288111 PMCID: PMC4032465 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-013-1967-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells with the microenvironment in secondary lymphoid tissues and the bone marrow are known to promote CLL cell survival and proliferation. CD38 and CD49d are both independent prognostic risk parameters in CLL with important roles in shaping these interactions. Both are reported to influence CLL cell trafficking between blood and lymphoid organs as well as their survival and proliferation within the lymphoid organs, thereby impacting the pathophysiology of the disease. The expression of CD38 and CD49d is associated in the majority of cases, and they exist as part of macromolecular complexes. Here, we review the current evidence for the individual and associated contributions of these molecules to CLL pathophysiology.
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MESH Headings
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/blood
- ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1/metabolism
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival
- Humans
- Integrin alpha4/blood
- Integrin alpha4/metabolism
- Integrin alpha4beta1/blood
- Integrin alpha4beta1/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/physiopathology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/blood
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Neoplasm Proteins/blood
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Prognosis
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Brachtl
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Third Medical Department with Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Haupstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Josefina Piñón Hofbauer
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Third Medical Department with Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Haupstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Richard Greil
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Third Medical Department with Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Haupstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Tanja Nicole Hartmann
- Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research, Third Medical Department with Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Haupstraße 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Laubach JP, Tai YT, Richardson PG, Anderson KC. Daratumumab granted breakthrough drug status. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:445-52. [PMID: 24555809 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.889681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) remains incurable despite important recent advances in treatment due to its inherent resistance, characterized by highly complex and heterogeneous molecular abnormalities, as well as the support from myeloma bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. A novel therapeutic strategy that effectively targets specific molecules on myeloma cells and also potentially overcomes tumor microenvironment-mediated drug resistance and the downstream effects of genetic instability is thus urgently needed. Over the last 2 years, an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody daratumumab (DARA) has emerged as a breakthrough targeted therapy for patients with MM. Early-stage clinical trials have found DARA to be safe and to have encouraging clinical activity as a single agent and in combination with lenalidomide in heavily pretreated, relapsed patients in whom other novel agents (such as bortezomib, thalidomide and lenalidomide) as well as stem cell transplant has already failed. DARA may, therefore, be the first mAb with significant anti-MM activity both as a monotherapy and in combination. It is currently being further evaluated both alone and in combination with conventional and novel anti-MM agents as part of prospective clinical trials. This review discusses the preclinical and clinical development of DARA, its pathophysiological basis, and its prospects for future use in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P Laubach
- Medical Oncologist, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Je Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center , 450 Brookline Ave., Mayer 556, Boston, MA 02215 , USA
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Endothelium-mediated survival of leukemic cells and angiogenesis-related factors are affected by lenalidomide treatment in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Exp Hematol 2014; 42:126-36.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2013.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Fiorcari S, Brown WS, McIntyre BW, Estrov Z, Maffei R, O’Brien S, Sivina M, Hoellenriegel J, Wierda WG, Keating MJ, Ding W, Kay NE, Lannutti BJ, Marasca R, Burger JA. The PI3-kinase delta inhibitor idelalisib (GS-1101) targets integrin-mediated adhesion of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cell to endothelial and marrow stromal cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83830. [PMID: 24376763 PMCID: PMC3871531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CLL cell trafficking between blood and tissue compartments is an integral part of the disease process. Idelalisib, a phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta (PI3Kδ) inhibitor causes rapid lymph node shrinkage, along with an increase in lymphocytosis, prior to inducing objective responses in CLL patients. This characteristic activity presumably is due to CLL cell redistribution from tissues into the blood, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. We therefore analyzed idelalisib effects on CLL cell adhesion to endothelial and bone marrow stromal cells (EC, BMSC). We found that idelalisib inhibited CLL cell adhesion to EC and BMSC under static and shear flow conditions. TNFα-induced VCAM-1 (CD106) expression in supporting layers increased CLL cell adhesion and accentuated the inhibitory effect of idelalisib. Co-culture with EC and BMSC also protected CLL from undergoing apoptosis, and this EC- and BMSC-mediated protection was antagonized by idelalisib. Furthermore, we demonstrate that CLL cell adhesion to EC and VLA-4 (CD49d) resulted in the phosphorylation of Akt, which was sensitive to inhibition by idelalisib. These findings demonstrate that idelalisib interferes with integrin-mediated CLL cell adhesion to EC and BMSC, providing a novel mechanism to explain idelalisib-induced redistribution of CLL cells from tissues into the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Fiorcari
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Wells S. Brown
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bradley W. McIntyre
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Zeev Estrov
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rossana Maffei
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Susan O’Brien
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mariela Sivina
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Julia Hoellenriegel
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - William G. Wierda
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Keating
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wei Ding
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Neil E. Kay
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | | | - Roberto Marasca
- Hematology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Jan A. Burger
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Herishanu Y, Katz BZ, Lipsky A, Wiestner A. Biology of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in different microenvironments: clinical and therapeutic implications. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2013; 27:173-206. [PMID: 23561469 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the accumulation of mature monoclonal B cells in peripheral blood, bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes. The trafficking, survival, and proliferation of CLL cells is tightly regulated by the surrounding tissue microenvironment and is mediated by antigenic stimulation, close interaction with various accessory cells and exposure to different cytokines, chemokines, and extracellular matrix components. In the last decade there have been major advances in the understanding of the reciprocal interactions between CLL cells and the various microenvironmental compartments. This article discusses the role of the microenvironment in the context of efforts to develop novel therapeutics that target the biology of CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Herishanu
- Hematology Institute, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv 64239, Israel
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Xiang M, Su H, Hu Y, Hu Y, Yang T, Shu G. Chemical composition of total flavonoids from Salvia chinensia Benth and their pro-apoptotic effect on hepatocellular carcinoma cells: potential roles of suppressing cellular NF-κB signaling. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 62:420-6. [PMID: 24036141 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Salvia chinensia Benth (S. chinensia) is a medical plant that has been traditionally applied for centuries in the treatment of malignant diseases including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the scientific basis underlying its anti-HCC activity has not been fully established. In this study, the chemical profiles of total flavonoids from S. chinensia (TFSC) were explored. Thirteen compounds which constituted the major components of TFSC were separated and identified. Flow cytometry analysis and caspase activity assays showed that TFSC dose-dependently induced HepG2 and Huh-7 HCC cell apoptosis. TFSC was also shown to substantially suppress NF-κB activity in HCC cells. Moreover, TFSC significantly repressed transplanted murine H22 ascitic hepatic cancer cell growth in vivo. Further studies revealed that TFSC induced HCC cell apoptosis and inhibited expressional levels of NF-κB responsive genes in transplanted tumor tissues. In addition, the toxic impact of TFSC on tumor-bearing mice was undetectable. These results indicate that TFSC induces HCC cell apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. The suppression of cellular NF-κB activity is implicated in the TFSC-mediated HCC cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixian Xiang
- College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, PR China
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48
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Patel V, Chen LS, Wierda WG, Balakrishnan K, Gandhi V. Impact of bone marrow stromal cells on Bcl-2 family members in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 55:899-910. [PMID: 23837491 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.819573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common form of adult leukemia in the Western world. High levels of Bcl-2 family anti-apoptotic proteins are responsible for apoptosis resistance. Besides anti-apoptotic proteins, the microenvironment provides substantial survival signals to CLL leukemic cells. However, in-depth knowledge on the role of individual Bcl-2 family members in the context of the microenvironment is still limited. We performed a comprehensive analysis of transcripts and proteins of 18 Bcl-2 family members using an "apoptosis array microfluidic card" in primary cells before and after stromal co-cultures. Our data showed that five of six anti-apoptotic members (excluding Bcl-b), two of three pro-apoptotic members (excluding Bok) and six of nine BH3-only members were present at detectable mRNA levels in CLL cells. Importantly, stromal-mediated extended survival of CLL cells was strongly associated with elevated global transcription. Upon co-culturing with stromal cells, there was an early response of an increase in anti- (2/5) and pro-apoptotic protein (3/8) transcripts on day 1, while an increase in anti-apoptotic proteins was observed on day 3, with no significant change in pro-apoptotic proteins. Our study revealed a differential pattern of expression of both transcripts and proteins following stromal co-cultures, proposing a significance of Bcl-2 family members in the stromal microenvironment.
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Cuthill K, Devereux S. How I treat patients with relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 2013; 163:423-35. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Cuthill
- Department of Haematological Medicine; Kings College; London UK
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50
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Chillemi A, Zaccarello G, Quarona V, Ferracin M, Ghimenti C, Massaia M, Horenstein AL, Malavasi F. Anti-CD38 antibody therapy: windows of opportunity yielded by the functional characteristics of the target molecule. Mol Med 2013; 19:99-108. [PMID: 23615966 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2013.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has become a mainstay of routine clinical practice in the treatment of various human diseases. A number of molecules can serve as targets, according to the condition being treated. Now entering human clinical trials, CD38 molecule is a particularly attractive target because of its peculiar pattern of expression and its twin role as receptor and ectoenzyme. This review provides a range of analytical perspectives on the current progress in and challenges to anti-CD38 mAb therapy. We present a synopsis of the evidence available on CD38, particularly in myeloma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Our aim is to make the data from basic science helpful and accessible to a diverse clinical audience and, at the same time, to improve its potential for in vivo use. The topics covered include tissue distribution and signal implementation by mAb ligation and the possibility of increasing cell density on target cells by exploiting information about the molecule's regulation in combination with drugs approved for in vivo use. Also analyzed is the behavior of CD38 as an enzyme: CD38 is a component of a pathway leading to the production of adenosine in the tumor microenvironment, thus inducing local anergy. Consequently, not only might CD38 be a prime target for mAb-mediated therapy, but its functional block may contribute to general improvement in cancer immunotherapy and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Chillemi
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino Medical School, Torino, Italy
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