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Abu Rabe D, Chdid L, Lamson DR, Laudeman CP, Tarpley M, Elsayed N, Smith GR, Zheng W, Dixon MS, Williams KP. Identification of Novel GANT61 Analogs with Activity in Hedgehog Functional Assays and GLI1-Dependent Cancer Cells. Molecules 2024; 29:3095. [PMID: 38999049 PMCID: PMC11243198 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29133095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of hedgehog (Hh) signaling has been implicated in various cancers. Current FDA-approved inhibitors target the seven-transmembrane receptor Smoothened, but resistance to these drugs has been observed. It has been proposed that a more promising strategy to target this pathway is at the GLI1 transcription factor level. GANT61 was the first small molecule identified to directly suppress GLI-mediated activity; however, its development as a potential anti-cancer agent has been hindered by its modest activity and aqueous chemical instability. Our study aimed to identify novel GLI1 inhibitors. JChem searches identified fifty-two compounds similar to GANT61 and its active metabolite, GANT61-D. We combined high-throughput cell-based assays and molecular docking to evaluate these analogs. Five of the fifty-two GANT61 analogs inhibited activity in Hh-responsive C3H10T1/2 and Gli-reporter NIH3T3 cellular assays without cytotoxicity. Two of the GANT61 analogs, BAS 07019774 and Z27610715, reduced Gli1 mRNA expression in C3H10T1/2 cells. Treatment with BAS 07019774 significantly reduced cell viability in Hh-dependent glioblastoma and lung cancer cell lines. Molecular docking indicated that BAS 07019774 is predicted to bind to the ZF4 region of GLI1, potentially interfering with its ability to bind DNA. Our findings show promise in developing more effective and potent GLI inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Abu Rabe
- INBS PhD Program, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Lhoucine Chdid
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - David R Lamson
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Christopher P Laudeman
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Michael Tarpley
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Naglaa Elsayed
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Ginger R Smith
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Weifan Zheng
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Maria S Dixon
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Kevin P Williams
- Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
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Chen J, Chen W, Li X, Ye Y, Huang W, Gao L, Zhang M. CBC-1 as a Cynanbungeigenin C derivative inhibits the growth of colorectal cancer through targeting Hedgehog pathway component GLI 1. Steroids 2024; 206:109421. [PMID: 38614233 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2024.109421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common gastrointestinal cancers that results in death in worldwide. The Hedgehog (HH) signalling pathway regulates the initiation and progression of CRC. Inhibiting the HH pathway has been presented as a potential treatment strategy in recent years. Cynanbungeigenin C (CBC) is a new type of C21 steroid that has been previously reported for the treatment of medulloblastoma. However, its further investigation was limited by its poor water solubility. In this study, six new CBC derivatives were synthesized through the structural modification of CBC, and four of them showed better water solubility than CBC. Moreover, their antiproliferative activities on CRC were evaluated. It was found that CBC-1 presented the best inhibitory effect on three types of CRC cell lines, and this effect was superior to that of CBC. Mechanistically, CBC-1 inhibited the proliferation of CRC cells through regulation of mRNA and proteins of the HH pathway according to qRT-PCR and Western blotting analysis. Furthermore, Cellular Thermal Shift Assay results indicated that CBC-1 regulated this signalling pathway by targeting glioma‑associated oncogene (GLI 1).In addition, cell apoptosis was induced increasingly by transfection with GLI 1 siRNA or treatment with CBC-1 to downregulate GLI 1. Last, the in vivo results demonstrated that CBC-1 significantly reduced tumour size and downregulated GLI 1 in CRC. Therefore, this study suggests that CBC-1, a new GLI 1 inhibitor derived from natural products, may be developed as a potential antitumour candidate for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwen Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311200, China.
| | - Yiping Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenkang Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lijuan Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Drug Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Li C, Chen S, Fang X, Du Y, Guan XY, Lin R, Xu L, Lan P, Yan Q. LOXL1 promotes tumor cell malignancy and restricts CD8 + T cell infiltration in colorectal cancer. Cell Biol Toxicol 2024; 40:6. [PMID: 38267662 PMCID: PMC10808464 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-024-09840-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality globally. Lymph node metastasis and immunosuppression are main factors of poor prognosis in CRC patients. Lysyl oxidase like 1 (LOXL1), part of the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family, plays a yet unclear role in CRC. This study aimed to identify effective biomarkers predictive of prognosis and efficacy of immunotherapy in CRC patients, and to elucidate the prognostic value, clinical relevance, functional and molecular features, and immunotherapy predictive role of LOXL1 in CRC and pan-cancer. METHODS Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was employed to explore gene modules related to tumor metastasis and CD8 + T cell infiltration. LOXL1 emerged as a hub gene through differential gene expression and survival analysis. The molecular signatures, functional roles, and immunological characteristics affected by LOXL1 were analyzed in multiple CRC cohorts, cell lines and clinical specimens. Additionally, LOXL1's potential as an immunotherapy response indicator was assessed, along with its role in pan-cancer. RESULTS Turquoise module in WGCNA analysis was identified as the hub module associated with lymph node metastasis and CD8 + T cell infiltration. Aberrant elevated LOXL1 expression was observed in CRC and correlated with poorer differentiation status and prognosis. Molecular and immunological characterization found that LOXL1 might mediate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process and immunosuppressive phenotypes of CRC. Functional study found that LOXL1 enhanced tumor cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Moreover, high LOXL1 levels corresponded to reduced CD8 + T cell infiltration and predicted poor clinical outcomes of immunotherapy. Similar trends were also observed at the pan-cancer level. CONCLUSIONS Our findings underscore the critical role of LOXL1 in modulating both malignancy and immunosuppression in CRC. This positions LOXL1 as a promising biomarker for predicting prognosis and the response to immunotherapy in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Room 703, Building No. 3, 26 Yuancun ERheng Road, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Room 703, Building No. 3, 26 Yuancun ERheng Road, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Room 703, Building No. 3, 26 Yuancun ERheng Road, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Siqi Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Room 703, Building No. 3, 26 Yuancun ERheng Road, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Room 703, Building No. 3, 26 Yuancun ERheng Road, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Room 703, Building No. 3, 26 Yuancun ERheng Road, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Xiaona Fang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaqing Du
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Guan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory for Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Runhua Lin
- Department of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Pathology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Ping Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Room 703, Building No. 3, 26 Yuancun ERheng Road, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Room 703, Building No. 3, 26 Yuancun ERheng Road, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Room 703, Building No. 3, 26 Yuancun ERheng Road, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Qian Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Room 703, Building No. 3, 26 Yuancun ERheng Road, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
- Department of General Surgery (Colorectal Surgery), The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Room 703, Building No. 3, 26 Yuancun ERheng Road, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Room 703, Building No. 3, 26 Yuancun ERheng Road, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
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Chen S, Zhou B, Huang W, Li Q, Yu Y, Kuang X, Huang H, Wang W, Xie P. The deubiquitinating enzyme USP44 suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma progression by inhibiting Hedgehog signaling and PDL1 expression. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:830. [PMID: 38097536 PMCID: PMC10721641 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06358-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the deadliest malignancies in the world. Research into the key genes that maintain the malignant behavior of cancer cells is crucial for the treatment of HCC. Here, we identified ubiquitin-specific peptidase 44 (USP44), a member of the deubiquitinase family, as a novel regulator of HCC progression. The tumor suppressive function of USP44 was evaluated in a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments. Through quantitative proteomics examination, we demonstrated that USP44 inhibits HCC PDL1 expression by downregulating the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. Mechanistically, we found that USP44 directly interacts with Itch, an E3 ligase involved in Hh signaling, and promotes the deubiquitination and stabilization of Itch. These events result in the proteasomal degradation of Gli1 and subsequent inactivation of Hh signaling, which ultimately suppresses PDL1 expression and the progression of HCC. Furthermore, the HCC tissue microarray was analyzed by immunohistochemistry to evaluate the pathological relevance of the USP44/Itch/Gli1/PDL1 axis. Finally, the Gli1 inhibitor GANT61 was found to act in synergy with anti-PDL1 therapy. Overall, USP44 can act as a suppressive gene in HCC by modulating Hh signaling, and co-inhibition of Gli1 and PDL1 might be an effective novel combination strategy for treating HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Binghai Zhou
- Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery Division, Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Ye Yu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Xiuqing Kuang
- Department of Physical Examination, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Huabin Huang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, PR China.
| | - Peiyi Xie
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200032, PR China.
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Gao H, Ma L, Zou Q, Hu B, Cai K, Sun Y, Lu L, Ren D. Unraveling dynamic interactions between tumor-associated macrophages and consensus molecular subtypes in colorectal cancer: An integrative analysis of single-cell and bulk RNA transcriptome. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19224. [PMID: 37662758 PMCID: PMC10470276 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating research substantiated that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have a significant impact on the tumorigenesis, progression, and distant metastasis, representing a novel target for various cancers. However, the underlying dynamic changes and interactions between TAMs and tumor cells remain largely elusive in colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods We depicted the dynamic changes of macrophages using sing-cell RNA-seq data and extracted TAM differentiation-related genes. Next, we utilized the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to acquire CMS-related modular genes using bulk RNA-seq data. Finally, we utilized univariate Cox and Lasso Cox regression analyses to identify TAM differentiation-related biomarkers and established a novel risk signature model. We employed quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) on CRC tissue samples and used immunohistochemistry (IHC) data frome the HPA database to validate the mRNA and protein expression of prognostic genes. The interaction of TAMs and each consensus molecular subtype (CMS) subpopulation was analyzed at the cellular level. Results A total of 47,285 cells from single-cell dataset and 1197 CRC patients from bulk dataset were obtained. Among those, 6400 myeloid cells were re-clustered and annotated. RNASE1, F13A1, DAPK1, CLEC10A, RPN2, REG4 and RGS19 were identified as prognostic genes and the risk signature model was established based on the above genes. The qRT-PCR analysis indicated that the expression of RNASE1 and DAPK1 were significantly up-regulated in CRC tumor tissues. The cell-cell communication analysis demonstrated complex interactions between TAMs and CMS malignant cell subpopulations. Conclusion This study presents an in-depth dissection of the dynamic features of TAMs in the tumor microenvironment and provides promising therapeutic targets for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gao
- Department of Coloproctology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linyun Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Zou
- Department of Coloproctology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bang Hu
- Department of Coloproctology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keyu Cai
- Department of Coloproctology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Kingmed Pathology Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Coloproctology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Donglin Ren
- Department of Coloproctology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Biomedical Innovation Center, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Li X, Sun R, Wu H, Zheng C, Long YQ. Targeting the Hedgehog pathway with novel Gli1 hydrophobic tagging degraders. Bioorg Chem 2023; 138:106649. [PMID: 37307715 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Hedgehog/Glioma-associated oncogene (Hh/Gli) signaling pathway plays an essential role in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. Aberrant regulation of this pathway has been linked to various human malignancies. Gli1, the downstream transcription factor of the Hh pathway, is the ultimate effector of the canonical Hh pathway and has been identified as a common regulator of several tumorigenic pathways prevalent in Hh-independent cancers. Thus Gli1 represents a unique and promising drug target for a wide range of cancers. However, the identification and development of small molecules that directly target Gli1 protein have progressed slowly, due to an insufficient efficacy and selectivity. Herein, we developed novel small-molecule Gli1 degraders based on the hydrophobic tagging (HyT) strategy. The Gli1 HyT degrader 8e potently inhibited the proliferation of Gli1-overexpressed HT29 colorectal cancer cells, induced Gli1 degradation with a DC50 value of 5.4 μM in HT29 and achieved 70% degradation at 7.5 μM in MEFPTCH1-/- and MEFSUFU-/-cell lines, via proteasome pathway. Compared to the canonical Hh antagonist Vismodegib, 8e exhibited much stronger potency in suppressing the mRNA expression of Hh target genes in Hh-overactivated MEFPTCH1-/- and Vismodegib resistant MEFSUFU-/- cells. Our study provides small molecule Gli1 degraders effectively interfering with both canonical and noncanonical Hh signaling and overcoming current Smoothened (SMO) antagonists resistance, which might pave a new avenue for developing therapeutic modalities targeting Hh/Gli1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Li
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chaonan Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ya-Qiu Long
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Precision Diagnostics and Therapeutics Development, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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7
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Chemotherapy suppresses SHH gene expression via a specific enhancer. J Genet Genomics 2023; 50:27-37. [PMID: 35998878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling is a key regulator of embryonic development and tissue homeostasis that is involved in gastrointestinal (GI) cancer progression. Regulation of SHH gene expression is a paradigm of long-range enhancer function. Using the classical chemotherapy drug 5-fluorouracil (5FU) as an example, here we show that SHH gene expression is suppressed by chemotherapy. SHH is downstream of immediate early genes (IEGs), including Early growth response 1 (Egr1). A specific 139 kb upstream enhancer is responsible for its down-regulation. Knocking down EGR1 expression or blocking its binding to this enhancer renders SHH unresponsive to chemotherapy. We further demonstrate that down-regulation of SHH expression does not depend on 5FU's impact on nucleotide metabolism or DNA damage; rather, a sustained oxidative stress response mediates this rapid suppression. This enhancer is present in a wide range of tumors and normal tissues, thus providing a target for cancer chemotherapy and its adverse effects on normal tissues. We propose that SHH is a stress-responsive gene downstream of IEGs, and that traditional chemotherapy targets a specific enhancer to suppress its expression.
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Ryan AL, Northcote-Smith J, McKeon A, Roe A, O'Dowd P, Twamley B, Ní Chonghaile T, Suntharalingam K, Griffith DM. A trans-Pt(II) hedgehog pathway inhibitor complex with cytotoxicity towards breast cancer stem cells and triple negative breast cancer cells. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:18127-18135. [PMID: 36382541 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02865d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The first example of a Pt complex of GANT61, a hedgehog (Hh) pathway inhibitor is reported. Reaction of cis-[Pt(II)Cl2(dmso)2] with one equivalent of 4-pyridine carboxaldehyde (4-PCA, control ligand) or one equivalent of GANT61 (Hh pathway inhibitor) in acetone at rt for 30 minutes afforded trans-[Pt(II)Cl2(dmso)(4-PCA)] (1) and trans-[Pt(II)Cl2(dmso)(GANT61)] (2) respectively, where 4-PCA and GANT61 are N-donor ligands. The structures of 1 and 2 were fully characterised by elemental analysis, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and IR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. 1 and 2 undergo isomerisation from trans- to cis-in solution and therefore the biological activity of 2 is also associated with the cis-configuration. The in vitro cytotoxicity data show that 2 is a potent inhibitor of the growth of breast CSC-depleted HMLER and breast CSC-enriched HMLER-shEcad cells. Furthermore 2 markedly reduced the size and viability and significantly reduced the number of CSC-enriched HMLER-shEcad mammospheres formed. 2 also induced apoptosis with low micromolar IC50 values against two triple negative breast cancer lines, MDA-MB-231 (MDA231) and BT549. 2, which possesses the Hh pathway inhibitor GANT61 as an N donor ligand exhibits far superior anti-CSC activity including in the CSC-enriched mammosphere model and activity against TNBC cells as compared to its control analogue, the trans-Pt(II) 4-PCA complex 1. The trans-Pt GANT61 complex 2 has also been shown to cause DNA damage and inhibit the Hh pathway at the level of GLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling L Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, RCSI, 123 St. Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland. .,SSPC, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, Ireland
| | | | - Aoife McKeon
- Department of Chemistry, RCSI, 123 St. Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Andrew Roe
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul O'Dowd
- Department of Chemistry, RCSI, 123 St. Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland. .,SSPC, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, Ireland
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Triona Ní Chonghaile
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Darren M Griffith
- Department of Chemistry, RCSI, 123 St. Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland. .,SSPC, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, Ireland
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Kurtović M, Piteša N, Bartoniček N, Ozretić P, Musani V, Čonkaš J, Petrić T, King C, Sabol M. RNA-seq and ChIP-seq Identification of Unique and Overlapping Targets of GLI Transcription Factors in Melanoma Cell Lines. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184540. [PMID: 36139698 PMCID: PMC9497141 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite significant progress in therapy, melanoma still has a rising incidence worldwide, and novel treatment strategies are needed. Recently, researchers have recognized the involvement of the Hedgehog-GLI (HH-GLI) signaling pathway in melanoma and its consistent crosstalk with the MAPK pathway. In order to further investigate the link between the two pathways and to find new target genes that could be considered for combination therapy, we set out to find transcriptional targets of all three GLI proteins in melanoma. METHODS We performed RNA sequencing on three melanoma cell lines (CHL-1, A375, and MEL224) with overexpressed GLI1, GLI2, and GLI3 and combined them with the results of ChIP-sequencing on endogenous GLI1, GLI2, and GLI3 proteins. After combining these results, 21 targets were selected for validation by qPCR. RESULTS RNA-seq revealed a total of 808 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for GLI1, 941 DEGs for GLI2, and 58 DEGs for GLI3. ChIP-seq identified 527 genes that contained GLI1 binding sites in their promoters, 1103 for GLI2 and 553 for GLI3. A total of 15 of these targets were validated in the tested cell lines, 6 of which were detected by both RNA-seq and ChIP-seq. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides insight into the unique and overlapping transcriptional output of the GLI proteins in melanoma. We suggest that our findings could provide new potential targets to consider while designing melanoma-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matea Kurtović
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Piteša
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nenad Bartoniček
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
- The Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, 370 Victoria St., Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Petar Ozretić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vesna Musani
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josipa Čonkaš
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tina Petrić
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Cecile King
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Maja Sabol
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence:
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10
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Khan I. Understanding and Targeting the Colon Cancer Pathogenesis: A Molecular Perspective. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Khan
- Bezmialem Vakif University, Turkey; Integral University, India
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11
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Liu B, Ding Y, Sun B, Liu Q, Zhou Z, Zhan M. The Hh pathway promotes cell apoptosis through Ci-Rdx-Diap1 axis. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:263. [PMID: 34561426 PMCID: PMC8463586 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00653-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a strictly coordinated process to eliminate superfluous or damaged cells, and its deregulation leads to birth defects and various human diseases. The regulatory mechanism underlying apoptosis still remains incompletely understood. To identify novel components in apoptosis, we carry out a modifier screen and find that the Hh pathway aggravates Hid-induced apoptosis. In addition, we reveal that the Hh pathway triggers apoptosis through its transcriptional target gene rdx, which encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Rdx physically binds Diap1 to promote its K63-linked polyubiquitination, culminating in attenuating Diap1-Dronc interaction without affecting Diap1 stability. Taken together, our findings unexpectedly uncover the oncogenic Hh pathway is able to promote apoptosis through Ci-Rdx-Diap1 module, raising a concern to choose Hh pathway inhibitors as anti-tumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yan Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Bing Sun
- Department of Anorectum, the First affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Ji'nan, China
| | - Qingxin Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Zizhang Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.
| | - Meixiao Zhan
- Zhuhai Interventional Medical Center, Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Zhuhai, China.
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12
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Pradhan T, Kumar V, Surya H E, Krishna R, John S, Jissa VT, Anjana S, Chandramohan K, Nair SA. STIL Endows Oncogenic and Stem-Like Attributes to Colorectal Cancer Plausibly by Shh and Wnt Signaling. Front Oncol 2021; 11:581671. [PMID: 34485108 PMCID: PMC8416176 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.581671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of a potent gene regulating tumorigenesis and drug resistance is of high clinical importance. STIL is an oncogene; however, its molecular associations and role in colorectal oncogenesis are unknown. In this study, we have explored the role of STIL gene in tumorigenesis and studied its molecular targets in colorectal cancer (CRC). STIL silencing reduced proliferation and tumor growth in CRC. Further, STIL was found to regulate stemness markers CD133 and CD44 and drug resistant markers thymidylate synthase, ABCB1, and ABCG2 both in in-vitro and in-vivo CRC models. In addition, high expression of STIL mRNA was found to be associated with reduced disease-free survival in CRC cases. Interestingly, we observed that STIL-mediated regulation of stemness and drug resistant genes is not exclusively governed by Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling. Remarkably, we found STIL regulate β-catenin levels through p-AKT, independent of Shh pathway. This partially answers Shh independent regulatory mechanism of cancer stem cell (CSC) markers by STIL. Our study suggests an instrumental role of STIL in molecular manifestation of CRC and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Pradhan
- Cancer Research Program 4, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Cardiovascular Diseases & Diabetes Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, India
| | - Evangeline Surya H
- Cancer Research Program 4, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, India
| | - R Krishna
- Cancer Research Program 4, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, India
| | - Samu John
- Cancer Research Program 4, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, India
| | - V T Jissa
- Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies (AMCHSS), Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
| | - S Anjana
- Cancer Research Program 4, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, India
| | - K Chandramohan
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Regional Cancer Centre, Trivandrum, India
| | - S Asha Nair
- Cancer Research Program 4, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, India
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13
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Zárate AM, Espinosa-Bustos C, Guerrero S, Fierro A, Oyarzún-Ampuero F, Quest AFG, Di Marcotullio L, Loricchio E, Caimano M, Calcaterra A, González-Quiroz M, Aguirre A, Meléndez J, Salas CO. A New Smoothened Antagonist Bearing the Purine Scaffold Shows Antitumour Activity In Vitro and In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8372. [PMID: 34445078 PMCID: PMC8395040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Smoothened (SMO) receptor is the most druggable target in the Hedgehog (HH) pathway for anticancer compounds. However, SMO antagonists such as vismodegib rapidly develop drug resistance. In this study, new SMO antagonists having the versatile purine ring as a scaffold were designed, synthesised, and biologically tested to provide an insight to their mechanism of action. Compound 4s was the most active and the best inhibitor of cell growth and selectively cytotoxic to cancer cells. 4s induced cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, a reduction in colony formation and downregulation of PTCH and GLI1 expression. BODIPY-cyclopamine displacement assays confirmed 4s is a SMO antagonist. In vivo, 4s strongly inhibited tumour relapse and metastasis of melanoma cells in mice. In vitro, 4s was more efficient than vismodegib to induce apoptosis in human cancer cells and that might be attributed to its dual ability to function as a SMO antagonist and apoptosis inducer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana María Zárate
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 702843, Chile; (A.M.Z.); (A.F.)
| | - Christian Espinosa-Bustos
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 702843, Chile;
| | - Simón Guerrero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Independencia, Santiago 8380492, Chile; (S.G.); (F.O.-A.); (A.F.G.Q.)
- Instituto de Investigación Interdisciplinar en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad SEK (I3CBSEK), Fernando Manterola 0789, Providencia, Santiago 7520317, Chile
| | - Angélica Fierro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 702843, Chile; (A.M.Z.); (A.F.)
| | - Felipe Oyarzún-Ampuero
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Independencia, Santiago 8380492, Chile; (S.G.); (F.O.-A.); (A.F.G.Q.)
- Departamento de Ciencias y Tecnología Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Andrew F. G. Quest
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone 1007, Independencia, Santiago 8380492, Chile; (S.G.); (F.O.-A.); (A.F.G.Q.)
- Laboratorio de Comunicaciones Celulares, Centro de Estudios en Ejercicio, Metabolismo y Cáncer (CEMC), Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Lucia Di Marcotullio
- Laboratory Affiliated to Insituto Pasteur Italia, Fondazione Cenci Bognetti, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Elena Loricchio
- Center For Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Miriam Caimano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Andrea Calcaterra
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Matías González-Quiroz
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Independencia 1027, Santiago 8380453, Chile;
| | - Adam Aguirre
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional, Fundación Arturo López Pérez, Rancagua 878, Lower Fifth Floor, Providencia, Santiago 8320000, Chile;
| | - Jaime Meléndez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 702843, Chile;
| | - Cristian O. Salas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 702843, Chile; (A.M.Z.); (A.F.)
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14
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Huang Y, Wang P, Zhou W, Luo M, Xu Z, Cheng R, Xu C, Jin X, Li Y, Jiang Q. Comprehensive analysis of partial methylation domains in colorectal cancer based on single-cell methylation profiles. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:6319935. [PMID: 34254994 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic aberrations have played a significant role in affecting the pathophysiological state of colorectal cancer, and global DNA hypomethylation mainly occurs in partial methylation domains (PMDs). However, the distribution of PMDs in individual cells and the heterogeneity between cells are still unclear. In this study, the DNA methylation profiles of colorectal cancer detected by WGBS and scBS-seq were used to depict PMDs in individual cells for the first time. We found that more than half of the entire genome is covered by PMDs. Three subclasses of PMDS have distinct characteristics, and Gain-PMDs cover a higher proportion of protein coding genes. Gain-PMDs have extensive epigenetic heterogeneity between different cells of the same tumor, and the DNA methylation in cells is affected by the tumor microenvironment. In addition, abnormally elevated promoter methylation in Gain-PMDs may further promote the growth, proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells through silent transcription. The PMDs detected in this study have the potential as epigenetic biomarkers and provide a new insight for colorectal cancer research based on single-cell methylation data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Pingping Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Wenyang Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Meng Luo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Zhaochun Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Rui Cheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Chang Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Xiyun Jin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Yiqun Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Qinghua Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000, China
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15
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Avery JT, Zhang R, Boohaker RJ. GLI1: A Therapeutic Target for Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:673154. [PMID: 34113570 PMCID: PMC8186314 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.673154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
GLI1 is a transcriptional effector at the terminal end of the Hedgehog signaling (Hh) pathway and is tightly regulated during embryonic development and tissue patterning/differentiation. GLI1 has low-level expression in differentiated tissues, however, in certain cancers, aberrant activation of GLI1 has been linked to the promotion of numerous hallmarks of cancer, such as proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, metastasis, metabolic rewiring, and chemotherapeutic resistance. All of these are driven, in part, by GLI1’s role in regulating cell cycle, DNA replication and DNA damage repair processes. The consequences of GLI1 oncogenic activity, specifically the activity surrounding DNA damage repair proteins, such as NBS1, and cell cycle proteins, such as CDK1, can be linked to tumorigenesis and chemoresistance. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanisms driving GLI1 dysregulation can provide prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers to identify a patient population that would derive therapeutic benefit from either direct inhibition of GLI1 or targeted therapy towards proteins downstream of GLI1 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Avery
- Oncology Department, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Ruowen Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
| | - Rebecca J Boohaker
- Oncology Department, Drug Discovery Division, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, United States
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16
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Dash RC, Wen J, Zaino AM, Morel SR, Chau LQ, Wechsler-Reya RJ, Hadden MK. Structure-based virtual screening identifies an 8-hydroxyquinoline as a small molecule GLI1 inhibitor. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2021; 20:265-276. [PMID: 33614910 PMCID: PMC7873571 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The glioma-associated family of transcription factors (GLI) have emerged as a promising therapeutic target for a variety of human cancers. In particular, GLI1 plays a central role as a transcriptional regulator for multiple oncogenic signaling pathways, including the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway. We undertook a computational screening approach to identify small molecules that directly bind GLI1 for potential development as inhibitors of GLI-mediated transcription. Through these studies, we identified compound 1, which is an 8-hydroxyquinoline, as a high-affinity binder of GLI1. Compound 1 inhibits GLI1-mediated transcriptional activity in several Hh-dependent cellular models, including a primary model of murine medulloblastoma. We also performed a series of computational analyses to define more clearly the mechanism(s) through which 1 inhibits GLI1 function after binding. Our results strongly suggest that binding of 1 to GLI1 does not prevent GLI1/DNA binding nor disrupt the GLI1/DNA complex, but rather, it induces specific conformational changes in the overall complex that prevent proper GLI function. These results highlight the potential of this compound for further development as an anti-cancer agent that targets GLI1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Charan Dash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Rd., Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA
| | - Jiachen Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Rd., Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA
| | - Angela M. Zaino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Rd., Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA
| | - Shana R. Morel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Rd., Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA
| | - Lianne Q. Chau
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert J. Wechsler-Reya
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - M. Kyle Hadden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 N. Eagleville Rd., Unit 3092, Storrs, CT 06269-3092, USA
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17
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Cui H, Yu W, Yu M, Luo Y, Yang M, Cong R, Chu X, Gao G, Zhong M. GPR126 regulates colorectal cancer cell proliferation by mediating HDAC2 and GLI2 expression. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:1798-1810. [PMID: 33629464 PMCID: PMC8088945 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The G‐protein‐coupled receptor 126 (GPR126) may play an important role in tumor development, although its role remains poorly understood. We found that GPR126 had higher expression in most colorectal cancer cell lines than in normal colon epithelial cell lines, and higher expression levels in colorectal cancer tissues than in normal adjacent colon tissues. GPR126 knockdown induced by shRNA inhibited cell viability and colony formation in HT‐29, HCT116, and LoVo cells, decreased BrdU incorporation into newly synthesized proliferating HT‐29 cells, led to an arrest of cell cycle progression at the G1 phase in HCT‐116 and HT‐29 cells, and suppressed tumorigenesis of HT‐29, HCT116, and LoVo cells in nude mouse xenograft models. GPR126 knockdown engendered decreased transcription and translation of histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), previously implicated in the activation of GLI1 and GLI2 in the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Ectopic expression of HDAC2 in GPR126‐silenced cells restored cell viability and proliferation, GLI2 luciferase reporter activity, partially recovered GLI2 expression, and reduced the cell cycle arrest. HDAC2 regulated GLI2 expression and, along with GLI2, it bound to the PTCH1 promoter, as evidenced by a chip assay with HT‐29 cells. Purmorphamine, a hedgehog agonist, largely restored the cell viability and expression of GLI2 proteins in GPR126‐silenced HT‐29 cells, whereas GANT61, a hedgehog inhibitor, further enhanced the GPR126 knockdown‐induced inhibitory effects. Our findings demonstrate that GPR126 regulates colorectal cancer cell proliferation by mediating the expression of HDAC2 and GLI2, therefore it may represent a suitable therapeutic target for colorectal cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengxiang Cui
- Medical Research Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjie Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Minhao Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Luo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingming Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ruochen Cong
- Medical Research Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xin Chu
- Medical Research Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Ganglong Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Zhong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Mafi A, Purohit R, Vielmas E, Lauinger AR, Lam B, Cheng YS, Zhang T, Huang Y, Kim SK, Goddard WA, Ondrus AE. Hedgehog proteins create a dynamic cholesterol interface. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246814. [PMID: 33630857 PMCID: PMC7906309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During formation of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling proteins, cooperative activities of the Hedgehog INTein (Hint) fold and Sterol Recognition Region (SRR) couple autoproteolysis to cholesterol ligation. The cholesteroylated Hh morphogens play essential roles in embryogenesis, tissue regeneration, and tumorigenesis. Despite the centrality of cholesterol in Hh function, the full structure of the Hint-SRR ("Hog") domain that attaches cholesterol to the last residue of the active Hh morphogen remains enigmatic. In this work, we combine molecular dynamics simulations, photoaffinity crosslinking, and mutagenesis assays to model cholesterolysis intermediates in the human Sonic Hedgehog (hSHH) protein. Our results provide evidence for a hydrophobic Hint-SRR interface that forms a dynamic, non-covalent cholesterol-Hog complex. Using these models, we suggest a unified mechanism by which Hh proteins can recruit, sequester, and orient cholesterol, and offer a molecular basis for the effects of disease-causing hSHH mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Mafi
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Rahul Purohit
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Erika Vielmas
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Alexa R. Lauinger
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Brandon Lam
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Yu-Shiuan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Yiran Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Soo-Kyung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - William A. Goddard
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AEO); (WAG)
| | - Alison E. Ondrus
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AEO); (WAG)
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19
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Ding F, Yang S. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits proliferation and triggers apoptosis in colon cancer via the hedgehog/phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathways. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 99:910-920. [PMID: 33617370 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2020-0588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated whether epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) effectively attenuates tumor growth in colon cancer cells and in the xenografts of nude mice and investigated the underlying mechanisms by focusing on the sonic hedgehog (Shh) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways. Three kinds of colon cancer cells and BALB/c nude mice were used to evaluate the antiproliferative effect of EGCG. The apoptosis, migration, and invasion of colon cancer cells were analyzed to explore the toxicity effect of EGCG on colon cancer cells. Western blotting was used to demonstrate the expression levels of related proteins. The results showed that EGCG exhibited an antiproliferative effect against colon cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner with low toxicity against normal colon epithelial cells. Administration of EGCG caused significant apoptosis and inhibited the migration and invasion of colon cancer cells. The toxic effect of EGCG on colon cancer cells was accompanied by downregulation of the Shh and PI3K/Akt pathways. In addition, EGCG reduced tumor volume and weight without affecting the body weight of nude mice and inhibited the activation of the Shh and PI3K/AKT pathways in tumor tissue. Further study showed that purmorphamine (smoothened (Smo) agonist) or insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1, PI3K agonist) partly abolished the effect of EGCG on cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. Cyclopamine (Smo inhibitor) and LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) showed the similar toxic effects as EGCG on colon cancer cells. In conclusion, EGCG inhibited colon tumor growth via downregulation of the Shh and PI3K pathways and may be a potential chemotherapeutic agent against colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Su Yang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
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20
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Epithelium-derived Indian Hedgehog restricts stromal expression of ErbB family members that drive colonic tumor cell proliferation. Oncogene 2021; 40:1628-1643. [PMID: 33479497 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Indian Hedgehog (Ihh) is a morphogen expressed by epithelial cells in the small intestine and colon that signals in a paracrine manner to gp38+ stromal cells. The loss of Ihh signaling results in increased epithelial proliferation, lengthening and multiplication of intestinal crypts and the activation of a stromal cell immune response. How Ihh controls epithelial proliferation through the stroma and how it affects colorectal cancer development remains poorly defined. To study the influence of Ihh signaling on the earliest stage of colorectal carcinogenesis, we used a well characterized mouse model in which both alleles of the Adenoma Polyposis Coli (Apc) gene could be inducibly deleted, leading to instant transformation of the colonic epithelium to an adenomatous phenotype. Concurrent deletion of Ihh from the adenomatous colonic epithelium of Apc inducible double mutant mice resulted in a remarkable increase in the hyperproliferative epithelial phenotype and increased accumulation of Lgr5+ stem cells. Transcriptional profiling of sorted colonic gp38+ fibroblasts showed upregulation of three ErbB pathway ligands (EREG, BTC, and NRG1) in Apc-/-Ihh-/- double mutant mice. We found that recombinant EREG, BTC, and NRG1 but not Lgr5 ligand R-Spondin promoted growth and proliferation of Apc double mutant colonic organoids. Thus, the loss of Ihh enhances Apc-driven colonic adenomagenesis via upregulation of ErbB pathway family members in colonic stromal cells. Our findings highlight the critical role of epithelium-derived Indian Hedgehog as a stromal tumor suppressor in the intestine.
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Chen J, Qiu S, Kim JT, Cho JS, Moon JH, Zhou Y, Auh JH, Lee HJ. Garcinone C suppresses colon tumorigenesis through the Gli1-dependent hedgehog signaling pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 79:153334. [PMID: 32920288 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although garcinone C, a natural xanthone derivative identified in the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana, has been demonstrated to exert different health beneficial activities in oxidative stress and β-amyloid aggregation, the role of garcinone C in colon tumorigenesis has not been investigated. In addition, aberrant Hedgehog (Hh) signaling activation is associated with tumorigenesis including colon cancer. Here, we hypothesized that garcinone C can prevent colon tumorigenesis through regulating the Hh signaling pathway. METHOD Colony formation assay and flow cytometry were used to evaluate the effect of garcinone C on the proliferation and cell cycle progression of colon cancer cells. Protein expression of cell cycle related markers and Hh/Gli1 signaling mediators were determined. The regulatory effect of orally administered garcinone C on the Hh/Gli1 signaling pathway and colon tumorigenesis was evaluated in an azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colon cancer animal model. RESULTS Garcinone C suppressed the proliferation of colon cancer cells, induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, as well as regulated the expression of cell cycle-related markers such as cyclin D1, cyclin E, CDK6, and p21. Garcinone C inhibited the expression of Gli1, a key mediator of Hedgehog signaling, and protein kinase B (AKT) phosphorylation in Smo-independent colon cancer cells. In the AOM/DSS-induced colon tumorigenesis model, garcinone C significantly inhibited tumor development, regulated the expression of cell cycle markers and Gli1, and reduced AKT phosphorylation in colon tumor tissues, which is consistent with our in vitro results. CONCLUSION Garcinone C can suppress colon tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo through Gli1-dependent non-canonical Hedgehog signaling, suggesting that it may serve as a potent chemopreventive agent against colon tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, South Korea
| | - Shuai Qiu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, South Korea
| | - Jin Tae Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, South Korea
| | - Jae Seok Cho
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Moon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, South Korea
| | - Yimeng Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, South Korea
| | - Joong-Hyuck Auh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, South Korea.
| | - Hong Jin Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546, South Korea.
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22
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Dusek CO, Hadden MK. Targeting the GLI family of transcription factors for the development of anti-cancer drugs. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 16:289-302. [PMID: 33006903 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1832078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION GLI1 is a transcription factor that has been identified as a downstream effector for multiple tumorigenic signaling pathways. These include the Hedgehog, RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK, and PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathways, which have all been separately validated as individual anti-cancer drug targets. The identification of GLI1 as a key transcriptional regulator for each of these pathways highlights its promise as a therapeutic target. Small molecule GLI1 inhibitors are potentially efficacious against human malignancies arising from multiple oncogenic mechanisms. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of the key oncogenic cellular pathways that regulate GLI1 transcriptional activity. It also provides a detailed account of small molecule GLI1 inhibitors that are currently under development as potential anti-cancer chemotherapeutics. EXPERT OPINION Interest in developing inhibitors of GLI1-mediated transcription has significantly increased as its role in multiple oncogenic signaling pathways has been elucidated. To date, it has proven difficult to directly target GLI1 with small molecules, and the majority of compounds that inhibit GLI1 activity function through indirect mechanisms. To date, no direct-acting GLI1 inhibitor has entered clinical trials. The identification and development of new scaffolds that can bind and directly inhibit GLI1 are essential to further advance this class of chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher O Dusek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - M Kyle Hadden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
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23
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In JG, Yin J, Atanga R, Doucet M, Cole RN, DeVine L, Donowitz M, Zachos NC, Blutt SE, Estes MK, Kovbasnjuk O. Epithelial WNT2B and Desert Hedgehog Are Necessary for Human Colonoid Regeneration after Bacterial Cytotoxin Injury. iScience 2020; 23:101618. [PMID: 33089106 PMCID: PMC7559866 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal regeneration and crypt hyperplasia after radiation or pathogen injury relies on Wnt signaling to stimulate stem cell proliferation. Mesenchymal Wnts are essential for homeostasis and regeneration in mice, but the role of epithelial Wnts remains largely uncharacterized. Using the enterohemorrhagic E. coli-secreted cytotoxin EspP to induce injury to human colonoids, we evaluated a simplified, epithelial regeneration model that lacks mesenchymal Wnts. Here, we demonstrate that epithelial-produced WNT2B is upregulated following injury and essential for regeneration. Hedgehog signaling, specifically activation via the ligand Desert Hedgehog (DHH), but not Indian or Sonic Hedgehog, is another driver of regeneration and modulates WNT2B expression. These findings highlight the importance of epithelial WNT2B and DHH in regulating human colonic regeneration after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie G. In
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jianyi Yin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Roger Atanga
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Michele Doucet
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Robert N. Cole
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lauren DeVine
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Mark Donowitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nicholas C. Zachos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Sarah E. Blutt
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mary K. Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Olga Kovbasnjuk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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McCleary-Wheeler AL, Paradise BD, Almada LL, Carlson AJ, Marks DL, Vrabel A, Vera RE, Sigafoos AN, Olson RL, Fernandez-Zapico ME. TFII-I-mediated polymerase pausing antagonizes GLI2 induction by TGFβ. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:7169-7181. [PMID: 32544250 PMCID: PMC7367210 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The modulation of GLI2, an oncogenic transcription factor commonly upregulated in cancer, is in many cases not due to genetic defects, suggesting dysregulation through alternative mechanisms. The identity of these molecular events remains for the most part unknown. Here, we identified TFII-I as a novel repressor of GLI2 expression. Mapping experiments suggest that the INR region of the GLI2 promoter is necessary for GLI2 repression. ChIP studies showed that TFII-I binds to this INR. TFII-I knockdown decreased the binding of NELF-A, a component of the promoter–proximal pausing complex at this site, and enriched phosphorylated RNAPII serine 2 in the GLI2 gene body. Immunoprecipitation studies demonstrate TFII-I interaction with SPT5, another pausing complex component. TFII-I overexpression antagonized GLI2 induction by TGFβ, a known activator of GLI2 in cancer cells. TGFβ reduced endogenous TFII-I binding to the INR and increased RNAPII SerP2 in the gene body. We demonstrate that this regulatory mechanism is not exclusive of GLI2. TGFβ-induced genes CCR7, TGFβ1 and EGR3 showed similar decreased TFII-I and NELF-A INR binding and increased RNAPII SerP2 in the gene body post-TGFβ treatment. Together these results identify TFII-I as a novel repressor of a subset of TGFβ-responsive genes through the regulation of RNAPII pausing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela L McCleary-Wheeler
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Brooke D Paradise
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.,Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Luciana L Almada
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Annika J Carlson
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - David L Marks
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Anne Vrabel
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Renzo E Vera
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Ashley N Sigafoos
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Rachel L Olson
- Schulze Center for Novel Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Doheny D, Manore SG, Wong GL, Lo HW. Hedgehog Signaling and Truncated GLI1 in Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092114. [PMID: 32957513 PMCID: PMC7565963 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The hedgehog (HH) signaling pathway regulates normal cell growth and differentiation. As a consequence of improper control, aberrant HH signaling results in tumorigenesis and supports aggressive phenotypes of human cancers, such as neoplastic transformation, tumor progression, metastasis, and drug resistance. Canonical activation of HH signaling occurs through binding of HH ligands to the transmembrane receptor Patched 1 (PTCH1), which derepresses the transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor Smoothened (SMO). Consequently, the glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (GLI1) zinc-finger transcription factors, the terminal effectors of the HH pathway, are released from suppressor of fused (SUFU)-mediated cytoplasmic sequestration, permitting nuclear translocation and activation of target genes. Aberrant activation of this pathway has been implicated in several cancer types, including medulloblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, basal cell carcinoma, glioblastoma, and cancers of lung, colon, stomach, pancreas, ovarian, and breast. Therefore, several components of the HH pathway are under investigation for targeted cancer therapy, particularly GLI1 and SMO. GLI1 transcripts are reported to undergo alternative splicing to produce truncated variants: loss-of-function GLI1ΔN and gain-of-function truncated GLI1 (tGLI1). This review covers the biochemical steps necessary for propagation of the HH activating signal and the involvement of aberrant HH signaling in human cancers, with a highlight on the tumor-specific gain-of-function tGLI1 isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Doheny
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA; (D.D.); (S.G.M.); (G.L.W.)
| | - Sara G. Manore
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA; (D.D.); (S.G.M.); (G.L.W.)
| | - Grace L. Wong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA; (D.D.); (S.G.M.); (G.L.W.)
| | - Hui-Wen Lo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA; (D.D.); (S.G.M.); (G.L.W.)
- Wake Forest Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-336-716-0695
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Tumour suppressor 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase induces differentiation in colon cancer via GLI1 inhibition. Oncogenesis 2020; 9:74. [PMID: 32814764 PMCID: PMC7438320 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-00256-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an established risk factor for colorectal cancer. We and others have shown that colorectal cancer patients with elevated cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2 (CysLT2R) and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) levels exhibit good prognoses. However, both CysLT2R and 15-PGDH, which act as tumour suppressors, are often suppressed in colorectal cancer. We previously reported that leukotriene C4 (LTC4)-induced differentiation in colon cancer via CysLT2R signalling. Here, we investigated the involvement of Hedgehog (Hh)-GLI1 signalling, which is often hyperactivated in colorectal cancer. We found that the majority of colorectal cancer patients had high-GLI1 expression, which was negatively correlated with CysLT2R, 15-PGDH, and Mucin-2 and overall survival compared with the low-GLI1 group. LTC4-induced 15-PGDH downregulated both the mRNA and protein expression of GLI1 in a protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent manner. Interestingly, the LTC4-induced increase in differentiation markers and reduction in Wnt targets remained unaltered in GLI1-knockdown cells. The restoration of GLI1 in 15-PGDH-knockdown cells did not ameliorate the LTC4-induced effects, indicating the importance of both 15-PGDH and GLI1. LTC4-mediated reduction in the DCLK1 and LGR5 stemness markers in colonospheres was abolished in cells lacking 15-PGDH or GLI1. Both DCLK1 and LGR5 were highly increased in tumour tissue compared with the matched controls. Reduced Mucin-2 levels were observed both in zebrafish xenografts with GLI1-knockdown cells and in the cysltr2-/- colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) mouse model. Furthermore, GLI1 expression was positively correlated with stemness and negatively correlated with differentiation in CRC patients when comparing tumour and mucosal tissues. In conclusion, restoring 15-PGDH expression via CysLT2R activation might benefit colorectal cancer patients.
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Hong KD, Lee Y, Kim BH, Lee SI, Moon HY. Expression of GLI1 Correlates with Expression of Lymphangiogenesis Proteins, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 3, in Colorectal Cancer. Am Surg 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/000313481307900232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is associated with tumorigenesis in various tissues. In colorectal cancer (CRC), evidence for Hh activation is inconsistent, and the relationship between the Hh signaling pathway and lymphangiogenesis has not been studied. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between Hh signaling and lymphangio-genesis and the association of this relationship with lymph node metastasis in CRC. We investigated 189 patients who underwent curative surgical resection for CRC between 2002 and 2004 at Korea University Guro Hospital. Paraffin-embedded specimens of colorectal adenocarcinoma and adjacent normal mucosa were evaluated. Immunohistochemical staining for Sonic hedgehog (Shh), Gli1, vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGFC), and VEGF receptor 3 (VEGFR3) was performed for each specimen. Tumor specimen showed significantly strong staining of Shh, Gli1, VEGFC, and VEGFR3 compared with a normal specimen. Shh expression was not associated with Gli1 expression. Gli1 expression correlated positively with VEGFC and VEGFR3 expression ( P < 0.05 in both) but not with lymph node metastasis. Activation of the Hh signaling pathway associated with Gli1 promotes expression of lymphangiogenesis proteins, VEGFC and VEGFR3, in CRC. Further studies are necessary to determine the association of this relationship with lymph node metastasis in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Dae Hong
- Departments of Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngseok Lee
- Pathology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Baek-Hui Kim
- Pathology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Il Lee
- Departments of Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Young Moon
- Departments of Surgery, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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28
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The mystery of mitochondria-ER contact sites in physiology and pathology: A cancer perspective. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165834. [PMID: 32437958 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria-associated membranes (MAM), physical platforms that enable communication between mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), are enriched with many proteins and enzymes involved in several crucial cellular processes, such as calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis, lipid synthesis and trafficking, autophagy and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Accumulating studies indicate that tumor suppressors and oncogenes are present at these intimate contacts between mitochondria and the ER, where they influence Ca2+ flux between mitochondria and the ER or affect lipid homeostasis at MAM, consequently impacting cell metabolism and cell fate. Understanding these fundamental roles of mitochondria-ER contact sites as important domains for tumor suppressors and oncogenes can support the search for new and more precise anticancer therapies. In the present review, we summarize the current understanding of basic MAM biology, composition and function and discuss the possible role of MAM-resident oncogenes and tumor suppressors.
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29
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Tu Y, Chen Z, Zhao P, Sun G, Bao Z, Chao H, Fan L, Li C, You Y, Qu Y, Chen Y, Ji J. Smoothened Promotes Glioblastoma Radiation Resistance Via Activating USP3-Mediated Claspin Deubiquitination. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:1749-1762. [PMID: 31900278 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive and lethal cancer types in humans. The standard treatment approach is surgery followed by chemoradiation. However, the molecular mechanisms of innate tumor radioresistance remain poorly understood. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We tested the expression of Smoothened (Smo) in primary and recurrent GBM tissues and cells. Then, we determined radiation effectiveness against primary and recurrent GBM cells. Lastly, the functional role of Smo in GBM radioresistance was further confirmed by in vitro and in vivo experiments. RESULTS We reported that Smo was significantly upregulated in recurrent GBM cell lines and tumor tissues following radiation treatment. Higher Smo expression indicated poor prognosis of GBM patients after radiation treatment. Smo had radioresistance effects in both GBM cells and human tumor xenografts. The mechanisms underlying these effects involved the attenuation of DNA damage repair caused by IR. Importantly, we found that the effect of Smo on radioresistance was mediated by Claspin polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, leading to the regulation of ATR-Chk1 signaling. Moreover, we found that Smo reduced Claspin polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation by promoting USP3 transcription. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the Smo inhibitor GDC-0449 induced radiosensitivity to GBM. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that Smo confers radiation resistance in GBM by promoting USP3 transcription, leading to the activation of Claspin-dependent ATR-Chk1 signaling. These findings identify a potential mechanism of GBM resistance to radiation and suggest a potential therapeutic target for radiation resistance in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Tu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenyao Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengzhan Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangchi Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongyuan Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Honglu Chao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liang Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongping You
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China. .,Neurosurgical Clinical Research Center of Shanxi Province, P.R. China
| | - Yun Chen
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,Department of Immunology, Key Lab of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Research Center for Clinical Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research and Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Jiayuan S, Junyan Y, Xiangzhen W, Zuping L, Jian N, Baowei H, Lifang J. Gant61 ameliorates CCl 4-induced liver fibrosis by inhibition of Hedgehog signaling activity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 387:114853. [PMID: 31816328 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As an intercellular signaling molecule, Hedgehog (Hh) plays a critical role in liver fibrosis/regeneration. Transcription effectors Gli1 and Gli2 are key components of the Hh signaling pathway. However, whether inhibition of Gli1/2 activity can affect liver fibrogenesis is largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the effect of Gant61 (a Gli1/2 transcription factor inhibitor) on liver fibrosis and its possible mechanism. Wild-type and Shh-EGFP-Cre male mice were exposed to CCl4, and then treated with or without Gant61 for four weeks. The level of liver injury/fibrosis and expression levels of mRNA and protein related to the Hh ligand/pathway were assessed. In our study, CCl4 treatment induced liver injury/fibrosis and promoted activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In addition, CCl4 induced the expression of Shh ligands in and around the fibrotic lesion, accompanied by induction of mRNA and protein expression of Hh components (Smo, Gli1 and Gli2). However, administration of Gant61 decreased liver fibrosis by reduction in HSC number, down-regulation of mRNA and protein expression of Hh components (Smo, Gli1 and Gli2), and cell-cycle arrest of HSCs. Our data highlight the importance of the Shh pathway for the development of liver fibrosis, and also suggest Glis as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Jiayuan
- College of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China; Department of pathology, Affliliated hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Junyan
- College of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Liu Zuping
- College of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China; Department of pathology, Affliliated hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ni Jian
- College of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hu Baowei
- College of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jin Lifang
- College of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China.
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IL-24 Inhibits Lung Cancer Growth by Suppressing GLI1 and Inducing DNA Damage. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121879. [PMID: 31783569 PMCID: PMC6966580 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of GLI1 is responsible for aggressive tumor behavior and survival due to its effects on the DNA damage response (DDR). We investigated whether interleukin (IL)-24, a tumor suppressor, inhibits GLI1 and the associated DDR pathway in human NSCLCs. IL-24 treatment reduces mRNA and protein expression of GLI1 in lung tumor cells, but not in normal cells. GLI1 reporter assay and mRNA studies demonstrated that IL-24 regulates GLI1 at the post-transcriptional level by favoring mRNA degradation. Associated with GLI1 inhibition was marked suppression of the ATM-mediated DDR pathway resulting in increased DNA damage, as evidenced by γ-H2AX foci and Comet assay. Furthermore, attenuation of GLI1-associated DDR by IL-24 increased caspase-3 and PARP activity, resulting in cancer cell apoptosis. GLI1 inhibition and overexpression confirmed that IL-24-mediated anti-tumor effects involved the GLI-dependent pathway. Finally, we observed that IL-24-mediated alteration in GLI1 is independent of the canonical hedgehog-signaling pathway. Our study provides evidence that IL-24 treatment induces DNA damage, and reduces GLI1 expression and offers an opportunity for testing IL-24-based therapy for inhibiting GLI1 in lung cancer.
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Scheffold A, Baig AH, Chen Z, von Löhneysen SE, Becker F, Morita Y, Avila AI, Groth M, Lechel A, Schmid F, Kraus JM, Kestler HA, Stilgenbauer S, Philipp M, Burkhalter MD. Elevated Hedgehog activity contributes to attenuated DNA damage responses in aged hematopoietic cells. Leukemia 2019; 34:1125-1134. [PMID: 31728056 PMCID: PMC7214262 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0641-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of DNA damage and myeloid-skewed differentiation characterize aging of the hematopoietic system, yet underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that aging hematopoietic progenitor cells particularly of the myeloid branch exhibit enhanced resistance to bulky DNA lesions—a relevant type of DNA damage induced by toxins such as cancer drugs or endogenous aldehydes. We identified aging-associated activation of the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway to be connected to this phenotype. Inhibition of Hh signaling reverts DNA damage tolerance and DNA damage-resistant proliferation in aged hematopoietic progenitors. Vice versa, elevating Hh activity in young hematopoietic progenitors is sufficient to impair DNA damage responses. Altogether, these findings provide experimental evidence for aging-associated increases in Hh activity driving DNA damage tolerance in myeloid progenitors and myeloid-skewed differentiation. Modulation of Hh activity could thus be explored as a therapeutic strategy to prevent DNA damage tolerance, myeloid skewing, and disease development in the aging hematopoietic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Scheffold
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ali H Baig
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Zhiyang Chen
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Friedrich Becker
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Yohei Morita
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Alush I Avila
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Marco Groth
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - André Lechel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Florian Schmid
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johann M Kraus
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hans A Kestler
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stephan Stilgenbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Melanie Philipp
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Division of Pharmacogenomics, University of Tübingen, 72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin D Burkhalter
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081, Ulm, Germany. .,Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Division of Pharmacogenomics, University of Tübingen, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.
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33
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Ryan AL, Fitzgerald MC, Ozsváth A, Twamley B, Buglyó P, Murphy BM, Griffith DM. Ni(II), Pd(II), and Pt(II) Complexes of the Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitor GANT61-D. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:16075-16086. [PMID: 31729870 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
GANT61-D is an important hedgehog pathway inhibitor and an interesting ligand candidate for metal coordination. The first examples of metal complexes of the potent hedgehog pathway inhibitor GANT61-D are described. The reaction of Ni(II), Pd(II), and Pt(II) precursors with the hedgehog pathway inhibitor GANT61-D gave [NiII(GANT61-D)(OH2)3(μ2-SO4)(μ3-SO4)] (1), [PdII(Cl)(GANT61-D)]Cl (2), [PtII(Cl)(GANT61-D)]Cl, and [PtII(CBDCA-2H)(GANT61-D)]. X-ray crystal structure analysis revealed that GANT61-D is a versatile N-donor ligand that can act as a bidentate ligand via the diaminopropane (DAP) N atoms or a tridentate ligand via the DAP N atoms and one dimethylaniline N atom. Protonation constants of the GANT61-D ligand in water and in a 60:40 (w/w) dimethyl sulfoxide-water solvent mixture were determined. Potentiometric and spectroscopic data on the NiII(GANT61-D) system indicate the formation of octahedral 1:1 species with medium stability in solution. 1 and 2 exhibited noteworthy in vitro cytotoxicity against medulloblastoma cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling L Ryan
- Department of Chemistry , Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , 123 St. Stephen's Green , Dublin D02 YN77 , Ireland
| | - Marie-Claire Fitzgerald
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics , Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , 31A York Street , Dublin D02 YN77 , Ireland.,National Children's Research Centre at the Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin , Dublin D12 N512 , Ireland
| | - András Ozsváth
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , University of Debrecen , Egyetem tér 1 , Debrecen H-4032 , Hungary
| | - Brendan Twamley
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin , University of Dublin , Dublin D02 PN40 , Ireland
| | - Péter Buglyó
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry , University of Debrecen , Egyetem tér 1 , Debrecen H-4032 , Hungary
| | - Brona M Murphy
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics , Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , 31A York Street , Dublin D02 YN77 , Ireland.,National Children's Research Centre at the Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin , Dublin D12 N512 , Ireland
| | - Darren M Griffith
- Department of Chemistry , Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , 123 St. Stephen's Green , Dublin D02 YN77 , Ireland
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34
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Jiang ZL, Jin H, Liu ZS, Liu MY, Cao XF, Jiang YY, Bai HD, Zhang B, Li Y. Lentiviral‑mediated Shh reverses the adverse effects of high glucose on osteoblast function and promotes bone formation via Sonic hedgehog signaling. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:3265-3275. [PMID: 31432117 PMCID: PMC6755203 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with diabetes tend to have an increased incidence of osteoporosis, which may be associated with hyperglycemia; however, the pathogenic mechanisms governing this interaction remain unknown. The present study sought to investigate whether elevated extracellular glucose levels of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) could influence osteoblastic differentiation and whether the intracellular Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway could adjust the effects. Furthermore, to verify the results in vivo, a rat tooth extraction model was constructed. BMSCs were incubated in eight types of culture medium, including low glucose (LG), LG + lentivirus (Lenti), LG + Lenti-small interfering RNA (Lenti-siRNA), LG + Lenti-Shh, high glucose (HG), HG + Lenti, HG + Lenti-siRNA and HG + Lenti-Shh. The lentiviral transfection efficiency was observed using a fluorescence microscope; protein and mRNA expression was detected by western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The matrix mineralization and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of BMSCs were examined by Alizarin red staining and ALP activity assays, respectively. The expression of osteogenesis-related genes in BMSCs were quantified by RT-qPCR. The alveolar ridge reduction was measured and histological sections were used to evaluate new bone formation in the tooth socket. With high concentrations of glucose, Shh expression, matrix mineralization nodules formation, ALP activity and the levels of bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4), bone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteopontin (OPN) expression were greatly reduced compared with LG and corresponding control groups. Whereas activated Shh signaling via Lenti-Shh could increase the number of matrix mineralization nodules, ALP activity, and the expression levels of BMP4, BSP and OPN in BMSCs. Additionally, in vivo assays demonstrated that Lenti-Shh induced additional bone formation. Collectively, the results of the present study indicated that HG inhibited the Shh pathway in osteoblasts and resulted in patterning defects during osteoblastic differentiation and bone formation, while the activation of Shh signaling could suppress these deleterious effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu-Ling Jiang
- Department of Implantology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Han Jin
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Shuang Liu
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Yue Liu
- Department of Dentistry, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Fang Cao
- Department of Dentistry, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Yang-Yang Jiang
- Department of Dentistry, The Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Dan Bai
- Feiyang Dental Clinic, Heihe, Heilongjiang 164300, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Ying Li
- Institute of Hard Tissue Development and Regeneration, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
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35
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RUNX3 suppresses metastasis and stemness by inhibiting Hedgehog signaling in colorectal cancer. Cell Death Differ 2019; 27:676-694. [PMID: 31278361 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0379-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Disabled tumor suppressor genes and hyperactive oncogenes greatly contribute to cell fates during cancer development because of their genetic alterations such as somatic mutations. However, little is known about how tumor suppressor genes react to diverse oncogenes during tumor progression. Our previous study showed that RUNX3 inhibits invasiveness by preventing vascular endothelial growth factor secretion and suppressed endothelial cell growth and tube formation in colorectal cancer (CRC). Hedgehog signaling is crucial for the physiological maintenance and self-renewal of stem cells, and its deregulation is responsible for their tumor development. The mechanisms that inhibit this pathway during proliferation remain poorly understood. Here, we found that the tumor suppressor RUNX3 modulates tumorigenesis in response to cancer cells induced by inhibiting oncogene GLI1 ubiquitination. Moreover, we demonstrated that RUNX3 and GLI1 expression were inversely correlated in CRC cells and tissues. We observed a direct interaction between RUNX3 and GLI1, promoting ubiquitination of GLI1 at the intracellular level. Increased ubiquitination of GLI1 was induced by the E3 ligase β-TrCP. This novel RUNX3-dependent regulatory loop may limit the extent and duration of Hedgehog signaling during extension of the tumor initiation capacity. On the basis of our results, identification of agents that induce RUNX3 may be useful for developing new and effective therapies for CRC.
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36
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Genomic testing, tumor microenvironment and targeted therapy of Hedgehog-related human cancers. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:953-970. [PMID: 31036756 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog signals are transduced through Patched receptors to the Smoothened (SMO)-SUFU-GLI and SMO-Gi-RhoA signaling cascades. MTOR-S6K1 and MEK-ERK signals are also transduced to GLI activators through post-translational modifications. The GLI transcription network up-regulates target genes, such as BCL2, FOXA2, FOXE1, FOXF1, FOXL1, FOXM1, GLI1, HHIP, PTCH1 and WNT2B, in a cellular context-dependent manner. Aberrant Hedgehog signaling in tumor cells leads to self-renewal, survival, proliferation and invasion. Paracrine Hedgehog signaling in the tumor microenvironment (TME), which harbors cancer-associated fibroblasts, leads to angiogenesis, fibrosis, immune evasion and neuropathic pain. Hedgehog-related genetic alterations occur frequently in basal cell carcinoma (BCC) (85%) and Sonic Hedgehog (SHH)-subgroup medulloblastoma (87%) and less frequently in breast cancer, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and ovarian cancer. Among investigational SMO inhibitors, vismodegib and sonidegib are approved for the treatment of patients with BCC, and glasdegib is approved for the treatment of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Resistance to SMO inhibitors is caused by acquired SMO mutations, SUFU deletions, GLI2 amplification, other by-passing mechanisms of GLI activation and WNT/β-catenin signaling activation. GLI-DNA-interaction inhibitors (glabrescione B and GANT61), GLI2 destabilizers (arsenic trioxide and pirfenidone) and a GLI-deacetylation inhibitor (4SC-202) were shown to block GLI-dependent transcription and tumorigenesis in preclinical studies. By contrast, SMO inhibitors can remodel the immunosuppressive TME that is dominated by M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (M2-TAMs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells, and thus, a Phase I/II clinical trial of the immune checkpoint inhibitor pembrolizumab with or without vismodegib in BCC patients is ongoing.
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37
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Lima-Fernandes E, Murison A, da Silva Medina T, Wang Y, Ma A, Leung C, Luciani GM, Haynes J, Pollett A, Zeller C, Duan S, Kreso A, Barsyte-Lovejoy D, Wouters BG, Jin J, Carvalho DDD, Lupien M, Arrowsmith CH, O'Brien CA. Targeting bivalency de-represses Indian Hedgehog and inhibits self-renewal of colorectal cancer-initiating cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1436. [PMID: 30926792 PMCID: PMC6441108 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09309-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In embryonic stem cells, promoters of key lineage-specific differentiation genes are found in a bivalent state, having both activating H3K4me3 and repressive H3K27me3 histone marks, making them poised for transcription upon loss of H3K27me3. Whether cancer-initiating cells (C-ICs) have similar epigenetic mechanisms that prevent lineage commitment is unknown. Here we show that colorectal C-ICs (CC-ICs) are maintained in a stem-like state through a bivalent epigenetic mechanism. Disruption of the bivalent state through inhibition of the H3K27 methyltransferase EZH2, resulted in decreased self-renewal of patient-derived C-ICs. Epigenomic analyses revealed that the promoter of Indian Hedgehog (IHH), a canonical driver of normal colonocyte differentiation, exists in a bivalent chromatin state. Inhibition of EZH2 resulted in de-repression of IHH, decreased self-renewal, and increased sensitivity to chemotherapy in vivo. Our results reveal an epigenetic block to differentiation in CC-ICs and demonstrate the potential for epigenetic differentiation therapy of a solid tumour through EZH2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Lima-Fernandes
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Alex Murison
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Tiago da Silva Medina
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Yadong Wang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Anqi Ma
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Cherry Leung
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Genna M Luciani
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Jennifer Haynes
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Aaron Pollett
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G1X5, Canada
| | - Constanze Zeller
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Shili Duan
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Antonija Kreso
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
| | | | - Bradly G Wouters
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Jian Jin
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Daniel D De Carvalho
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Mathieu Lupien
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada.,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Cheryl H Arrowsmith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada. .,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada.
| | - Catherine A O'Brien
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G1L7, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G2C4, Canada.
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Girardi D, Barrichello A, Fernandes G, Pereira A. Targeting the Hedgehog Pathway in Cancer: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020153. [PMID: 30759860 PMCID: PMC6406365 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog pathway (HhP) plays an important role in normal embryonic development and its abnormal function has been linked to a variety of neoplasms. Recently, the complex mechanisms involved in this pathway have been deciphered and the cross talks with other important pathways involved in carcinogenesis have been characterized. This knowledge has led to the development of targeted therapies against key components of HhP, which culminated in the approval of vismodegib for the treatment of advanced basal cell carcinoma in 2012. Since then, other compounds have been developed and evaluated in preclinical and clinical studies with interesting results. Today, several medications against components of the HhP have demonstrated clinical activity as monotherapies and in combination with cytotoxic treatment or other targeted therapies against mitogenic pathways that are linked to the HhP. This review aims to clarify the mechanism of the HhP and the complex crosstalk with others pathways involved in carcinogenesis and to discuss both the evidence associated with the growing number of medications and combined therapies addressing this pathway and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Girardi
- Division of Medical Oncology, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Brasilia, 70200-730, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Barrichello
- Division of Medical Oncology, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Brasilia, 70200-730, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Fernandes
- Division of Medical Oncology, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Brasilia, 70200-730, Brazil.
| | - Allan Pereira
- Division of Medical Oncology, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Brasilia, 70200-730, Brazil.
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39
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Niyaz M, Khan MS, Wani RA, Shah OJ, Mudassar S. Sonic Hedgehog Protein is Frequently Up-Regulated in Pancreatic Cancer Compared to Colorectal Cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2018; 26:551-557. [PMID: 30539521 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-018-00564-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is a secreted protein which functions in autocrine or paracrine fashion on target cells to activate hedgehog (HH) signalling cascade responsible for growth and proliferation. This study is an attempt to understand the expression dynamics of SHH protein in colon, rectal and pancreatic cancers. Protein expression of SHH was studied by Western Blotting in the histologically confirmed colon, rectum and pancreatic cancer tissue samples along with their adjacent normal tissues. Only 31.4% (11 of 35) and 26.9% (7 of 26) of colon and rectal cancer cases respectively showed an increase in SHH expression in tumours compared to 72.7% (24 of 33) of the pancreatic cancer cases when compared with their adjacent normal tissues. Our results suggest that SHH may have a strong role in the predisposition of Pancreatic cancer and could possibly be used as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Niyaz
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar, Kashmir, 190011, India
| | - Mosin S Khan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar, Kashmir, 190011, India
| | - Rauf A Wani
- Department of General and Minimal Invasive Surgery, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar, 190011, India
| | - Omar J Shah
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar, 190011, India
| | - Syed Mudassar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar, Kashmir, 190011, India.
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40
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Do DN, Dudemaine PL, Fomenky BE, Ibeagha-Awemu EM. Integration of miRNA and mRNA Co-Expression Reveals Potential Regulatory Roles of miRNAs in Developmental and Immunological Processes in Calf Ileum during Early Growth. Cells 2018; 7:E134. [PMID: 30208606 PMCID: PMC6162677 DOI: 10.3390/cells7090134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the potential regulatory roles of miRNAs in calf ileum developmental transition from the pre- to the post-weaning period. For this purpose, ileum tissues were collected from eight calves at the pre-weaning period and another eight calves at the post-weaning period and miRNA expression characterized by miRNA sequencing, followed by functional analyses. A total of 388 miRNAs, including 81 novel miRNAs, were identified. A total of 220 miRNAs were differentially expressed (DE) between the two periods. The potential functions of DE miRNAs in ileum development were supported by significant enrichment of their target genes in gene ontology terms related to metabolic processes and transcription factor activities or pathways related to metabolism (peroxisomes), vitamin digestion and absorption, lipid and protein metabolism, as well as intracellular signaling. Integration of DE miRNAs and DE mRNAs revealed several DE miRNA-mRNA pairs with crucial roles in ileum development (bta-miR-374a-FBXO18, bta-miR-374a-GTPBP3, bta-miR-374a-GNB2) and immune function (bta-miR-15b-IKBKB). This is the first integrated miRNA-mRNA analysis exploring the potential roles of miRNAs in calf ileum growth and development during early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy N Do
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada.
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Pier-Luc Dudemaine
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada.
| | - Bridget E Fomenky
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada.
- Département de Sciences Animale, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Eveline M Ibeagha-Awemu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada.
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41
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Réda J, Vachtenheim J, Vlčková K, Horák P, Vachtenheim J, Ondrušová L. Widespread Expression of Hedgehog Pathway Components in a Large Panel of Human Tumor Cells and Inhibition of Tumor Growth by GANT61: Implications for Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092682. [PMID: 30201866 PMCID: PMC6163708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The sonic Hedgehog/GLI signaling pathway (HH) is critical for maintaining tissue polarity in development and contributes to tumor stemness. Transcription factors GLI1–3 are the downstream effectors of HH and activate oncogenic targets. To explore the completeness of the expression of HH components in tumor cells, we performed a screen for all HH proteins in a wide spectrum of 56 tumor cell lines of various origin using Western blot analysis. Generally, all HH proteins were expressed. Important factors GLI1 and GLI2 were always expressed, only exceptionally one of them was lowered, suggesting the functionality of HH in all tumors tested. We determined the effect of a GLI inhibitor GANT61 on proliferation in 16 chosen cell lines. More than half of tumor cells were sensitive to GANT61 to various extents. GANT61 killed the sensitive cells through apoptosis. The inhibition of reporter activity containing 12xGLI consensus sites by GANT61 and cyclopamine roughly correlated with cell proliferation influenced by GANT61. Our results recognize the sensitivity of tumor cell types to GANT61 in cell culture and support a critical role for GLI factors in tumor progression through restraining apoptosis. The use of GANT61 in combined targeted therapy of sensitive tumors, such as melanomas, seems to be immensely helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Réda
- Department of Transcription and Cell Signaling, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Charles University Prague, 12108 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiri Vachtenheim
- Department of Transcription and Cell Signaling, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Charles University Prague, 12108 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Kateřina Vlčková
- Department of Transcription and Cell Signaling, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Charles University Prague, 12108 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Horák
- Department of Transcription and Cell Signaling, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Charles University Prague, 12108 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiri Vachtenheim
- Third Department of Surgery, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague and University Hospital Motol, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Lubica Ondrušová
- Department of Transcription and Cell Signaling, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Charles University Prague, 12108 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Zhang RY, Qiao ZY, Liu HJ, Ma JW. Sonic hedgehog signaling regulates hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced H9C2 myocardial cell apoptosis. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:4193-4200. [PMID: 30344694 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway has been reported to protect cells against hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury; however, the role of Shh and relevant molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, the rat cardiomyoblast cell line H9C2 was subjected to hypoxia and serum-starvation for 4 h. Cells were subsequently reoxygenated using 95% O2 and 5% CO2. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to quantify the expression of Shh mRNA, while cell apoptosis was assessed using flow cytometry. Caspase-3 activity and p53 expression were measured by western blotting and an MTT assay was subsequently used to assess cell viability. In addition, reactive oxygen species levels were measured using dichlorofluorescein and H/R-induced changes in the activation of superoxide dismutase, catalase, phosphorylated-endothelial nitric oxide synthase, phosphorylated-protein kinase B (Akt) and mammalian target of rapamycin activation were assessed using western blotting. H/R treatment decreased the cell viability of H9C2 cells, but activated endogenous Shh signaling. The activation of Shh signaling protected H9C2 myocardial cells from H/R-induced apoptosis and restored cell viability. In the present study, Shh signaling was demonstrated to serve a protective role against H/R by activating the phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway and promoting the expression of anti-oxidant enzymes to ameliorate oxidative stress. In summary, Shh signaling attenuated H/R-induced apoptosis through via the PI3K/Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Fengxian District Central Hospital, Shanghai 201400, P.R. China
| | - Zeng-Yong Qiao
- Department of Cardiology, Fengxian District Central Hospital, Shanghai 201400, P.R. China
| | - Hua-Jin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Fengxian District Central Hospital, Shanghai 201400, P.R. China
| | - Jiang-Wei Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Fengxian District Central Hospital, Shanghai 201400, P.R. China
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Expression Undercurrents of Sonic Hedgehog in Colorectal and Pancreatic Cancers. GENE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Knockdown Indian Hedgehog (Ihh) does not delay Fibular Fracture Healing in genetic deleted Ihh mice and pharmaceutical inhibited Ihh Mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10351. [PMID: 29985470 PMCID: PMC6037729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28657-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if Ihh is required for fracture healing. Fibular fracture was created in adult Col2a1-CreERT2; Ihhfl/fl mice. Ihhfl/fl mice received Tamoxifen (TM) to delete Ihh. WT mice received Cyclopamine to inhibit Hh pathway. Callus tissue properties and Ihh pathway were analyzed at 1, 2, and 3 weeks post-fracture by X-ray, micro-CT, mechanical test, RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Deleted Ihh was evidenced by the occurrence of growth plate closure in the Ihhfl/fl mice by X-ray 3 weeks after TM treatment. All mice showed fracture healing at 3 weeks post-operation. Histology analysis indicated that, compared to the control, cartilage area was less in fracture sites from Ihh deficient animals by either genetic deletion or drug inhibition at 1 and 2 weeks post-fracture. Ihh immunostaining and its mRNA level were diminished in the fracture callus in Ihh reduced mice. There was no significant difference in BV/TV, BMD and mechanical test. Interruption to Ihh pathway by either genetic or pharmaceutical approach didn’t affect fibular fracture healing in these mice. This surprised finding implicates that the deleted Ihh does not affect fracture healing in this model.
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Lin XL, Yang L, Fu SW, Lin WF, Gao YJ, Chen HY, Ge ZZ. Overexpression of NOX4 predicts poor prognosis and promotes tumor progression in human colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:33586-33600. [PMID: 28422720 PMCID: PMC5464892 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, has been increasingly reported to be involved in tumorigenesis and/or tumor progression, but limited data are available regarding the role of NOX4 in colorectal carcinoma (CRC). We retrieved six independent investigations from Oncomine database and found that NOX4 is highly expressed in CRC tissues compared with corresponding normal controls. Similar results were also found in clinical specimens at both mRNA and protein levels. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that NOX4 overexpression was highly correlated with T classification, N classification, distant metastasis, and poor prognosis of CRC patients, which was also confirmed by GSE14333 and GSE17536 datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus. Furthermore, we demonstrated that when NOX4 expression was knocked down by siRNAs, cell proliferation, cell-cycle and apoptosis, migration and invasion were significantly altered in CRC cell lines HCT116 and LOVO. Meanwhile, NOX4 promoted cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis, migration and invasion by regulating the expression of relevant genes. By these approaches we aim to elucidate NOX4 may be a reliable prognostic factor or therapeutic target in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lu Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Li Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Seng-Wang Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Wen-Feng Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Yun-Jie Gao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Hao-Yan Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, State Key Laboratory for Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Zhi-Zheng Ge
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai 200001, China
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46
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Zhang R, Wu J, Ferrandon S, Glowacki KJ, Houghton JA. Targeting GLI by GANT61 involves mechanisms dependent on inhibition of both transcription and DNA licensing. Oncotarget 2018; 7:80190-80207. [PMID: 27863397 PMCID: PMC5348313 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The GLI genes are transcription factors and in cancers are oncogenes, aberrantly and constitutively activated. GANT61, a specific GLI inhibitor, has induced extensive cytotoxicity in human models of colon cancer. The FOXM1 promoter was determined to be a transcriptional target of GLI1. In HT29 cells, inhibition of GLI1 binding at the GLI consensus sequence by GANT61 led to inhibited binding of Pol II, the pause-release factors DSIF, NELF and p-TEFb. The formation of R-loops (RNA:DNA hybrids, ssDNA), were reduced by GANT61 at the FOXM1 promoter. Pretreatment of HT29 cells with α-amanitin reduced GANT61-induced γH2AX foci. Co-localization of GLI1 and BrdU foci, inhibited by GANT61, indicated GLI1 and DNA replication to be linked. By co-immunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy, GLI1 co-localized with the DNA licensing factors ORC4, CDT1, and MCM2. Significant co-localization of GLI1 and ORC4 was inhibited by GANT61, and enrichment of ORC4 occurred at the GLI binding site in the FOXM1 promoter. CDT1 was found to be a transcription target of GLI1. Overexpression of CDT1 in HT29 and SW480 cells reduced GANT61-induced cell death, gH2AX foci, and cleavage of caspase-3. Data demonstrate involvement of transcription and of DNA replication licensing factors by non-transcriptional and transcriptional mechanisms in the GLI-dependent mechanism of action of GANT61.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruowen Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Division of Drug Discovery, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jiahui Wu
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Katie J Glowacki
- Department of Oncology, Division of Drug Discovery, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Janet A Houghton
- Department of Oncology, Division of Drug Discovery, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Tong W, Qiu L, Qi M, Liu J, Hu K, Lin W, Huang Y, Fu J. GANT-61 and GDC-0449 induce apoptosis of prostate cancer stem cells through a GLI-dependent mechanism. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:3641-3652. [PMID: 29231999 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant reactivation of the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway promotes prostate cancer (PC) growth and progression by regulating cancer-related genes through its downstream effectors GLI1 and GLI2. Therefore, targeting the SHH-GLI pathway provides an alternative approach to avoid cancer progression. The aim of this study was to delineate the underlying molecular mechanisms by which GDC-0449 (a SMO receptor inhibitor) and GANT-61 (a GLI transcription factor inhibitor) regulate cellular proliferation and self-renewal in human PC stem cells (ProCSCs). Inhibition of the SHH signaling pathway by GANT-61 induced apoptosis with more efficacy than by GDC-0449 in ProCSCs and PC cell lines. GLI1 and GLI2 expression, promoter-binding activity and GLI-responsive luciferase reporter activity were all decreased with either GDC-0449 or GANT-61 treatment. Expression of Fas, DR4, DR5, and cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP were increased, whereas levels of PDGFR-α and Bcl-2 were reduced. Double knockout of GLI1 and GLI2 using shRNA abolished the effects observed with either GDC-0449 or GANT-61 treatment. Collectively, our results showed that GANT-61 and GDC-0449 induced ProCSC apoptosis by directly or indirectly inhibiting the activities of the GLI family transcription factors, may enhance the efficacy of PC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangxia Tong
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, P.R. China.,Department of Hepatology, Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, P.R. China
| | - Lei Qiu
- Division of Abdominal Cancer, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and National Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, P.R. China
| | - Jianbing Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, P.R. China
| | - Kaihui Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, P.R. China
| | - Wenxiong Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, P.R. China.,Institute of Modern Seed Industrial Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, P.R. China
| | - Yan Huang
- Center for Nuclear Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Junsheng Fu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, P.R. China.,Institute of Modern Seed Industrial Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, P.R. China
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48
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Zhang X, Tian Y, Yang Y, Hao J. Development of anticancer agents targeting the Hedgehog signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2773-2782. [PMID: 28314894 PMCID: PMC11107598 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2497-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway which is essential in embryonic and postnatal development as well as adult organ homeostasis. Abnormal regulation of Hedgehog signaling is implicated in many diseases including cancer. Consequently, substantial efforts have made in the past to develop potential therapeutic agents that specifically target the Hedgehog signaling for cancer treatment. Here, we review the therapeutic agents for inhibition of the Hedgehog signaling and their clinical advances in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqian Zhang
- College of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ye Tian
- College of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanling Yang
- Medical College, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jijun Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA.
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766, USA.
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49
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Kurebayashi J, Koike Y, Ohta Y, Saitoh W, Yamashita T, Kanomata N, Moriya T. Anti-cancer stem cell activity of a hedgehog inhibitor GANT61 in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:918-930. [PMID: 28211214 PMCID: PMC5448645 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Estradiol (E2) increases not only the cell growth but also the cancer stem cell (CSC) proportion in estrogen receptor (ER)‐positive breast cancer cells. It has been suggested that the non‐canonical hedgehog (Hh) pathway activated by E2 plays an important role in the regulation of CSC proportion in ER‐positive breast cancer cells. We studied anti‐CSC activity of a non‐canonical Hh inhibitor GANT61 in ER‐positive breast cancer cells. Effects of GANT61 on the cell growth, cell cycle progression, apoptosis and CSC proportion were investigated in four ER‐positive breast cancer cell lines. CSC proportion was measured using either the mammosphere assay or CD44/CD24 assay. Expression levels of pivotal molecules in the Hh pathway were measured. Combined effects of GANT61 with antiestrogens on the anti‐cell growth and anti‐CSC activities were investigated. E2 significantly increased the cell growth and CSC proportion in all ER‐positive cell lines. E2 increased the expression levels of glioma‐associated oncogene (GLI) 1 and/or GLI2. GANT61 decreased the cell growth in association with a G1‐S cell cycle retardation and increased apoptosis. GANT61 decreased the E2‐induced CSC proportion measured by the mammosphere assay in all cell lines. Antiestrogens also decreased the E2‐induced cell growth and CSC proportion. Combined treatments of GANT61 with antiestrogens additively enhanced anti‐cell growth and/or anti‐CSC activities in some ER‐positive cell lines. In conclusion, the non‐canonical Hh inhibitor GANT61 inhibited not only the cell growth but also the CSC proportion increased by E2 in ER‐positive breast cancer cells. GANT61 enhanced anti‐cell growth and/or anti‐CSC activities of antiestrogens in ER‐positive cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Kurebayashi
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Koike
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ohta
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Wataru Saitoh
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tetsumasa Yamashita
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naoki Kanomata
- Department of Pathology 2, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takuya Moriya
- Department of Pathology 2, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
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50
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Zhu J, Liu C, Liu F, Wang Y, Zhu M. Knockdown of PFTAIRE Protein Kinase 1 (PFTK1) Inhibits Proliferation, Invasion, and EMT in Colon Cancer Cells. Oncol Res 2017; 24:137-44. [PMID: 27458094 PMCID: PMC7838739 DOI: 10.3727/096504016x14611963142218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PFTK1 is a member of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) family and is upregulated in many types of tumors. However, its expression and role in colon cancer remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression and function of PFTK1 in colon cancer. Our results showed that PFTK1 was highly expressed in colon cancer cell lines. The in vitro experiments demonstrated that knockdown of PFTK1 inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of colon cancer cells as well as the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) progress. Furthermore, knockdown of PFTK1 suppressed the expression of Shh as well as Smo, Ptc, and Gli-1 in colon cancer cells. Taken together, these results suggest that knockdown of PFTK1 inhibited the proliferation and invasion of colon cancer cells as well as the EMT progress by suppressing the Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway. Therefore, these findings reveal that PFTK1 may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankang Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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