1
|
Shi Q, Wan Z, Lu S, Fang C, Yan C, Zhang X. Investigating the effects of PFOA accumulation and depuration on specific phospholipids in zebrafish through imaging mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:700-709. [PMID: 38376352 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00413a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is an emerging persistent organic pollutant. Exposure to PFOA was observed to have a correlation with the expression levels of phospholipids. However, there are currently no studies that directly visualize the effects of PFOA on phospholipids. To this end, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-IMS) was used to visualize changes in phospholipids in the different tissues of zebrafish following exposure to PFOA. This study found that the major perturbed phospholipids were phosphatidylcholine (PC), diacylglycerol (DG), phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), sphingomyelin (SM), and triacylglycerol (TG). These perturbed phospholipids caused by PFOA were reversible in some tissues (liver, gill, and brain) and irreversible in others (such as the highly exposed intestine). Moreover, the spatial distribution of perturbed phospholipids was mainly located around the edge or center of the tissues, implying that these tissue regions need special attention. This study provides novel insight into the biological toxicity and toxicity mechanisms induced by emerging environmental pollutants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, National Environmental Protection Dongting Lake Scientific Observation and Research Station, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Zhengfen Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, National Environmental Protection Dongting Lake Scientific Observation and Research Station, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, National Environmental Protection Dongting Lake Scientific Observation and Research Station, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Cheng Fang
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Changzhou Yan
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Saito RDF, Andrade LNDS, Bustos SO, Chammas R. Phosphatidylcholine-Derived Lipid Mediators: The Crosstalk Between Cancer Cells and Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:768606. [PMID: 35250970 PMCID: PMC8889569 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.768606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
To become resistant, cancer cells need to activate and maintain molecular defense mechanisms that depend on an energy trade-off between resistance and essential functions. Metabolic reprogramming has been shown to fuel cell growth and contribute to cancer drug resistance. Recently, changes in lipid metabolism have emerged as an important driver of resistance to anticancer agents. In this review, we highlight the role of choline metabolism with a focus on the phosphatidylcholine cycle in the regulation of resistance to therapy. We analyze the contribution of phosphatidylcholine and its metabolites to intracellular processes of cancer cells, both as the major cell membrane constituents and source of energy. We further extended our discussion about the role of phosphatidylcholine-derived lipid mediators in cellular communication between cancer and immune cells within the tumor microenvironment, as well as their pivotal role in the immune regulation of therapeutic failure. Changes in phosphatidylcholine metabolism are part of an adaptive program activated in response to stress conditions that contribute to cancer therapy resistance and open therapeutic opportunities for treating drug-resistant cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renata de Freitas Saito
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (LIM24), Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo and Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana Nogueira de Sousa Andrade
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (LIM24), Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo and Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvina Odete Bustos
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (LIM24), Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo and Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roger Chammas
- Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia (LIM24), Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo and Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
ChoK-Full of Potential: Choline Kinase in B Cell and T Cell Malignancies. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060911. [PMID: 34202989 PMCID: PMC8234087 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant choline metabolism, characterized by an increase in total choline-containing compounds, phosphocholine and phosphatidylcholine (PC), is a metabolic hallmark of carcinogenesis and tumor progression. This aberration arises from alterations in metabolic enzymes that control PC biosynthesis and catabolism. Among these enzymes, choline kinase α (CHKα) exhibits the most frequent alterations and is commonly overexpressed in human cancers. CHKα catalyzes the phosphorylation of choline to generate phosphocholine, the first step in de novo PC biosynthesis. CHKα overexpression is associated with the malignant phenotype, metastatic capability and drug resistance in human cancers, and thus has been recognized as a robust biomarker and therapeutic target of cancer. Of clinical importance, increased choline metabolism and CHKα activity can be detected by non-invasive magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) or positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging with radiolabeled choline analogs for diagnosis and treatment monitoring of cancer patients. Both choline-based MRS and PET/CT imaging have also been clinically applied for lymphoid malignancies, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma and central nervous system lymphoma. However, information on how choline kinase is dysregulated in lymphoid malignancies is very limited and has just begun to be unraveled. In this review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of choline kinase in B cell and T cell malignancies with the goal of promoting future investigation in this area.
Collapse
|
4
|
Beloueche-Babari M, Casals Galobart T, Delgado-Goni T, Wantuch S, Parkes HG, Tandy D, Harker JA, Leach MO. Monocarboxylate transporter 1 blockade with AZD3965 inhibits lipid biosynthesis and increases tumour immune cell infiltration. Br J Cancer 2020; 122:895-903. [PMID: 31937921 PMCID: PMC7078321 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) is a regulator of cell metabolism and a therapeutic target for cancer treatment. Understanding the changes in tumour function accompanying MCT1 inhibition will better characterise the anti-tumour effects of MCT1 inhibitors, potentially enabling the identification of pharmacodynamic biomarkers for the clinical development of these agents. METHODS We assessed the impact of the MCT1 inhibitor AZD3965 on tumour metabolism and immune cell infiltration as key determinants of tumour biological function in the MCT1-dependent Raji B cell lymphoma model. RESULTS Treatment of Raji xenograft-bearing severe combined immunodeficiency mice with AZD3965 led to inhibition of tumour growth paralleled with a decrease in tumour choline, as detected by non-invasive in vivo proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This effect was attributed to inhibition of phosphocholine de novo synthesis following decreased choline kinase α protein and messenger RNA expression that correlated with the AZD3965-induced build-up in intracellular lactate. These changes were concomitant with increased tumour immune cell infiltration involving dendritic and natural killer cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide new insights into the metabolic and cellular changes that occur in the tumour microenvironment following MCT1 blockade, which may contribute to the anti-tumour activity of AZD3965 and could have potential as pharmacodynamic biomarkers of MCT1 inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mounia Beloueche-Babari
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW7 3RP, UK.
| | - Teresa Casals Galobart
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Teresa Delgado-Goni
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Slawomir Wantuch
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Harold G Parkes
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW7 3RP, UK
| | - Debbie Tandy
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, SW7 3RP, London, UK
| | - James A Harker
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
| | - Martin O Leach
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, SW7 3RP, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li J, Zhu Y, Xie M, Zhang Q, Du W. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of target water‐soluble hydroxamic acid‐based HDACi derivatives as prodrugs. Chem Biol Drug Des 2019; 94:1760-1767. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- School of Pharmacy Hangzhou Medical College Hangzhou China
- Department of Chemistry University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA
| | - Yedan Zhu
- Zhejiang Fangzheng Calibration Co. Ltd. Hangzhou China
| | - Miaohong Xie
- School of Pharmacy Hangzhou Medical College Hangzhou China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy Hangzhou Medical College Hangzhou China
| | - Wenting Du
- School of Pharmacy Hangzhou Medical College Hangzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pera B, Krumsiek J, Assouline SE, Marullo R, Patel J, Phillip JM, Román L, Mann KK, Cerchietti L. Metabolomic Profiling Reveals Cellular Reprogramming of B-Cell Lymphoma by a Lysine Deacetylase Inhibitor through the Choline Pathway. EBioMedicine 2018; 28:80-89. [PMID: 29396295 PMCID: PMC5835559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the proven clinical antineoplastic activity of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACI), their effect has been reported to be lower than expected in B-cell lymphomas. Traditionally considered as “epigenetic drugs”, HDACI modify the acetylation status of an extensive proteome, acting as general lysine deacetylase inhibitors (KDACI), and thus potentially impacting various branches of cellular metabolism. Here, we demonstrate through metabolomic profiling of patient plasma and cell lines that the KDACI panobinostat alters lipid metabolism and downstream survival signaling in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL). Specifically, panobinostat induces metabolic adaptations resulting in newly acquired dependency on the choline pathway and activation of PI3K signaling. This metabolic reprogramming decreased the antineoplastic effect of panobinostat. Conversely, inhibition of these metabolic adaptations resulted in superior anti-lymphoma effect as demonstrated by the combination of panobinostat with a choline pathway inhibitor. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the power of metabolomics in identifying unknown effects of KDACI, and emphasizes the need for a better understanding of these drugs in order to achieve successful clinical implementation. Lysine deacetylase inhibitor (KDACI) treatment alters choline metabolism in B-cell lymphoma patients. KDACI-treated lymphoma cells acquire PI3K pathway dependency via increased choline kinase A (CHKA) activity. Targeting the acquired choline dependency improves the anti-lymphoma effect of KDACI.
Pera et al. explored the effects of the lysine deacetylase inhibitor panobinostat in the metabolism of patients with lymphoma. They demonstrated that panobinostat alters choline metabolism leading to PI3K pathway activation. Their findings revealed the mechanism behind the anti-lymphoma activity of dual lysine deacetylase/PI3K inhibitors, and uncovered a novel therapeutic strategy based on targeting choline pathway following panobinostat treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benet Pera
- Hematology and Oncology Division, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jan Krumsiek
- Hematology and Oncology Division, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA; Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sarit E Assouline
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rossella Marullo
- Hematology and Oncology Division, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jayeshkumar Patel
- Hematology and Oncology Division, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jude M Phillip
- Hematology and Oncology Division, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lidia Román
- Hematology and Oncology Division, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Koren K Mann
- Segal Cancer Center, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Leandro Cerchietti
- Hematology and Oncology Division, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Beloueche-Babari M, Wantuch S, Casals Galobart T, Koniordou M, Parkes HG, Arunan V, Chung YL, Eykyn TR, Smith PD, Leach MO. MCT1 Inhibitor AZD3965 Increases Mitochondrial Metabolism, Facilitating Combination Therapy and Noninvasive Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Cancer Res 2017; 77:5913-5924. [PMID: 28923861 PMCID: PMC5669455 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporters (MCT) modulate tumor cell metabolism and offer promising therapeutic targets for cancer treatment. Understanding the impact of MCT blockade on tumor cell metabolism may help develop combination strategies or identify pharmacodynamic biomarkers to support the clinical development of MCT inhibitors now in clinical trials. In this study, we assessed the impact of the MCT1 inhibitor AZD3965 on cancer cell metabolism in vitro and in vivo Exposing human lymphoma and colon carcinoma cells to AZD3965 increased MCT4-dependent accumulation of intracellular lactate, inhibiting monocarboxylate influx and efflux. AZD3965 also increased the levels of TCA cycle-related metabolites and 13C-glucose mitochondrial metabolism, enhancing oxidative pyruvate dehydrogenase and anaplerotic pyruvate carboxylase fluxes. Increased mitochondrial metabolism was necessary to maintain cell survival under drug stress. These effects were counteracted by coadministration of the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor metformin and the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier inhibitor UK5099. Improved bioenergetics were confirmed in vivo after dosing with AZD3965 in mouse xenograft models of human lymphoma. Our results reveal new metabolic consequences of MCT1 inhibition that might be exploited for therapeutic and pharmacodynamic purposes. Cancer Res; 77(21); 5913-24. ©2017 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mounia Beloueche-Babari
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Slawomir Wantuch
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Casals Galobart
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Markella Koniordou
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harold G Parkes
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vaitha Arunan
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yuen-Li Chung
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas R Eykyn
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul D Smith
- AstraZeneca, Cancer Biosciences, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Martin O Leach
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cheng M, Rizwan A, Jiang L, Bhujwalla ZM, Glunde K. Molecular Effects of Doxorubicin on Choline Metabolism in Breast Cancer. Neoplasia 2017; 19:617-627. [PMID: 28654865 PMCID: PMC5487306 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal choline phospholipid metabolism is a hallmark of cancer. The magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) detected total choline (tCho) signal can serve as an early noninvasive imaging biomarker of chemotherapy response in breast cancer. We have quantified the individual components of the tCho signal, glycerophosphocholine (GPC), phosphocholine (PC) and free choline (Cho), before and after treatment with the commonly used chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin in weakly metastatic human MCF7 and triple-negative human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. While the tCho concentration did not change following doxorubicin treatment, GPC significantly increased and PC decreased. Of the two phosphatidylcholine-specific PLD enzymes, only PLD1, but not PLD2, mRNA was down-regulated by doxorubicin treatment. For the two reported genes encoding GPC phosphodiesterase, the mRNA of GDPD6, but not GDPD5, decreased following doxorubicin treatment. mRNA levels of choline kinase α (ChKα), which converts Cho to PC, were reduced following doxorubicin treatment. PLD1 and ChKα protein levels decreased following doxorubicin treatment in a concentration dependent manner. Treatment with the PLD1 specific inhibitor VU0155069 sensitized MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells to doxorubicin-induced cytotoxicity. Low concentrations of 100 nM of doxorubicin increased MDA-MB-231 cell migration. GDPD6, but not PLD1 or ChKα, silencing by siRNA abolished doxorubicin-induced breast cancer cell migration. Doxorubicin induced GPC increase and PC decrease are caused by reductions in PLD1, GDPD6, and ChKα mRNA and protein expression. We have shown that silencing or inhibiting these genes/proteins can promote drug effectiveness and reduce adverse drug effects. Our findings emphasize the importance of detecting PC and GPC individually.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menglin Cheng
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Asif Rizwan
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lu Jiang
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zaver M Bhujwalla
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kristine Glunde
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lin XM, Hu L, Gu J, Wang RY, Li L, Tang J, Zhang BH, Yan XZ, Zhu YJ, Hu CL, Zhou WP, Li S, Liu JF, Gonzalez FJ, Wu MC, Wang HY, Chen L. Choline Kinase α Mediates Interactions Between the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 2 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells to Promote Drug Resistance and Xenograft Tumor Progression. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:1187-1202. [PMID: 28065789 PMCID: PMC6661112 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Choline kinase α (CHKA) catalyzes conversion of choline to phosphocholine and can contribute to carcinogenesis. Little is known about the role of CHKA in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS We performed whole-exome and transcriptome sequence analyses of 9 paired HCC and non-tumor-adjacent tissues. We performed tissue chip analyses of 120 primary HCC and non-tumor-adjacent tissues from patients who received surgery in Shanghai, China from January 2006 through December 2009; 48 sets of specimens (HCC and non-tumor-adjacent tissues) were also analyzed. CHKA gene copy number was quantified and findings were validated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis. CHKA messenger RNA and protein levels were determined by polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemical, and immunoblot analyses. CHKA was examined in 2 hepatocyte cell lines and 7 HCC-derived cell lines, and knocked down with small interfering RNAs in 3 HCC cell lines. Cells were analyzed in proliferation, wound healing, migration, and invasion assays. Cells were injected into tail veins of mice and tumor growth and metastasis were quantified. Immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence assays were conducted to determine interactions between CHKA and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2. RESULTS Levels of CHKA messenger RNA were frequently increased in HCC tissues compared with nontumor tissues; increased expression was associated with amplification at the CHKA loci. Tumors that expressed high levels of CHKA had more aggressive phenotypes, and patients with these tumors had shorter survival times after surgery compared to patients whose tumors expressed low levels of CHKA. HCC cell lines that stably overexpressed CHKA had higher levels of migration and invasion than control HCC cells, and formed larger xenograft tumors with more metastases in mice compared to HCC cells that did not overexpress CHKA. CHKA was required for physical interaction between EGFR and mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2. This complex was required for HCC cells to form metastatic xenograft tumors in mice and to become resistant to EGFR inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS We found levels of CHKA to be increased in human HCCs compared to nontumor tissues, and increased expression to be associated with tumor aggressiveness and reduced survival times of patients. Overexpression of CHKA in HCC cell lines increased their invasiveness, resistance to EGFR inhibitors, and ability to form metastatic tumors in mice by promoting interaction of EGFR with mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Meng Lin
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China;,Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Hu
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China;,Anal-Colorectal Surgery Institute, 150th Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, China
| | - Jin Gu
- Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Bioinformatics Division, Synthetic and Systems Biology Center, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruo-Yu Wang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Li
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China;,National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, Wuhan, China
| | - Bao-Hua Zhang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing-Zhou Yan
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Jing Zhu
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China;,National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong-Li Hu
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Ping Zhou
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shao Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Bioinformatics Division, Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Feng Liu
- Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Meng-Chao Wu
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Yang Wang
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lei Chen
- International Co-operation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; National Center for Liver Cancer, Shanghai, China; Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China; Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cheng M, Bhujwalla ZM, Glunde K. Targeting Phospholipid Metabolism in Cancer. Front Oncol 2016; 6:266. [PMID: 28083512 PMCID: PMC5187387 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
All cancers tested so far display abnormal choline and ethanolamine phospholipid metabolism, which has been detected with numerous magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) approaches in cells, animal models of cancer, as well as the tumors of cancer patients. Since the discovery of this metabolic hallmark of cancer, many studies have been performed to elucidate the molecular origins of deregulated choline metabolism, to identify targets for cancer treatment, and to develop MRS approaches that detect choline and ethanolamine compounds for clinical use in diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Several enzymes in choline, and recently also ethanolamine, phospholipid metabolism have been identified, and their evaluation has shown that they are involved in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Several already established enzymes as well as a number of emerging enzymes in phospholipid metabolism can be used as treatment targets for anticancer therapy, either alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic approaches. This review summarizes the current knowledge of established and relatively novel targets in phospholipid metabolism of cancer, covering choline kinase α, phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase D1, phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C, sphingomyelinases, choline transporters, glycerophosphodiesterases, phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, and ethanolamine kinase. These enzymes are discussed in terms of their roles in oncogenic transformation, tumor progression, and crucial cancer cell properties such as fast proliferation, migration, and invasion. Their potential as treatment targets are evaluated based on the current literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menglin Cheng
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Zaver M Bhujwalla
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kristine Glunde
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fisher ME, Dobberthien BJ, Tessier AG, Yahya A. Characterization of the response of taurine protons to PRESS at 9.4 T for Resolving choline and Determining taurine T2. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 29:1427-1435. [PMID: 27496562 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Point-resolved spectroscopy (PRESS), characterized by two TEs (TE1 and TE2 ), can be employed to perform animal magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) studies at 9.4 T. Taurine (Tau) and choline (Cho) are relevant metabolites that can be measured by MRS. In this work, the response of the J-coupled protons of Tau as a function of PRESS TE1 and TE2 was characterized at 9.4 T to achieve two objectives. The first was to determine two TE1 and TE2 combinations that could be used to obtain T2 -corrected measures of Tau (3.42 ppm) that were minimally influenced by J coupling. The second was to exploit the Tau J coupling to find a timing combination that minimized the 3.25-ppm Tau signal to enable the Cho (3.22 ppm) resonance to be resolved from the overlapping Tau signal. The response of Tau protons was investigated both numerically and experimentally. It was numerically determined that the timings {TE1 , TE2 } = {17 ms, 10 ms} and {TE1 , TE2 } = {80 ms, 70 ms} yielded similar 3.42-ppm Tau resonance areas (5% difference), rendering them suitable for Tau T2 determination. {TE1 , TE2 } = {25 ms, 50 ms} was found to yield minimal 3.25-ppm Tau signal, reducing its interference with Cho. The efficacy of the timings was demonstrated on phantom solutions and in vivo in four Sprague Dawley rats. LCModel was employed to analyse the in vivo spectra and Tau T2 values were estimated by fitting the Tau peak areas obtained with {TE1 , TE2 } = {17 ms, 10 ms} and {TE1 , TE2 } = {80 ms, 70 ms} to a monoexponentially decaying function. An average Tau T2 of 106 ms (standard deviation, 12 ms) was obtained. LCModel analysis of rat spectra obtained with {TE1 , TE2 } = {25 ms, 50 ms} demonstrated negligible levels of Tau signal, compared with that obtained with short TE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marissa E Fisher
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Anthony G Tessier
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Medical Physics, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Atiyah Yahya
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Department of Medical Physics, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chiaradonna F, Cirulli C, Palorini R, Votta G, Alberghina L. New Insights into the Connection Between Histone Deacetylases, Cell Metabolism, and Cancer. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:30-50. [PMID: 24483782 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.5854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Histone deacetylases (HDACs) activity and cell metabolism are considered important targets for cancer therapy, as both are deregulated and associated with the onset and maintenance of tumors. RECENT ADVANCES Besides the classical function of HDACs as HDAC enzymes controlling the transcription, it is becoming increasingly evident that these proteins are involved in the regulation of several other cellular processes by their ability to deacetylate hundreds of proteins with different functions in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Importantly, recent high-throughput studies have identified as important target proteins several enzymes involved in different metabolic pathways. Conversely, it has been also shown that metabolic intermediates may control HDACs activity. Consequently, the acetylation/deacetylation of metabolic enzymes and the ability of metabolic intermediates to modulate HDACs may represent a cross-talk connecting cell metabolism, transcription, and other HDACs-controlled processes in physiological and pathological conditions. CRITICAL ISSUES Since metabolic alterations and HDACs deregulation are important cancer hallmarks, disclosing connections among them may improve our understanding on cancer mechanisms and reveal novel therapeutic protocols against this disease. FUTURE DIRECTIONS High-throughput metabolic studies performed by using more sophisticated technologies applied to the available models of conditional deletion of HDACs in cell lines or in mice will fill the gap in the current understanding and open directions for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Chiaradonna
- 1 SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology , Milan, Italy .,2 Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca , Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Cirulli
- 1 SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology , Milan, Italy .,2 Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca , Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Palorini
- 1 SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology , Milan, Italy .,2 Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca , Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Votta
- 1 SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology , Milan, Italy .,2 Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca , Milan, Italy
| | - Lilia Alberghina
- 1 SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology , Milan, Italy .,2 Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca , Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
van Asten JJA, Vettukattil R, Buckle T, Rottenberg S, van Leeuwen F, Bathen TF, Heerschap A. Increased levels of choline metabolites are an early marker of docetaxel treatment response in BRCA1-mutated mouse mammary tumors: an assessment by ex vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Transl Med 2015; 13:114. [PMID: 25890200 PMCID: PMC4404119 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0458-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Docetaxel is one of the most frequently used drugs to treat breast cancer. However, resistance or incomplete response to docetaxel is a major challenge. The aim of this study was to utilize MR metabolomics to identify potential biomarkers of docetaxel resistance in a mouse model for BRCA1-mutated breast cancer. Methodology High resolution magic angle spinning (HRMAS) 1H MR spectroscopy was performed on tissue samples obtained from docetaxel-sensitive or -resistant BRCA1-mutated mammary tumors in mice. Measurements were performed on samples obtained before treatment and at 1-2, 3-5 and 6-7 days after a 25 mg/kg dose of docetaxel. The MR spectra were analyzed by multivariate analysis, followed by analysis of the signals of individual compounds by peak fitting and integration with normalization to the integral of the creatine signal and of all signals between 2.9 and 3.6 ppm. Results The HRMAS spectra revealed significant metabolic differences between sensitive and resistant tissue samples. In particular choline metabolites were higher in resistant tumors by more than 50% with respect to creatine and by more than 30% with respect to all signals between 2.9 and 3.6 ppm. Shortly after treatment (1-2 days) the normalized choline metabolite levels were significantly increased by more than 30% in the sensitive group coinciding with the time of highest apoptotic activity induced by docetaxel. Thereafter, choline metabolites in these tumors returned towards pre-treatment levels. No change in choline compounds was observed in the resistant tumors over the whole time of investigation. Conclusions Relative tissue concentrations of choline compounds are higher in docetaxel resistant than in sensitive BRCA1-mutated mouse mammary tumors, but in the first days after docetaxel treatment only in the sensitive tumors an increase of these compounds is observed. Thus both pre- and post-treatment tissue levels of choline compounds have potential to predict response to docetaxel treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack J A van Asten
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Riyas Vettukattil
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Tessa Buckle
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,Department of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute- Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospital (NKI-AvL), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute- Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospital (NKI-AvL), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Fijs van Leeuwen
- Interventional Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Tone F Bathen
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Arend Heerschap
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Beloueche-Babari M, Box C, Arunan V, Parkes HG, Valenti M, De Haven Brandon A, Jackson LE, Eccles SA, Leach MO. Acquired resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors alters the metabolism of human head and neck squamous carcinoma cells and xenograft tumours. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:1206-14. [PMID: 25742484 PMCID: PMC4385966 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquired resistance to molecularly targeted therapeutics is a key challenge in personalised cancer medicine, highlighting the need for identifying the underlying mechanisms and early biomarkers of relapse, in order to guide subsequent patient management. METHODS Here we use human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) models and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to assess the metabolic changes that follow acquired resistance to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), and which could serve as potential metabolic biomarkers of drug resistance. RESULTS Comparison of NMR metabolite profiles obtained from control (CAL(S)) and EGFR TKI-resistant (CAL(R)) cells grown as 2D monolayers, 3D spheroids or xenograft tumours in athymic mice revealed a number of differences between the sensitive and drug-resistant models. In particular, we observed elevated levels of glycerophosphocholine (GPC) in CAL(R) relative to CAL(S) monolayers, spheroids and tumours, independent of the growth rate or environment. In addition, there was an increase in alanine, aspartate and creatine+phosphocreatine in resistant spheroids and xenografts, and increased levels of lactate, branched-chain amino acids and a fall in phosphoethanolamine only in xenografts. The xenograft lactate build-up was associated with an increased expression of the glucose transporter GLUT-1, whereas the rise in GPC was attributed to inhibition of GPC phosphodiesterase. Reduced glycerophosphocholine (GPC) and phosphocholine were observed in a second HNSCC model probably indicative of a different drug resistance mechanism. CONCLUSIONS Our studies reveal metabolic signatures associated not only with acquired EGFR TKI resistance but also growth pattern, microenvironment and contributing mechanisms in HNSCC models. These findings warrant further investigation as metabolic biomarkers of disease relapse in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Beloueche-Babari
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - C Box
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - V Arunan
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - H G Parkes
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - M Valenti
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - A De Haven Brandon
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - L E Jackson
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - S A Eccles
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - M O Leach
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ling CS, Yin KB, Cun STW, Ling FL. Expression profiling of choline and ethanolamine kinases in MCF7, HCT116 and HepG2 cells, and the transcriptional regulation by epigenetic modification. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:611-8. [PMID: 25333818 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of choline kinase (CK) and ethanolamine kinase (EK) is to catalyse the phosphorylation of choline and ethanolamine, respectively, in order to yield phosphocholine (PCho) and phosphoethanolamine (PEtn). A high expression level of PCho, due to elevated CK activity, has previously been associated with malignant transformation. In the present study, a quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to determine the mRNA expression profiles of ck and ek mRNA variants in MCF7 breast, HCT116 colon and HepG2 liver cancer cells. The ck and ek mRNA expression profiles showed that total ckα was expressed most abundantly in the HepG2 cells. The HCT116 cells exhibited the highest ckβ and ek1 mRNA expression levels, whereas the highest ek2α mRNA expression levels were detected in the MCF7 cells. The ckβ variant had higher mRNA expression levels, as compared with total ckα, in both the MCF7 and HCT116 cells. Relatively low ek1 mRNA expression levels were detected, as compared with ek2α in the MCF7 cells; however, this was not observed in the HCT116 and HepG2 cells. Notably, the mRNA expression levels of ckα2 were markedly low, as compared with ckα1, in all three cancer cell lines. The effects of epigenetic modification on ck and ek mRNA expression, by treatment of the cells with the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA), were also investigated. The results of the present study showed that the mRNA expression levels of ckα, ckβ and ek2α were affected by TSA. An increase >8-fold was observed in ek2α mRNA expression upon treatment with TSA, in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. In conclusion, the levels of ck and ek transcript variants in the three cancer cell lines were varied. The effects of TSA treatment on the mRNA expression levels of ck and ek imply that ck and ek mRNA expression may be regulated by epigenetic modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chua Siang Ling
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
| | - Khoo Boon Yin
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - See Too Wei Cun
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
| | - Few Ling Ling
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan 16150, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Metabolic Effects of Known and Novel HDAC and SIRT Inhibitors in Glioblastomas Independently or Combined with Temozolomide. Metabolites 2014; 4:807-30. [PMID: 25222834 PMCID: PMC4192694 DOI: 10.3390/metabo4030807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of protein deacetylation enzymes, alone or in combination with standard chemotherapies, is an exciting addition to cancer therapy. We have investigated the effect of deacetylase inhibition on the metabolism of glioblastoma cells. 1H NMR metabolomics analysis was used to determine the major metabolic changes following treatment of two distinct glioblastoma cell lines, U373 and LN229, with five different histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, as well as one inhibitor of NAD+-dependent protein deacetylases (SIRT). The addition of the standard glioblastoma chemotherapy agent, temozolomide, to the HDAC and SIRT treatments led to a reduction in cell survival, suggesting a possibility for combined treatment. This study shows that distinct glioblastoma cell lines, with different metabolic profiles and gene expression, experience dissimilar changes following treatment with protein deacetylase inhibitors. The observed effects of inhibitors on mitochondrial metabolism, glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis suggest possible roles of protein deacetylases in metabolism regulation. Metabolic markers of the effectiveness of anti-protein deacetylase treatments have been explored. In addition to known deacetylation inhibitors, three novel inhibitors have been introduced and tested. Finally, 1H NMR analysis of cellular metabolism is shown to be a fast, inexpensive method for testing drug effects.
Collapse
|
17
|
Gadiya M, Mori N, Cao MD, Mironchik Y, Kakkad S, Gribbestad IS, Glunde K, Krishnamachary B, Bhujwalla ZM. Phospholipase D1 and choline kinase-α are interactive targets in breast cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:593-601. [PMID: 24556997 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.28165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A consistent metabolic hallmark observed in multiple cancers is the increase of cellular phosphocholine (PC) and total choline-containing compounds (tCho), which is closely related to malignant transformation, invasion, and metastasis. Enzymes in choline phospholipid metabolism present attractive targets to exploit for treatment, but require a clear understanding of the mechanisms underlying the altered choline phospholipid metabolism observed in cancer. Choline kinase-α (Chk-α) is an enzyme in the Kennedy pathway that phosphorylates free choline (Cho) to PC, and its upregulation in several cancers is a major contributor to increased PC levels. Similarly, increased expression and activity of phospholipase D1 (PLD1), which converts phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) to phosphatidic acid (PA) and Cho, has been well documented in gastric, ovarian and breast cancer. Here we report a strong correlation between expression of Chk-α and PLD1 with breast cancer malignancy. Data from patient samples established an association between estrogen receptor (ER) status and Chk-α and PLD1 expression. In addition, these two enzymes were found to be interactive. Downregulation of Chk-α with siRNA increased PLD1 expression, and downregulation of PLD1 increased Chk-α expression. Simultaneous silencing of PLD1 and Chk-α in MDA-MB-231 cells increased apoptosis as detected by the TUNEL assay. These data provide new insights into choline phospholipid metabolism of breast cancer, and support multiple targeting of enzymes in choline phospholipid metabolism as a strategy for treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayur Gadiya
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research; The Johns Hopkins University In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Noriko Mori
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research; The Johns Hopkins University In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Maria D Cao
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging; Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU); Trondheim, Norway
| | - Yelena Mironchik
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research; The Johns Hopkins University In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Samata Kakkad
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research; The Johns Hopkins University In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Ingrid S Gribbestad
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging; Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU); Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristine Glunde
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research; The Johns Hopkins University In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Balaji Krishnamachary
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research; The Johns Hopkins University In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Zaver M Bhujwalla
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research; The Johns Hopkins University In Vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center; Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Visualizing epigenetics: current advances and advantages in HDAC PET imaging techniques. Neuroscience 2013; 264:186-97. [PMID: 24051365 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal gene regulation as a consequence of flawed epigenetic mechanisms may be central to the initiation and persistence of many human diseases. However, the association of epigenetic dysfunction with disease and the development of therapeutic agents for treatment are slow. Developing new methodologies used to visualize chromatin-modifying enzymes and their function in the human brain would be valuable for the diagnosis of brain disorders and drug discovery. We provide an overview of current invasive and noninvasive techniques for measuring expression and functions of chromatin-modifying enzymes in the brain, emphasizing tools applicable to histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes as a leading example. The majority of current techniques are invasive and difficult to translate to what is happening within a human brain in vivo. However, recent progress in molecular imaging provides new, noninvasive ways to visualize epigenetics in the human brain. Neuroimaging tool development presents a unique set of challenges in order to identify and validate CNS radiotracers for HDACs and other histone-modifying enzymes. We summarize advances in the effort to image HDACs and HDAC inhibitory effects in the brain using positron emission tomography (PET) and highlight generalizable techniques that can be adapted to investigate other specific components of epigenetic machinery. Translational tools like neuroimaging by PET and magnetic resonance imaging provide the best way to link our current understanding of epigenetic changes with in vivo function in normal and diseased brains. These tools will be a critical addition to ex vivo methods to evaluate - and intervene - in CNS dysfunction.
Collapse
|
19
|
Beloueche-Babari M, Jamin Y, Arunan V, Walker-Samuel S, Revill M, Smith PD, Halliday J, Waterton JC, Barjat H, Workman P, Leach MO, Robinson SP. Acute tumour response to the MEK1/2 inhibitor selumetinib (AZD6244, ARRY-142886) evaluated by non-invasive diffusion-weighted MRI. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:1562-9. [PMID: 23942066 PMCID: PMC3776979 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-invasive imaging biomarkers underpin the development of molecularly targeted anti-cancer drugs. This study evaluates tumour apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), measured by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI), as a biomarker of response to the MEK1/2 inhibitor selumetinib (AZD6244, ARRY-142886) in human tumour xenografts. METHODS Nude mice bearing human BRAF(V600D) WM266.4 melanoma or BRAF(V600E) Colo205 colon carcinoma xenografts were treated for 4 days with vehicle or selumetinib. DW-MRI was performed before and 2 h after the last dose and excised tumours analysed for levels of phospho-ERK1/2, cleaved caspase 3 (CC3) and necrosis. RESULTS Selumetinib treatment induced tumour stasis and reduced ERK1/2 phosphorylation in both WM266.4 and Colo205 tumour xenografts. Relative to day 0, mean tumour ADC was unchanged in the control groups but was significantly increased by up to 1.6-fold in selumetinib-treated WM266.4 and Colo205 tumours. Histological analysis revealed a significant increase in necrosis in selumetinib-treated WM266.4 and Colo205 xenografts and CC3 staining in selumetinib-treated Colo205 tumours relative to controls. CONCLUSION Changes in ADC following treatment with the MEK1/2 inhibitor selumetinib in responsive human tumour xenografts were concomitant with induction of tumour cell death. ADC may provide a useful non-invasive pharmacodynamic biomarker for early clinical assessment of response to selumetinib and other MEK-ERK1/2 signalling-targeted therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Beloueche-Babari
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - Y Jamin
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - V Arunan
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - S Walker-Samuel
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - M Revill
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - P D Smith
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - J Halliday
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - J C Waterton
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - H Barjat
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - P Workman
- Cancer Research UK Cancer Therapeutics Unit, Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - M O Leach
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| | - S P Robinson
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Falck Miniotis M, Arunan V, Eykyn TR, Marais R, Workman P, Leach MO, Beloueche-Babari M. MEK1/2 inhibition decreases lactate in BRAF-driven human cancer cells. Cancer Res 2013; 73:4039-49. [PMID: 23639941 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The RAS/BRAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway is a central driver in cancer with many BRAF and MEK inhibitors being evaluated in clinical trials. Identifying noninvasive biomarkers of early pharmacodynamic responses is important for development of these targeted drugs. As increased aerobic glycolysis is often observed in cancer, we hypothesized that MEK1/2 (MAP2K1/MAP2K2) inhibitors may reduce lactate levels as detected by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), as a metabolic biomarker for the pharmacodynamic response. MRS was used to monitor intracellular and extracellular levels of lactate in human cancer cells in vitro and in melanoma tumors ex vivo. In addition, we used (1)H MRS and a fluorescent glucose analog to evaluate the effect of MEK inhibition on glucose uptake. MEK1/2 signaling inhibition reduced extracellular lactate levels in BRAF-dependent cells but not BRAF-independent cells. The reduction in extracellular lactate in BRAF-driven melanoma cells was time-dependent and associated with reduced expression of hexokinase-II driven by c-Myc depletion. Taken together, these results reveal how MEK1/2 inhibition affects cancer cell metabolism in the context of BRAF oncogene addiction. Furthermore, they offer a preclinical proof-of-concept for the use of MRS to measure lactate as a noninvasive metabolic biomarker for pharmacodynamic response to MEK1/2 inhibition in BRAF-driven cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Falck Miniotis
- Cancer Research UK and EPSRC Cancer Imaging Centre, Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ward CS, Eriksson P, Izquierdo-Garcia JL, Brandes AH, Ronen SM. HDAC inhibition induces increased choline uptake and elevated phosphocholine levels in MCF7 breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62610. [PMID: 23626839 PMCID: PMC3633900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have emerged as effective antineoplastic agents in the clinic. Studies from our lab and others have reported that magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)-detectable phosphocholine (PC) is elevated following SAHA treatment, providing a potential noninvasive biomarker of response. Typically, elevated PC is associated with cancer while a decrease in PC accompanies response to antineoplastic treatment. The goal of this study was therefore to elucidate the underlying biochemical mechanism by which HDAC inhibition leads to elevated PC. We investigated the effect of SAHA on MCF-7 breast cancer cells using 13C MRS to monitor [1,2-13C] choline uptake and phosphorylation to PC. We found that PC synthesis was significantly higher in treated cells, representing 154±19% of control. This was within standard deviation of the increase in total PC levels detected by 31P MRS (129±7% of control). Furthermore, cellular choline kinase activity was elevated (177±31%), while cytidylyltransferase activity was unchanged. Expression of the intermediate-affinity choline transporter SLC44A1 and choline kinase α increased (144% and 161%, respectively) relative to control, as determined by mRNA microarray analysis with protein-level confirmation by Western blotting. Taken together, our findings indicate that the increase in PC levels following SAHA treatment results from its elevated synthesis. Additionally, the concentration of glycerophosphocholine (GPC) increased significantly with treatment to 210±45%. This is likely due to the upregulated expression of several phospholipase A2 (PLA2) isoforms, resulting in increased PLA2 activity (162±18%) in SAHA-treated cells. Importantly, the levels of total choline (tCho)-containing metabolites, comprised of choline, PC and GPC, are readily detectable clinically using 1H MRS. Our findings thus provide an important step in validating clinically translatable non-invasive imaging methods for follow-up diagnostics of HDAC inhibitor treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. Ward
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Pia Eriksson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jose L. Izquierdo-Garcia
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alissa H. Brandes
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sabrina M. Ronen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
|