1
|
Wang J, Chen H, Deng Q, Chen Y, Wang Z, Yan Z, Wang Y, Tang H, Liang H, Jiang Y. High expression of RNF169 is associated with poor prognosis in pancreatic adenocarcinoma by regulating tumour immune infiltration. Front Genet 2023; 13:1022626. [PMID: 36685833 PMCID: PMC9849556 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1022626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) is a highly deadly and aggressive tumour with a poor prognosis. However, the prognostic value of RNF169 and its related mechanisms in PAAD have not been elucidated. In this study, we aimed to explore prognosis-related genes, especially RNF169 in PAAD and to identify novel potential prognostic predictors of PAAD. Methods: The GEPIA and UALCAN databases were used to investigate the expression and prognostic value of RNF169 in PAAD. The correlation between RNF169 expression and immune infiltration was determined by using TIMER and TISIDB. Correlation analysis with starBase was performed to identify a potential regulatory axis of lncRNA-miRNA-RNF169. Results: The data showed that the level of RNF169 mRNA expression in PAAD tissues was higher than that in normal tissues. High RNF169 expression was correlated with poor prognosis in PAAD. In addition, analysis with the TISIDB and TIMER databases revealed that RNF169 expression was positively correlated with tumour immune infiltration in PAAD. Correlation analysis suggested that the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) AL049555.1 and the microRNA (miRNA) hsa-miR-324-5p were involved in the expression of RNF169, composing a potential regulatory axis to control the progression of PAAD. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses indicated that RNF169 plays a role in PAAD through pathways such as TNF, Hippo, JAK-STAT and Toll-like receptor signaling. Conclusion: In summary, the upregulation of RNF169 expression mediated by ncRNAs might influence immune cell infiltration in the microenvironment; thus, it can be used as a prognostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target in PAAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieyan Wang
- Department of Urology, The People’s Hospital of Longhua, The Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hanghang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Deng
- Department of Urology, The People’s Hospital of Longhua, The Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yeda Chen
- Department of Urology, The People’s Hospital of Longhua, The Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhu Wang
- Department of Urology, The People’s Hospital of Longhua, The Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengzheng Yan
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yinglin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Zhuzhou, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Haoxuan Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Liang
- Department of Urology, The People’s Hospital of Longhua, The Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China,*Correspondence: Hui Liang, ; Yong Jiang,
| | - Yong Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Department of pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Dongguan Key Laboratory of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, China,*Correspondence: Hui Liang, ; Yong Jiang,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hosseinzadeh A, Merikhian P, Naseri N, Eisavand MR, Farahmand L. MUC1 is a potential target to overcome trastuzumab resistance in breast cancer therapy. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:110. [PMID: 35248049 PMCID: PMC8897942 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02523-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although resistance is its major obstacle in cancer therapy, trastuzumab is the most successful agent in treating epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive (HER2 +) breast cancer (BC). Some patients show resistance to trastuzumab, and scientists want to circumvent this problem. This review elaborately discusses possible resistance mechanisms to trastuzumab and introduces mucin 1 (MUC1) as a potential target efficient for overcoming such resistance. MUC1 belongs to the mucin family, playing the oncogenic/mitogenic roles in cancer cells and interacting with several other oncogenic receptors and pathways, such as HER2, β-catenin, NF-κB, and estrogen receptor (ERα). Besides, it has been established that MUC1- Cytoplasmic Domain (MUC1-CD) accelerates the development of resistance to trastuzumab and that silencing MUC1-C proto-oncogene is associated with increased sensitivity of HER2+ cells to trastuzumab-induced growth inhibitors. We mention why targeting MUC1 can be useful in overcoming trastuzumab resistance in cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
3
|
Radziuviene G, Rasmusson A, Augulis R, Grineviciute RB, Zilenaite D, Laurinaviciene A, Ostapenko V, Laurinavicius A. Intratumoral Heterogeneity and Immune Response Indicators to Predict Overall Survival in a Retrospective Study of HER2-Borderline (IHC 2+) Breast Cancer Patients. Front Oncol 2021; 11:774088. [PMID: 34858854 PMCID: PMC8631965 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.774088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) categorized as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) borderline [2+ by immunohistochemistry (IHC 2+)] presents challenges for the testing, frequently obscured by intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH). This leads to difficulties in therapy decisions. We aimed to establish prognostic models of overall survival (OS) of these patients, which take into account spatial aspects of ITH and tumor microenvironment by using hexagonal tiling analytics of digital image analysis (DIA). In particular, we assessed the prognostic value of Immunogradient indicators at the tumor–stroma interface zone (IZ) as a feature of antitumor immune response. Surgical excision samples stained for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), Ki67, HER2, and CD8 from 275 patients with HER2 IHC 2+ invasive ductal BC were used in the study. DIA outputs were subsampled by HexT for ITH quantification and tumor microenvironment extraction for Immunogradient indicators. Multiple Cox regression revealed HER2 membrane completeness (HER2 MC) (HR: 0.18, p = 0.0007), its spatial entropy (HR: 0.37, p = 0.0341), and ER contrast (HR: 0.21, p = 0.0449) as independent predictors of better OS, with worse OS predicted by pT status (HR: 6.04, p = 0.0014) in the HER2 non-amplified patients. In the HER2-amplified patients, HER2 MC contrast (HR: 0.35, p = 0.0367) and CEP17 copy number (HR: 0.19, p = 0.0035) were independent predictors of better OS along with worse OS predicted by pN status (HR: 4.75, p = 0.0018). In the non-amplified tumors, three Immunogradient indicators provided the independent prognostic value: CD8 density in the tumor aspect of the IZ and CD8 center of mass were associated with better OS (HR: 0.23, p = 0.0079 and 0.14, p = 0.0014, respectively), and CD8 density variance along the tumor edge predicted worse OS (HR: 9.45, p = 0.0002). Combining these three computational indicators of the CD8 cell spatial distribution within the tumor microenvironment augmented prognostic stratification of the patients. In the HER2-amplified group, CD8 cell density in the tumor aspect of the IZ was the only independent immune response feature to predict better OS (HR: 0.22, p = 0.0047). In conclusion, we present novel prognostic models, based on computational ITH and Immunogradient indicators of the IHC biomarkers, in HER2 IHC 2+ BC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gedmante Radziuviene
- National Center of Pathology, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Clinics, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Allan Rasmusson
- National Center of Pathology, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Clinics, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Renaldas Augulis
- National Center of Pathology, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Clinics, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ruta Barbora Grineviciute
- National Center of Pathology, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Clinics, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dovile Zilenaite
- National Center of Pathology, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Clinics, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aida Laurinaviciene
- National Center of Pathology, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Clinics, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Valerijus Ostapenko
- Department of Breast Surgery and Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arvydas Laurinavicius
- National Center of Pathology, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Clinics, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jouffroy L, Verhoeven J, Brambilla M, Verniest G, Kong H, Zhao Y, Wang W, Meerpoel L, Thuring JW, Winne JM. Regio- and Stereoselective Synthesis of C-4' Spirocyclobutyl Ribofuranose Scaffolds and Their Use as Biologically Active Nucleoside Analogues. Org Lett 2021; 23:8828-8833. [PMID: 34730365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Novel C-4',C-5' cyclobutane-fused spirocyclic ribonucleoside analogues were prepared. Thermal [2 + 2] cycloaddition between dichloroketene and readily derived 4'-exo-methylene furanoses afforded a first entry to the required constrained ribofuranoses, relying on a carbonyl transposition sequence. Alternatively, an unusual stereoselective ionic [2 + 2] cycloaddition using methyl propiolate promoted by methylaluminoxane gave a complementary, more direct approach to such ribofuranoses. Further conversion to the constrained adenosine analogues revealed promising structure-dependent inhibition of the protein methyltransferase PRMT5:MEP50 complex in the (sub)micromolar range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Jouffroy
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Campus Sterre, Krijgslaan 281-S4, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Jonas Verhoeven
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry (ORGC), Department of Chemistry and Department of Bio-engineering Sciences, Faculty of Science and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marta Brambilla
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Guido Verniest
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry (ORGC), Department of Chemistry and Department of Bio-engineering Sciences, Faculty of Science and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hanchu Kong
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry, Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongbin Zhao
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry, Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Wang
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry, Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., 6 Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Lieven Meerpoel
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Johan M Winne
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Campus Sterre, Krijgslaan 281-S4, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Differential Response of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells to In Vitro Inhibition with CTLA-4 and PD-1 through Cancer-Immune Cells Modified Interactions. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082044. [PMID: 34440813 PMCID: PMC8392578 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs targeting immune checkpoint molecules have been found effective in melanoma, lung cancer, and other malignancies treatment. Recent studies on breast cancer demonstrated the significance of inhibitory anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 in the regulation of disease progression. However, seemingly the same types of breast cancer do not always respond unambiguously to immunotherapy. Thus, here we set out to analyze the in vitro effects of inhibiting CTLA-4 and PD-1 on interactions between co-cultured lymphocytes and two selected breast adenocarcinoma cell lines. Breast cancer cells were co-cultured with lymphocytes to evaluate the effects of CTLA-4 and PD-1 inhibition. Proliferation, cell cycle, and viability assessment were measured in cancer cells. IFN-gamma, IL-10, perforin, granzyme B production, and CTLA-4 and PD-1 expression were analyzed in lymphocytes. We found that administration of anti-CTLA-4 improved the anti-cancer activity of T cells with reduced proliferation and viability of MDA-MB-231. Lack of response was observed in the context of MCF-7. In addition, differential expression of checkpoint proteins was found between studied cancer cells lines. Inhibition of molecules was followed by IL-10 and IFN-gamma decrease in lymphocytes co-cultured with MDA-MB-231, not demonstrated in reference to MCF-7. Furthermore, CTLA-4 blockage was associated with reduction of CTLA-4+ and PD-1+ lymphocytes in MDA-MB-231, with a significant increase in MCF-7, reduced by anti-PD-1. Altogether, our study revealed that anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 treatment can improve lymphocytes effects on breast cancer cells. Favorable effects seemed to be related to breast cancer cells features as differential responses were reported. Novel blocking antibodies strategies should be tested for more effective cancer inhibition.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang M, Hu Y, Yu T, Ma X, Wei X, Wei Y. Pan-HER-targeted approach for cancer therapy: Mechanisms, recent advances and clinical prospect. Cancer Lett 2018; 439:113-130. [PMID: 30218688 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor family is composed of 4 structurally related receptor tyrosine kinases that are involved in many human cancers. The efficacy and safety of HER inhibitors have been compared in a wide range of clinical trials, suggesting the superior inhibitory ability of multiple- HER-targeting blockade compared with single receptor antagonists. However, many patients are currently resistant to current therapeutic treatment and novel strategies are warranted to conquer the resistance. Thus, we performed a critical review to summarize the molecular involvement of HER family receptors in tumour progression, recent anti-HER drug development based on clinical trials, and the potential resistance mechanisms of anti-HER therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manni Wang
- Lab of Aging Research and Nanotoxicology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Yuzhu Hu
- Lab of Aging Research and Nanotoxicology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Ting Yu
- Lab of Aging Research and Nanotoxicology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Lab of Aging Research and Nanotoxicology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Lab of Aging Research and Nanotoxicology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China.
| | - Yuquan Wei
- Lab of Aging Research and Nanotoxicology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Saatci Ö, Borgoni S, Akbulut Ö, Durmuş S, Raza U, Eyüpoğlu E, Alkan C, Akyol A, Kütük Ö, Wiemann S, Şahin Ö. Targeting PLK1 overcomes T-DM1 resistance via CDK1-dependent phosphorylation and inactivation of Bcl-2/xL in HER2-positive breast cancer. Oncogene 2018; 37:2251-2269. [PMID: 29391599 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-017-0108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Trastuzumab-refractory, HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2)-positive breast cancer is commonly treated with trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1), an antibody-drug conjugate of trastuzumab and the microtubule-targeting agent, DM1. However, drug response reduces greatly over time due to acquisition of resistance whose molecular mechanisms are mostly unknown. Here, we uncovered a novel mechanism of resistance against T-DM1 by combining whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq), proteomics and a targeted small interfering RNA (siRNA) sensitization screen for molecular level analysis of acquired and de novo T-DM1-resistant models of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer. We identified Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), a mitotic kinase, as a resistance mediator whose genomic as well as pharmacological inhibition restored drug sensitivity. Both acquired and de novo resistant models exhibited synergistic growth inhibition upon combination of T-DM1 with a selective PLK1 inhibitor, volasertib, at a wide concentration range of the two drugs. Mechanistically, T-DM1 sensitization upon PLK1 inhibition with volasertib was initiated by a spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC)-dependent mitotic arrest, leading to caspase activation, followed by DNA damage through CDK1-dependent phosphorylation and inactivation of Bcl-2/xL. Furthermore, we showed that Ser70 phosphorylation of Bcl-2 directly regulates apoptosis by disrupting the binding to and sequestration of the pro-apoptotic protein Bim. Importantly, T-DM1 resistance signature or PLK1 expression correlated with cell cycle progression and DNA repair, and predicted a lower sensitivity to taxane/trastuzumab combination in HER2-positive breast cancer patients. Finally, volasertib in combination with T-DM1 greatly synergized in models of T-DM1 resistance in terms of growth inhibition both in three dimensional (3D) cell culture and in vivo. Altogether, our results provide promising pre-clinical evidence for potential testing of T-DM1/volasertib combination in T-DM1 refractory HER2-positive breast cancer patients for whom there is currently no treatment available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Özge Saatci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Simone Borgoni
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), INF580, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Özge Akbulut
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selvi Durmuş
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Umar Raza
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erol Eyüpoğlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Can Alkan
- Department of Computer Engineering, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aytekin Akyol
- Department of Pathology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, 06410, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özgür Kütük
- Department of Medical Genetics, Başkent University, 01250, Adana, Turkey
| | - Stefan Wiemann
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), INF580, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Özgür Şahin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
- National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lin CF, Lin CM, Lee KY, Wu SY, Feng PH, Chen KY, Chuang HC, Chen CL, Wang YC, Tseng PC, Tsai TT. Escape from IFN-γ-dependent immunosurveillance in tumorigenesis. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:10. [PMID: 28143527 PMCID: PMC5286687 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune interferon (IFN), also known as IFN-γ, promotes not only immunomodulation but also antimicrobial and anticancer activity. After IFN-γ binds to the complex of IFN-γ receptor (IFNGR) 1-IFNGR2 and subsequently activates its downstream signaling pathways, IFN-γ immediately causes transcriptional stimulation of a variety of genes that are principally involved in its biological activities. Regarding IFN-γ-dependent immunosurveillance, IFN-γ can directly suppress tumorigenesis and infection and/or can modulate the immunological status in both cancer cells and infected cells. Regarding the anticancer effects of IFN-γ, cancer cells develop strategies to escape from IFN-γ-dependent cancer immunosurveillance. Immune evasion, including the recruitment of immunosuppressive cells, secretion of immunosuppressive factors, and suppression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses, is speculated to be elicited by the oncogenic microenvironment. All of these events effectively downregulate IFN-γ-expressing cells and IFN-γ production. In addition to these extrinsic pathways, cancer cells may develop cellular tolerance that manifests as hyporesponsiveness to IFN-γ stimulation. This review discusses the potential escape mechanisms from IFN-γ-dependent immunosurveillance in tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiou-Feng Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Ming Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lotung Poh-Ai Hospital, Yilan, 265, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Yun Lee
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yuan Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Hung Kuang University, Taichung, 433, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hao Feng
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yuan Chen
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Chen
- Translational Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chih Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chun Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ting Tsai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Heng YJ, Lester SC, Tse GM, Factor RE, Allison KH, Collins LC, Chen YY, Jensen KC, Johnson NB, Jeong JC, Punjabi R, Shin SJ, Singh K, Krings G, Eberhard DA, Tan PH, Korski K, Waldman FM, Gutman DA, Sanders M, Reis-Filho JS, Flanagan SR, Gendoo DM, Chen GM, Haibe-Kains B, Ciriello G, Hoadley KA, Perou CM, Beck AH. The molecular basis of breast cancer pathological phenotypes. J Pathol 2016; 241:375-391. [PMID: 27861902 DOI: 10.1002/path.4847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The histopathological evaluation of morphological features in breast tumours provides prognostic information to guide therapy. Adjunct molecular analyses provide further diagnostic, prognostic and predictive information. However, there is limited knowledge of the molecular basis of morphological phenotypes in invasive breast cancer. This study integrated genomic, transcriptomic and protein data to provide a comprehensive molecular profiling of morphological features in breast cancer. Fifteen pathologists assessed 850 invasive breast cancer cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Morphological features were significantly associated with genomic alteration, DNA methylation subtype, PAM50 and microRNA subtypes, proliferation scores, gene expression and/or reverse-phase protein assay subtype. Marked nuclear pleomorphism, necrosis, inflammation and a high mitotic count were associated with the basal-like subtype, and had a similar molecular basis. Omics-based signatures were constructed to predict morphological features. The association of morphology transcriptome signatures with overall survival in oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive and ER-negative breast cancer was first assessed by use of the Molecular Taxonomy of Breast Cancer International Consortium (METABRIC) dataset; signatures that remained prognostic in the METABRIC multivariate analysis were further evaluated in five additional datasets. The transcriptomic signature of poorly differentiated epithelial tubules was prognostic in ER-positive breast cancer. No signature was prognostic in ER-negative breast cancer. This study provided new insights into the molecular basis of breast cancer morphological phenotypes. The integration of morphological with molecular data has the potential to refine breast cancer classification, predict response to therapy, enhance our understanding of breast cancer biology, and improve clinical management. This work is publicly accessible at www.dx.ai/tcga_breast. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujing J Heng
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Susan C Lester
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gary Mk Tse
- Department of Anatomical & Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Rachel E Factor
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Kimberly H Allison
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford Medical Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laura C Collins
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yunn-Yi Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kristin C Jensen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford Medical Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Nicole B Johnson
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jong Cheol Jeong
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rahi Punjabi
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sandra J Shin
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kamaljeet Singh
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Gregor Krings
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David A Eberhard
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Puay Hoon Tan
- Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Konstanty Korski
- Department of Pathology, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | - Frederic M Waldman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David A Gutman
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Melinda Sanders
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jorge S Reis-Filho
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sydney R Flanagan
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deena Ma Gendoo
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Departments of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory M Chen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin Haibe-Kains
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Departments of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Giovanni Ciriello
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Katherine A Hoadley
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Charles M Perou
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrew H Beck
- Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Targeted Therapy and Immunosuppression in the Tumor Microenvironment. Trends Cancer 2016; 3:19-27. [PMID: 28718424 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule inhibitors offer great promise for targeting pathways that are specifically deregulated in different tumors. However, such 'targeted' therapies also elicit poorly understood effects on protective antitumor immunity. Given the emerging relevance of immunotherapies that boost pre-existing T cell responses, understanding how different immune cells are affected by small-molecule inhibitors could lead to more-effective interventions, alone or combined with immunotherapy. This review discusses the growing array of activities elicited by multiple 'targeted' inhibitors on antitumor immunity, underscoring the complex effects resulting from diverse activities on different immune cell types in vivo, and the need to conduct mechanistic research that identifies drugs performing well not only in immunocompromised mice but also in the presence of spontaneous or therapeutic antitumor immunity.
Collapse
|
11
|
Hamy AS, Bonsang-Kitzis H, Lae M, Moarii M, Sadacca B, Pinheiro A, Galliot M, Abecassis J, Laurent C, Reyal F. A Stromal Immune Module Correlated with the Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy, Prognosis and Lymphocyte Infiltration in HER2-Positive Breast Carcinoma Is Inversely Correlated with Hormonal Pathways. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167397. [PMID: 28005906 PMCID: PMC5178998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HER2-positive breast cancer (BC) is a heterogeneous group of aggressive breast cancers, the prognosis of which has greatly improved since the introduction of treatments targeting HER2. However, these tumors may display intrinsic or acquired resistance to treatment, and classifiers of HER2-positive tumors are required to improve the prediction of prognosis and to develop novel therapeutic interventions. METHODS We analyzed 2893 primary human breast cancer samples from 21 publicly available datasets and developed a six-metagene signature on a training set of 448 HER2-positive BC. We then used external public datasets to assess the ability of these metagenes to predict the response to chemotherapy (Ignatiadis dataset), and prognosis (METABRIC dataset). RESULTS We identified a six-metagene signature (138 genes) containing metagenes enriched in different gene ontologies. The gene clusters were named as follows: Immunity, Tumor suppressors/proliferation, Interferon, Signal transduction, Hormone/survival and Matrix clusters. In all datasets, the Immunity metagene was less strongly expressed in ER-positive than in ER-negative tumors, and was inversely correlated with the Hormonal/survival metagene. Within the signature, multivariate analyses showed that strong expression of the "Immunity" metagene was associated with higher pCR rates after NAC (OR = 3.71[1.28-11.91], p = 0.019) than weak expression, and with a better prognosis in HER2-positive/ER-negative breast cancers (HR = 0.58 [0.36-0.94], p = 0.026). Immunity metagene expression was associated with the presence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). CONCLUSION The identification of a predictive and prognostic immune module in HER2-positive BC confirms the need for clinical testing for immune checkpoint modulators and vaccines for this specific subtype. The inverse correlation between Immunity and hormone pathways opens research perspectives and deserves further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Hamy
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Translational Research Department, INSERM, U932 Immunity and Cancer, Residual Tumor & Response to Treatment Laboratory (RT2Lab), Paris, France
| | - Hélène Bonsang-Kitzis
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Translational Research Department, INSERM, U932 Immunity and Cancer, Residual Tumor & Response to Treatment Laboratory (RT2Lab), Paris, France
- Department of Surgery, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Marick Lae
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Matahi Moarii
- Mines Paristech, PSL-Research University, CBIO-Centre for Computational Biology, Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, France
- U900, INSERM, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Sadacca
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Translational Research Department, INSERM, U932 Immunity and Cancer, Residual Tumor & Response to Treatment Laboratory (RT2Lab), Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques et Modélisation d’Evry, Université d’Évry Val d’Essonne, Evry, France
| | - Alice Pinheiro
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Translational Research Department, INSERM, U932 Immunity and Cancer, Residual Tumor & Response to Treatment Laboratory (RT2Lab), Paris, France
| | - Marion Galliot
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Translational Research Department, INSERM, U932 Immunity and Cancer, Residual Tumor & Response to Treatment Laboratory (RT2Lab), Paris, France
| | - Judith Abecassis
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Translational Research Department, INSERM, U932 Immunity and Cancer, Residual Tumor & Response to Treatment Laboratory (RT2Lab), Paris, France
- Mines Paristech, PSL-Research University, CBIO-Centre for Computational Biology, Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, France
- U900, INSERM, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Cecile Laurent
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Translational Research Department, INSERM, U932 Immunity and Cancer, Residual Tumor & Response to Treatment Laboratory (RT2Lab), Paris, France
| | - Fabien Reyal
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Translational Research Department, INSERM, U932 Immunity and Cancer, Residual Tumor & Response to Treatment Laboratory (RT2Lab), Paris, France
- Department of Surgery, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Shelton J, Lu X, Hollenbaugh JA, Cho JH, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. Metabolism, Biochemical Actions, and Chemical Synthesis of Anticancer Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Base Analogs. Chem Rev 2016; 116:14379-14455. [PMID: 27960273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside, nucleotide, and base analogs have been in the clinic for decades to treat both viral pathogens and neoplasms. More than 20% of patients on anticancer chemotherapy have been treated with one or more of these analogs. This review focuses on the chemical synthesis and biology of anticancer nucleoside, nucleotide, and base analogs that are FDA-approved and in clinical development since 2000. We highlight the cellular biology and clinical biology of analogs, drug resistance mechanisms, and compound specificity towards different cancer types. Furthermore, we explore analog syntheses as well as improved and scale-up syntheses. We conclude with a discussion on what might lie ahead for medicinal chemists, biologists, and physicians as they try to improve analog efficacy through prodrug strategies and drug combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jadd Shelton
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Xiao Lu
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Joseph A Hollenbaugh
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jong Hyun Cho
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mutlu M, Saatci Ö, Ansari SA, Yurdusev E, Shehwana H, Konu Ö, Raza U, Şahin Ö. miR-564 acts as a dual inhibitor of PI3K and MAPK signaling networks and inhibits proliferation and invasion in breast cancer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32541. [PMID: 27600857 PMCID: PMC5013276 DOI: 10.1038/srep32541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of PI3K and MAPK pathways promotes uncontrolled cell proliferation, apoptotic inhibition and metastasis. Individual targeting of these pathways using kinase inhibitors has largely been insufficient due to the existence of cross-talks between these parallel cascades. MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs targeting several genes simultaneously and controlling cancer-related processes. To identify miRNAs repressing both PI3K and MAPK pathways in breast cancer, we re-analyzed our previous miRNA mimic screen data with reverse phase protein array (RPPA) output, and identified miR-564 inhibiting both PI3K and MAPK pathways causing markedly decreased cell proliferation through G1 arrest. Moreover, ectopic expression of miR-564 blocks epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and reduces migration and invasion of aggressive breast cancer cells. Mechanistically, miR-564 directly targets a network of genes comprising AKT2, GNA12, GYS1 and SRF, thereby facilitating simultaneous repression of PI3K and MAPK pathways. Notably, combinatorial knockdown of these target genes using a cocktail of siRNAs mimics the phenotypes exerted upon miR-564 expression. Importantly, high miR-564 expression or low expression of target genes in combination is significantly correlated with better distant relapse-free survival of patients. Overall, miR-564 is a potential dual inhibitor of PI3K and MAPK pathways, and may be an attractive target and prognostic marker for breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merve Mutlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özge Saatci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Suhail A Ansari
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emre Yurdusev
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Huma Shehwana
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özlen Konu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Umar Raza
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özgür Şahin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Creedon H, Balderstone LA, Muir M, Balla J, Gomez-Cuadrado L, Tracey N, Loane J, Klinowska T, Muller WJ, Brunton VG. Use of a genetically engineered mouse model as a preclinical tool for HER2 breast cancer. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:131-40. [PMID: 26721874 PMCID: PMC4770148 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.023143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-targeted therapies presents a major clinical problem. Although preclinical studies have identified a number of possible mechanisms, clinical validation has been difficult. This is most likely to reflect the reliance on cell-line models that do not recapitulate the complexity and heterogeneity seen in human tumours. Here, we show the utility of a genetically engineered mouse model of HER2-driven breast cancer (MMTV-NIC) to define mechanisms of resistance to the pan-HER family inhibitor AZD8931. Genetic manipulation of MMTV-NIC mice demonstrated that loss of phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) conferred de novo resistance to AZD8931, and a tumour fragment transplantation model was established to assess mechanisms of acquired resistance. Using this approach, 50% of tumours developed resistance to AZD8931. Analysis of the resistant tumours showed two distinct patterns of resistance: tumours in which reduced membranous HER2 expression was associated with an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and resistant tumours that retained HER2 expression and an epithelial morphology. The plasticity of the EMT phenotype was demonstrated upon re-implantation of resistant tumours that then showed a mixed epithelial and mesenchymal phenotype. Further AZD8931 treatment resulted in the generation of secondary resistant tumours that again had either undergone EMT or retained their original epithelial morphology. The data provide a strong rationale for basing therapeutic decisions on the biology of the individual resistant tumour, which can be very different from that of the primary tumour and will be specific to individual patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Creedon
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Lucy A Balderstone
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Morwenna Muir
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Jozef Balla
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Laura Gomez-Cuadrado
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Natasha Tracey
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Joseph Loane
- Pathology Department, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2ZD, UK
| | - Teresa Klinowska
- AstraZeneca Oncology iMed, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | - William J Muller
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3A 1A3
| | - Valerie G Brunton
- Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Brady SW, Zhang J, Tsai MH, Yu D. PI3K-independent mTOR activation promotes lapatinib resistance and IAP expression that can be effectively reversed by mTOR and Hsp90 inhibition. Cancer Biol Ther 2016; 16:402-11. [PMID: 25692408 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2014.1002693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although HER2 targeted therapies have substantially improved outcomes in HER2 overexpressing (HER2+) breast cancer, resistance to these therapies remains a clinical challenge. To better understand the mechanisms of resistance to lapatinib, a HER2 and EGFR dual kinase inhibitor, we treated HER2+ breast cancer cells with lapatinib for an extended period to generate a lapatinib-resistant (LapR) cell line model and examined cancer-promoting signaling activation in LapR cells. We found that LapR cells possess enhanced mTOR activation, which was independent of PI3K and other known mTOR activators. Lapatinib resistance could be reversed by mTOR kinase inhibition. Intriguingly, LapR cells had constitutive cytosolic cytochrome C, indicating that LapR cells suppress lapatinib-induced apoptosis downstream of cytochrome C release from mitochondria into the cytosol rather than by preventing its release into the cytosol. Consistent with this notion, LapR cells possessed increased levels of 2 of the inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs), survivin and c-IAP-2, which are reported to block caspase activation downstream of cytosolic cytochrome C release. Further, treatment with the mTOR kinase inhibitor AZD8055 or the Hsp90 inhibitor 17-AAG reversed expression of IAPs and overcame lapatinib resistance in LapR cells. Together, these data suggest that suppression of apoptosis downstream of cytosolic cytochrome C release, possibly through increased expression of IAPs or other caspase-suppressing proteins, may promote lapatinib resistance. Further, PI3K is thought to be the main driver of lapatinib resistance, but our findings indicate that PI3K inhibitors may be ineffective in some lapatinib-resistant HER2+ breast cancers with PI3K-independent activation of mTOR kinase, which may instead benefit from mTOR or Hsp90 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W Brady
- a Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology ; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center ; Houston , TX USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Galluzzi L, Buqué A, Kepp O, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G. Immunological Effects of Conventional Chemotherapy and Targeted Anticancer Agents. Cancer Cell 2015; 28:690-714. [PMID: 26678337 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1112] [Impact Index Per Article: 123.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The tremendous clinical success of checkpoint blockers illustrates the potential of reestablishing latent immunosurveillance for cancer therapy. Although largely neglected in the clinical practice, accumulating evidence indicates that the efficacy of conventional and targeted anticancer agents does not only involve direct cytostatic/cytotoxic effects, but also relies on the (re)activation of tumor-targeting immune responses. Chemotherapy can promote such responses by increasing the immunogenicity of malignant cells, or by inhibiting immunosuppressive circuitries that are established by developing neoplasms. These immunological "side" effects of chemotherapy are desirable, and their in-depth comprehension will facilitate the design of novel combinatorial regimens with improved clinical efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; INSERM, U1138, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Aitziber Buqué
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; INSERM, U1138, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France; Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; INSERM, U1138, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France; INSERM, U1015, 94805 Villejuif, France; Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 507, 94805 Villejuif, France; Université Paris Sud/Paris XI, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; INSERM, U1138, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, 75006 Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, 94805 Villejuif, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France; Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bianchini G, Pusztai L, Pienkowski T, Im YH, Bianchi G, Tseng LM, Liu MC, Lluch A, Galeota E, Magazzù D, de la Haba-Rodríguez J, Oh DY, Poirier B, Pedrini J, Semiglazov V, Valagussa P, Gianni L. Immune modulation of pathologic complete response after neoadjuvant HER2-directed therapies in the NeoSphere trial. Ann Oncol 2015; 26:2429-36. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdv395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
|
18
|
Santa-Maria CA, Park SJ, Jain S, Gradishar WJ. Breast cancer and immunology: biomarker and therapeutic developments. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2015; 15:1215-22. [PMID: 26358181 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2015.1086270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
While breast cancer has not historically been considered an immunogenic cancer, recent data demonstrating the powerful anti-cancer effects of immune checkpoints in many cancers, including breast cancer, has reinvigorated the field. Although the responses are generally low with single agents, some patients experience disease control for a long period of time. Selecting appropriate patients for immunotherapy is an important area of research, and many biomarkers are under investigation. Although immunotherapies are still in their early stages of development, learning how to use them in combination with other agents that can alter antigen presentation or other immune elements will be crucial. This review aims to summarize efforts in immune-related biomarker and drug development, particularly as it pertains to breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Santa-Maria
- a 1 Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, 676 North St. Clair, Suite 880 Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Sue Jung Park
- b 2 Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sarika Jain
- c 3 Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - William J Gradishar
- c 3 Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li H, Zhang P, Sun X, Sun Y, Shi C, Liu H, Liu X. MicroRNA-181a regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition by targeting PTEN in drug-resistant lung adenocarcinoma cells. Int J Oncol 2015; 47:1379-92. [PMID: 26323677 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance is an inevitable occurrence in lung adenocarcinoma, which has been associated with decreased expression of the phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN). Therefore, it is important to identify novel molecular mechanisms to suppress chemoresistance in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Paclitaxel- and cisplatin-resistant A549 lung carcinoma cell derivatives were developed by long-term serial culture. The metastatic properties of the cells were assessed using wound-healing assays, migration assays, invasion assays, morphological examination, and western blot analysis/RT-PCR of genes associated with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). To identify novel regulators of EMT in A549 cells, differentially expressed miRNAs in drug-resistant cells were identified by microarray analysis. The role of miR-181a was established by transfection with specific mimic and inhibitor followed by functional assays. Luciferase assays were performed to assess the ability of miR-181a to target the PTEN promoter, and regulation of PTEN expression by miR-181a was assessed by western blot analysis and RT-PCR. Paclitaxel- and cisplatin-resistant A549 cells acquired metastatic properties and EMT phenotype and had reduced PTEN expression as compared to sensitive cells. miR‑181a was identified as a differentially expressed miRNA in drug-resistant A549 cells, and miR-181a mimic and inhibitor were shown to affect migration, invasion, morphology and expression of EMT-associated genes. PTEN was identified as a direct target of miR-181a. Our findings demonstrate that miR-181a expression in lung adenocarcinoma is associated with EMT progression, potentially through targeting of PTEN. Regulation of miR-181a may provide a novel strategy for overcoming resistance to paclitaxel and cisplatin in lung adenocarcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haihui Li
- Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojin Sun
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Yiming Sun
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Chao Shi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Hao Liu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Xuegang Liu
- Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lee HJ, Kim JY, Park IA, Song IH, Yu JH, Ahn JH, Gong G. Prognostic Significance of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes and the Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Treated With Adjuvant Trastuzumab. Am J Clin Pathol 2015; 144:278-88. [PMID: 26185313 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpixuydvz0rz3g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have prognostic significance in breast cancer. The tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) is related to the influx of TILs, and expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I in tumor cells is necessary for the effective action of TILs. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated the relationship of TILs and TLS and the expression of MHC I in 447 HER2-positive breast cancers treated with chemotherapy and 1 year of trastuzumab. RESULTS TILs were more abundant in hormone receptor (HR)-/HER2+ tumors than in HR+/HER2+ tumors. HR-/HER2+ breast cancers with abundant TILs showed a higher histologic grade, the absence of lymphovascular invasion, the presence of peritumoral lymphocytic infiltration, moderate to abundant TLSs in adjacent tissue, and stronger HLA-ABC and HLA-A expression. Abundant TILs and the absence of lymphovascular invasion were found to be good, independent prognostic factors for disease-free survival in patients with HR-/HER2+ breast cancer. The level of TILs was not associated with the patients' prognosis in HR+ tumors. CONCLUSIONS Abundant TILs are an independent prognostic factor in HR-/HER2+ breast cancers. Evaluation of TILs in HR-/HER2+ breast cancers may provide valuable information regarding the prognosis of patients treated using adjuvant chemotherapy and trastuzumab.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jin Lee
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Young Kim
- Department of Pathology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Ah Park
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Hye Song
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Han Yu
- Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Ahn
- sDepartment of Oncology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyungyub Gong
- Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Savas P, Loi S. Investigating the positive relationship between tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and trastuzumab therapy. Immunotherapy 2015; 6:803-5. [PMID: 25290412 DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Savas
- Translational Breast Cancer Genomics Laboratory, Division of Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Beyersdorf N, Werner S, Wolf N, Hünig T, Kerkau T. In vitro polyclonal activation of conventional T cells with a CD28 superagonist protects mice from acute graft versus host disease. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1997-2007. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology; University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Sandra Werner
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology; University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Nelli Wolf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology; University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Thomas Hünig
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology; University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Thomas Kerkau
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology; University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Exploring mechanisms of acquired resistance to HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2)-targeted therapies in breast cancer. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 42:822-30. [PMID: 25109964 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2)-targeted therapy in breast cancer is one of the earliest and arguably most successful examples of the modern class of targeted drugs. Initially identified in the 1980s, the observation that HER2 acts as an independent predictor of poor prognosis in the 20% of breast cancer cases carrying a gene amplification or protein overexpression cemented its place at the forefront of research in this field. The outlook for patients with HER2-positive breast cancer has been revolutionized by the introduction of HER2-targeted agents, such as trastuzumab and lapatinib, yet resistance is frequently encountered and multiple different resistance mechanisms have been identified. We have explored resistance to a novel pan-HER inhibitor, AZD8931, and we examine mechanisms of resistance common to trastuzumab, lapatinib and AZD8931, and discuss the current problems associated with translating the wealth of pre-clinical data into clinical benefit.
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang Q, Ding H, Wang H, Li P, Liu B, Zhang K. Novel syngeneic mouse mammary carcinoma cell lines from aggressive ErbB2/Neu-overexpressing/PTEN-deficient tumors. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:179-84. [PMID: 25354531 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer cell lines and mouse models are valuable tools for investigating the biology of and developing potential therapeutics for human breast carcinoma. The PTEN-/-/NIC mouse is a genetically engineered mouse model for ErbB2/Neu-overexpressing/‑PTEN deficient breast carcinoma with histopathological and molecular features relevant to the luminal subtype of primary human breast cancer. However, the PTEN-/-/NIC model develops multifocal and aggressive mammary tumors with a short life-span, which greatly impedes its preclinical usage. To complement the genetic engineering approach and to facilitate the future application of this model, in the present study, two newly established cell lines, NICP20 and NICP21, from PTEN-/-/NIC mammary tumors are described. These NICP20 and NICP21 cells retained the crucial molecular phenotype similar to the origin, as confirmed by genotyping and western blot analysis. These cells induced tumors in immunocompetent syngeneic mice by mammary fat pad injection and produced lung metastasis when injected intravenously. Tumors induced by these cells displayed luminal‑like histologic morphology and hyperactivation of Akt which are similar to PTEN-/-/NIC tumors. Immunohistochemical staining also revealed that tumors induced by the NICP20 and NICP21 cells showed a high proliferative level, comparable angiogenesis and T-cell infiltration properties similar to PTEN-/-/NIC tumors. Therefore, these NICP20 and NICP21 cells represent an alternative and useful model system to enhance our understanding of the nature of ErbB2-positive breast cancers, particularly accompanying PTEN loss and to facilitate further experimental therapeutic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingfei Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Hui Ding
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Pathology at Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Baorui Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Oncology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| | - Kui Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210008, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Vella LJ, Andrews MC, Behren A, Cebon J, Woods K. Immune consequences of kinase inhibitors in development, undergoing clinical trials and in current use in melanoma treatment. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:1107-23. [PMID: 24939732 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.929943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic malignant melanoma is a frequently fatal cancer. In recent years substantial therapeutic progress has occurred with the development of targeted kinase inhibitors and immunotherapeutics. Targeted therapies often result in rapid clinical benefit however responses are seldom durable. Immune therapies can result in durable disease control but responses may not be immediate. Optimal cancer therapy requires both rapid and durable cancer control and this can likely best be achieved by combining targeted therapies with immunotherapeutics. To achieve this, a detailed understanding of the immune consequences of the various kinase inhibitors, in development, clinical trial and currently used to treat melanoma is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Vella
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Cancer Immuno-biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sahin O, Wang Q, Brady SW, Ellis K, Wang H, Chang CC, Zhang Q, Priya P, Zhu R, Wong ST, Landis MD, Muller WJ, Esteva FJ, Chang J, Yu D. Biomarker-guided sequential targeted therapies to overcome therapy resistance in rapidly evolving highly aggressive mammary tumors. Cell Res 2014; 24:542-59. [PMID: 24675532 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2014.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Combinatorial targeted therapies are more effective in treating cancer by blocking by-pass mechanisms or inducing synthetic lethality. However, their clinical application is hampered by resistance and toxicity. To meet this important challenge, we developed and tested a novel concept of biomarker-guided sequential applications of various targeted therapies using ErbB2-overexpressing/PTEN-low, highly aggressive breast cancer as our model. Strikingly, sustained activation of ErbB2 and downstream pathways drives trastuzumab resistance in both PTEN-low/trastuzumab-resistant breast cancers from patients and mammary tumors with intratumoral heterogeneity from genetically-engineered mice. Although lapatinib initially inhibited trastuzumab-resistant mouse tumors, tumors by-passed the inhibition by activating the PI3K/mTOR signaling network as shown by the quantitative protein arrays. Interestingly, activation of the mTOR pathway was also observed in neoadjuvant lapatinib-treated patients manifesting lapatinib resistance. Trastuzumab + lapatinib resistance was effectively overcome by sequential application of a PI3K/mTOR dual kinase inhibitor (BEZ235) with no significant toxicity. However, our p-RTK array analysis demonstrated that BEZ235 treatment led to increased ErbB2 expression and phosphorylation in genetically-engineered mouse tumors and in 3-D, but not 2-D, culture, leading to BEZ235 resistance. Mechanistically, we identified ErbB2 protein stabilization and activation as a novel mechanism of BEZ235 resistance, which was reversed by subsequent treatment with lapatinib + BEZ235 combination. Remarkably, this sequential application of targeted therapies guided by biomarker changes in the tumors rapidly evolving resistance doubled the life-span of mice bearing exceedingly aggressive tumors. This fundamentally novel approach of using targeted therapies in a sequential order can effectively target and reprogram the signaling networks in cancers evolving resistance during treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Sahin
- 1] Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA [2] Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey 06800
| | - Qingfei Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Samuel W Brady
- 1] Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA [2] Cancer Biology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences-Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kenneth Ellis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chia-Chi Chang
- 1] Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA [2] Cancer Biology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences-Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qingling Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Preety Priya
- 1] Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA [2] Cancer Biology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences-Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rui Zhu
- The Methodist Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | - William J Muller
- Goodman Cancer Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Francisco J Esteva
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jenny Chang
- The Methodist Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dihua Yu
- 1] Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA [2] Cancer Biology Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences-Houston, TX 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
The monoclonal antibody trastuzumab targets the growth factor receptor HER2 and has profoundly improved the course of disease and survival of women with HER2-overexpressing breast cancer. Because trastuzumab targets aberrant expression of HER2 in tumours addicted to HER2 activation, its clinical activity is credited largely to inhibition of intracellular signalling. A growing body of preclinical and clinical evidence shows that the immune system contributes substantially to the therapeutic effects of trastuzumab and other monoclonal antibodies in vivo. Furthermore, findings indicate that immune-related markers can provide useful predictive information and that increased clinical activity might follow activation of the immune system. Development of immunomodulatory drugs with remarkable activity in many solid tumours defines a scenario in which the combination of immune modulation with trastuzumab, or other HER2-directed drugs, will result in augmented response and clinical outcome.
Collapse
|
28
|
CD8(+) T cells mediate robust stage-specific immunity to P. berghei under chemoprophylaxis and this protective environment is not downregulated by the presence of blood-stage infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88117. [PMID: 24516592 PMCID: PMC3917870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterile protection against malaria infection can be achieved by the inoculation of intact sporozoites while treating concomitantly with the 4-aminoquinoline chloroquine. We present an analysis of protective immunity elicited by successive immunization with Plasmodium berghei sporozoites under chemoprophylaxis. Immunization resulted in a protective, stage-specific immune response. Protection appeared to be mediated by CD8+ T cells and was abrogated upon their specific depletion. Adoptive transfer of splenocytes rendered recipient animals resistant to sporozoite infection, but not to blood-stage challenge. Immunization with sporozoites under chemoprophylaxis results in robust immunity, and the presence of blood-stage infection at sporozoite immunization had no downregulating effect on the protective immune response.
Collapse
|
29
|
WANG QINGFEI, DING HUI, LIU BAORUI, LI SHAUHSUAN, LI PING, GE HAILIANG, ZHANG KUI. Addition of the Akt inhibitor triciribine overcomes antibody resistance in cells from ErbB2/Neu-positive/PTEN-deficient mammary tumors. Int J Oncol 2014; 44:1277-83. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
30
|
Sun XP, Dong X, Lin L, Jiang X, Wei Z, Zhai B, Sun B, Zhang Q, Wang X, Jiang H, Krissansen GW, Qiao H, Sun X. Up-regulation of survivin by AKT and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α contributes to cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer. FEBS J 2013; 281:115-28. [PMID: 24165223 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the contribution of survivin and its upstream regulators, AKT and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), to the resistance of gastric cancer cells to cisplatin (CDDP). We found that over-expression of survivin increased the resistance of SGC7901 and BGC823 gastric cancer cells to CDDP. Its over-expression abrogated CDDP-induced inhibition of cell proliferation and CDDP-induced cell apoptosis. In contrast, down-regulation of survivin expression using small hairpin RNA (shRNA) vectors and the small-molecule inhibitor YM155, or inhibition of survivin function using a recombinant cell-permeable dominant-negative survivin protein (dNSur9), promoted CDDP-induced apoptosis. CDDP-resistant sub-lines generated from the parental SGC7901 and BGC823 cells by exposure to increasing concentrations of CDDP expressed higher levels of HIF-1α and survivin in response to hypoxia, and higher levels of phosphorylated AKT (pAKT). Specific inhibition of AKT reduced the expression of HIF-1α and survivin, whereas specific inhibition or depletion of HIF-1α reduced survivin expression but had no effect on the expression of phosphorylated AKT. The expression levels of survivin affected the therapeutic efficacy of CDDP in treating gastric tumors in mice. Specific inhibition of survivin, AKT and HIF-1α enhanced the sensitivity of CDDP-resistant cells to CDDP. Specific inhibition of survivin, AKT and HIF-1α synergized with CDDP to suppress the growth of gastric tumors that had been engineered to overexpress survivin. In summary, the results provide evidence that up-regulation of survivin by AKT and HIF-1α contributes to CDDP resistance, indicating that inhibition of these pathways may be a potential strategy for overcoming CDDP resistance in the treatment of gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Pu Sun
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kroemer G, Galluzzi L, Zitvogel L. Immunological effects of chemotherapy in spontaneous breast cancers. Oncoimmunology 2013; 2:e27158. [PMID: 24498568 PMCID: PMC3912056 DOI: 10.4161/onci.27158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guido Kroemer
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; INSERM, U848; Villejuif, France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms; Gustave Roussy; Villejuif, France ; Pôle de Biologie; Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou; AP-HP; Paris, France
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris, France ; Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers; Paris, France ; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; Villejuif, France ; INSERM, U1015; Villejuif, France ; Université Paris-Saclay; Faculté de Médecine; Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France ; Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 507; Villejuif, France
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
The ERBB family of receptor tyrosine kinases has a central role in the tumorigenesis of many types of solid tumour. Various therapeutics targeting these receptors have been approved for the treatment of several cancers. Considerable preclinical data have shown that the administration of two inhibitors against an individual ERBB family member--particularly epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or ERBB2--leads to markedly higher antitumour activity than the administration of single agents. This Opinion article describes the preclinical and clinical performance of these dual-targeting approaches, discusses the key mechanisms that mediate their increased efficacy and highlights areas for ongoing investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niall Tebbutt
- Ludwig Oncology Unit, Austin Health, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bian S, Sun X, Bai A, Zhang C, Li L, Enjyoji K, Junger WG, Robson SC, Wu Y. P2X7 integrates PI3K/AKT and AMPK-PRAS40-mTOR signaling pathways to mediate tumor cell death. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60184. [PMID: 23565201 PMCID: PMC3615040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) functions as a novel danger signal that boosts antitumor immunity and can also directly kill tumor cells. We have previously reported that chronic exposure of tumor cells to ATP provokes P2X7-mediated tumor cell death, by as yet incompletely defined molecular mechanisms. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here, we show that acute exposure of tumor cells to ATP results in rapid cytotoxic effects impacting several aspects of cell growth/survival, leading to inhibition of tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Using agonist and antagonist studies together with generation of P2X7 deficient tumor cell lines by lentiviral shRNA delivery system, we confirm P2X7 to be the central control node transmitting extracellular ATP signals. We identify that downstream intracellular signaling regulatory networks implicate two signaling pathways: the known P2X7-PI3K/AKT axis and remarkably a novel P2X7-AMPK-PRAS40-mTOR axis. When exposed to high levels of extracellular ATP, these two signaling axes perturb the balance between growth and autophagy, thereby promoting tumor cell death. CONCLUSIONS Our study defines novel molecular mechanisms underpinning the antitumor actions of P2X7 and provides a further rationale for purine-based drugs in targeted cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Bian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Medicine, Transplant Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xiaofeng Sun
- Department of Medicine, Transplant Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aiping Bai
- Department of Medicine, Transplant Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chunqing Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linglin Li
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Keiichi Enjyoji
- Department of Medicine, Transplant Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wolfgang G. Junger
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Simon C. Robson
- Department of Medicine, Transplant Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Medicine, Transplant Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ursini-Siegel J. Can pharmacological receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors sensitize poor outcome breast tumors to immune-based therapies? Front Oncol 2013; 3:23. [PMID: 23408142 PMCID: PMC3570790 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) drive breast cancer progression, particularly in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and basal tumors, the two worst prognosis subtypes. Tumor cells recruit host stromal components, including immune cells, which strongly influence disease progression. This has been studied in human breast cancer and translated to murine models of breast cancer. Stromal immune components including cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer cells, destroy cancer cells through a process termed immune surveillance. Unfortunately, clinically detectable tumors escape these immune protective effects through their ability to limit the infiltration, activation, and/or survival of CTLs in breast tumors. The immunosuppressed state of established tumors limits the success rate of immune-based therapies, and possibly other therapeutic modalities that depend on host immunity. Published studies demonstrate that RTKs facilitate breast cancer progression, in part, by establishing immune suppression. This raises the intriguing possibility that pharmacological RTK inhibitors may be exploited to sensitize breast cancer patients to immune-based therapies.
Collapse
|