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Wang L, Zhu Y, Zhang N, Xian Y, Tang Y, Ye J, Reza F, He G, Wen X, Jiang X. The multiple roles of interferon regulatory factor family in health and disease. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:282. [PMID: 39384770 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01980-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Interferon Regulatory Factors (IRFs), a family of transcription factors, profoundly influence the immune system, impacting both physiological and pathological processes. This review explores the diverse functions of nine mammalian IRF members, each featuring conserved domains essential for interactions with other transcription factors and cofactors. These interactions allow IRFs to modulate a broad spectrum of physiological processes, encompassing host defense, immune response, and cell development. Conversely, their pivotal role in immune regulation implicates them in the pathophysiology of various diseases, such as infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, metabolic diseases, and cancers. In this context, IRFs display a dichotomous nature, functioning as both tumor suppressors and promoters, contingent upon the specific disease milieu. Post-translational modifications of IRFs, including phosphorylation and ubiquitination, play a crucial role in modulating their function, stability, and activation. As prospective biomarkers and therapeutic targets, IRFs present promising opportunities for disease intervention. Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms governing IRF regulation, potentially pioneering innovative therapeutic strategies, particularly in cancer treatment, where the equilibrium of IRF activities is of paramount importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Wang
- Department of Dermatology & Venerology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yanghui Zhu
- Department of Dermatology & Venerology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yali Xian
- Department of Dermatology & Venerology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yu Tang
- Department of Dermatology & Venerology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Dermatology & Venerology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Fekrazad Reza
- Radiation Sciences Research Center, Laser Research Center in Medical Sciences, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- International Network for Photo Medicine and Photo Dynamic Therapy (INPMPDT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Gu He
- Department of Dermatology & Venerology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiang Wen
- Department of Dermatology & Venerology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Xian Jiang
- Department of Dermatology & Venerology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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R P, Shanmugam G, Rakshit S, Sarkar K. Role of Wiskott Aldrich syndrome protein in haematological malignancies: genetics, molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 253:155026. [PMID: 38118219 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.155026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
As patients continue to suffer from lymphoproliferative and myeloproliferative diseases known as haematopoietic malignancies can affect the bone marrow, blood, lymph nodes, and lymphatic and non-lymphatic organs. Despite advances in the current treatment, there is still a significant challenge for physicians to improve the therapy of HMs. WASp is an important regulator of actin polymerization and the involvement of WASp in transcription is thought to be linked to the DNA damage response and repair. In some studies, severe immunodeficiency and lymphoid malignancy are caused by WASp mutations or the absence of WASp and these mutations in WAS can alter the function and/or expression of the intracellular protein. Loss-of-function and Gain-of-function mutations in WASp have an impact on cancer malignancies' incidence and onset. Recent studies suggest that depending on the clinical or experimental situation, WASPs and WAVEs can operate as a suppressor or enhancers for cancer malignancy. These dual functions of WASPs and WAVEs in cancer likely arose from their multifaceted role in cells that could be targeted for anticancer drug development. The significant role and their association of WASp in Chronic myeloid leukaemia, Juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia and T-cell lymphoma is discussed. In this review, we described the structure and function of WASp and its family mechanism, analysing major regulatory effectors and summarising the clinical relevance and drugs that specifically target WASp in disease treatment in various hematopoietic malignancies by different approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep R
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Katangulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Geetha Shanmugam
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Katangulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Sudeshna Rakshit
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Katangulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Koustav Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Katangulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India.
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Zhou Y, Ji M, Xia Y, Han X, Li M, Li W, Sun T, Zhang J, Lu F, Sun Y, Liu N, Li J, Ma D, Ye J, Ji C. Silencing of IRF8 Mediated by m6A Modification Promotes the Progression of T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2201724. [PMID: 36478193 PMCID: PMC9839875 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive hematological malignancy with a poor prognosis, urging for novel therapeutic targets and treatment strategies. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a crucial methylation modification that affects the pathogenesis of leukemia by regulating the mRNA of key genes. Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) is a crucial transcription factor for hematological lineage commitment, but its role in T-ALL is unclear. Here, IRF8 is shown to suppress T-ALL. The expression of IRF8 is abnormally silenced in patients with T-ALL. Knockout of Irf8 significantly hastens the progression of Notch1-induced T-ALL in vivo. Overexpression of IRF8 suppresses the proliferation and invasion of T-ALL cells by inhibiting the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT signaling pathway. The fat mass- and obesity-associated protein (FTO), an m6A demethylase, is responsible for directly binding to m6A sites in 3' untranslated region of IRF8 messenger RNA (mRNA) and inducing mRNA degradation via m6A modification. Targeting the FTO-IRF8 axis is used as a proof of concept therapy; inhibition of FTO's demethylase activity drastically alleviates the proliferation of leukemic cells and prolongs the survival of T-ALL mice by restoring IRF8 expression. This study elucidates the pathogenesis of T-ALL from the perspective of epitranscriptomics and provides new insight into the genetic mechanisms and targeted therapy of T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- Department of HematologyQilu HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinan250012P. R. China
| | - Min Ji
- Department of HematologyQilu HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinan250012P. R. China
| | - Yuan Xia
- Department of HematologyQilu HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinan250012P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Han
- Department of HematologyQilu HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinan250012P. R. China
| | - Mingying Li
- Department of HematologyQilu HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinan250012P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of HematologyQilu HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinan250012P. R. China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of HematologyQilu HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinan250012P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of ImmunohematologyQilu HospitalShandong UniversityJinan250012P. R. China
| | - Jingru Zhang
- Department of HematologyQilu HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinan250012P. R. China
| | - Fei Lu
- Department of HematologyQilu HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinan250012P. R. China
| | - Yanping Sun
- Department of HematologyQilu HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinan250012P. R. China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of HematologyQilu HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinan250012P. R. China
| | - Jingxin Li
- Department of PhysiologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinan250012P. R. China
| | - Daoxin Ma
- Department of HematologyQilu HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinan250012P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of ImmunohematologyQilu HospitalShandong UniversityJinan250012P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Ye
- Department of HematologyQilu HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinan250012P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Ji
- Department of HematologyQilu HospitalCheeloo College of MedicineShandong UniversityJinan250012P. R. China
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IRF8: Mechanism of Action and Health Implications. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172630. [PMID: 36078039 PMCID: PMC9454819 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) is a transcription factor of the IRF protein family. IRF8 was originally identified as an essentialfactor for myeloid cell lineage commitment and differentiation. Deletion of Irf8 leads to massive accumulation of CD11b+Gr1+ immature myeloid cells (IMCs), particularly the CD11b+Ly6Chi/+Ly6G− polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cell-like cells (PMN-MDSCs). Under pathological conditions such as cancer, Irf8 is silenced by its promoter DNA hypermethylation, resulting in accumulation of PMN-MDSCs and CD11b+ Ly6G+Ly6Clo monocytic MDSCs (M-MDSCs) in mice. IRF8 is often silenced in MDSCs in human cancer patients. MDSCs are heterogeneous populations of immune suppressive cells that suppress T and NK cell activity to promote tumor immune evasion and produce growth factors to exert direct tumor-promoting activity. Emerging experimental data reveals that IRF8 is also expressed in non-hematopoietic cells. Epithelial cell-expressed IRF8 regulates apoptosis and represses Osteopontin (OPN). Human tumor cells may use the IRF8 promoter DNA methylation as a mechanism to repress IRF8 expression to advance cancer through acquiring apoptosis resistance and OPN up-regulation. Elevated OPN engages CD44 to suppress T cell activation and promote tumor cell stemness to advance cancer. IRF8 thus is a transcription factor that regulates both the immune and non-immune components in human health and diseases.
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Compromised anti-tumor-immune features of myeloid cell components in chronic myeloid leukemia patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18046. [PMID: 34508131 PMCID: PMC8433374 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97371-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a form of myeloproliferative neoplasm caused by the oncogenic tyrosine kinase BCR-ABL. Although tyrosine kinase inhibitors have dramatically improved the prognosis of patients with CML, several problems such as resistance and recurrence still exist. Immunological control may contribute to solving these problems, and it is important to understand why CML patients fail to spontaneously develop anti-tumor immunity. Here, we show that differentiation of conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), which are vital for anti-tumor immunity, is restricted from an early stage of hematopoiesis in CML. In addition, we found that monocytes and basophils, which are increased in CML patients, express high levels of PD-L1, an immune checkpoint molecule that inhibits T cell responses. Moreover, RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that basophils express genes related to poor prognosis in CML. Our data suggest that BCR-ABL not only disrupts the “accelerator” (i.e., cDCs) but also applies the “brake” (i.e., monocytes and basophils) of anti-tumor immunity, compromising the defense against CML cells.
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Inselmann S, Wang Y, Saussele S, Fritz L, Schütz C, Huber M, Liebler S, Ernst T, Cai D, Botschek S, Brendel C, Calogero RA, Pavlinic D, Benes V, Liu ET, Neubauer A, Hochhaus A, Burchert A. Development, Function, and Clinical Significance of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. Cancer Res 2018; 78:6223-6234. [PMID: 30166420 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are the main producers of a key T-cell-stimulatory cytokine, IFNα, and critical regulators of antiviral immunity. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is caused by BCR-ABL, which is an oncogenic tyrosine kinase that can be effectively inhibited with ABL-selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). BCR-ABL-induced suppression of the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 8 was previously proposed to block pDC development and compromise immune surveillance in CML. Here, we demonstrate that pDCs in newly diagnosed CML (CML-pDC) develop quantitatively normal and are frequently positive for the costimulatory antigen CD86. They originate from low-level BCR-ABL-expressing precursors. CML-pDCs also retain their competence to maturate and to secrete IFN. RNA sequencing reveals a strong inflammatory gene expression signature in CML-pDCs. Patients with high CML-pDC counts at diagnosis achieve inferior rates of deep molecular remission (MR) under nilotinib, unless nilotinib therapy is combined with IFN, which strongly suppresses circulating pDC counts. Although most pDCs are BCR-ABL-negative in MR, a substantial proportion of BCR-ABL + CML-pDCs persists under TKI treatment. This could be of relevance, because CML-pDCs elicit CD8+ T cells, which protect wild-type mice from CML. Together, pDCs are identified as novel functional DC population in CML, regulating antileukemic immunity and treatment outcome in CML.Significance: CML-pDC originates from low-level BCR-ABL expressing stem cells into a functional immunogenic DC-population regulating antileukemic immunity and treatment outcome in CML. Cancer Res; 78(21); 6223-34. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Inselmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Saussele
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lea Fritz
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christin Schütz
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Huber
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Simone Liebler
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Ernst
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Hämatologie und Internistische Onkologie, Jena, Germany
| | - Dali Cai
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Sarah Botschek
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Brendel
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Dinko Pavlinic
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Benes
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Neubauer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Hochhaus
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Hämatologie und Internistische Onkologie, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Burchert
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Campus Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
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Abrams SI, Netherby CS, Twum DYF, Messmer MN. Relevance of Interferon Regulatory Factor-8 Expression in Myeloid-Tumor Interactions. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2018; 36:442-53. [PMID: 27379866 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2015.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Perturbations in myelopoiesis are a common feature in solid tumor biology, reflecting the central premise that cancer is not only a localized affliction but also a systemic disease. Because the myeloid compartment is essential for the induction of adaptive immunity, these alterations in myeloid development contribute to the failure of the host to effectively manage tumor progression. These "dysfunctional" myeloid cells have been coined myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Interestingly, such cells not only arise in neoplasia but also are associated with many other inflammatory or pathologic conditions. MDSCs affect disease outcome through multiple mechanisms, including their ability to mediate generalized or antigen-specific immune suppression. Consequently, MDSCs pose a significant barrier to effective immunotherapy in multiple disease settings. Although much interest has been devoted to unraveling mechanisms by which MDSCs mediate immune suppression, a large gap has remained in our understanding of the mechanisms that drive their development in the first place. Investigations into this question have identified an unrecognized role of interferon regulatory factor-8 (IRF-8), a member of the IRF family of transcription factors, in tumor-induced myeloid dysfunction. Ordinarily, IRF-8 is involved in diverse stages of myelopoiesis, namely differentiation and lineage commitment toward monocytes, dendritic cells, and granulocytes. Several recent studies now support the hypothesis that IRF-8 functions as a "master" negative regulator of MDSC formation in vivo. This review focuses on IRF-8 as a potential target suppressed by tumors to cripple normal myelopoiesis, redirecting myeloid differentiation toward the emergence of MDSCs. Understanding the bases by which neoplasia drives MDSC accumulation has the potential to improve the efficacy of therapies that require a competent myeloid compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott I Abrams
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo, New York
| | - Colleen S Netherby
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo, New York
| | - Danielle Y F Twum
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo, New York
| | - Michelle N Messmer
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo, New York
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BCR-ABL1-induced downregulation of WASP in chronic myeloid leukemia involves epigenetic modification and contributes to malignancy. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3114. [PMID: 29022901 PMCID: PMC5680580 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disease caused by the BCR–ABL1 tyrosine kinase (TK). The development of TK inhibitors (TKIs) revolutionized the treatment of CML patients. However, TKIs are not effective to those at advanced phases when amplified BCR–ABL1 levels and increased genomic instability lead to secondary oncogenic modifications. Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) is an important regulator of signaling transduction in hematopoietic cells and was shown to be an endogenous inhibitor of the c-ABL TK. Here, we show that the expression of WASP decreases with the progression of CML, inversely correlates with the expression of BCR–ABL1 and is particularly low in blast crisis. Enforced expression of BCR–ABL1 negatively regulates the expression of WASP. Decreased expression of WASP is partially due to DNA methylation of the proximal WASP promoter. Importantly, lower levels of WASP in CML advanced phase patients correlate with poorer overall survival (OS) and is associated with TKI response. Interestingly, enforced expression of WASP in BCR–ABL1-positive K562 cells increases the susceptibility to apoptosis induced by TRAIL or chemotherapeutic drugs and negatively modulates BCR–ABL1-induced tumorigenesis in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our data reveal a novel molecular mechanism that operates in BCR–ABL1-induced tumorigenesis that can be used to develop new strategies to help TKI-resistant, CML patients in blast crisis (BC).
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Guo Y, Yang Z, Wu S, Xu P, Peng Y, Yao M. Inhibition of IRF8 Negatively Regulates Macrophage Function and Impairs Cutaneous Wound Healing. Inflammation 2016; 40:68-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0454-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kurotaki D, Tamura T. Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation of Innate Immune Cell Development by the Transcription Factor, Interferon Regulatory Factor-8. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2016; 36:433-41. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2015.0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kurotaki
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Tamura
- Department of Immunology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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11
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Immunotherapy in colorectal cancer: What have we learned so far? Clin Chim Acta 2016; 460:78-87. [PMID: 27350293 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
After decades of progress based on chemotherapy and targeted agents, patients with metastatic colorectal cancer still have low long-term survival, with more than 500,000 deaths occurring worldwide every year. Recent results showing clinical evidence of efficacy using immunotherapy in other types of tumors, such as melanoma and lung cancer, have also made this a viable therapy for evaluation in colorectal cancer in clinical trials. The development of cancer immunotherapies is progressing quickly, with a variety of technological approaches. This review summarizes the current status of clinical trials testing immunotherapy in colorectal cancer and discusses what has been learned based on previous results. Immunotherapy strategies, such as various models of vaccines, effector-cell therapy and checkpoint inhibitor antibodies, provide protection against progression for a limited subset of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer. A better understanding of particular immune cell types and pathways in each patient is still needed. These findings will enable the development of novel biomarkers to select the appropriate subset of patients to be treated with a particular immunotherapy, and the tendencies determined from recent results can guide clinical practice for oncologists in this new therapeutic area and in the design of the next round of clinical trials.
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Crivellaro S, Carrà G, Panuzzo C, Taulli R, Guerrasio A, Saglio G, Morotti A. The non-genomic loss of function of tumor suppressors: an essential role in the pathogenesis of chronic myeloid leukemia chronic phase. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:314. [PMID: 27184141 PMCID: PMC4869339 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2346-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic Myeloid Leukemia was always referred as a unique cancer due to the apparent independence from tumor suppressors' deletions/mutations in the early stages of the disease. However, it is now well documented that even genetically wild-type tumor suppressors can be involved in tumorigenesis, when functionally inactivated. In particular, tumor suppressors' functions can be impaired by subtle variations of protein levels, changes in cellular compartmentalization and post-transcriptional/post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination and sumoylation. Notably, tumor suppressors inactivation offers challenging therapeutic opportunities. The reactivation of an inactive and genetically wild-type tumor suppressor could indeed promote selective apoptosis of cancer cells without affecting normal cells. MAIN BODY Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) could be considered as the paradigm for non-genomic loss of function of tumor suppressors due to the ability of BCR-ABL to directly promote functionally inactivation of several tumor suppressors. SHORT CONCLUSION In this review we will describe new insights on the role of FoxO, PP2A, p27, BLK, PTEN and other tumor suppressors in CML pathogenesis. Finally, we will describe strategies to promote tumor suppressors reactivation in CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Crivellaro
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Giovanna Carrà
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Cristina Panuzzo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Riccardo Taulli
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Angelo Guerrasio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Saglio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Morotti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Italy.
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MMP3-mediated tumor progression is controlled transcriptionally by a novel IRF8-MMP3 interaction. Oncotarget 2016; 6:15164-79. [PMID: 26008967 PMCID: PMC4558143 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor-8 (IRF8), originally identified as a leukemic tumor suppressor, can also exert anti-neoplastic activities in solid tumors. We previously showed that IRF8-loss enhanced tumor growth, which was accompanied by reduced tumor-cell susceptibility to apoptosis. However, the impact of IRF8 expression on tumor growth could not be explained solely by its effects on regulating apoptotic response. Exploratory gene expression profiling further revealed an inverse relationship between IRF8 and MMP3 expression, implying additional intrinsic mechanisms by which IRF8 modulated neoplastic behavior. Although MMP3 expression was originally linked to tumor initiation, the role of MMP3 beyond this stage has remained unclear. Therefore, we hypothesized that MMP3 governed later stages of disease, including progression to metastasis, and did so through a novel IRF8-MMP3 axis. Altogether, we showed an inverse mechanistic relationship between IRF8 and MMP3 expression in tumor progression. Importantly, the growth advantage due to IRF8-loss was significantly compromised after silencing MMP3 expression. Moreover, MMP3-loss reduced spontaneous lung metastasis in an orthotopic mouse model of mammary carcinoma. MMP3 acted, in part, in a cell-intrinsic manner and served as a direct transcriptional target of IRF8. Thus, we identified a novel role of an IRF8-MMP3 axis in tumor progression, which unveils new therapeutic opportunities.
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Regulation of myelopoiesis by the transcription factor IRF8. Int J Hematol 2015; 101:342-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-015-1761-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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