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Zeng H, Ning W, Liu X, Luo W, Xia N. Unlocking the potential of bispecific ADCs for targeted cancer therapy. Front Med 2024:10.1007/s11684-024-1072-8. [PMID: 39039315 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-024-1072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are biologically targeted drugs composed of antibodies and cytotoxic drugs connected by linkers. These innovative compounds enable precise drug delivery to tumor cells, minimizing harm to normal tissues and offering excellent prospects for cancer treatment. However, monoclonal antibody-based ADCs still present challenges, especially in terms of balancing efficacy and safety. Bispecific antibodies are alternatives to monoclonal antibodies and exhibit superior internalization and selectivity, producing ADCs with increased safety and therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we present available evidence and future prospects regarding the use of bispecific ADCs for cancer treatment, including a comprehensive overview of bispecific ADCs that are currently in clinical trials. We offer insights into the future development of bispecific ADCs to provide novel strategies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongye Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Wenjing Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Wenxin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
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Zhu M, Yu M, Meng Y, Yang J, Wang X, Li L, Liang Y, Kong F. HER3 receptor and its role in the therapeutic management of metastatic breast cancer. J Transl Med 2024; 22:665. [PMID: 39020378 PMCID: PMC11253420 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05445-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Metastatic breast cancer (mBC) poses a significant threat to women's health and is a major cause of malignant neoplasms in women. Human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)3, an integral member of the ErbB/HER receptor tyrosine kinase family, is a crucial activator of the phosphoinositide-3 kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway. HER3 overexpression significantly contributes to the development of resistance to drugs targeting other HER receptors, such as HER2 and epidermal growth factor receptors, and plays a crucial role in the onset and progression of mBC. Recently, numerous HER3-targeted therapeutic agents, such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), bispecific antibodies (bAbs), and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), have emerged. However, the efficacy of HER3-targeted mAbs and bAbs is limited when used individually, and their combination may result in toxic adverse effects. On the other hand, ADCs are cytotoxic to cancer cells and can bind to target cells through antibodies, which highlights their use in targeted HER3 therapy for mBC. This review provides an overview of recent advancements in HER3 research, historical initiatives, and innovative approaches in targeted HER3 therapy for metastatic breast cancer. Evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of current methods may yield valuable insights and lessons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiying Zhu
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Cancer Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Minghui Yu
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Meng
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuerui Wang
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Longhui Li
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Yangyueying Liang
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Fanming Kong
- Department of Oncology, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Anshanxi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300193, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China.
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Gu Y, Wang Z, Wang Y. Bispecific antibody drug conjugates: Making 1+1>2. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1965-1986. [PMID: 38799638 PMCID: PMC11119582 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibody‒drug conjugates (BsADCs) represent an innovative therapeutic category amalgamating the merits of antibody‒drug conjugates (ADCs) and bispecific antibodies (BsAbs). Positioned as the next-generation ADC approach, BsADCs hold promise for ameliorating extant clinical challenges associated with ADCs, particularly pertaining to issues such as poor internalization, off-target toxicity, and drug resistance. Presently, ten BsADCs are undergoing clinical trials, and initial findings underscore the imperative for ongoing refinement. This review initially delves into specific design considerations for BsADCs, encompassing target selection, antibody formats, and the linker-payload complex. Subsequent sections delineate the extant progress and challenges encountered by BsADCs, illustrated through pertinent case studies. The amalgamation of BsAbs with ADCs offers a prospective solution to prevailing clinical limitations of ADCs. Nevertheless, the symbiotic interplay among BsAb, linker, and payload necessitates further optimizations and coordination beyond a simplistic "1 + 1" to effectively surmount the extant challenges facing the BsADC domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Gu
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhijia Wang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Targeted Tracer Research and Development Laboratory, Institute of Respiratory Health, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Frontiers Medical Center, Tianfu Jincheng Laboratory, Chengdu 610212, China
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Wu X, Huang S, He W, Song M. Emerging insights into mechanisms of trastuzumab resistance in HER2-positive cancers. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 122:110602. [PMID: 37437432 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
HER2 is an established therapeutic target in breast, gastric, and gastroesophageal junction carcinomas with HER2 overexpression or genomic alterations. The humanized monoclonal antibody trastuzumab targeting HER2 has substantially improved the clinical outcomes of HER2-positive patients, yet the inevitable intrinsic or acquired resistance to trastuzumab limits its clinical benefit, necessitating the elucidation of resistance mechanisms to develop alternate therapeutic strategies. This review presents an overview of trastuzumab resistance mechanisms involving signaling pathways, cellular metabolism, cell plasticity, and tumor microenvironment, particularly discussing the prospects of developing rational combinations to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Wu
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Shuting Huang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China
| | - Weiling He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, China.
| | - Mei Song
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, China.
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Rabia E, Garambois V, Dhommée C, Larbouret C, Lajoie L, Buscail Y, Jimenez-Dominguez G, Choblet-Thery S, Liaudet-Coopman E, Cerutti M, Jarlier M, Ravel P, Gros L, Pirot N, Thibault G, Zhukovsky EA, Gérard PE, Pèlegrin A, Colinge J, Chardès T. Design and selection of optimal ErbB-targeting bispecific antibodies in pancreatic cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1168444. [PMID: 37153618 PMCID: PMC10157173 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1168444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases is a primary target for small molecules and antibodies for pancreatic cancer treatment. Nonetheless, the current treatments for this tumor are not optimal due to lack of efficacy, resistance, or toxicity. Here, using the novel BiXAb™ tetravalent format platform, we generated bispecific antibodies against EGFR, HER2, or HER3 by considering rational epitope combinations. We then screened these bispecific antibodies and compared them with the parental single antibodies and antibody pair combinations. The screen readouts included measuring binding to the cognate receptors (mono and bispecificity), intracellular phosphorylation signaling, cell proliferation, apoptosis and receptor expression, and also immune system engagement assays (antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity). Among the 30 BiXAbs™ tested, we selected 3Patri-1Cetu-Fc, 3Patri-1Matu-Fc and 3Patri-2Trastu-Fc as lead candidates. The in vivo testing of these three highly efficient bispecific antibodies against EGFR and HER2 or HER3 in pre-clinical mouse models of pancreatic cancer showed deep antibody penetration in these dense tumors and robust tumor growth reduction. Application of such semi-rational/semi-empirical approach, which includes various immunological assays to compare pre-selected antibodies and their combinations with bispecific antibodies, represents the first attempt to identify potent bispecific antibodies against ErbB family members in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Rabia
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Véronique Garambois
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Christine Dhommée
- GICC, Groupe Innovation et Ciblage Cellulaire, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Christel Larbouret
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurie Lajoie
- GICC, Groupe Innovation et Ciblage Cellulaire, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Yoan Buscail
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Réseau d’Histologie Expérimentale de Montpellier, BioCampus, Université de Montpellier, UAR3426 CNRS-US09 INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Gabriel Jimenez-Dominguez
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvie Choblet-Thery
- Plateforme Bacfly, Baculovirus et Thérapie, BioCampus, UAR3426 CNRS-US09 INSERM, Saint-Christol-Lèz Alès, France
| | - Emmanuelle Liaudet-Coopman
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Martine Cerutti
- Plateforme Bacfly, Baculovirus et Thérapie, BioCampus, UAR3426 CNRS-US09 INSERM, Saint-Christol-Lèz Alès, France
| | - Marta Jarlier
- ICM, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrice Ravel
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Gros
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Nelly Pirot
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Réseau d’Histologie Expérimentale de Montpellier, BioCampus, Université de Montpellier, UAR3426 CNRS-US09 INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Gilles Thibault
- GICC, Groupe Innovation et Ciblage Cellulaire, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Eugene A. Zhukovsky
- Biomunex Pharmaceuticals, Incubateur Paris Biotech santé, Hopital Cochin, Paris, France
| | | | - André Pèlegrin
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Colinge
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Chardès
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Plateforme Bacfly, Baculovirus et Thérapie, BioCampus, UAR3426 CNRS-US09 INSERM, Saint-Christol-Lèz Alès, France
- CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Thierry Chardès,
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Gandullo-Sánchez L, Ocaña A, Pandiella A. HER3 in cancer: from the bench to the bedside. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:310. [PMID: 36271429 PMCID: PMC9585794 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02515-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The HER3 protein, that belongs to the ErbB/HER receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family, is expressed in several types of tumors. That fact, together with the role of HER3 in promoting cell proliferation, implicate that targeting HER3 may have therapeutic relevance. Furthermore, expression and activation of HER3 has been linked to resistance to drugs that target other HER receptors such as agents that act on EGFR or HER2. In addition, HER3 has been associated to resistance to some chemotherapeutic drugs. Because of those circumstances, efforts to develop and test agents targeting HER3 have been carried out. Two types of agents targeting HER3 have been developed. The most abundant are antibodies or engineered antibody derivatives that specifically recognize the extracellular region of HER3. In addition, the use of aptamers specifically interacting with HER3, vaccines or HER3-targeting siRNAs have also been developed. Here we discuss the state of the art of the preclinical and clinical development of drugs aimed at targeting HER3 with therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Gandullo-Sánchez
- grid.428472.f0000 0004 1794 2467Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC, IBSAL and CIBERONC, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Ocaña
- grid.411068.a0000 0001 0671 5785Hospital Clínico San Carlos and CIBERONC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Atanasio Pandiella
- grid.428472.f0000 0004 1794 2467Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer, CSIC, IBSAL and CIBERONC, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Intramuscular delivery of formulated RNA encoding six linked nanobodies is highly protective for exposures to three Botulinum neurotoxin serotypes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11664. [PMID: 35803998 PMCID: PMC9266081 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15876-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Single domain antibodies (sdAbs), also called nanobodies, have substantial biophysical advantages over conventional antibodies and are increasingly being employed as components of immunotherapeutic agents. One particularly favorable property is the ability to link different sdAbs into heteromultimers. This feature allows production of single molecules capable of simultaneously targeting more than one antigen. In addition, cooperative binding of multiple linked sdAbs to non-overlapping epitopes on the same target can produce synergistic improvements in target affinity, variant specificity, and in vivo potencies. Here we seek to test the option of increased component sdAbs in these heteromultimers by testing different sdAb heterohexamers in which each of the six camelid sdAb components (VHHs) can neutralize one of three different Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) serotypes, A, B or E. Each heterohexamer bound all three targeted BoNT serotypes and protected mice from at least 100 MIPLD50 of each serotype. To test the potential of mRNA therapeutics encoding long sdAb heteromultimers, one heterohexamer was encoded as replicating RNA (repRNA), formulated with a cationic nanocarrier, and delivered to mice via intramuscular injection. Heterohexamer antitoxin serum expression levels were easily detected by 8 h post-treatment, peaked at 5–10 nM around two days, and persisted for more than three days. Mice treated with the formulated repRNA one day post-treatment survived challenge with 100 MIPLD50 of each toxin serotype, demonstrating the function of all six component VHHs. Use of long sdAb multimers, administered as proteins or repRNA, offer the potential for substantially improved versatility in the development of antibody-based therapeutics.
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Xu G, Luo Y, Wang H, Wang Y, Liu B, Wei J. Therapeutic bispecific antibodies against intracellular tumor antigens. Cancer Lett 2022; 538:215699. [PMID: 35487312 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs)-based therapeutics have been identified to be one of the most promising immunotherapy strategies. However, their target repertoire is mainly restricted to cell surface antigens rather than intracellular antigens, resulting in a relatively limited scope of applications. Intracellular tumor antigens are identified to account for a large proportion of tumor antigen profiles. Recently, bsAbs that target intracellular oncoproteins have raised much attention, broadening the targeting scope of tumor antigens and improving the efficacy of traditional antibody-based therapeutics. Consequently, this review will focus on this emerging field and discuss related research advances. We introduce the classification, characteristics, and clinical applications of bsAbs, the theoretical basis for targeting intracellular antigens, delivery systems of bsAbs, and the latest preclinical and clinical advances of bsAbs targeting several intracellular oncotargets, including those of cancer-testis antigens, differentiation antigens, neoantigens, and other antigens. Moreover, we summarize the limitations of current bsAbs, and propose several potential strategies against immune escape and T cell exhaustion as well as some future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Xu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Yuting Luo
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Hanbing Wang
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Yue Wang
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Baorui Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Jia Wei
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School & Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China; Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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Hassan G, Seno M. ERBB Signaling Pathway in Cancer Stem Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1393:65-81. [PMID: 36587302 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12974-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was first tyrosine kinase receptor linked to human cancers. EGFR or ERBB1 is a member of ERBB subfamily, which consists of four type I transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases, ERBB1, 2, 3 and 4. ERBBs form homo/heterodimers after ligand binding except ERBB2 and consequently becomes activated. Different signal pathways, such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT), RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK, phospholipase Cγ and JAK-STAT, are triggered by ERBB activation. Since ERBBs, through these pathways, regulate stemness and differentiation of cancer stem cells (CSCs), their roles in CSC tumorigenicity have extensively been investigated. The hyperactivation of ERBBs and its downstream pathways stimulated by either genetic and/or epigenetic factors are frequently described in many types of human cancers. Their dysregulations make cells acquiring CSC characters such as survival, tumorigenicity and stemness. Because of the roles in tumor growth and progress, ERBBs are considered to be one of the drug targets as cancer treatment strategy. In this chapter, we will summarize the structure, function and roles of ERBB subfamily along with their relative pathways regulating the stemness and tumorigenicity of CSCs. Finally, we will discuss the targeting therapy strategies of cancer along with ERBBs in addition to some challenges and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghmkin Hassan
- Laboratory of Nano-Biotechnology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damascus University, Damascus, 10769, Syria
| | - Masaharu Seno
- Laboratory of Nano-Biotechnology, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
- Department of Cancer Stem Cell Engineering, Faculty of Interdisciplinary Science and Engineering in Health Systems, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
- Laboratory of Natural Food and Medicine, Co., Ltd, Okayama University Incubator, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
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Si Y, Pei X, Wang X, Han Q, Xu C, Zhang B. An anti-EGFR/anti- HER2 Bispecific Antibody with Enhanced Antitumor Activity Against Acquired Gefitinib-Resistant NSCLC Cells. Protein Pept Lett 2021; 28:1290-1297. [PMID: 34602035 DOI: 10.2174/0929866528666210930170624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquired resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) is a recurrent phenomenon during clinical therapy of non‑small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Studies have shown that HER2 is a key factor contributing to drug resistance in a variety of cancers. Furthermore, we have observed that HER2 is overexpressed in PC-9 NSCLC cells with acquired gefitinib-resistance (PC-9/GR) as compared to that in PC-9 cells. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that blocking both EGFR and HER2 may serve as a potential strategy for treatment of NSCLC with acquired gefitinib-resistance. METHODS To target both EGFR and HER2 simultaneously, we developed a bispecific antibody HECrossMAb, which was derived from a humanized Cetuximab and Trastuzumab. The binding affinity of HECrossMAb for EGFR and HER2 was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The MTT assay was used to determine the effect of HECrossMAb on the proliferation of PC‑9 and PC‑9/GR cells in vitro. Finally, the effect of HECrossMAb on PI3K/AKT signaling and associated transcription factors was measured using western blot analysis. RESULTS Our results showed that HECrossMAb exerts enhanced cytotoxicity in both PC-9 and PC-9/GR cells by inhibiting the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling and expression of relevant transcription factors such as AEG-1, c-Myc, and c-Fos. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that HECrossMAb may function as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of NSCLC overexpressing EGFR and HER2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Si
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei. China
| | - Xinxin Pei
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei. China
| | - Xiangfang Wang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei. China
| | - Qianqian Han
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei. China
| | - Changzhi Xu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei. China
| | - Buchang Zhang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei. China
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11
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Breast cancer brain metastasis: insight into molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Br J Cancer 2021; 125:1056-1067. [PMID: 34226684 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01424-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies in women worldwide. Early-stage breast cancer is considered a curable disease; however, once distant metastasis occurs, the 5-year overall survival rate of patients becomes significantly reduced. There are four distinct metastatic patterns in breast cancer: bone, lung, liver and brain. Among these, breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM) is the leading cause of death; it is highly associated with impaired quality of life and poor prognosis due to the limited permeability of the blood-brain barrier and consequent lack of effective treatments. Although the sequence of events in BCBM is universally accepted, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been fully elucidated. In this review, we outline progress surrounding the molecular mechanisms involved in BCBM as well as experimental methods and research models to better understand the process. We further discuss the challenges in the management of brain metastases, as well as providing an overview of current therapies and highlighting innovative research towards developing novel efficacious targeted therapies.
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12
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Elshiaty M, Schindler H, Christopoulos P. Principles and Current Clinical Landscape of Multispecific Antibodies against Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5632. [PMID: 34073188 PMCID: PMC8198225 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Building upon the resounding therapeutic success of monoclonal antibodies, and supported by accelerating progress in engineering methods, the field of multispecific therapeutic antibodies is growing rapidly. Over 140 different molecules are currently in clinical testing, with excellent results in recent phase 1-3 clinical trials for several of them. Multivalent bispecific IgG-modified formats predominate today, with a clear tendency for more target antigens and further increased valency in newer constructs. The strategies to augment anticancer efficacy are currently equally divided between disruption of multiple surface antigens, and additional redirection of cytotoxic T or NK lymphocytes against the tumor. Both effects complement other modern modalities, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors and adoptive cell therapies, with which multispecifics are increasingly applied in combination or merged, for example, in the form of antibody producing CAR-T cells and oncolytics. While mainly focused on B-cell malignancies early on, the contemporary multispecific antibody sector accommodates twice as many trials against solid compared to hematologic cancers. An exciting emerging prospect is the targeting of intracellular neoantigens using T-cell receptor (TCR) fusion proteins or TCR-mimic antibody fragments. Considering the fact that introduction of PD-(L)1 inhibitors only a few years ago has already facilitated 5-year survival rates of 30-50% for per se highly lethal neoplasms, such as metastatic melanoma and non-small-cell lung carcinoma, the upcoming enforcement of current treatments with "next-generation" immunotherapeutics, offers a justified hope for the cure of some advanced cancers in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Elshiaty
- Thoraxklinik and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) at Heidelberg University Hospital, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.E.); (H.S.)
- Translational Lung Cancer Center Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69126 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hannah Schindler
- Thoraxklinik and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) at Heidelberg University Hospital, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.E.); (H.S.)
- Translational Lung Cancer Center Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69126 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Petros Christopoulos
- Thoraxklinik and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) at Heidelberg University Hospital, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany; (M.E.); (H.S.)
- Translational Lung Cancer Center Heidelberg, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 69126 Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Fucà G, Spagnoletti A, Ambrosini M, de Braud F, Di Nicola M. Immune cell engagers in solid tumors: promises and challenges of the next generation immunotherapy. ESMO Open 2021; 6:100046. [PMID: 33508733 PMCID: PMC7841318 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2020.100046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the landscape of cancer immunotherapy, immune cell engagers (ICEs) are rapidly emerging as a feasible and easy-to-deliver alternative to adoptive cell therapy for the antitumor redirection of immune effector cells. Even if in hematological malignancies this class of new therapeutics already hit the clinic, the development of ICEs in solid tumors still represents a challenge. Considering that ICEs are a rapidly expanding biotechnology in cancer therapy, we designed this review as a primer for clinicians, focusing on the major obstacles for the clinical implementation and the most translatable approaches proposed to overcome the limitations in solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fucà
- Immunotherapy and Innovative Therapeutics Unit, Medical Oncology and Hematology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
| | - A Spagnoletti
- Immunotherapy and Innovative Therapeutics Unit, Medical Oncology and Hematology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - M Ambrosini
- Immunotherapy and Innovative Therapeutics Unit, Medical Oncology and Hematology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - F de Braud
- Immunotherapy and Innovative Therapeutics Unit, Medical Oncology and Hematology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Oncology and Hemato-oncology Department, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M Di Nicola
- Immunotherapy and Innovative Therapeutics Unit, Medical Oncology and Hematology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
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14
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Rabia E, Garambois V, Hubert J, Bruciamacchie M, Pirot N, Delpech H, Broyon M, Theillet C, Colombo PE, Vie N, Tosi D, Gongora C, Khellaf L, Jarlier M, Radosevic-Robin N, Chardès T, Pèlegrin A, Larbouret C. Anti-tumoral activity of the Pan-HER (Sym013) antibody mixture in gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer models. MAbs 2021; 13:1914883. [PMID: 33876707 PMCID: PMC8078530 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1914883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance, particularly to gemcitabine, is a major challenge in pancreatic cancer. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and human epidermal growth factor receptors 2 and 3 (HER2, HER3) are expressed in many tumors, and they are relevant therapeutic targets due to their synergistic interaction to promote tumor aggressiveness and therapeutic resistance. Cocktails of antibodies directed against different targets are a promising strategy to overcome these processes. Here, we found by immunohistochemistry that these three receptors were co-expressed in 11% of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. We then developed gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cell models (SW-1990-GR and BxPC3-GR) and one patient-derived xenograft (PDX2846-GR) by successive exposure to increasing doses of gemcitabine. We showed that expression of EGFR, HER2 and HER3 was increased in these gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer models, and that an antibody mixture against all three receptors inhibited tumor growth in mice and downregulated HER receptors. Finally, we demonstrated that the Pan-HER and gemcitabine combination has an additive effect in vitro and in mice xenografted with the gemcitabine-sensitive or resistant pancreatic models. The mixture of anti-EGFR, HER2 and HER3 antibodies is a good candidate therapeutic approach for gemcitabine-sensitive and -resistant pancreatic cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Deoxycytidine/analogs & derivatives
- Deoxycytidine/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- ErbB Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors
- ErbB Receptors/immunology
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Mice, Nude
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/immunology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Receptor, ErbB-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptor, ErbB-3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, ErbB-3/immunology
- Receptor, ErbB-3/metabolism
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Gemcitabine
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Rabia
- Institut De Recherche En Cancérologie De Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université De Montpellier, Institut Régional Du Cancer De Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - Véronique Garambois
- Institut De Recherche En Cancérologie De Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université De Montpellier, Institut Régional Du Cancer De Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - Julie Hubert
- Institut De Recherche En Cancérologie De Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université De Montpellier, Institut Régional Du Cancer De Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - Marine Bruciamacchie
- Institut De Recherche En Cancérologie De Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université De Montpellier, Institut Régional Du Cancer De Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - Nelly Pirot
- Institut De Recherche En Cancérologie De Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université De Montpellier, Institut Régional Du Cancer De Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
- BioCampus Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS UAR3426, INSERM US09, Université De Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Hélène Delpech
- Institut De Recherche En Cancérologie De Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université De Montpellier, Institut Régional Du Cancer De Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - Morgane Broyon
- Institut De Recherche En Cancérologie De Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université De Montpellier, Institut Régional Du Cancer De Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
- BioCampus Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS UAR3426, INSERM US09, Université De Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Charles Theillet
- Institut De Recherche En Cancérologie De Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université De Montpellier, Institut Régional Du Cancer De Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | | | - Nadia Vie
- Institut De Recherche En Cancérologie De Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université De Montpellier, Institut Régional Du Cancer De Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - Diego Tosi
- Institut De Recherche En Cancérologie De Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université De Montpellier, Institut Régional Du Cancer De Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
- Institut Régional Du Cancer De Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - Celine Gongora
- Institut De Recherche En Cancérologie De Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université De Montpellier, Institut Régional Du Cancer De Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - Lakhdar Khellaf
- Institut Régional Du Cancer De Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - Marta Jarlier
- Institut Régional Du Cancer De Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - Nina Radosevic-Robin
- Centre Jean Perrin, Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM U1240, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thierry Chardès
- Institut De Recherche En Cancérologie De Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université De Montpellier, Institut Régional Du Cancer De Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - André Pèlegrin
- Institut De Recherche En Cancérologie De Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université De Montpellier, Institut Régional Du Cancer De Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
| | - Christel Larbouret
- Institut De Recherche En Cancérologie De Montpellier (IRCM), INSERM U1194, Université De Montpellier, Institut Régional Du Cancer De Montpellier (ICM), Montpellier, France
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15
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Surowka M, Schaefer W, Klein C. Ten years in the making: application of CrossMab technology for the development of therapeutic bispecific antibodies and antibody fusion proteins. MAbs 2021; 13:1967714. [PMID: 34491877 PMCID: PMC8425689 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1967714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies have recently attracted intense interest. CrossMab technology was described in 2011 as novel approach enabling correct antibody light-chain association with their respective heavy chain in bispecific antibodies, together with methods enabling correct heavy-chain association using existing pairs of antibodies. Since the original description, CrossMab technology has evolved in the past decade into one of the most mature, versatile, and broadly applied technologies in the field, and nearly 20 bispecific antibodies based on CrossMab technology developed by Roche and others have entered clinical trials. The most advanced of these are the Ang-2/VEGF bispecific antibody faricimab, currently undergoing regulatory review, and the CD20/CD3 T cell bispecific antibody glofitamab, currently in pivotal Phase 3 trials. In this review, we introduce the principles of CrossMab technology, including its application for the generation of bi-/multispecific antibodies with different geometries and mechanisms of action, and provide an overview of CrossMab-based therapeutics in clinical trials.
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16
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Challenges and strategies for next-generation bispecific antibody-based antitumor therapeutics. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:451-461. [PMID: 32313210 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) refer to a large family of molecules that recognize two different epitopes or antigens. Although a series of challenges, especially immunogenicity and chain mispairing issues, once hindered the development of bsAbs, they have been gradually overcome with the help of rapidly developing technologies in the past 5 decades. In the meantime, an increasing number of bsAb platforms have been designed to satisfy different clinical demands. Currently, numerous preclinical and clinical trials are underway, portraying a promising future for bsAb-based cancer treatment. Nevertheless, bsAb drugs still face enormous challenges in their application as cancer therapeutics, including tumor heterogeneity and mutational burden, intractable tumor microenvironment (TME), insufficient costimulatory signals to activate T cells, the necessity for continuous injection, fatal systemic side effects, and off-target toxicities to adjacent normal cells. Therefore, we provide several strategies as solutions to these issues, which comprise generating multispecific bsAbs, discovering neoantigens, combining bsAbs with other anticancer therapies, exploiting natural killer (NK)-cell-based bsAbs and producing bsAbs in situ. In this review, we mainly discuss previous and current challenges in bsAb development and underscore corresponding strategies, with a brief introduction of several typical bsAb formats.
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17
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Nie S, Wang Z, Moscoso-Castro M, D'Souza P, Lei C, Xu J, Gu J. Biology drives the discovery of bispecific antibodies as innovative therapeutics. Antib Ther 2020; 3:18-62. [PMID: 33928225 PMCID: PMC7990219 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A bispecific antibody (bsAb) is able to bind two different targets or two distinct epitopes on the same target. Broadly speaking, bsAbs can include any single molecule entity containing dual specificities with at least one being antigen-binding antibody domain. Besides additive effect or synergistic effect, the most fascinating applications of bsAbs are to enable novel and often therapeutically important concepts otherwise impossible by using monoclonal antibodies alone or their combination. This so-called obligate bsAbs could open up completely new avenue for developing novel therapeutics. With evolving understanding of structural architecture of various natural or engineered antigen-binding immunoglobulin domains and the connection of different domains of an immunoglobulin molecule, and with greatly improved understanding of molecular mechanisms of many biological processes, the landscape of therapeutic bsAbs has significantly changed in recent years. As of September 2019, over 110 bsAbs are under active clinical development, and near 180 in preclinical development. In this review article, we introduce a system that classifies bsAb formats into 30 categories based on their antigen-binding domains and the presence or absence of Fc domain. We further review the biology applications of approximately 290 bsAbs currently in preclinical and clinical development, with the attempt to illustrate the principle of selecting a bispecific format to meet biology needs and selecting a bispecific molecule as a clinical development candidate by 6 critical criteria. Given the novel mechanisms of many bsAbs, the potential unknown safety risk and risk/benefit should be evaluated carefully during preclinical and clinical development stages. Nevertheless we are optimistic that next decade will witness clinical success of bsAbs or multispecific antibodies employing some novel mechanisms of action and deliver the promise as next wave of antibody-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Nie
- WuXi Biologics, 299 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China and ,To whom correspondence should addressed. Jijie Guor Siwei Nie. or
| | - Zhuozhi Wang
- WuXi Biologics, 299 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China and
| | | | - Paul D'Souza
- Clarivate Analytics, Friars House, 160 Blackfriars Road, London SE1 8EZ, UK
| | - Can Lei
- Clarivate Analytics, Friars House, 160 Blackfriars Road, London SE1 8EZ, UK
| | - Jianqing Xu
- WuXi Biologics, 299 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China and
| | - Jijie Gu
- WuXi Biologics, 299 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China and ,To whom correspondence should addressed. Jijie Guor Siwei Nie. or
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18
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Abstract
Pseudokinases are members of the protein kinase superfamily but signal primarily through noncatalytic mechanisms. Many pseudokinases contribute to the pathologies of human diseases, yet they remain largely unexplored as drug targets owing to challenges associated with modulation of their biological functions. Our understanding of the structure and physiological roles of pseudokinases has improved substantially over the past decade, revealing intriguing similarities between pseudokinases and their catalytically active counterparts. Pseudokinases often adopt conformations that are analogous to those seen in catalytically active kinases and, in some cases, can also bind metal cations and/or nucleotides. Several clinically approved kinase inhibitors have been shown to influence the noncatalytic functions of active kinases, providing hope that similar properties in pseudokinases could be pharmacologically regulated. In this Review, we discuss known roles of pseudokinases in disease, their unique structural features and the progress that has been made towards developing pseudokinase-directed therapeutics.
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19
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Goulet DR, Atkins WM. Considerations for the Design of Antibody-Based Therapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:74-103. [PMID: 31173761 PMCID: PMC6891151 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based proteins have become an important class of biologic therapeutics, due in large part to the stability, specificity, and adaptability of the antibody framework. Indeed, antibodies not only have the inherent ability to bind both antigens and endogenous immune receptors but also have proven extremely amenable to protein engineering. Thus, several derivatives of the monoclonal antibody format, including bispecific antibodies, antibody-drug conjugates, and antibody fragments, have demonstrated efficacy for treating human disease, particularly in the fields of immunology and oncology. Reviewed here are considerations for the design of antibody-based therapeutics, including immunological context, therapeutic mechanisms, and engineering strategies. First, characteristics of antibodies are introduced, with emphasis on structural domains, functionally important receptors, isotypic and allotypic differences, and modifications such as glycosylation. Then, aspects of therapeutic antibody design are discussed, including identification of antigen-specific variable regions, choice of expression system, use of multispecific formats, and design of antibody derivatives based on fragmentation, oligomerization, or conjugation to other functional moieties. Finally, strategies to enhance antibody function through protein engineering are reviewed while highlighting the impact of fundamental biophysical properties on protein developability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Goulet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195.
| | - William M Atkins
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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20
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Sherwood LJ, Taylor AB, Hart PJ, Hayhurst A. Paratope Duality and Gullying are Among the Atypical Recognition Mechanisms Used by a Trio of Nanobodies to Differentiate Ebolavirus Nucleoproteins. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:4848-4867. [PMID: 31626803 PMCID: PMC6990103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We had previously shown that three anti–Marburg virus nanobodies (VHH or single-domain antibody [sdAb]) targeted a cryptotope within an alpha-helical assembly at the nucleoprotein (NP) C-terminus that was conserved through half a century of viral evolution. Here, we wished to determine whether an anti–Ebola virus sdAb, that was cross-reactive within the Ebolavirus genus, recognized a similar structural feature upstream of the ebolavirus NP C-terminus. In addition, we sought to determine whether the specificities of a less cross-reactive anti–Zaire ebolavirus sdAb and a totally specific anti–Sudan ebolavirus sdAb were the result of exclusion from this region. Binding and X-ray crystallographic studies revealed that the primary determinant of cross-reactivity did indeed appear to be a preference for the helical feature. Specificity, in the case of the Zaire ebolavirus–specific sdAb, arose from the footprint shifting away from the helices to engage more variable residues. While both sdAbs used CDRs, they also had atypical side-on approaches, with framework 2 helping to accommodate parts of the epitope in sizeable paratope gullies. The Sudan ebolavirus–specific sdAb was more remarkable and appeared to bind two C-terminal domains simultaneously via nonoverlapping epitopes—“paratope duality.” One mode involved paratope gullying, whereas the other involved only CDRs, with CDR3 restructuring to wedge in between opposing walls of an interdomain crevice. The varied routes used by sdAbs to engage antigens discovered here deepen our appreciation of the small scaffold’s architectural versatility and also reveal lucrative opportunities within the ebolavirus NP C-termini that might be leveraged for diagnostics and novel therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Jo Sherwood
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| | - Alexander Bryan Taylor
- X-ray Crystallography Core Laboratory, Institutional Research Cores and Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Peter John Hart
- X-ray Crystallography Core Laboratory, Institutional Research Cores and Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Andrew Hayhurst
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA. http://
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21
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CAR exosomes derived from effector CAR-T cells have potent antitumour effects and low toxicity. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4355. [PMID: 31554797 PMCID: PMC6761190 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12321-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically engineered T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) are rapidly emerging a promising new treatment for haematological and non-haematological malignancies. CAR-T therapy can induce rapid and durable clinical responses but is associated with unique acute toxicities. Moreover, CAR-T cells are vulnerable to immunosuppressive mechanisms. Here, we report that CAR-T cells release extracellular vesicles, mostly in the form of exosomes that carry CAR on their surface. The CAR-containing exosomes express a high level of cytotoxic molecules and inhibit tumour growth. Compared with CAR-T cells, CAR exosomes do not express Programmed cell Death protein 1 (PD1), and their antitumour effect cannot be weakened by recombinant PD-L1 treatment. In a preclinical in vivo model of cytokine release syndrome, the administration of CAR exosomes is relatively safe compared with CAR-T therapy. This study supports the use of exosomes as biomimetic nanovesicles that may be useful in future therapeutic approaches against tumours. Genetically engineered T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR-T cells) are a promising new treatment for cancer, but are associated with unique toxicities. Here, the authors test CAR-T-cell-derived exosomes as a surrogate for CAR-T cells and show that they can elicit a potent antitumour immune response in preclinical models of breast cancer with reduced signs of cytokine release syndrome compared with CAR-T therapy.
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22
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Hu S, Fu W, Xu W, Yang Y, Cruz M, Berezov SD, Jorissen D, Takeda H, Zhu W. Correction: Four-in-One Antibodies Have Superior Cancer Inhibitory Activity against EGFR, HER2, HER3, and VEGF through Disruption of HER/MET Crosstalk. Cancer Res 2019; 79:3525. [PMID: 31262834 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Kumar R, de Vijver MV, Tortora G, Ciardiello F, Goldkorn T, Miller WH, Norton L. A Tribute to John Mendelsohn: A Pioneer in Targeted Cancer Therapy. Cancer Res 2019; 79:4315-4323. [PMID: 31213466 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer scientists and clinicians are mourning the death of one of the most accomplished members of their community: Dr. John Mendelsohn. He was a pioneer in targeted cancer therapy and was instrumental for the discovery and deployment of the first antagonist epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapeutic antibodies, broadening the concept of targeted EGFR therapy to encompass other receptor tyrosine kinases, such as HER2, and developing blocking antibody-combination therapy with chemotherapies or radiotherapy. Dr. Mendelsohn, who died on January 7, 2019, always led by the strength of his accomplishments and the humility of his character. Above all, he was a well-revered mentor and clinician, who extended compassion and the gift of his time to patients, colleagues, and mentees alike. In tribute to Dr. Mendelsohn, Cancer Research has invited his former mentees and colleagues who were associated with Dr. Mendelsohn for over three decades to reflect on the broad impact of his work. Here, we discuss Dr. Mendelsohn's illustrious career at three elite academic cancer institutions and hospitals in the United States, his acumen to build, grow, and uplift institutions, and train a generation of medical oncologists, physician scientists, and cancer biologists. His profound legacy on targeted therapy and cancer research and treatment continue to prolong and save the lives of cancer patients globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Cancer Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Marc Van de Vijver
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Giampaolo Tortora
- Medical Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Medical Oncology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Fortunato Ciardiello
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Tzipora Goldkorn
- University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Wilson H Miller
- Department of Medicine, Segal Cancer Center and Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Larry Norton
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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Labrijn AF, Janmaat ML, Reichert JM, Parren PWHI. Bispecific antibodies: a mechanistic review of the pipeline. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 18:585-608. [DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0028-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 493] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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25
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Mathematical analysis of gefitinib resistance of lung adenocarcinoma caused by MET amplification. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 511:544-550. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.02.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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Sola AM, Johnson DE, Grandis JR. Investigational multitargeted kinase inhibitors in development for head and neck neoplasms. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2019; 28:351-363. [PMID: 30753792 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1581172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite advances in treatment, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) survival rates remain stagnant. Current treatment is associated with significant toxicities and includes chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, and few targeted treatments. Targeted treatments, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted agent, cetuximab, and immune checkpoint inhibitors, pembrolizumab and nivolumab, show improved toxicity profiles and modestly improved survival in select patients. An urgent need remains to identify novel targeted treatments for single-agent or combined therapy use. AREAS COVERED Multitargeted kinase inhibitors are small molecule inhibitors with limited toxicity. This review will focus on early-stage investigations of multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (m-TKIs) (those that target at least two tyrosine kinases) for HNSCC. Preclinical and early trials investigating m-TKIs for various disease settings of HNSCC will be evaluated for efficacy, identification of significant biomarkers and potential for combination therapy. EXPERT OPINION Few single agent m-TKIs have demonstrated efficacy in unselected HNSCC populations. The most promising clinical results have been obtained when m-TKIs are tested in combination with other therapies, including immunotherapy, or in mutation-defined subgroups of patients. The future success of m-TKIs will rely on identification, in preclinical models and clinical trials, of predictive biomarkers of response and mechanisms of innate and acquired resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marija Sola
- a Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery , University of California , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Daniel E Johnson
- a Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery , University of California , San Francisco , CA , USA
| | - Jennifer R Grandis
- a Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery , University of California , San Francisco , CA , USA
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Fu W, Lei C, Yu Y, Liu S, Li T, Lin F, Fan X, Shen Y, Ding M, Tang Y, Ye X, Yang Y, Hu S. EGFR/Notch Antagonists Enhance the Response to Inhibitors of the PI3K-Akt Pathway by Decreasing Tumor-Initiating Cell Frequency. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:2835-2847. [PMID: 30670492 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Both EGFR and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways have been used as therapeutically actionable targets, but resistance is frequently reported. In this report, we show that enrichment of the cancer stem cell (CSC) subsets and dysregulation of Notch signaling underlie the challenges to therapy and describe the development of bispecific antibodies targeting both HER and Notch signaling. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We utilized cell-based models to study Notch signaling in drug-induced CSC expansion. Both cancer cell line models and patient-derived xenograft tumors were used to evaluate the antitumor effects of bispecific antibodies. Cell assays, flow cytometry, qPCR, and in vivo serial transplantation assays were employed to investigate the mechanisms of action and pharmacodynamic readouts. RESULTS We found that EGFR/Notch targeting bispecific antibodies exhibited a notable antistem cell effect in both in vitro and in vivo assays. Bispecific antibodies delayed the occurrence of acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitors in triple-negative breast cancer cell line-based models and showed efficacy in patient-derived xenografts. Moreover, the EGFR/Notch bispecific antibody PTG12 in combination with GDC-0941 exerted a stronger antitumor effect than the combined therapy of PI3K inhibitor with EGFR inhibitors or tarextumab in a broad spectrum of epithelial tumors. Mechanistically, bispecific antibody treatment inhibits the stem cell-like subpopulation, reduces tumor-initiating cell frequency, and downregulates the mesenchymal gene expression. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the coblockade of EGFR and Notch signaling has the potential to increase the response to PI3K inhibition, and PTG12 may gain clinical efficacy when combined with PI3K blockage in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Fu
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Changhai Lei
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Team SMMU-China of International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) Competitions, Department of Biophysics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Yu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuowu Liu
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Team SMMU-China of International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) Competitions, Department of Biophysics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Team SMMU-China of International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) Competitions, Department of Biophysics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fangxing Lin
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Fan
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yafeng Shen
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Ding
- Pharchoice Therapeutics Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuting Ye
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongji Yang
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi Hu
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China. .,Team SMMU-China of International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) Competitions, Department of Biophysics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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28
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Klein C, Schaefer W, Regula JT, Dumontet C, Brinkmann U, Bacac M, Umaña P. Engineering therapeutic bispecific antibodies using CrossMab technology. Methods 2018; 154:21-31. [PMID: 30453028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies have recently gained major interest as they allow novel mechanisms-of-action and/or therapeutic applications that cannot be achieved using conventional IgG-based antibodies. A major issue in engineering IgG-based bispecific antibodies has been to enable the correct association of heavy and light chains resulting in correct assembly of the desired bispecific antibody in sufficient yield. Various approaches have been described during recent years to tackle this challenge. We have developed the so-called CrossMab technology that enforces correct light chain association based on the domain crossover of immunoglobulin domains in the Fab region of the bispecific antibody. This versatile technology allows the generation of different bispecific antibody formats including asymmetric heterodimeric monovalent 1 + 1 bispecific antibodies and asymmetric heterodimeric bispecific antibodies with 2 + 1 valency in combination with approaches enabling Fc-hetermodimerization like knob-into-hole technology as well as the generation of tetravalent symmetric bispecific antibodies with 2 + 2 valency, also known as Tandem-Fab based IgG antibodies, using processes suitable for the large scale production of therapeutic bispecific antibodies. Notably, as of now, at least eight different bispecific antibodies using CrossMab technology entered clinical development, and additional CrossMabs are in late preclinical development. This review provides a summary of the status and progress with the engineering and generation of CrossMab technology based bispecific antibodies as well as their therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klein
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland.
| | - Wolfgang Schaefer
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82393 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Joerg T Regula
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82393 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Charles Dumontet
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), INSERM, 1052/CNRS, 69000 Lyon, France
| | - Ulrich Brinkmann
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, 82393 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Marina Bacac
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Umaña
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
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29
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Su Z, Han Y, Sun Q, Wang X, Xu T, Xie W, Huang X. Anti-MET VHH Pool Overcomes MET-Targeted Cancer Therapeutic Resistance. Mol Cancer Ther 2018; 18:100-111. [PMID: 30361332 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase MET and its ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) play crucial roles in many human malignancies. Numerous drugs have been developed against kinase center of MET or HGF-mediated activation; however, the outcomes in patients are not so promising. Increasing evidence show that MET has kinase-independent effects on tumorigenesis and dissemination, which explains the low efficacy in kinase inhibition-based strategy. VHH is the recombinant variable region of Camelid heavy-chain antibody. As a nanoscale antigen-binding unit, VHH has become an appealing drug candidate in cancer therapy. In our study, we choose a novel strategy to construct an anti-MET VHH pool against the whole ecto-domain of MET. Comparing to monoclonal antibody or single VHH, the anti-MET VHH pool strongly promotes MET degradation through Clathrin-dependent endo-lysosomal pathway. Thus, the anti-MET VHH pool not only blocks kinase activity of MET, but also reduces protein level of MET. As a consequence, anti-MET VHH pool dramatically suppresses cancer cell proliferation, viability, and colony formation in vitro, and inhibits tumorigenesis and growth in mice. Taken together, VHH pool-based strategy greatly improves MET-targeted therapeutic effects on cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Su
- The Therapeutic Antibody Research Center of SEU-Alphamab, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunchun Han
- The Therapeutic Antibody Research Center of SEU-Alphamab, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qichen Sun
- The Therapeutic Antibody Research Center of SEU-Alphamab, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- The Therapeutic Antibody Research Center of SEU-Alphamab, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Xu
- The Therapeutic Antibody Research Center of SEU-Alphamab, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Xie
- The Therapeutic Antibody Research Center of SEU-Alphamab, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xing Huang
- The Therapeutic Antibody Research Center of SEU-Alphamab, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, China. .,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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30
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Fu W, Sun H, Zhao Y, Chen M, Yang L, Yang X, Jin W. Targeted delivery of CD44s-siRNA by ScFv overcomes de novo resistance to cetuximab in triple negative breast cancer. Mol Immunol 2018; 99:124-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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31
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Viardot A, Bargou R. Bispecific antibodies in haematological malignancies. Cancer Treat Rev 2018; 65:87-95. [PMID: 29635163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) combine the binding sites of two monoclonal antibodies in one molecule. The close proximity of a tumor specific antigen and an effector cell antigen results in a targeted activation of effector cells. The mechanism is similar to the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells, recently approved in two haematologic cancers. CAR T-cells and bsAb represent the most powerful tools for major-histocompatibility complex (MHC) independent T-cell immune response against cancer. In contrast to CAR T-cells, bsAbs are "off the shelf" drugs. As a drawback, the efficacy is dependent on a prolonged application. More than 40 years of intensive research generate a plethora of bispecific constructs with a remarkable difference in manufacturability, stability, half-life time and receptor affinity. Blinatumomab was the first approved bsAb in relapsed and refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia. By the mature experience of blinatumomab in more than 10 clinical trials over more than one decade, we learned some lessons on how to use this new principle. The efficacy is higher in patients with less tumor burden, suggesting the use as consolidation more than for initial debulking. Main resistance mechanisms are extramedullary relapses and the expression of the inhibitory PD-L1 molecule, suggesting the value of combination with checkpoint inhibitors. CD19 loss is infrequent after blinatumomab, preserving the option for alternative CD19-direct treatments. New bsAbs in lymphoma, myeloma and acute myeloid leukemia enter phase-I trials, together with many new constructs in solid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Viardot
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Ralf Bargou
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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32
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Ferreira RB, Wang M, Law ME, Davis BJ, Bartley AN, Higgins PJ, Kilberg MS, Santostefano KE, Terada N, Heldermon CD, Castellano RK, Law BK. Disulfide bond disrupting agents activate the unfolded protein response in EGFR- and HER2-positive breast tumor cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:28971-28989. [PMID: 28423644 PMCID: PMC5438706 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many breast cancer deaths result from tumors acquiring resistance to available therapies. Thus, new therapeutic agents are needed for targeting drug-resistant breast cancers. Drug-refractory breast cancers include HER2+ tumors that have acquired resistance to HER2-targeted antibodies and kinase inhibitors, and “Triple-Negative” Breast Cancers (TNBCs) that lack the therapeutic targets Estrogen Receptor, Progesterone Receptor, and HER2. A significant fraction of TNBCs overexpress the HER2 family member Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR). Thus agents that selectively kill EGFR+ and HER2+ tumors would provide new options for breast cancer therapy. We previously identified a class of compounds we termed Disulfide bond Disrupting Agents (DDAs) that selectively kill EGFR+ and HER2+ breast cancer cells in vitro and blocked the growth of HER2+ breast tumors in an animal model. DDA-dependent cytotoxicity was found to correlate with downregulation of HER1-3 and Akt dephosphorylation. Here we demonstrate that DDAs activate the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) and that this plays a role in their ability to kill EGFR+ and HER2+ cancer cells. The use of breast cancer cell lines ectopically expressing EGFR or HER2 and pharmacological probes of UPR revealed all three DDA responses: HER1-3 downregulation, Akt dephosphorylation, and UPR activation, contribute to DDA-mediated cytotoxicity. Significantly, EGFR overexpression potentiates each of these responses. Combination studies with DDAs suggest that they may be complementary with EGFR/HER2-specific receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors and mTORC1 inhibitors to overcome drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan B Ferreira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Mengxiong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,UF-Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Mary E Law
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,UF-Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Bradley J Davis
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,UF-Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ashton N Bartley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Paul J Higgins
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Michael S Kilberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Katherine E Santostefano
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Cellular Reprogramming, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Naohiro Terada
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Cellular Reprogramming, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Coy D Heldermon
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | | | - Brian K Law
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,UF-Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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33
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Yu X, Ghamande S, Liu H, Xue L, Zhao S, Tan W, Zhao L, Tang SC, Wu D, Korkaya H, Maihle NJ, Liu HY. Targeting EGFR/HER2/HER3 with a Three-in-One Aptamer-siRNA Chimera Confers Superior Activity against HER2 + Breast Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 10:317-330. [PMID: 29499944 PMCID: PMC5862534 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
HER family members are interdependent and functionally compensatory. Simultaneously targeting EGFR/HER2/HER3 by antibody combinations has demonstrated superior treatment efficacy over targeting one HER receptor. However, antibody combinations have their limitations, with high immunogenicity and high cost. In this study, we have developed a three-in-one nucleic acid aptamer-small interfering RNA (siRNA) chimera, which targets EGFR/HER2/HER3 in one molecule. This inhibitory molecule was constructed such that a single EGFR siRNA is positioned between the HER2 and HER3 aptamers to create a HER2 aptamer-EGFR siRNA-HER3 aptamer chimera (H2EH3). EGFR siRNA was delivered into HER2-expressing cells by HER2/HER3 aptamer-induced internalization. HER2/HER3 aptamers act as antagonist molecules for blocking HER2 and HER3 signaling pathways and also as tumor-targeting agents for siRNA delivery. H2EH3 enables down-modulation of the expression of all three receptors, thereby triggering cell apoptosis. In breast cancer xenograft models, H2EH3 is able to bind to breast tumors with high specificity and significantly inhibits tumor growth via either systemic or intratumoral administration. Owing to low immunogenicity, ease of production, and high thermostability, H2EH3 is a promising therapeutic to supplement current single HER inhibitors and may act as a treatment for HER2+ breast cancer with intrinsic or acquired resistance to current drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Yu
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Sharad Ghamande
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Haitao Liu
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Lu Xue
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Shuhua Zhao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Wenxi Tan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Lijing Zhao
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Shou-Ching Tang
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Daqing Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Hasan Korkaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Nita J Maihle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Hong Yan Liu
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Sedykh SE, Prinz VV, Buneva VN, Nevinsky GA. Bispecific antibodies: design, therapy, perspectives. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2018; 12:195-208. [PMID: 29403265 PMCID: PMC5784585 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s151282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies (Abs) containing two different antigen-binding sites in one molecule are called bispecific. Bispecific Abs (BsAbs) were first described in the 1960s, the first monoclonal BsAbs were generated in the 1980s by hybridoma technology, and the first article describing the therapeutic use of BsAbs was published in 1992, but the number of papers devoted to BsAbs has increased significantly in the last 10 years. Particular interest in BsAbs is due to their therapeutic use. In the last decade, two BsAbs - catumaxomab in 2009 and blinatumomab in 2014, were approved for therapeutic use. Papers published in recent years have been devoted to various methods of BsAb generation by genetic engineering and chemical conjugation, and describe preclinical and clinical trials of these drugs in a variety of diseases. This review considers diverse BsAb-production methods, describes features of therapeutic BsAbs approved for medical use, and summarizes the prospects of practical application of promising new BsAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey E Sedykh
- Laboratory of Repair Enzymes, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Victor V Prinz
- Laboratory of Repair Enzymes, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valentina N Buneva
- Laboratory of Repair Enzymes, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Georgy A Nevinsky
- Laboratory of Repair Enzymes, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Brinkmann U, Kontermann RE. The making of bispecific antibodies. MAbs 2017; 9:182-212. [PMID: 28071970 PMCID: PMC5297537 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1268307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 599] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past two decades we have seen a phenomenal evolution of bispecific antibodies for therapeutic applications. The 'zoo' of bispecific antibodies is populated by many different species, comprising around 100 different formats, including small molecules composed solely of the antigen-binding sites of two antibodies, molecules with an IgG structure, and large complex molecules composed of different antigen-binding moieties often combined with dimerization modules. The application of sophisticated molecular design and genetic engineering has solved many of the technical problems associated with the formation of bispecific antibodies such as stability, solubility and other parameters that confer drug properties. These parameters may be summarized under the term 'developability'. In addition, different 'target product profiles', i.e., desired features of the bispecific antibody to be generated, mandates the need for access to a diverse panel of formats. These may vary in size, arrangement, valencies, flexibility and geometry of their binding modules, as well as in their distribution and pharmacokinetic properties. There is not 'one best format' for generating bispecific antibodies, and no single format is suitable for all, or even most of, the desired applications. Instead, the bispecific formats collectively serve as a valuable source of diversity that can be applied to the development of therapeutics for various indications. Here, a comprehensive overview of the different bispecific antibody formats is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Brinkmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Munich, Im Nonnenwald, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Roland E. Kontermann
- Institute of Cell Biology and Immunology, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring, Stuttgart, Germany
- Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University of Stuttgart, Nobelstraße, Stuttgart, Germany
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36
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New anti-HER2 agents: from second-generation tyrosine kinases inhibitors to bifunctional antibodies. Curr Opin Oncol 2017; 29:405-410. [DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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A non-randomized, open-label, single-arm, Phase 2 study of emibetuzumab in Asian patients with MET diagnostic positive, advanced gastric cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2017; 80:1197-1207. [PMID: 29071414 PMCID: PMC5686250 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-017-3445-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Mesenchymal–epithelial transition factor (MET) is expressed in gastric cancer and associated with poor clinical outcomes. We assessed activity, safety, and pharmacokinetics of emibetuzumab, a bivalent monoclonal anti-MET antibody that blocks ligand-dependent and ligand-independent MET signaling. Methods This non-randomized, single-arm, Phase 2 study enrolled Asian patients with MET diagnostic positive advanced gastric adenocarcinoma. Emibetuzumab (2000 mg, intravenous) was given on days 1 and 15 (28-day cycle). The primary endpoint was 8-week progression-free survival rate. Secondary objectives included safety, pharmacokinetics, overall survival, and change in tumor size. Results Tumors from 65 patients were immunohistochemically screened to enroll 15 MET diagnostic positive patients (23% positivity; 8 Japanese, 7 Korean; 10 male). Eight-week progression-free survival rate was 0.47 (70% CI, 0.33–0.59). Disease control rate was 40% (target lesion decreases, three patients; no complete/partial responses according to RECIST). Median overall survival was 17.1 weeks (95% CI, 6.3–not achievable). No serious emibetuzumab-related adverse events or new safety signals emerged. Grade ≥ 3 possibly drug-related adverse events were hyperkalemia, hyponatremia, and hyperuricemia (one each). Emibetuzumab’s pharmacokinetics profile was similar to that observed previously. MET expression and clinical outcomes were not obviously associated. Conclusion Emibetuzumab was well tolerated with limited single-agent activity in advanced gastric adenocarcinoma.
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Chen L, Zhu Z, Gao W, Jiang Q, Yu J, Fu C. Systemic analysis of different colorectal cancer cell lines and TCGA datasets identified IGF-1R/EGFR-PPAR-CASPASE axis as important indicator for radiotherapy sensitivity. Gene 2017; 627:484-490. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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39
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Hu S. Co-targeting cancer stem-like cells and bulk cancer cells with a bispecific antibody. Mol Cell Oncol 2017; 4:e1308851. [PMID: 28616585 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2017.1308851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a widely recognized target for tumors, but resistance is commonly reported. Recently, we reported that dual targeting of EGFR and NOTCH2/3 receptors with antibody CT16 showed a strong anti-stem effect both in vitro and in vivo to overcome resistance of EGFR inhibitors and radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Hu
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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40
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Yu X, Wang L, Shen Y, Wang C, Zhang Y, Meng Y, Yang Y, Liang B, Zhou B, Wang H, Wei H, Lei C, Hu S, Li B. Targeting EGFR/HER2 heterodimerization with a novel anti-HER2 domain II/III antibody. Mol Immunol 2017; 87:300-307. [PMID: 28531814 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
HER2, a ligand-free tyrosine kinase receptor of the HER family, is frequently overexpressed in breast cancer. The anti-HER2 antibody trastuzumab has shown significant clinical benefits in metastatic breast cancer. Despite the effectiveness of trastuzumab, its efficacy remains variable and often modest. Thus, there is an urgent need to improve ErbB2-targeting therapy. Here, we describe a novel anti-HER2 antibody, 7C3, which was developed using hybridoma technique. Structural analysis confirms that the epitope of this antibody is in domain II/III of HER2. Moreover, a structural conformation change was observed in HER2 in complex with 7C3. Interestingly, this novel anti-HER2 antibody exhibits efficacy in blocking HER2/EGFR heterodimerization and signaling. The results highlight the different function role of HER2 domains and the unique potential of 7C3 to inhibit the HER2/EGFR heterodimer, which may complement current anti-HER2 treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, People's Republic of China; International Joint Cancer Institute, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingfei Wang
- International Joint Cancer Institute, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yafeng Shen
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- International Joint Cancer Institute, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- International Joint Cancer Institute, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanchun Meng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, People's Republic of China; International Joint Cancer Institute, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Beibei Liang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, People's Republic of China
| | - Huajing Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, People's Republic of China; International Joint Cancer Institute, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Huafeng Wei
- International Joint Cancer Institute, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhai Lei
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Hu
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bohua Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318, People's Republic of China; International Joint Cancer Institute, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China.
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41
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Hu S, Fu W, Li T, Yuan Q, Wang F, Lv G, Lv Y, Fan X, Shen Y, Lin F, Tang Y, Ye X, Yang Y, Lei C. Antagonism of EGFR and Notch limits resistance to EGFR inhibitors and radiation by decreasing tumor-initiating cell frequency. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9:9/380/eaag0339. [PMID: 28275151 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aag0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) blockade and radiation are efficacious in the treatment of cancer, but resistance is commonly reported. Studies have suggested that dysregulation of Notch signaling and enrichment of the cancer stem cell population underlie these treatment challenges. Our data show that dual targeting of EGFR and Notch2/3 receptors with antibody CT16 not only inhibited signaling mediated by these receptors but also showed a strong anti-stem cell effect both in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with CT16 prevented acquired resistance to EGFR inhibitors and radiation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line models and patient-derived xenograft tumors. CT16 also had a superior radiosensitizing impact compared with EGFR inhibitors. CT16 in combination with radiation had a larger antitumor effect than the combination of radiation with EGFR inhibitors or tarextumab. Mechanistically, CT16 treatment inhibits the stem cell-like subpopulation, which has a high mesenchymal gene expression and DNA repair activity, and reduces tumor-initiating cell frequency. This finding highlights the capacity of a combined blockade of EGFR and Notch signaling to augment the response to radiation and suggests that CT16 may achieve clinical efficacy when combined with radiation in NSCLC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Hu
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Wenyan Fu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200030, China.,Department of Breast Surgery, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer in Shanghai, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qingning Yuan
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Gaojian Lv
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuanyuan Lv
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaoyan Fan
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yafeng Shen
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fangxing Lin
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xuting Ye
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yongji Yang
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Changhai Lei
- Department of Biophysics, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Kintzing JR, Filsinger Interrante MV, Cochran JR. Emerging Strategies for Developing Next-Generation Protein Therapeutics for Cancer Treatment. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:993-1008. [PMID: 27836202 PMCID: PMC6238641 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein-based therapeutics have been revolutionizing the oncology space since they first appeared in the clinic two decades ago. Unlike traditional small-molecule chemotherapeutics, protein biologics promote active targeting of cancer cells by binding to cell-surface receptors and other markers specifically associated with or overexpressed on tumors versus healthy tissue. While the first approved cancer biologics were monoclonal antibodies, the burgeoning field of protein engineering is spawning research on an expanded range of protein formats and modifications that allow tuning of properties such as target-binding affinity, serum half-life, stability, and immunogenicity. In this review we highlight some of these strategies and provide examples of modified and engineered proteins under development as preclinical and clinical-stage drug candidates for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Kintzing
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maria V Filsinger Interrante
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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43
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Hu S, Dai H, Li T, Tang Y, Fu W, Yuan Q, Wang F, Lv G, Lv Y, Fan X, Zhang S, Jin R, Shen Y, Lin F, Ye X, Ding M, Yang Y, Lei C. Broad RTK-targeted therapy overcomes molecular heterogeneity-driven resistance to cetuximab via vectored immunoprophylaxis in colorectal cancer. Cancer Lett 2016; 382:32-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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44
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Egan TJ, Diem D, Weldon R, Neumann T, Meyer S, Urech DM. Novel multispecific heterodimeric antibody format allowing modular assembly of variable domain fragments. MAbs 2016; 9:68-84. [PMID: 27786600 PMCID: PMC5240654 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1248012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multispecific antibody formats provide a promising platform for the development of novel therapeutic concepts that could facilitate the generation of safer, more effective pharmaceuticals. However, the production and use of such antibody-based multispecifics is often made complicated by: 1) the instability of the antibody fragments of which they consist, 2) undesired inter-subunit associations, and 3) the need to include recombinant heterodimerization domains that confer distribution-impairing bulk or enhance immunogenicity. In this paper, we describe a broadly-applicable method for the stabilization of human or humanized antibody Fv fragments that entails replacing framework region IV of a Vκ1/VH3-consensus Fv framework with the corresponding germ-line sequence of a λ-type VL chain. We then used this stable Fv framework to generate a novel heterodimeric multispecific antibody format that assembles by cognate VL/VH associations between 2 split variable domains in the core of the complex. This format, termed multispecific antibody-based therapeutics by cognate heterodimerization (MATCH), can be applied to produce homogeneous and highly stable antibody-derived molecules that simultaneously bind 4 distinct antigens. The heterodimeric design of the MATCH format allows efficient in-format screening of binding domain combinations that result in maximal cooperative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Egan
- a Numab AG, Wadenswil , Switzerland.,b Cartilage Engineering & Regeneration Lab, Department of Health , Science & Technology, The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) , Zurich , Switzerland
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Ha JH, Kim JE, Kim YS. Immunoglobulin Fc Heterodimer Platform Technology: From Design to Applications in Therapeutic Antibodies and Proteins. Front Immunol 2016; 7:394. [PMID: 27766096 PMCID: PMC5052280 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The monospecific and bivalent characteristics of naturally occurring immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies depend on homodimerization of the fragment crystallizable (Fc) regions of two identical heavy chains (HCs) and the subsequent assembly of two identical light chains (LCs) via disulfide linkages between each HC and LC. Immunoglobulin Fc heterodimers have been engineered through modifications to the CH3 domain interface, with different mutations on each domain such that the engineered Fc fragments, carrying the CH3 variant pair, preferentially form heterodimers rather than homodimers. Many research groups have adopted different strategies to generate Fc heterodimers, with the goal of high heterodimerization yield, while retaining biophysical and biological properties of the wild-type Fc. Based on their ability to enforce heterodimerization between the two different HCs, the established Fc heterodimers have been extensively exploited as a scaffold to generate bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) in full-length IgG and IgG-like formats. These have many of the favorable properties of natural IgG antibodies, such as high stability, long serum half-life, low immunogenicity, and immune effector functions. As of July 2016, more than seven heterodimeric Fc-based IgG-format bsAbs are being evaluated in clinical trials. In addition to bsAbs, heterodimeric Fc technology is very promising for the generation of Fc-fused proteins and peptides, as well as cytokines (immunocytokines), which can present the fusion partners in the natural monomeric or heterodimeric form rather than the artificial homodimeric form with wild-type Fc. Here, we present relevant concepts and strategies for the generation of heterodimeric Fc proteins, and their application in the development of bsAbs in diverse formats for optimal biological activity. In addition, we describe wild-type Fc-fused monomeric and heterodimeric proteins, along with the difficulties associated with their preparations, and discuss the use of heterodimeric Fc as an alternative scaffold of wild-type Fc for naturally monomeric or heterodimeric proteins, to create Fc-fusion proteins with novel therapeutic modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hee Ha
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University , Suwon , Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University , Suwon , Korea
| | - Yong-Sung Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea; Department of Applied Chemistry and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
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46
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Iida M, Bahrar H, Brand TM, Pearson HE, Coan JP, Orbuch RA, Flanigan BG, Swick AD, Prabakaran PJ, Lantto J, Horak ID, Kragh M, Salgia R, Kimple RJ, Wheeler DL. Targeting the HER Family with Pan-HER Effectively Overcomes Resistance to Cetuximab. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2175-86. [PMID: 27422810 PMCID: PMC5010956 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cetuximab, an antibody against the EGFR, has shown efficacy in treating head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), metastatic colorectal cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Despite the clinical success of cetuximab, many patients do not respond to cetuximab. Furthermore, virtually all patients who do initially respond become refractory, highlighting both intrinsic and acquired resistance to cetuximab as significant clinical problems. To understand mechanistically how cancerous cells acquire resistance, we previously developed models of acquired resistance using the H226 NSCLC and UM-SCC1 HNSCC cell lines. Cetuximab-resistant clones showed a robust upregulation and dependency on the HER family receptors EGFR, HER2, and HER3. Here, we examined pan-HER, a mixture of six antibodies targeting these receptors on cetuximab-resistant clones. In cells exhibiting acquired or intrinsic resistance to cetuximab, pan-HER treatment decreased all three receptors' protein levels and downstream activation of AKT and MAPK. This correlated with decreased cell proliferation in cetuximab-resistant clones. To determine whether pan-HER had a therapeutic benefit in vivo, we established de novo cetuximab-resistant mouse xenografts and treated resistant tumors with pan-HER. This regimen resulted in a superior growth delay of cetuximab-resistant xenografts compared with mice continued on cetuximab. Furthermore, intrinsically cetuximab-resistant HNSCC patient-derived xenograft tumors treated with pan-HER exhibited significant growth delay compared with vehicle/cetuximab controls. These results suggest that targeting multiple HER family receptors simultaneously with pan-HER is a promising treatment strategy for tumors displaying intrinsic or acquired resistance to cetuximab. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(9); 2175-86. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Iida
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Harsh Bahrar
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin. Radboud Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Toni M Brand
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Hannah E Pearson
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - John P Coan
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Rachel A Orbuch
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Bailey G Flanigan
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Adam D Swick
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Prashanth J Prabakaran
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | | | | | | | - Randy J Kimple
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Deric L Wheeler
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.
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Castoldi R, Schanzer J, Panke C, Jucknischke U, Neubert NJ, Croasdale R, Scheuer W, Auer J, Klein C, Niederfellner G, Kobold S, Sustmann C. TetraMabs: simultaneous targeting of four oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases for tumor growth inhibition in heterogeneous tumor cell populations. Protein Eng Des Sel 2016; 29:467-475. [PMID: 27578890 PMCID: PMC5036864 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzw037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody-based targeted tumor therapy has greatly improved treatment options for patients. Antibodies against oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), especially the ErbB receptor family, are prominent examples. However, long-term efficacy of such antibodies is limited by resistance mechanisms. Tumor evasion by a priori or acquired activation of other kinases is often causative for this phenomenon. These findings led to an increasing number of combination approaches either within a protein family, e.g. the ErbB family or by targeting RTKs of different phylogenetic origin like HER1 and cMet or HER1 and IGF1R. Progress in antibody engineering technology enabled generation of clinical grade bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) to design drugs inherently addressing such resistance mechanisms. Limited data are available on multi-specific antibodies targeting three or more RTKs. In the present study, we have evaluated the cloning, eukaryotic expression and purification of tetraspecific, tetravalent Fc-containing antibodies targeting HER3, cMet, HER1 and IGF1R. The antibodies are based on the combination of single-chain Fab and Fv fragments in an IgG1 antibody format enhanced by the knob-into-hole technology. They are non-agonistic and inhibit tumor cell growth comparable to the combination of four parental antibodies. Importantly, TetraMabs show improved apoptosis induction and tumor growth inhibition over individual monospecific or BsAbs in cellular assays. In addition, a mimicry assay to reflect heterogeneous expression of antigens in a tumor mass was established. With this novel in vitro assay, we can demonstrate the superiority of a tetraspecific antibody to bispecific tumor antigen-binding antibodies in early pre-clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Castoldi
- pRED, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Schanzer
- pRED, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Panke
- pRED, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Ute Jucknischke
- pRED, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Natalie J Neubert
- pRED, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Rebecca Croasdale
- pRED, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Werner Scheuer
- pRED, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Auer
- pRED, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center, Munich, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Christian Klein
- pRED, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Zuerich, Switzerland, Wagistrasse 18, 8952 Schlieren
| | - Gerhard Niederfellner
- pRED, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Lindwurmstraße 2a, 80337 Munich, Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL)
| | - Claudio Sustmann
- pRED, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center, Munich, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
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Malm M, Frejd FY, Ståhl S, Löfblom J. Targeting HER3 using mono- and bispecific antibodies or alternative scaffolds. MAbs 2016; 8:1195-1209. [PMID: 27532938 PMCID: PMC5058629 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1212147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3) has in recent years been recognized as a key node in the complex signaling network of many different cancers. It is implicated in de novo and acquired resistance against therapies targeting other growth factor receptors, e.g., EGFR, HER2, and it is a major activator of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Consequently, HER3 has attracted substantial attention, and is today a key target for drugs in clinical development. Sophisticated protein engineering approaches have enabled the generation of a range of different affinity proteins targeting this receptor, including antibodies and alternative scaffolds that are either mono- or bispecific. Here, we describe HER3 and its role as a key tumor target, and give a comprehensive review of HER3-targeted proteins currently in development, including discussions on the opportunities and challenges of targeting this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Malm
- a Division of Protein Technology, School of Biotechnology, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, SE , Stockholm
| | - Fredrik Y Frejd
- b Affibody AB, SE, Stockholm , Sweden.,c Department of Immunology , Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Stefan Ståhl
- a Division of Protein Technology, School of Biotechnology, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, SE , Stockholm
| | - John Löfblom
- a Division of Protein Technology, School of Biotechnology, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, SE , Stockholm
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Feiner RC, Müller KM. Recent progress in protein-protein interaction study for EGFR-targeted therapeutics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2016; 13:817-32. [PMID: 27424502 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2016.1212665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression is upregulated in many tumors and its aberrant signaling drives progression of many cancer types. Consequently, EGFR has become a clinically validated target as extracellular tumor marker for antibodies as well as for tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Within the last years, new mechanistic insights were uncovered and, based on clinical experience as well as progress in protein engineering, novel bio-therapeutic approaches were developed and tested. AREAS COVERED The potential therapeutic targeting arsenal in the fight against cancer now encompasses bispecific or biparatopic antibodies, DARPins, Adnectins, Affibodies, peptides and combinations of these binding molecules with viral- and nano-particles. We review past and recent binding proteins from the literature and include a brief description of the various targeting approaches. Special attention is given to the binding modes with the EGFR. Expert commentary: Clinical data from the three approved anti EGFR antibodies indicate that there is room for improved therapeutic efficacy. Having choices in size, affinity, avidity and the mode of EGFR binding as well as the possibility to combine various effector functions opens the possibility to rationally design more effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Christine Feiner
- a Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology group, Faculty of Technology , Bielefeld University , Bielefeld , Germany
| | - Kristian Mark Müller
- a Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology group, Faculty of Technology , Bielefeld University , Bielefeld , Germany
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Klein C, Schaefer W, Regula JT. The use of CrossMAb technology for the generation of bi- and multispecific antibodies. MAbs 2016; 8:1010-20. [PMID: 27285945 PMCID: PMC4968094 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2016.1197457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The major challenge in the generation of bispecific IgG antibodies is enforcement of the correct heavy and light chain association. The correct association of generic light chains can be enabled using immunoglobulin domain crossover, known as CrossMAb technology, which can be combined with approaches enabling correct heavy chain association such as knobs-into-holes (KiH) technology or electrostatic steering. Since its development, this technology has proven to be very versatile, allowing the generation of various bispecific antibody formats, not only heterodimeric/asymmetric bivalent 1+1 CrossMAbs, but also tri- (2+1), tetravalent (2+2) bispecific and multispecific antibodies. Numerous CrossMAbs have been evaluated in preclinical studies, and, so far, 4 different tailor-made bispecific antibodies based on the CrossMAb technology have entered clinical studies. Here, we review the properties and activities of bispecific CrossMAbs and give an overview of the variety of CrossMAb-enabled antibody formats that differ from heterodimeric 1+1 bispecific IgG antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Klein
- a Roche Innovation Center Zurich , Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Wagistrasse , Schlieren , Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Schaefer
- b Roche Innovation Center Munich , Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Nonnenwald , Penzberg , Germany
| | - Jörg T Regula
- b Roche Innovation Center Munich , Roche Pharmaceutical Research & Early Development, Nonnenwald , Penzberg , Germany
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