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Martinez-Perez AG, Garza-Morales R, Loera-Arias MDJ, Villa-Cedillo SA, Garcia-Garcia A, Rodriguez-Rocha H, Flores-Maldonado OE, Valdes J, Perez-Trujillo JJ, Saucedo-Cardenas O. Long-term antigen-specific immune response by an oncolytic adenovirus encoding SP-SA-E7-4-1BBL in HPV-16 cancer model. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:408. [PMID: 38460043 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09303-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To describe an oncolytic adenovirus (OAd) encoding SP-SA-E7-4-1BBL that is capable of inducing tumor regression in therapeutic assays. Herein, we tested whether the antitumor effect is given by the induction of a tumor-specific immune response, as well as the minimum dose needed to elicit antitumor protection and monitor the OAd biodistribution over time. METHODS AND RESULTS C57BL/6 mice (n = 5) per group were immunized twice with OAds encoding SP-SA-E7-4-1BBL, SA-E7-4-1BBL, or SP-SA-4-1BBL and challenged with TC-1 cancer cells. The DNA construct SP-SA-E7-4-1BBL was employed as a control via biolistic or PBS injection. Groups without tumor development at 47 days were rechallenged with TC-1 cells, and follow-up lasted until day 90. The minimum dose of OAd to induce the antitumor effect was established by immunization using serial dilution doses. The cytometry bead assay and the ELISpot assay were used to evaluate cytokine release in response to ex vivo antigenic stimulation. The distribution profile of the OAd vaccine was evaluated in the different organs by histological, immunohistochemical and qPCR analyses. The OAd SP-SA-E7-4-1BBL-immunized mice did not develop tumors even in a rechallenge. A protective antitumor effect was observed from a dose that is one hundredth of most reports of adenoviral vaccines. Immunization with OAd increases Interferon-gamma-producing cells in response to antigen stimulation. OAd was detected in tumors over time, with significant morphological changes, contrary to nontumor tissues. CONCLUSIONS The OAd SP-SA-E7-4-1BBL vaccine confers a prophylactic, safe, long-lasting, and antigen-dependent antitumor effect mediated by a Th1 antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra G Martinez-Perez
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, 64460, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | | | - Maria de J Loera-Arias
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, 64460, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Sheila A Villa-Cedillo
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, 64460, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Aracely Garcia-Garcia
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, 64460, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Humberto Rodriguez-Rocha
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, 64460, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Orlando E Flores-Maldonado
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, 64460, Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Jesus Valdes
- Department of Biochemistry, CINVESTAV-Mexico, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jose J Perez-Trujillo
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, 64460, Monterrey, NL, Mexico.
| | - Odila Saucedo-Cardenas
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, 64460, Monterrey, NL, Mexico.
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2
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Gulen AE, Rudraboina R, Tarique M, Ulker V, Shirwan H, Yolcu ES. A novel agonist of 4-1BB costimulatory receptor shows therapeutic efficacy against a tobacco carcinogen-induced lung cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2023; 72:3567-3579. [PMID: 37605009 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03507-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy utilizing checkpoint inhibitors has shown remarkable success in the treatment of cancers. In addition to immune checkpoint inhibitors, immune co-stimulation has the potential to enhance immune activation and destabilize the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. CD137, also known as 4-1BB, is one of the potent immune costimulatory receptors that could be targeted for effective immune co-stimulation. The interaction of the 4-1BB receptor with its natural ligand (4-1BBL) generates a strong costimulatory signal for T cell proliferation and survival. 4-1BBL lacks costimulatory activity in soluble form. To obtain co-stimulatory activity in soluble form, a recombinant 4-1BBL protein was generated by fusing the extracellular domains of murine 4-1BBL to a modified version of streptavidin (SA-4-1BBL). Treatment with SA-4-1BBL inhibited the development of lung tumors in A/J mice induced by weekly injections of the tobacco carcinogen NNK for eight weeks. The inhibition was dependent on the presence of T cells and NK cells; depletion of these cells diminished the SA-4-1BBL antitumor protective effect. The number of lung tumor nodules was significantly reduced by the administration of SA-4-1BBL to mice during ongoing exposure to NNK. The data presented in this paper suggest that utilizing an immune checkpoint stimulator as a single agent generate a protective immune response against lung cancer in the presence of a carcinogen. More broadly, this study suggests that immune checkpoint stimulation can be extended to a number of other cancer types, including breast and prostate cancers, for which improved diagnostics can detect disease at the preneoplastic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Ece Gulen
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Rakesh Rudraboina
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mohammad Tarique
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Vahap Ulker
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Haval Shirwan
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Esma S Yolcu
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- NextGen Precision Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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3
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Salek-Ardakani S, Zajonc DM, Croft M. Agonism of 4-1BB for immune therapy: a perspective on possibilities and complications. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1228486. [PMID: 37662949 PMCID: PMC10469789 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1228486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Costimulatory receptors on immune cells represent attractive targets for immunotherapy given that these molecules can increase the frequency of individual protective immune cell populations and their longevity, as well as enhance various effector functions. 4-1BB, a member of the TNF receptor superfamily, also known as CD137 and TNFRSF9, is one such molecule that is inducible on several cell types, including T cells and NK cells. Preclinical studies in animal models have validated the notion that stimulating 4-1BB with agonist reagents or its natural ligand could be useful to augment conventional T cell and NK cell immunity to protect against tumor growth and against viral infection. Additionally, stimulating 4-1BB can enhance regulatory T cell function and might be useful in the right context for suppressing autoimmunity. Two human agonist antibodies to 4-1BB have been produced and tested in clinical trials for cancer, with variable results, leading to the production of a wealth of second-generation antibody constructs, including bi- and multi-specifics, with the hope of optimizing activity and selectivity. Here, we review the progress to date in agonism of 4-1BB, discuss the complications in targeting the immune system appropriately to elicit the desired activity, together with challenges in engineering agonists, and highlight the untapped potential of manipulating this molecule in infectious disease and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dirk M. Zajonc
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Michael Croft
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California (UC) San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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4
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Turan A, Zhang L, Tarique M, Ulker V, Arguc FN, Badal D, Yolcu ES, Shirwan H. Engineering pancreatic islets with a novel form of thrombomodulin protein to overcome early graft loss triggered by instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction. Am J Transplant 2023; 23:619-628. [PMID: 36863480 PMCID: PMC10318623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2023.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction (IBMIR) is initiated by innate immune responses that cause substantial islet loss after intraportal transplantation. Thrombomodulin (TM) is a multifaceted innate immune modulator. In this study, we report the generation of a chimeric form of thrombomodulin with streptavidin (SA-TM) for transient display on the surface of islets modified with biotin to mitigate IBMIR. SA-TM protein expressed in insect cells showed the expected structural and functional features. SA-TM converted protein C into activated protein C, blocked phagocytosis of xenogeneic cells by mouse macrophages and inhibited neutrophil activation. SA-TM was effectively displayed on the surface of biotinylated islets without a negative effect on their viability or function. Islets engineered with SA-TM showed improved engraftment and established euglycemia in 83% of diabetic recipients when compared with 29% of recipients transplanted with SA-engineered islets as control in a syngeneic minimal mass intraportal transplantation model. Enhanced engraftment and function of SA-TM-engineered islets were associated with the inhibition of intragraft proinflammatory innate cellular and soluble mediators of IBMIR, such as macrophages, neutrophils, high-mobility group box 1, tissue factor, macrophage chemoattractant protein-1, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ. Transient display of SA-TM protein on the islet surface to modulate innate immune responses causing islet graft destruction has clinical potential for autologous and allogeneic islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Turan
- Department of Child Health,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA; NextGen Precision Health,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Child Health,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA; NextGen Precision Health,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA
| | - Mohammad Tarique
- Department of Child Health,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA; NextGen Precision Health,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA
| | - Vahap Ulker
- Department of Child Health,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA; NextGen Precision Health,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA
| | - Feyza Nur Arguc
- Department of Child Health,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA; NextGen Precision Health,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA
| | - Darshan Badal
- Department of Child Health,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA; NextGen Precision Health,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA
| | - Esma S Yolcu
- Department of Child Health,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA; NextGen Precision Health,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA.
| | - Haval Shirwan
- Department of Child Health,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA; NextGen Precision Health,University of Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA.
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5
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Wang H, Chen L, Qi L, Jiang N, Zhang Z, Guo H, Song T, Li J, Li H, Zhang N, Chen R. A Single-Cell Atlas of Tumor-Infiltrating Immune Cells in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Mol Cell Proteomics 2022; 21:100258. [PMID: 35718340 PMCID: PMC9294203 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2022.100258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal malignancies with limited treatment options. To guide the design of more effective immunotherapy strategies, mass cytometry was employed to characterize the cellular composition of the PDAC-infiltrating immune cells. The expression of 33 protein markers was examined at the single-cell level in more than two million immune cells from four types of clinical samples, including PDAC tumors, normal pancreatic tissues, chronic pancreatitis tissues, and peripheral blood. Based on the analyses, we identified 23 distinct T-cell phenotypes, with some cell clusters exhibiting aberrant frequencies in the tumors. Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) was extensively expressed in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and coexpressed with both stimulatory and inhibitory immune markers. In addition, we observed elevated levels of functional markers, such as CD137L and CD69, in PDAC-infiltrating immune cells. Moreover, the combination of PD-1 and CD8 was used to stratify PDAC tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas database into three immune subtypes, with S1 (PD-1+CD8+) exhibiting the best prognosis. Further analysis suggested distinct molecular mechanisms for immune exclusion in different subtypes. Taken together, the single-cell protein expression data depicted a detailed cell atlas of the PDAC-infiltrating immune cells and revealed clinically relevant information regarding useful cell phenotypes and targets for immunotherapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lisha Qi
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Na Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianqiang Song
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Clinical Pathology Center, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongle Li
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Clinical Pathology Center, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China; Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
| | - Ruibing Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
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6
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Pei Y, Xiang Z, Wen K, Tu CR, Wang X, Zhang Y, Mu X, Liu Y, Tu W. CD137 Costimulation Enhances the Antitumor Activity of Vγ9Vδ2-T Cells in IL-10-Mediated Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:872122. [PMID: 35784354 PMCID: PMC9247142 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.872122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although γδ-T cell-based tumor immunotherapy using phosphoantigens to boost γδ-T cell immunity has shown success in some cancer patients, the clinical application is limited due to the rapid exhaustion of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells caused by repetitive stimulation from phosphoantigens and the profoundly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). In this study, using a cell culture medium containing human and viral interleukin-10 (hIL-10 and vIL-10) secreted from EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid B cell lines (EBV-LCL) to mimic the immunosuppressive TEM, we found that the antitumor activity of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells was highly suppressed by endogenous hIL-10 and vIL-10 within the TME. CD137 costimulation could provide an anti-exhaustion signal to mitigate the suppressive effects of IL-10 in TME by suppressing IL-10R1 expression on Vγ9Vδ2-T cells. CD137 costimulation also improved the compromised antitumor activity of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells in TME with high levels of IL-10 in Rag2-/- γc-/- mice. In humanized mice, CD137 costimulation boosted the therapeutic effects of aminobisphosphonate pamidronate against EBV-induced lymphoma. Our study offers a novel approach to overcoming the obstacle of the hIL-10 and vIL-10-mediated immunosuppressive microenvironment by costimulating CD137 and enhancing the efficacy of γδ-T cell-based tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Pei
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kun Wen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chloe Ran Tu
- Computational and Systems Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xiwei Wang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaofeng Mu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yinping Liu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Wenwei Tu,
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7
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4-1BBL as a Mediator of Cross-Talk between Innate, Adaptive, and Regulatory Immunity against Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126210. [PMID: 34207500 PMCID: PMC8227424 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of tumor cells to evade the immune system is one of the main challenges we confront in the fight against cancer. Multiple strategies have been developed to counteract this situation, including the use of immunostimulant molecules that play a key role in the anti-tumor immune response. Such a response needs to be tumor-specific to cause as little damage as possible to healthy cells and also to track and eliminate disseminated tumor cells. Therefore, the combination of immunostimulant molecules and tumor-associated antigens has been implemented as an anti-tumor therapy strategy to eliminate the main obstacles confronted in conventional therapies. The immunostimulant 4-1BBL belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family and it has been widely reported as the most effective member for activating lymphocytes. Hence, we will review the molecular, pre-clinical, and clinical applications in conjunction with tumor-associated antigens in antitumor immunotherapy, as well as the main molecular pathways involved in this association.
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8
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Stump CT, Ho G, Mao C, Veliz FA, Beiss V, Fields J, Steinmetz NF, Fiering S. Remission-Stage Ovarian Cancer Cell Vaccine with Cowpea Mosaic Virus Adjuvant Prevents Tumor Growth. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:627. [PMID: 33562450 PMCID: PMC7915664 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecological malignancy. Though most patients enter remission following initial interventions, relapse is common and often fatal. Accordingly, there is a substantial need for ovarian cancer therapies that prevent relapse. Following remission generated by surgical debulking and chemotherapy, but prior to relapse, resected and inactivated tumor tissue could be used as a personalized vaccine antigen source. The patient's own tumor contains relevant antigens and, when combined with the appropriate adjuvant, could generate systemic antitumor immunity to prevent relapse. Here, we model this process in mice to investigate the optimal tumor preparation and vaccine adjuvant. Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) has shown remarkable efficacy as an immunostimulatory cancer therapy in ovarian cancer mouse models, so we use CPMV as an adjuvant in a prophylactic vaccine against a murine ovarian cancer model. Compared to its codelivery with tumor antigens prepared in three other ways, we show that CPMV co-delivered with irradiated ovarian cancer cells constitutes an effective prophylactic vaccine against a syngeneic model of ovarian cancer in C57BL/6J mice. Following two vaccinations, 72% of vaccinated mice reject tumor challenges, and all those mice survived subsequent rechallenges, demonstrating immunologic memory formation. This study supports remission-stage vaccines using irradiated patient tumor tissue as a promising option for treating ovarian cancer, and validates CPMV as an antitumor vaccine adjuvant for that purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney T. Stump
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA;
| | - Gregory Ho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA; (G.H.); (C.M.)
| | - Chenkai Mao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA; (G.H.); (C.M.)
| | - Frank A. Veliz
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Veronique Beiss
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (V.B.); (N.F.S.)
| | - Jennifer Fields
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA;
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (V.B.); (N.F.S.)
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Steven Fiering
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA; (G.H.); (C.M.)
- Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA;
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9
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Delivery of the Radionuclide 131I Using Cationic Fusogenic Liposomes as Nanocarriers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22010457. [PMID: 33466417 PMCID: PMC7796481 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposomes are highly biocompatible and versatile drug carriers with an increasing number of applications in the field of nuclear medicine and diagnostics. So far, only negatively charged liposomes with intercalated radiometals, e.g., 64Cu, 99mTc, have been reported. However, the process of cellular uptake of liposomes by endocytosis is rather slow. Cellular uptake can be accelerated by recently developed cationic liposomes, which exhibit extraordinarily high membrane fusion ability. The aim of the present study was the development of the formulation and the characterization of such cationic fusogenic liposomes with intercalated radioactive [131I]I- for potential use in therapeutic applications. The epithelial human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 was used as a model for invasive cancer cells and cellular uptake of [131I]I- was monitored in vitro. Delivery efficiencies of cationic and neutral liposomes were compared with uptake of free iodide. The best cargo delivery efficiency (~10%) was achieved using cationic fusogenic liposomes due to their special delivery pathway of membrane fusion. Additionally, human blood cells were also incubated with cationic control liposomes and free [131I]I-. In these cases, iodide delivery efficiencies remained below 3%.
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10
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Kumar D, Batra L, Malik MT. Insights of Novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) disease outbreak, management and treatment. AIMS Microbiol 2020; 6:183-203. [PMID: 33134740 PMCID: PMC7595841 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging viral diseases poses a threat to living organisms, and led to serious concern to humankind and public health. The last two decades, viral epidemics such as the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) reported in the years 2002-2003, and H1N1 influenza (Swine flu) in 2009, middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) from Saudi Arabia in 2012, Ebola virus in 2014-2016, and Zika virus in 2015. The recent outbreak of 2019-CoV-2 or severe acute respiratory syndrome-2 (SARS-CoV-2), novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV, or 2019 disease, COVID-19) in Dec 2019, from, Wuhan city of China, has severe implications of health concerns to the whole world, due to global spread and high health risk. More than 423349 deaths had occurred globally and is still increasing every day. The whole world is under a health emergency, and people are advised to stay at their homes to avoid the spread of person-to-person infection, and advised to maintain social distancing. The advancement in clinical diagnosis techniques like Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR), immunological, microscopy, and geographic information system (GIS) mapping technology helped in tacking the rapid diagnosis and tracking viral infection in a short period. In the same way, artificial intelligence (AI), combinatorial chemistry, and deep learning approaches help to find novel therapeutics in less time and wide applicability in biomedical research. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) has started the clinical trials of investigation COVID-19 vaccine. Therefore, we can expect vaccines to be available for this deadly disease in the coming few months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmender Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal-131039, Sonepat, Haryana India
| | - Lalit Batra
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics,Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky-40202, USA
| | - Mohammad Tariq Malik
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics,Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky-40202, USA
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Biology.and James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky-40202, USA
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11
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CD137 costimulation enhances the antiviral activity of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells against influenza virus. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:74. [PMID: 32488072 PMCID: PMC7266814 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza epidemics and pandemics are constant threats to global public health. Although strategies including vaccines and antiviral drugs have achieved great advances in controlling influenza virus infection, the efficacy of these strategies is limited by the highly frequent mutations in the viral genome and the emergence of drug-resistant strains. Our previous study indicated that boosting the immunity of human Vγ9Vδ2-T cells with the phosphoantigen pamidronate could be a therapeutic strategy to treat seasonal and avian influenza virus infections. However, one notable drawback of γδ-T cell-based immunotherapy is the rapid exhaustion of proliferation and effector responses due to repeated treatments with phosphoantigens. Here, we found that the expression of CD137 was inducible in Vγ9Vδ2-T cells following antigenic stimulation. CD137+ Vγ9Vδ2-T cells displayed more potent antiviral activity against influenza virus than their CD137− counterparts in vitro and in Rag2-/- γc-/- mice. We further demonstrated that CD137 costimulation was essential for Vγ9Vδ2-T cell activation, proliferation, survival and effector functions. In humanized mice reconstituted with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, CD137 costimulation with a recombinant human CD137L protein boosted the therapeutic effects of pamidronate against influenza virus. Our study provides a novel strategy of targeting CD137 to improve the efficacy of Vγ9Vδ2-T cell-based immunotherapy.
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12
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Recombinant Costimulatory Fusion Proteins as Functional Immunomodulators Enhance Antitumor Activity in Murine B16F10 Melanoma. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020223. [PMID: 32423130 PMCID: PMC7349950 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking inhibitory signaling and engaging stimulatory signaling have emerged as important therapeutic modalities for cancer immunotherapy. This study aimed to investigate immunomodulatory features of three recombinant costimulatory ligand proteins in a mouse model, which are extracellular domains of OX40-ligand (OX40L), 4-1BB-ligand (4-1BBL), or two domains in tandem, fused with the transmembrane domain of diphtheria toxin (DTT), named DTT-COS1, DTT-COS2, and DTT-COS12, respectively. In vitro study showed that DTT-COS1 and DTT-COS12 had immunological activity increasing the ratio of CD8/CD4 T cells. Treatments with DTT-COS1 and DTT-COS12 dramatically generated immune protection against the B16F10 tumor challenge in both prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, regarding tumor microenvironment (TME) immunomodulation, DTT-COS1 treatment increased the proportion of CD4+ effector T cells (Teff) and decreased the expression of a suppressive cytokine. Meanwhile, DTT-COS12 reduced regulatory T cells (Treg) and improved the level of stimulatory cytokines. In addition, endogenous antibodies against OX40L/4-1BBL were generated, which may help with antitumor responses. Unexpectedly, DTT-COS2 lacked antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, serum analysis of liver-function associated factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines demonstrated that treatments were safe formulations in mice without signs of systemic toxicity. Remarkably, DTT-COS1 and DTT-COS12 are functional immunomodulators for mouse B16F10 melanoma, creating practical preclinical value in cancer immunotherapy.
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13
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Flórez-Álvarez L, Ruiz-Perez L, Taborda N, Hernandez JC. Toll-like receptors as a therapeutic target in cancer, infections and inflammatory diseases. Immunotherapy 2020; 12:311-322. [PMID: 32237938 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2019-0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are widely expressed pattern recognition receptors that bind to conserved molecular patterns expressed by pathogens and damaged cells. After recognition, activated TLRs induce the expression of various proinflammatory and antiviral molecules. Thus, TLRs are potential targets for treatment strategies aimed at boosting the adaptive immune response to vaccines, controlling infections, enhancing immune responses during tumor treatment and attenuating immune responses in inflammatory disorders. This Special Report examines the potential of TLRs as targets for the treatment of cancer, infections and inflammatory diseases. Here, we make a particular emphasis on molecules capable of modulating TLRs and their therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizdany Flórez-Álvarez
- Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia.,Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA; Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lanie Ruiz-Perez
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth WA 6845, Australia
| | - Natalia Taborda
- Grupo Inmunovirologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA; Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.,Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas Uniremington, Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan C Hernandez
- Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
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14
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Barsoumian HB, Batra L, Shrestha P, Bowen WS, Zhao H, Egilmez NK, Gomez-Gutierrez JG, Yolcu ES, Shirwan H. A Novel Form of 4-1BBL Prevents Cancer Development via Nonspecific Activation of CD4 + T and Natural Killer Cells. Cancer Res 2019; 79:783-794. [PMID: 30770367 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Costimulation through 4-1BB (CD137) receptor generates robust CD8+ T-effector and memory responses. The only known ligand, 4-1BBL, is a trimeric transmembrane protein that has no costimulatory activity as a soluble molecule. Thus, agonistic antibodies to the receptor have been used for cancer immunotherapy in preclinical models and are currently being evaluated in the clinic. Here, we report that treatment with an oligomeric form of the ligand, SA-4-1BBL, as a single agent is able to protect mice against subsequent tumor challenge irrespective of the tumor type. Protection was long-lasting (>8 weeks) and a bona fide property of SA-4-1BBL, as treatment with an agonistic antibody to the 4-1BB receptor was ineffective in generating immune protection against tumor challenge. Mechanistically, SA-4-1BBL significantly expanded IFNγ-expressing, preexisting memory-like CD44+CD4+ T cells and NK cells in naïve mice as compared with the agonistic antibody. In vivo blockade of IFNγ or depletion of CD4+ T or NK cells, but not CD8+ T or B cells, abrogated the immunopreventive effects of SA-4-1BBL against cancer. SA-4-1BBL as a single agent also exhibited robust efficacy in controlling postsurgical recurrences. This work highlights unexpected features of SA-4-1BBL as a novel immunomodulator with implications for cancer immunoprevention and therapy. SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates the unique and unexpected immunomodulatory features of SA-4-1BBL that bridge innate and adaptive immune responses with both preventive and therapeutic efficacy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hampartsoum B Barsoumian
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Lalit Batra
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Pradeep Shrestha
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | | | - Hong Zhao
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Nejat K Egilmez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | | | - Esma S Yolcu
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.,FasCure Therapeutics, LLC, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Haval Shirwan
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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15
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Different types of adjuvants in prophylactic and therapeutic human papillomavirus vaccines in laboratory animals: a systematic review. Arch Virol 2019; 165:263-284. [PMID: 31802228 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04479-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes cervical carcinoma, which and is the third most common cancer, accounting for 275,000 deaths annually worldwide. Adjuvants have a key role in promotion of vaccine efficacy; therefore, using prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines combined with adjuvant could be of great benefit in prevention and treatment of cervical cancer. There are different types of adjuvants, including MF59TM adjuvants, RNA-based, JY (interleukin2/chitosan), cholera toxin (CT), heat-labile enterotoxin (LT), Freund's adjuvant, alum, SA-4-1BBL, λ-carrageenan (λ-CGN), heat shock proteins (HSPs), juzen-taiho-to (JTT) and hochu-ekki-to (HET), ISCOM and ISCOMATRIX™, very small size proteoliposomes (VSSPs), granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Adjuvants have various functions, especially in therapeutic vaccines, and they lead to an increase in cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), so they are important in the design of vaccines. Here, we review the currently used adjuvants and their combinations with HPV protein vaccines in order to introduce an appropriate adjuvant for HPV vaccines.
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16
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Bahramabadi R, Dabiri S, Iranpour M, Kazemi Arababadi M. TLR4: An Important Molecule Participating in Either Anti-Human Papillomavirus Immune Responses or Development of Its Related Cancers. Viral Immunol 2019; 32:417-423. [PMID: 31721657 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that human papillomavirus (HPV) is a main cause of cervical cancer. Immune system plays key roles in the HPV infection clearance. Additionally, the roles played by immune responses in development of cancers have been documented previously. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the main surface or intravesicular receptors driving innate immunity, which either participate in the fight against infectious agents or participate in the progression of cancers. Thus, it has been hypothesized that the molecules may be part of the HPV/cancers puzzle. TLR4 is a unique member of TLRs family that uses both well-known TLRs related intracellular signaling pathways. Furthermore, the roles played by TLR4 against several viruses and also their related complications, such as tumors, have been demonstrated. Thus, it has been hypothesized that TLR4 may play a key role in HPV infection and its related complications. This review article collected the information regarding the mentioned plausible roles by TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Bahramabadi
- Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Shahriar Dabiri
- Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maryam Iranpour
- Pathology and Stem Cell Research Center, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Centre, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.,Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
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17
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Majzoub K, Wrensch F, Baumert TF. The Innate Antiviral Response in Animals: An Evolutionary Perspective from Flagellates to Humans. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080758. [PMID: 31426357 PMCID: PMC6723221 DOI: 10.3390/v11080758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal cells have evolved dedicated molecular systems for sensing and delivering a coordinated response to viral threats. Our understanding of these pathways is almost entirely defined by studies in humans or model organisms like mice, fruit flies and worms. However, new genomic and functional data from organisms such as sponges, anemones and mollusks are helping redefine our understanding of these immune systems and their evolution. In this review, we will discuss our current knowledge of the innate immune pathways involved in sensing, signaling and inducing genes to counter viral infections in vertebrate animals. We will then focus on some central conserved players of this response including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) and cGAS-STING, attempting to put their evolution into perspective. To conclude, we will reflect on the arms race that exists between viruses and their animal hosts, illustrated by the dynamic evolution and diversification of innate immune pathways. These concepts are not only important to understand virus-host interactions in general but may also be relevant for the development of novel curative approaches against human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Majzoub
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Florian Wrensch
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-digestif, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75231 Paris, France.
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18
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Bowen W, Batra L, Pulsifer AR, Yolcu ES, Lawrenz MB, Shirwan H. Robust Th1 cellular and humoral responses generated by the Yersinia pestis rF1-V subunit vaccine formulated to contain an agonist of the CD137 pathway do not translate into increased protection against pneumonic plague. Vaccine 2019; 37:5708-5716. [PMID: 31416643 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia pestis is the causative agent of plague and is a re-emerging pathogen that also has the potential as a biological weapon, necessitating the development of a preventive vaccine. Despite intense efforts for the last several decades, there is currently not a vaccine approved by the FDA. The rF1-V vaccine adjuvanted with Alhydrogel is a lead candidate subunit vaccine for plague and generates a strong Th2-mediate humoral response with a modest Th1 cellular response. As immune protection against Y. pestis requires both humoral and Th1 cellular responses, modifying the rF1-V subunit vaccine formulation to include a robust inducer of Th1 responses may improve efficacy. Thus, we reformulated the subunit vaccine to include SA-4-1BBL, an agonist of the CD137 costimulatory pathway and a potent inducer of Th1 response, and assessed its protective efficacy against pneumonic plague. We herein show for the first time a sex bias in the prophylactic efficacy of the Alhydrogel adjuvanted rF1-V vaccine, with female mice showing better protection against pneumonic plague than male. The sex bias for protection was irrespective of the generation of comparable levels of rF1-V-specific antibody titers and Th1 cellular responses in both sexes. The subunit vaccine reformulated with SA-4-1BBL generated robust Th1 cellular and humoral responses. A prime-boost vaccination scheme involving prime with rF1-V + Alhydrogel and boost with the rF1-V + SA-4-1BBL provided protection in male mice against pneumonic plague. In marked contrast, prime and boost with rF1-V reformulated with both adjuvants resulted in the loss of protection against pneumonic plague, despite generating high levels of humoral and Th1 cellular responses. While unexpected, these findings demonstrate the complexity of immune mechanisms required for protection. Elucidating mechanisms responsible for these differences in protection will help to guide the development of better prophylactic subunit vaccines effective against pneumonic plague.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bowen
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States; FasCure Therapeutics, LLC, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Lalit Batra
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Amanda R Pulsifer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Esma S Yolcu
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Matthew B Lawrenz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States; The Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
| | - Haval Shirwan
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
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19
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Shinde P, Bharat V, Rodriguez-Oquendo A, Zhou B, Vella AT. Understanding how combinatorial targeting of TLRs and TNFR family costimulatory members promote enhanced T cell responses. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2018; 18:1073-1083. [PMID: 30169979 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1518422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Due to the ability of pathogen-associated molecular patters and tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family costimulatory agonists to boost T cell responses, studies have combined Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands with TNFR family costimulatory receptor agonists to induce impressive and long-lasting T cell responses. Although some studies have determined how these combinatorial vaccines promote enhanced T cell responses, much remains unknown about the mechanism used by these combinations to promote synergistic T cell responses - especially in settings of infectious diseases or cancer. AREAS COVERED In this review, we look in detail at the signaling pathways induced by combinatorial targeting of TLR and TNFR family costimulatory members that help them promote synergistic T cell responses. Understanding this can greatly aid the development of novel vaccine regimens that promote cellular immune responses, which is essential for treating certain infectious diseases and cancer. EXPERT OPINION Vaccines against some infectious diseases as well as therapeutic cancer vaccines require cellular immunity. Therefore, we evaluate here how signaling pathways induced by TLR ligand and costimulatory agonist combinations promote enhanced T cell responses during immunization with model antigens, viral pathogens, or tumor antigens. Once pathways that drive these combinatorial vaccines to boost T cell activation are identified, they can be incorporated in vaccines designed to target pathogens or cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paurvi Shinde
- a Bloodworks Northwest Research Institute , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Vinita Bharat
- b Department of Neurosurgery , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
| | | | - Beiyan Zhou
- d Department of Immunology, UConn School of Medicine , UConn Health , Farmington , CT , USA
| | - Anthony T Vella
- d Department of Immunology, UConn School of Medicine , UConn Health , Farmington , CT , USA
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20
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Zhou SN, Ran RZ, Tan LL, Guo H. Current perspectives of SA-4-1BBL in immune modulation during cancer. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:2699-2702. [PMID: 29456671 PMCID: PMC5795521 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A recombinant co-stimulatory molecule capable of inducing multiple effects on varied immune cells when present in its soluble active form is termed as SA-4-1BBL. It has been reported to influence innate, adaptive, and regulatory immune cells. Recent studies confirmed its engagement with receptor, 4-1BB leading to collection of interleukin-2 (IL-2) that in turn overcomes Treg suppression. Further, a vast number of pre-clinical studies reported its therapeutic efficacy in the form of adjuvant subunit in cancer vaccines. Furthermore, it is also observed that it contributes significantly towards communication bridge of CD4 and NK cells. On the other hand, depletion of either NK or CD4 cells negated SA-4-1BBL's antitumor protection. The present review article is focused on the current updates of this molecule pertaining to the filed of cancer therapeutics or cancer preventives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ni Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The Ethnic Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi, Hubei 445000, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Zhi Ran
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi, Hubei 445000, P.R. China
| | - Li-Li Tan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi, Hubei 445000, P.R. China
| | - Hao Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi, Hubei 445000, P.R. China
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21
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Hsp90 Inhibition Reduces TLR5 Surface Expression and NF- κB Activation in Human Myeloid Leukemia THP-1 Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4319369. [PMID: 29651431 PMCID: PMC5832108 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4319369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Tumors highly express active heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), which is involved in tumor survival and progression. Enhanced Toll-like receptor (TLR) 5 expression and signaling were reported to be associated with acute myeloid leukemia. In the present study, we investigated the possible modulatory effects of Hsp90 inhibitors on TLR5 expression and signaling in the human myeloid leukemia cell line THP-1. Cells were pretreated with various concentrations of the Hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycin (GA) or the Hsp70 inhibitor VER155008, followed by stimulation with bacterial flagellin. Flagellin-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation was significantly reduced by treatment with GA or VER155008. To elucidate the underlying mechanism of this effect, mRNA and cell surface expression of TLR5 was examined. TLR5 mRNA expression was enhanced by both GA and VER155008, whereas cell surface expression of TLR5 was reduced by three different Hsp90 inhibitors, including GA, 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin, and radicicol, and an Hsp70 inhibitor. The inhibitory effect of Hsp90 inhibitors was much higher than that of Hsp70 inhibitor. Our results suggest that Hsp90 inhibitors suppress TLR5 surface expression and activation of NF-κB in THP-1 cells in response to TLR5 ligand, and these inhibitory effects may be associated with the possible mechanisms by which Hsp90 inhibitors suppress myeloid leukemia.
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22
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Bowen WS, Svrivastava AK, Batra L, Barsoumian H, Shirwan H. Current challenges for cancer vaccine adjuvant development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2018; 17:207-215. [PMID: 29372660 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2018.1434000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although much progress has been made in the last decade(s) toward development of effective cancer vaccines, there are still important obstacles to therapeutic successes. New generations of cancer vaccines will benefit from a combination adjuvant approach that targets multiple branches of the immune response. AREAS COVERED Herein we describe how combinatorial adjuvant strategies can help overcome important obstacles to cancer vaccine development, including antigen immunogenicity and tumor immune suppression. Tumor antigens may be both tolerogenic and may utilize active mechanisms to suppress host immunity, including downregulation of MHC molecules to evade recognition and upregulation of immune inhibitory receptors, to subvert an effective immune response. The current cancer vaccine literature was surveyed to identify advancements in the understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying poor antigen immunogenicity and tumor immune evasion, as well as adjuvant strategies designed to overcome them. EXPERT COMMENTARY Poor immunogenicity of tumor antigens and tumor immune evasion mechanisms make the design of cancer vaccines challenging. Growing understanding of the tumor microenvironment and associated immune responses indicate the importance of augmenting not only the effector response, but also overcoming the endogenous regulatory response and tumor evasion mechanisms. Therefore, new vaccines will benefit from multi-adjuvanted approaches that simultaneously stimulate immunity while preventing inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Bowen
- a Institute for Cellular Therapeutics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Louisville , Louisville , KY , USA
| | | | - Lalit Batra
- a Institute for Cellular Therapeutics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Louisville , Louisville , KY , USA
| | - Hampartsoum Barsoumian
- c Radiation Oncology , University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston , TX , USA
| | - Haval Shirwan
- a Institute for Cellular Therapeutics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Louisville , Louisville , KY , USA
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23
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Ohtake J, Sasada T. Are peptide vaccines viable in combination with other cancer immunotherapies? Future Oncol 2017; 13:1577-1580. [DOI: 10.2217/fon-2017-0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Junya Ohtake
- Cancer Vaccine Center, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Sasada
- Cancer Vaccine Center, Kanagawa Cancer Center, Yokohama, Japan
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24
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Bullock TN. TNF-receptor superfamily agonists as molecular adjuvants for cancer vaccines. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 47:70-77. [PMID: 28750279 PMCID: PMC5626616 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines have offered unrequited hope as a mechanism for rapidly and potently eliciting a patient's immune system to counter tumors. Initial results from preclinical mouse models have not translated to substantial benefit to patients, suggesting that either the targets or the vaccination approach were inadequate. Recent innovations in antigen identification have spiked renewed interest vaccination technologies. This has coincided with a detailed molecular understanding of the coordinated steps in postactivation support of T cell proliferation, differentiation and survival, leading to the development of novel targets and combinations that are substantially more effective than first and second generation cancer vaccines in preclinical models. Within this cluster of developments, the TNF-receptor superfamily members have emerged as attractive candidates for clinical implementation. Here we review recent developments in the mechanisms of action of TNFRSF agonists, and how their activity is potentiated by integration co-targeting pattern recognition receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Nj Bullock
- Department of Pathology and Human Immune Therapy Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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25
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Shinde P, Liu W, Ménoret A, Luster AD, Vella AT. Optimal CD4 T cell priming after LPS-based adjuvanticity with CD134 costimulation relies on CXCL9 production. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:57-69. [PMID: 28432083 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a0616-261rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
LPS is a powerful adjuvant, and although LPS-mediated TLR4 signaling has been exquisitely delineated, the in vivo mechanism of how TLR4 responses impact T cell priming is far less clear. Besides costimulation, TNF and type 1 IFN are dominant cytokines released after TLR4 activation and can shape T cell responses, but other downstream factors have not been examined extensively. Depending on context, we show that IFNαR1 blockade resulted in minor to major effects on specific CD4 T cell clonal expansion. To help explain these differences, it was hypothesized that IFNαR1 blockade would inhibit specific T cell migration by reducing chemokine receptor signaling, but specific CD4 T cells from IFNαR1-blocked mice were readily able to migrate in response to specific chemokines. Next, we examined downstream factors and found that type 1 IFN signaling was necessary for chemokine production, even when mice were immunized with specific Ag with LPS and CD134 costimulation. IFNαR1 signaling promoted CXCL9 and CXCL10 synthesis, suggesting that these chemokines might be involved in the LPS and CD134 costimulation response. After immunization, we show that CXCL9 blockade inhibited CD4 T cell accumulation in the liver but also in LNs, even in the presence of elevated serum IFN-β levels. Thus, whereas type 1 IFN might have direct effects on primed CD4 T cells, the downstream chemokines that play a role during migration also impact accumulation. In sum, CXCL9 production is a key benchmark for productive CD4 T cell vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paurvi Shinde
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Wenhai Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Antoine Ménoret
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA; and
| | - Andrew D Luster
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anthony T Vella
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA;
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26
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Li K, Qu S, Chen X, Wu Q, Shi M. Promising Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy: TLRs, RLRs, and STING-Mediated Innate Immune Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E404. [PMID: 28216575 PMCID: PMC5343938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant cancers employ diverse and intricate immune evasion strategies, which lead to inadequately effective responses of many clinical cancer therapies. However, emerging data suggest that activation of the tolerant innate immune system in cancer patients is able, at least partially, to counteract tumor-induced immunosuppression, which indicates triggering of the innate immune response as a novel immunotherapeutic strategy may result in improved therapeutic outcomes for cancer patients. The promising innate immune targets include Toll-like Receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like Receptors (RLRs), and Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING). This review discusses the antitumor properties of TLRs, RLRs, and STING-mediated innate immune pathways, as well as the promising innate immune targets for potential application in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Shuai Qu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Qiong Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Ming Shi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
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27
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Barsoumian HB, Yolcu ES, Shirwan H. 4-1BB Signaling in Conventional T Cells Drives IL-2 Production That Overcomes CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T Regulatory Cell Suppression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153088. [PMID: 27049955 PMCID: PMC4822835 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Costimulation with the recombinant SA-4-1BBL agonist of 4-1BB receptor on conventional CD4+ T cells (Tconvs) overcomes the suppression mediated by naturally occurring CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T regulatory cells (Tregs). The mechanistic basis of this observation has remained largely unknown. Herein we show that Tconvs, but not Tregs, are the direct target of SA-4-1BBL-mediated evasion of Treg suppression. IL-2 produced by Tconvs in response to 4-1BB signaling is both necessary and sufficient for overcoming Treg suppression. Supernatant from Tconvs stimulated with SA-4-1BBL contains high levels of IL-2 and overcomes Treg suppression in ex vivo Tconv:Treg cocultures. Removal of IL-2 from such supernatant restores Treg suppression and repletion of Tconv:Treg cocultures with exogenous recombinant IL-2 overcomes suppression. This study establishes 4-1BB signaling as a key circuit that regulates physical and functional equilibrium between Tregs and Tconvs with important implications for immunotherapy for indications where a fine balance between Tregs and Teffs plays a decisive role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hampartsoum B. Barsoumian
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202, United States of America
| | - Esma S. Yolcu
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HS); (EY)
| | - Haval Shirwan
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HS); (EY)
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28
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Sanchez-Paulete AR, Labiano S, Rodriguez-Ruiz ME, Azpilikueta A, Etxeberria I, Bolaños E, Lang V, Rodriguez M, Aznar MA, Jure-Kunkel M, Melero I. Deciphering CD137 (4-1BB) signaling in T-cell costimulation for translation into successful cancer immunotherapy. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:513-22. [PMID: 26773716 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CD137 (4-1BB, TNF-receptor superfamily 9) is a surface glycoprotein of the TNFR family which can be induced on a variety of leukocyte subsets. On T and NK cells, CD137 is expressed following activation and, if ligated by its natural ligand (CD137L), conveys polyubiquitination-mediated signals via TNF receptor associated factor 2 that inhibit apoptosis, while enhancing proliferation and effector functions. CD137 thus behaves as a bona fide inducible costimulatory molecule. These functional properties of CD137 can be exploited in cancer immunotherapy by systemic administration of agonist monoclonal antibodies, which increase anticancer CTLs and enhance NK-cell-mediated antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Reportedly, anti-CD137 mAb and adoptive T-cell therapy strongly synergize, since (i) CD137 expression can be used to select the T cells endowed with the best activities against the tumor, (ii) costimulation of the lymphocyte cultures to be used in adoptive T-cell therapy can be done with CD137 agonist antibodies or CD137L, and (iii) synergistic effects upon coadministration of T cells and antibodies are readily observed in mouse models. Furthermore, the signaling cytoplasmic tail of CD137 is a key component of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptors that are used to redirect T cells against leukemia and lymphoma in the clinic. Ongoing phase II clinical trials with agonist antibodies and the presence of CD137 sequence in these successful chimeric antigen receptors highlight the importance of CD137 in oncoimmunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso R Sanchez-Paulete
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Labiano
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Maria E Rodriguez-Ruiz
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Arantza Azpilikueta
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iñaki Etxeberria
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elixabet Bolaños
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Valérie Lang
- Ubiquitylation and Cancer Molecular Biology Laboratory, Foundation for Stem Cell Research, Fundación Inbiomed, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Manuel Rodriguez
- Advanced Technology Institute in Life Sciences (ITAV), CNRS-USR3505, Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS-UMR5089, Toulouse, France
| | - M Angela Aznar
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Ignacio Melero
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), Pamplona, Spain.,University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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29
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Dharmadhikari B, Wu M, Abdullah NS, Rajendran S, Ishak ND, Nickles E, Harfuddin Z, Schwarz H. CD137 and CD137L signals are main drivers of type 1, cell-mediated immune responses. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1113367. [PMID: 27141396 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1113367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD137 is expressed on activated T cells and NK cells, among others, and is a potent co-stimulator of antitumor immune responses. CD137 ligand (CD137L) is expressed by antigen presenting cells (APC), and CD137L reverse signaling into APC enhances their activity. CD137-CD137L interactions as main driver of type 1, cell-mediated immune responses explains the puzzling observation that CD137 agonists which enhance antitumor immune responses also ameliorate autoimmune diseases. Upon co-stimulation by CD137, Th1 CD4+ T cells together with Tc1 CD8+ T cells and NK cells inhibit other T cell subsets, thereby promoting antitumor responses and mitigating non-type 1 auto-immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhushan Dharmadhikari
- Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Meihui Wu
- Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Nur Sharalyn Abdullah
- Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Sakthi Rajendran
- Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Nur Diana Ishak
- Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Emily Nickles
- Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Zulkarnain Harfuddin
- Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Herbert Schwarz
- Department of Physiology, and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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30
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Unique potential of 4-1BB agonist antibody to promote durable regression of HPV+ tumors when combined with an E6/E7 peptide vaccine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E5290-9. [PMID: 26351680 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1514418112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody modulation of T-cell coinhibitory (e.g., CTLA-4) or costimulatory (e.g., 4-1BB) receptors promotes clinical responses to a variety of cancers. Therapeutic cancer vaccination, in contrast, has produced limited clinical benefit and no curative therapies. The E6 and E7 oncoproteins of human papilloma virus (HPV) drive the majority of genital cancers, and many oropharyngeal tumors. We discovered 15-19 amino acid peptides from HPV-16 E6/E7 for which induction of T-cell immunity correlates with disease-free survival in patients treated for high-grade cervical neoplasia. We report here that intranasal vaccination with these peptides and the adjuvant alpha-galactosylceramide elicits systemic and mucosal T-cell responses leading to reduced HPV(+) TC-1 tumor growth and prolonged survival in mice. We hypothesized that the inability of these T cells to fully reject established tumors resulted from suppression in the tumor microenvironment which could be ameliorated through checkpoint modulation. Combining this E6/E7 peptide vaccine with checkpoint blockade produced only modest benefit; however, coadministration with a 4-1BB agonist antibody promoted durable regression of established genital TC-1 tumors. Relative to other therapies tested, this combination of vaccine and α4-1BB promoted the highest CD8(+) versus regulatory FoxP3(+) T-cell ratios, elicited 2- to 5-fold higher infiltration by E7-specific CTL, and evoked higher densities of highly cytotoxic TcEO (T cytotoxic Eomesodermin) CD8 (>70-fold) and ThEO (T helper Eomesodermin) CD4 (>17-fold) T cells. These findings have immediate clinical relevance both in terms of the direct clinical utility of the vaccine studied and in illustrating the potential of 4-1BB antibody to convert therapeutic E6/E7 vaccines already in clinical trials into curative therapies.
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31
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Srivastava AK, Yolcu ES, Dinc G, Sharma RK, Shirwan H. SA-4-1BBL/MPL as a novel immune adjuvant platform to combat cancer. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1064580. [PMID: 26942082 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1064580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Practical experience with cancer vaccines combined with accumulated knowledge of the complex interactions between cancer and immune system rationalize the combinatorial use of immune adjuvants for better efficacy. We recently described a novel adjuvant system based on the costimulatory SA-4-1BBL and TLR4 agonist MPL that has desired therapeutic and safety profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek K Srivastava
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Present affiliation: Surgery Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Esma S Yolcu
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Gunes Dinc
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Present affiliation: Ahi Evran University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biyology, Kirsehir, Turkey
| | - Rajesh K Sharma
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville , Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Haval Shirwan
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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32
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Bezu L, Gomes-de-Silva LC, Dewitte H, Breckpot K, Fucikova J, Spisek R, Galluzzi L, Kepp O, Kroemer G. Combinatorial strategies for the induction of immunogenic cell death. Front Immunol 2015; 6:187. [PMID: 25964783 PMCID: PMC4408862 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The term "immunogenic cell death" (ICD) is commonly employed to indicate a peculiar instance of regulated cell death (RCD) that engages the adaptive arm of the immune system. The inoculation of cancer cells undergoing ICD into immunocompetent animals elicits a specific immune response associated with the establishment of immunological memory. Only a few agents are intrinsically endowed with the ability to trigger ICD. These include a few chemotherapeutics that are routinely employed in the clinic, like doxorubicin, mitoxantrone, oxaliplatin, and cyclophosphamide, as well as some agents that have not yet been approved for use in humans. Accumulating clinical data indicate that the activation of adaptive immune responses against dying cancer cells is associated with improved disease outcome in patients affected by various neoplasms. Thus, novel therapeutic regimens that trigger ICD are urgently awaited. Here, we discuss current combinatorial approaches to convert otherwise non-immunogenic instances of RCD into bona fide ICD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucillia Bezu
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France ; U1138, INSERM , Paris , France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Campus Cancer , Villejuif , France ; Faculté de Medecine, Université Paris-Sud , Le Kremlin-Bicêtre , France
| | - Ligia C Gomes-de-Silva
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France ; U1138, INSERM , Paris , France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Campus Cancer , Villejuif , France ; Department of Chemistry, University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal
| | - Heleen Dewitte
- Laboratory for General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium ; Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Jette , Belgium
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Jette , Belgium
| | - Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio a.c. , Prague , Czech Republic ; Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio a.c. , Prague , Czech Republic ; Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France ; U1138, INSERM , Paris , France ; Gustave Roussy Campus Cancer , Villejuif , France ; Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie , Paris , France
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France ; U1138, INSERM , Paris , France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Campus Cancer , Villejuif , France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France ; U1138, INSERM , Paris , France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Campus Cancer , Villejuif , France ; Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic ; Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie , Paris , France ; Pôle de Biologie, Hopitâl Européen George Pompidou, AP-HP , Paris , France
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