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Yin H, Tang Q, Xia H, Bi F. Targeting RAF dimers in RAS mutant tumors: From biology to clinic. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1895-1923. [PMID: 38799634 PMCID: PMC11120325 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
RAS mutations occur in approximately 30% of tumors worldwide and have a poor prognosis due to limited therapies. Covalent targeting of KRAS G12C has achieved significant success in recent years, but there is still a lack of efficient therapeutic approaches for tumors with non-G12C KRAS mutations. A highly promising approach is to target the MAPK pathway downstream of RAS, with a particular focus on RAF kinases. First-generation RAF inhibitors have been authorized to treat BRAF mutant tumors for over a decade. However, their use in RAS-mutated tumors is not recommended due to the paradoxical ERK activation mainly caused by RAF dimerization. To address the issue of RAF dimerization, type II RAF inhibitors have emerged as leading candidates. Recent clinical studies have shown the initial effectiveness of these agents against RAS mutant tumors. Promisingly, type II RAF inhibitors in combination with MEK or ERK inhibitors have demonstrated impressive efficacy in RAS mutant tumors. This review aims to clarify the importance of RAF dimerization in cellular signaling and resistance to treatment in tumors with RAS mutations, as well as recent progress in therapeutic approaches to address the problem of RAF dimerization in RAS mutant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Yin
- Division of Abdominal Cancer, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiulin Tang
- Division of Abdominal Cancer, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hongwei Xia
- Division of Abdominal Cancer, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Feng Bi
- Division of Abdominal Cancer, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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2
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Hanrahan AJ, Chen Z, Rosen N, Solit DB. BRAF - a tumour-agnostic drug target with lineage-specific dependencies. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2024; 21:224-247. [PMID: 38278874 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-023-00852-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
In June 2022, the FDA granted Accelerated Approval to the BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib in combination with the MEK inhibitor trametinib for the treatment of adult and paediatric patients (≥6 years of age) with unresectable or metastatic BRAFV600E-mutant solid tumours, except for BRAFV600E-mutant colorectal cancers. The histology-agnostic approval of dabrafenib plus trametinib marks the culmination of two decades of research into the landscape of BRAF mutations in human cancers, the biochemical mechanisms underlying BRAF-mediated tumorigenesis, and the clinical development of selective RAF and MEK inhibitors. Although the majority of patients with BRAFV600E-mutant tumours derive clinical benefit from BRAF inhibitor-based combinations, resistance to treatment develops in most. In this Review, we describe the biochemical basis for oncogenic BRAF-induced activation of MAPK signalling and pan-cancer and lineage-specific mechanisms of intrinsic, adaptive and acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors. We also discuss novel RAF inhibitors and drug combinations designed to delay the emergence of treatment resistance and/or expand the population of patients with BRAF-mutant cancers who benefit from molecularly targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aphrothiti J Hanrahan
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ziyu Chen
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics & Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Neal Rosen
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - David B Solit
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
- Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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3
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Wang P, Laster K, Jia X, Dong Z, Liu K. Targeting CRAF kinase in anti-cancer therapy: progress and opportunities. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:208. [PMID: 38111008 PMCID: PMC10726672 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01903-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade is commonly dysregulated in human malignancies by processes driven by RAS or RAF oncogenes. Among the members of the RAF kinase family, CRAF plays an important role in the RAS-MAPK signaling pathway, as well as in the progression of cancer. Recent research has provided evidence implicating the role of CRAF in the physiological regulation and the resistance to BRAF inhibitors through MAPK-dependent and MAPK-independent mechanisms. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of solely targeting CRAF kinase activity remains controversial. Moreover, the kinase-independent function of CRAF may be essential for lung cancers with KRAS mutations. It is imperative to develop strategies to enhance efficacy and minimize toxicity in tumors driven by RAS or RAF oncogenes. The review investigates CRAF alterations observed in cancers and unravels the distinct roles of CRAF in cancers propelled by diverse oncogenes. This review also seeks to summarize CRAF-interacting proteins and delineate CRAF's regulation across various cancer hallmarks. Additionally, we discuss recent advances in pan-RAF inhibitors and their combination with other therapeutic approaches to improve treatment outcomes and minimize adverse effects in patients with RAF/RAS-mutant tumors. By providing a comprehensive understanding of the multifaceted role of CRAF in cancers and highlighting the latest developments in RAF inhibitor therapies, we endeavor to identify synergistic targets and elucidate resistance pathways, setting the stage for more robust and safer combination strategies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penglei Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Tianjian Laboratory for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Kyle Laster
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xuechao Jia
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
- Tianjian Laboratory for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Zigang Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- Tianjian Laboratory for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, AMS, College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Kangdong Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- Tianjian Laboratory for Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
- China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, Zhengzhou, 450000, China.
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, China-US (Henan) Hormel Cancer Institute, AMS, College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
- Basic Medicine Sciences Research Center, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China.
- Provincial Cooperative Innovation Center for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China.
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4
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Singh A, Sonawane P, Kumar A, Singh H, Naumovich V, Pathak P, Grishina M, Khalilullah H, Jaremko M, Emwas AH, Verma A, Kumar P. Challenges and Opportunities in the Crusade of BRAF Inhibitors: From 2002 to 2022. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:27819-27844. [PMID: 37576670 PMCID: PMC10413849 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Serine/threonine-protein kinase B-Raf (BRAF; RAF = rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma) plays an important role in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade. Somatic mutations in the BRAF gene were first discovered in 2002 by Davies et al., which was a major breakthrough in cancer research. Subsequently, three different classes of BRAF mutants have been discovered. This class includes class I monomeric mutants (BRAFV600), class II BRAF homodimer mutants (non-V600), and class III BRAF heterodimers (non-V600). Cancers caused by these include melanoma, thyroid cancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, nonsmall cell lung cancer, and others. In this study, we have highlighted the major binding pockets in BRAF protein, their active and inactive conformations with inhibitors, and BRAF dimerization and its importance in paradoxical activation and BRAF mutation. We have discussed the first-, second-, and third-generation drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration and drugs under clinical trials with all four different binding approaches with DFG-IN/OUT and αC-IN/OUT for BRAF protein. We have investigated particular aspects and difficulties with all three generations of inhibitors. Finally, this study has also covered recent developments in synthetic BRAF inhibitors (from their discovery in 2002 to 2022), their unique properties, and importance in inhibiting BRAF mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit
Kumar Singh
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Pankaj Sonawane
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Adarsh Kumar
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Harshwardhan Singh
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Vladislav Naumovich
- Laboratory
of Computational Modeling of Drugs, Higher Medical and Biological
School, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk 454008, Russia
| | - Prateek Pathak
- Laboratory
of Computational Modeling of Drugs, Higher Medical and Biological
School, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk 454008, Russia
| | - Maria Grishina
- Laboratory
of Computational Modeling of Drugs, Higher Medical and Biological
School, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk 454008, Russia
| | - Habibullah Khalilullah
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Unaizah College of
Pharmacy, Qassim University, Unayzah 51911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Smart-Health
Initiative and Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and
Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul-Hamid Emwas
- Core
Laboratories, King Abdullah University of
Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Amita Verma
- Bioorganic
and Medicinal Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of
Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj 211007, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda 151401, India
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5
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Wang A, Liu J, Li X, Zou F, Qi Z, Qi S, Liu Q, Wang Z, Cao J, Jiang Z, Wang B, Ge J, Wang L, Wang W, Liu J, Liu Q. Discovery of a highly potent pan-RAF inhibitor IHMT-RAF-128 for cancer treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 952:175752. [PMID: 37164118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Although rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (RAS) mutations occur in about 30% of solid tumors, targeting RAS mutations other than KRAS-G12C is still challenging. As an alternative approach, developing inhibitors targeting RAF, the downstream effector of RAS signaling, is currently one of the main strategies for cancer therapy. Selective v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF)-V600E inhibitors Vemurafenib, Encorafenib, and Dabrafenib have been approved by FDA and received remarkable clinical responses, but these drugs are ineffective against RAS mutant tumors due to limited inhibition on dimerized RAF. In this study, we developed a highly potent pan-RAF inhibitor, IHMT-RAF-128, which exhibited similarly high efficacies in inhibiting both partners of the RAF dimer, and showed potent anti-tumor efficacy against a variety of cancer cells harboring either RAF or RAS mutations, especially Adagrasib and Sotorasib (AMG510) resistant-KRAS-G12C secondary mutations, such as KRAS-G12C-Y96C and KRAS-G12C-H95Q. In addition, IHMT-RAF-128 showed excellent pharmacokinetic profile (PK), and the bioavailability in mice and rats were 63.9%, and 144.1%, respectively. Furthermore, IHMT-RAF-128 exhibited potent anti-tumor efficacy on xenograft mouse tumor models in a dose-dependent manner without any obvious toxicities. Together, these results support further investigation of IHMT-RAF-128 as a potential clinical drug candidate for the treatment of cancer patients with RAF or RAS mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoli Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Juan Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Xixiang Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Fengming Zou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Ziping Qi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Shuang Qi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Qingwang Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Zuowei Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Jiangyan Cao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Zongru Jiang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Beilei Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Juan Ge
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China
| | - Wenchao Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.
| | - Jing Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.
| | - Qingsong Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, PR China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China; Precision Medicine Research Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, Anhui, 230088, PR China.
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6
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Gunderwala A, Cope N, Wang Z. Mechanism and inhibition of BRAF kinase. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2022; 71:102205. [PMID: 36067564 PMCID: PMC10396080 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.102205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The role of BRAF in tumor initiation has been established, however, the precise mechanism of autoinhibition has only been illustrated recently by several structural studies. These structures uncovered the basis by which the regulatory domains engage in regulating the activity of BRAF kinase domain, which lead to a more complete picture of the regulation cycle of RAF kinases. Small molecule BRAF inhibitors developed specifically to target BRAFV600E have proven effective at inhibiting the most dominant BRAF mutant in melanomas, but are less potent against other BRAF mutants in RAS-driven diseases due to paradoxical activation of the MAPK pathway. A variety of new generation inhibitors that do not show paradoxical activation have been developed. Alternatively, efforts have begun to develop inhibitors targeting the dimer interface of BRAF. A deeper understanding of BRAF regulation together with more diverse BRAF inhibitors will be beneficial for drug development in RAF or RASdriven cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Gunderwala
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, College of Science and Mathematics, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Nicholas Cope
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, College of Science and Mathematics, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Zhihong Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, College of Science and Mathematics, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA.
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7
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Kobayashi Y, Oxnard GR, Cohen EF, Mahadevan NR, Alessi JV, Hung YP, Bertram AA, Heppner DE, Ribeiro MF, Sacardo KP, Saddi R, Macedo MP, Blasco RB, Li J, Kurppa KJ, Nguyen T, Voligny E, Ananda G, Chiarle R, Katz A, Tolstorukov MY, Sholl LM, Jänne PA. Genomic and biological study of fusion genes as resistance mechanisms to EGFR inhibitors. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5614. [PMID: 36153311 PMCID: PMC9509394 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33210-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical significance of gene fusions detected by DNA-based next generation sequencing remains unclear as resistance mechanisms to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors in EGFR mutant non-small cell lung cancer. By studying EGFR inhibitor-resistant patients treated with a combination of an EGFR inhibitor and a drug targeting the putative resistance-causing fusion oncogene, we identify patients who benefit and those who do not from this treatment approach. Through evaluation including RNA-seq of potential drug resistance-imparting fusion oncogenes in 504 patients with EGFR mutant lung cancer, we identify only a minority of them as functional, potentially capable of imparting EGFR inhibitor resistance. We further functionally validate fusion oncogenes in vitro using CRISPR-based editing of EGFR mutant cell lines and use these models to identify known and unknown drug resistance mechanisms to combination therapies. Collectively, our results partially reveal the complex nature of fusion oncogenes as potential drug resistance mechanisms and highlight approaches that can be undertaken to determine their functional significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Kobayashi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Division of Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, 1040045, Japan
| | - Geoffrey R Oxnard
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Elizabeth F Cohen
- Department of Informatics and Analytics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Navin R Mahadevan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Joao V Alessi
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Yin P Hung
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Arrien A Bertram
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - David E Heppner
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260-3000, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Mauricio F Ribeiro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo-SP, 01308-050, Brazil
| | - Karina P Sacardo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo-SP, 01308-050, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Saddi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo-SP, 01308-050, Brazil
| | - Mariana P Macedo
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo-SP, 01308-050, Brazil
| | - Rafael B Blasco
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kari J Kurppa
- Institute of Biomedicine, and MediCity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Tom Nguyen
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Emma Voligny
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Guruprasad Ananda
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Roberto Chiarle
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Artur Katz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo-SP, 01308-050, Brazil
| | - Michael Y Tolstorukov
- Department of Informatics and Analytics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Lynette M Sholl
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Pasi A Jänne
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Lowe Center for Thoracic Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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8
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Zhao P, Wang X, Zhuang L, Huang S, Zhou Y, Yan Y, Shen R, Zhang F, Li J, Hu Q, Liu S, Zhang R, Dong P, Wan H, Bai C, He F, Tao W. Discovery of novel spiro compound as RAF kinase inhibitor with in vitro potency against KRAS mutant cancer. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 63:128666. [PMID: 35276360 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of RAF inhibitors targeting cancers with wild type RAF kinase and/or RAS mutation has been challenging due to the paradoxical activation of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK cascade following RAF inhibitor treatment. Herein is the discovery and optimization of a series of RAF inhibitors with a novel spiro structure. The most potent spiro molecule 9 showed excellent in vitro potency against b/c RAF enzymes and RAS mutant H358 cancer cells with minimal paradoxical RAF signaling activation. Compound 9 also exhibited good drug-like properties as demonstrated by in vitro cytochrome P450 (CYP), liver microsome stability (LMS) data and moderate oral pharmacokinetics (PK) profiles in rat and mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- Eternity Bioscience Inc., 6 Cedarbrook Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA.
| | - Xiangzhu Wang
- Eternity Bioscience Inc., 6 Cedarbrook Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA
| | - Linghang Zhuang
- Eternity Bioscience Inc., 6 Cedarbrook Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA
| | - Song Huang
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Eternity Bioscience Inc., 6 Cedarbrook Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA
| | - Yuna Yan
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Ru Shen
- Eternity Bioscience Inc., 6 Cedarbrook Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Eternity Bioscience Inc., 6 Cedarbrook Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Qiyue Hu
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Suxing Liu
- Eternity Bioscience Inc., 6 Cedarbrook Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA
| | - Rumin Zhang
- Eternity Bioscience Inc., 6 Cedarbrook Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512, USA
| | - Ping Dong
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Hong Wan
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Chang Bai
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Feng He
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
| | - Weikang Tao
- Shanghai Hengrui Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 279 Wenjing Road, Shanghai 200245, China
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9
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Discovery of spiro amide SHR902275: A potent, selective, and efficacious RAF inhibitor targeting RAS mutant cancers. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 228:114040. [PMID: 34906761 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway plays a key role to regulate multiple cellular functions. Acquired resistance to the first-generation RAF inhibitors that only targeted the bRAFV600E mutation prompted the need for a new generation of RAF inhibitors to target cancers bearing mutant RAS and wild type RAF activity by inhibition of paradoxical activation. Starting from the company's previously reported RAF inhibitor 1, extensive drug potency and drug-like properties optimizations led to the discovery of molecule 33 (SHR902275) with greatly improved in vitro potency and solubility. Molecule 33 exhibited good DMPK (Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics) properties, excellent permeability, and outstanding mouse/rat oral PK. It was further evaluated in an in vivo RAS mutant Calu6 xenograft mouse model and demonstrated dose dependent efficacy. To achieve high exposure in a toxicity study, pro-drug 48 was also explored.
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10
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Chen K, Zhang Y, Qian L, Wang P. Emerging strategies to target RAS signaling in human cancer therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:116. [PMID: 34301278 PMCID: PMC8299671 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01127-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RAS mutations (HRAS, NRAS, and KRAS) are among the most common oncogenes, and around 19% of patients with cancer harbor RAS mutations. Cells harboring RAS mutations tend to undergo malignant transformation and exhibit malignant phenotypes. The mutational status of RAS correlates with the clinicopathological features of patients, such as mucinous type and poor differentiation, as well as response to anti-EGFR therapies in certain types of human cancers. Although RAS protein had been considered as a potential target for tumors with RAS mutations, it was once referred to as a undruggable target due to the consecutive failure in the discovery of RAS protein inhibitors. However, recent studies on the structure, signaling, and function of RAS have shed light on the development of RAS-targeting drugs, especially with the approval of Lumakras (sotorasib, AMG510) in treatment of KRASG12C-mutant NSCLC patients. Therefore, here we fully review RAS mutations in human cancer and especially focus on emerging strategies that have been recently developed for RAS-targeting therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Chen
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yalei Zhang
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ling Qian
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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11
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Adamopoulos C, Ahmed TA, Tucker MR, Ung PMU, Xiao M, Karoulia Z, Amabile A, Wu X, Aaronson SA, Ang C, Rebecca VW, Brown BD, Schlessinger A, Herlyn M, Wang Q, Shaw DE, Poulikakos PI. Exploiting Allosteric Properties of RAF and MEK Inhibitors to Target Therapy-Resistant Tumors Driven by Oncogenic BRAF Signaling. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:1716-1735. [PMID: 33568355 PMCID: PMC8295204 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Current clinical RAF inhibitors (RAFi) inhibit monomeric BRAF (mBRAF) but are less potent against dimeric BRAF (dBRAF). RAFi equipotent for mBRAF and dBRAF have been developed but are predicted to have lower therapeutic index. Here we identify a third class of RAFi that selectively inhibits dBRAF over mBRAF. Molecular dynamic simulations reveal restriction of the movement of the BRAF αC-helix as the basis of inhibitor selectivity. Combination of inhibitors based on their conformation selectivity (mBRAF- plus dBRAF-selective plus the most potent BRAF-MEK disruptor MEK inhibitor) promoted suppression of tumor growth in BRAFV600E therapy-resistant models. Strikingly, the triple combination showed no toxicities, whereas dBRAF-selective plus MEK inhibitor treatment caused weight loss in mice. Finally, the triple combination achieved durable response and improved clinical well-being in a patient with stage IV colorectal cancer. Thus, exploiting allosteric properties of RAF and MEK inhibitors enables the design of effective and well-tolerated therapies for BRAFV600E tumors. SIGNIFICANCE: This work identifies a new class of RAFi that are selective for dBRAF over mBRAF and determines the basis of their selectivity. A rationally designed combination of RAF and MEK inhibitors based on their conformation selectivity achieved increased efficacy and a high therapeutic index when used to target BRAFV600E tumors.See related commentary by Zhang and Bollag, p. 1620.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1601.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Adamopoulos
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Tamer A Ahmed
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Peter M U Ung
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Min Xiao
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zoi Karoulia
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Angelo Amabile
- Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Xuewei Wu
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Stuart A Aaronson
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Celina Ang
- Department of Medicine, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Brian D Brown
- Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Precision Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Avner Schlessinger
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Qi Wang
- D. E. Shaw Research, New York, New York
| | - David E Shaw
- D. E. Shaw Research, New York, New York.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Poulikos I Poulikakos
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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12
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Hong A, Piva M, Liu S, Hugo W, Lomeli SH, Zoete V, Randolph CE, Yang Z, Wang Y, Lee JJ, Lo SJ, Sun L, Vega-Crespo A, Garcia AJ, Shackelford DB, Dubinett SM, Scumpia PO, Byrum SD, Tackett AJ, Donahue TR, Michielin O, Holmen SL, Ribas A, Moriceau G, Lo RS. Durable Suppression of Acquired MEK Inhibitor Resistance in Cancer by Sequestering MEK from ERK and Promoting Antitumor T-cell Immunity. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:714-735. [PMID: 33318037 PMCID: PMC7933113 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-0873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MAPK targeting in cancer often fails due to MAPK reactivation. MEK inhibitor (MEKi) monotherapy provides limited clinical benefits but may serve as a foundation for combination therapies. Here, we showed that combining a type II RAF inhibitor (RAFi) with an allosteric MEKi durably prevents and overcomes acquired resistance among cancers with KRAS, NRAS, NF1, BRAF non-V600, and BRAF V600 mutations. Tumor cell-intrinsically, type II RAFi plus MEKi sequester MEK in RAF complexes, reduce MEK/MEK dimerization, and uncouple MEK from ERK in acquired-resistant tumor subpopulations. Immunologically, this combination expands memory and activated/exhausted CD8+ T cells, and durable tumor regression elicited by this combination requires CD8+ T cells, which can be reinvigorated by anti-PD-L1 therapy. Whereas MEKi reduces dominant intratumoral T-cell clones, type II RAFi cotreatment reverses this effect and promotes T-cell clonotypic expansion. These findings rationalize the clinical development of type II RAFi plus MEKi and their further combination with PD-1/L1-targeted therapy. SIGNIFICANCE: Type I RAFi + MEKi are indicated only in certain BRAF V600MUT cancers. In contrast, type II RAFi + MEKi are durably active against acquired MEKi resistance across broad cancer indications, which reveals exquisite MAPK addiction. Allosteric modulation of MAPK protein/protein interactions and temporal preservation of intratumoral CD8+ T cells are mechanisms that may be further exploited.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 521.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- GTP Phosphohydrolases/genetics
- GTP Phosphohydrolases/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mutation
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/etiology
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Protein Binding
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Stability
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Treatment Outcome
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Aayoung Hong
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Marco Piva
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sixue Liu
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Willy Hugo
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shirley H Lomeli
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Vincent Zoete
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Zhentao Yang
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yan Wang
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jordan J Lee
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Skylar J Lo
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lu Sun
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Agustin Vega-Crespo
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alejandro J Garcia
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - David B Shackelford
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Steven M Dubinett
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Philip O Scumpia
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Dermatology, Veteran's Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stephanie D Byrum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Alan J Tackett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Timothy R Donahue
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Olivier Michielin
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Center for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sheri L Holmen
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Surgery, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Antoni Ribas
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Gatien Moriceau
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Roger S Lo
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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13
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Aranha ESP, Portilho AJDS, Bentes de Sousa L, da Silva EL, Mesquita FP, Rocha WC, Araújo da Silva FM, Lima ES, Alves APNN, Koolen HHF, Montenegro RC, Vasconcellos MCD. 22β-hydroxytingenone induces apoptosis and suppresses invasiveness of melanoma cells by inhibiting MMP-9 activity and MAPK signaling. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:113605. [PMID: 33232779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE 22β-hydroxytingenone (22-HTG) is a quinonemethide triterpene isolated from Salacia impressifolia (Miers) A. C. Smith (family Celastraceae), which has been used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of diseases, including dengue, renal infections, rheumatism and cancer. However, the anticancer effects of 22-HTG and the underlying molecular mechanisms in melanoma cells have not yet been elucidated. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study investigated apoptosis induction and antimetastatic potencial of 22-HTG in SK-MEL-28 human melanoma cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, the in vitro cytotoxic activity of 22-HTG in cultured cancer cells was evaluated. Then, cell viability was determined using the trypan blue assay in melanoma cells (SK-MEL-28), which was followed by cell cycle, annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide assays (Annexin/PI), as well as assays to evaluate mitochondrial membrane potential, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) using flow cytometry. Fluorescence microscopy using acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/BE) staining was also performed. RT-qPCR was carried out to evaluate the expression of BRAF, NRAS, and KRAS genes. The anti-invasiveness potential of 22-HTG was evaluated in a three-dimensional (3D) model of reconstructed human skin. RESULTS 22-HTG reduced viability of SK-MEL-28 cells and caused morphological changes, as cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, and nuclear fragmentation. Furthermore, 22-HTG caused apoptosis, which was demonstrated by increased staining with AO/BE and Annexin/PI. The apoptosis may have been caused by mitochondrial instability without the involvement of ROS production. The expression of BRAF, NRAS, and KRAS, which are important biomarkers in melanoma development, was reduced by the 22-HTG treatment. In the reconstructed skin model, 22-HTG was able to decrease the invasion capacity of melanoma cells in the dermis. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that 22-HTG has anti-tumorigenic properties against melanoma cells through the induction of cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and inhibition of invasiveness potential, as observed in the 3D model. As such, the results provide new insights for future work on the utilization of 22-HTG in malignant melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elenn Suzany Pereira Aranha
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Post Graduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology of the Amazon (Bionorte), Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69080-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Leilane Bentes de Sousa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69080-900, Brazil.
| | - Emerson Lucena da Silva
- Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430-275, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Pantoja Mesquita
- Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430-275, Brazil.
| | - Waldireny C Rocha
- Health and Biotechnology Institute, Federal University of Amazonas, Coari, Amazonas, 69460-000, Brazil.
| | | | - Emerson Silva Lima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 69080-900, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Raquel Carvalho Montenegro
- Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60430-275, Brazil.
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14
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LXRα activation and Raf inhibition trigger lethal lipotoxicity in liver cancer. NATURE CANCER 2021; 2:201-217. [PMID: 35122079 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-020-00168-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The success of molecular therapies targeting specific metabolic pathways in cancer is often limited by the plasticity and adaptability of metabolic networks. Here we show that pharmacologically induced lipotoxicity represents a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). LXRα-induced liponeogenesis and Raf-1 inhibition are synthetic lethal in HCC owing to a toxic accumulation of saturated fatty acids. Raf-1 was found to bind and activate SCD1, and conformation-changing DFG-out Raf inhibitors could disrupt this interaction, thereby blocking fatty acid desaturation and inducing lethal lipotoxicity. Studies in genetically engineered and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis-induced HCC mouse models and xenograft models of human HCC revealed that therapies comprising LXR agonists and Raf inhibitors were well tolerated and capable of overcoming therapy resistance in HCC. Conceptually, our study suggests pharmacologically induced lipotoxicity as a new mode for metabolic targeting of liver cancer.
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15
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Monaco KA, Delach S, Yuan J, Mishina Y, Fordjour P, Labrot E, McKay D, Guo R, Higgins S, Wang HQ, Liang J, Bui K, Green J, Aspesi P, Ambrose J, Mapa F, Griner L, Jaskelioff M, Fuller J, Crawford K, Pardee G, Widger S, Hammerman PS, Engelman JA, Stuart DD, Cooke VG, Caponigro G. LXH254, a Potent and Selective ARAF-Sparing Inhibitor of BRAF and CRAF for the Treatment of MAPK-Driven Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 27:2061-2073. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-2563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Wang X, Wu F, Wang H, Duan X, Huang R, Tuersuntuoheti A, Su L, Yan S, Zhao Y, Lu Y, Li K, Yao J, Luo Z, Guo L, Liu J, Chen X, Lu Y, Hu H, Li X, Bao M, Bi X, Du B, Miao S, Cai J, Wang L, Zhou H, Ying J, Song W, Zhao H. PDCD6 cooperates with C-Raf to facilitate colorectal cancer progression via Raf/MEK/ERK activation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2020; 39:147. [PMID: 32746883 PMCID: PMC7398064 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01632-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies, and it’s expected that the CRC burden will substantially increase in the next two decades. New biomarkers for targeted treatment and associated molecular mechanism of tumorigenesis remain to be explored. In this study, we investigated whether PDCD6 plays an oncogenic role in colorectal cancer and its underlying mechanism. Methods Programmed cell death protein 6 (PDCD6) expression in CRC samples were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. The prognosis between PDCD6 and clinical features were analyzed. The roles of PDCD6 in cellular proliferation and tumor growth were measured by using CCK8, colony formation, and tumor xenograft in nude mice. RNA-sequence (RNA-seq), Mass Spectrum (MS), Co-Immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and Western blot were utilized to investigate the mechanism of tumor progression. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) were performed to determine the correlation of PDCD6 and MAPK pathway. Results Higher expression levels of PDCD6 in tumor tissues were associated with a poorer prognosis in patients with CRC. Furthermore, PDCD6 increased cell proliferation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Mechanistically, RNA-seq showed that PDCD6 could affect the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. PDCD6 interacted with c-Raf, resulting in the activation of downstream c-Raf/MEK/ERK pathway and the upregulation of core cell proliferation genes such as MYC and JUN. Conclusions These findings reveal the oncogenic effect of PDCD6 in CRC by activating c-Raf/MEK/ERK pathway and indicate that PDCD6 might be a potential prognostic indicator and therapeutic target for patients with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.,State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, TsinghuaUniversity, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Rong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Amannisa Tuersuntuoheti
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Luying Su
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Shida Yan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yuechao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jinjie Yao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Zhiwen Luo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Lei Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jianmei Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yalan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Hanjie Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xingchen Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Mandula Bao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xinyu Bi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.,Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Screening and R&D of Digestive System Tumor Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Boyu Du
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China
| | - Shiying Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jianqiang Cai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Linfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Haitao Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.,Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Screening and R&D of Digestive System Tumor Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jianming Ying
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China. .,Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Screening and R&D of Digestive System Tumor Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery and Department of Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China. .,Key Laboratory of Gene Editing Screening and R&D of Digestive System Tumor Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Y Xue
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY
| | - Piro Lito
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
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18
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Zhou ZW, Ambrogio C, Bera AK, Li Q, Li XX, Li L, Son J, Gondi S, Li J, Campbell E, Jin H, Okoro JJ, Xu CX, Janne PA, Westover KD. KRAS Q61H Preferentially Signals through MAPK in a RAF Dimer-Dependent Manner in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cancer Res 2020; 80:3719-3731. [PMID: 32605999 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-0448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Assembly of RAS molecules into complexes at the cell membrane is critical for RAS signaling. We previously showed that oncogenic KRAS codon 61 mutations increase its affinity for RAF, raising the possibility that KRASQ61H, the most common KRAS mutation at codon 61, upregulates RAS signaling through mechanisms at the level of RAS assemblies. We show here that KRASQ61H exhibits preferential binding to RAF relative to PI3K in cells, leading to enhanced MAPK signaling in in vitro models and human NSCLC tumors. X-ray crystallography of KRASQ61H:GTP revealed that a hyperdynamic switch 2 allows for a more stable interaction with switch 1, suggesting that enhanced RAF activity arises from a combination of absent intrinsic GTP hydrolysis activity and increased affinity for RAF. Disruption of KRASQ61H assemblies by the RAS oligomer-disrupting D154Q mutation impaired RAF dimerization and altered MAPK signaling but had little effect on PI3K signaling. However, KRASQ61H oligomers but not KRASG12D oligomers were disrupted by RAF mutations that disrupt RAF-RAF interactions. KRASQ61H cells show enhanced sensitivity to RAF and MEK inhibitors individually, whereas combined treatment elicited synergistic growth inhibition. Furthermore, KRASQ61H tumors in mice exhibited high vulnerability to MEK inhibitor, consistent with cooperativity between KRASQ61H and RAF oligomerization and dependence on MAPK signaling. These findings support the notion that KRASQ61H and functionally similar mutations may serve as predictive biomarkers for targeted therapies against the MAPK pathway. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings show that oncogenic KRASQ61H forms a cooperative RAS-RAF ternary complex, which renders RAS-driven tumors vulnerable to MEKi and RAFi, thus establishing a framework for evaluating RAS biomarker-driven targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wei Zhou
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Chiara Ambrogio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Science, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Asim K Bera
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Qing Li
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing-Xiao Li
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Lianbo Li
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jieun Son
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sudershan Gondi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jiaqi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emily Campbell
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Hua Jin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jeffrey J Okoro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Cheng-Xiong Xu
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Pasi A Janne
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kenneth D Westover
- Departments of Biochemistry and Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas.
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19
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Usta D, Sigaud R, Buhl JL, Selt F, Marquardt V, Pauck D, Jansen J, Pusch S, Ecker J, Hielscher T, Vollmer J, Sommerkamp AC, Rubner T, Hargrave D, van Tilburg CM, Pfister SM, Jones DTW, Remke M, Brummer T, Witt O, Milde T. A Cell-Based MAPK Reporter Assay Reveals Synergistic MAPK Pathway Activity Suppression by MAPK Inhibitor Combination in BRAF-Driven Pediatric Low-Grade Glioma Cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1736-1750. [PMID: 32451331 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pilocytic astrocytomas as well as other pediatric low-grade gliomas (pLGG) exhibit genetic events leading to aberrant activation of the MAPK pathway. The most common alterations are KIAA1549:BRAF fusions and BRAFV600E and NF1 mutations. Novel drugs targeting the MAPK pathway (MAPKi) are prime candidates for the treatment of these single-pathway diseases. We aimed to develop an assay suitable for preclinical testing of MAPKi in pLGGs with the goal to identify novel MAPK pathway-suppressing synergistic drug combinations. A reporter plasmid (pDIPZ) with a MAPK-responsive ELK-1-binding element driving the expression of destabilized firefly luciferase was generated and packaged using a lentiviral vector system. Pediatric glioma cell lines with a BRAF fusion (DKFZ-BT66) and a BRAFV600E mutation (BT-40) background, respectively, were stably transfected. Modulation of the MAPK pathway activity by MAPKi was measured using the luciferase reporter and validated by detection of phosphorylated protein levels. A screening of a MAPKi library was performed, and synergy of selected combinations was calculated. Screening of a MAPKi library revealed MEK inhibitors as the class inhibiting the pathway with the lowest IC50s, followed by ERK and next-generation RAF inhibitors. Combination treatments with different MAPKi classes showed synergistic effects in BRAF fusion as well as BRAFV600E mutation backgrounds. Here, we report a novel reporter assay for medium- to high-throughput preclinical drug testing in pLGG cell lines. The assay confirmed MEK, ERK, and next-generation RAF inhibitors as potential treatment approaches for KIAA1549:BRAF and BRAFV600E-mutated pLGGs. In addition, the assay revealed that combination treatments synergistically suppressed MAPK pathway activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diren Usta
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,KiTZ Clinical Trial Unit (ZIPO), Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Romain Sigaud
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juliane L Buhl
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Selt
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,KiTZ Clinical Trial Unit (ZIPO), Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Viktoria Marquardt
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany, and Department of Pediatric Neuro-Oncogenomics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Pauck
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany, and Department of Pediatric Neuro-Oncogenomics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Jansen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, University of Freiburg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg (CCCF) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Freiburg, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Pusch
- Department of Neuropathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Ecker
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,KiTZ Clinical Trial Unit (ZIPO), Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hielscher
- Division of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johanna Vollmer
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander C Sommerkamp
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,Pediatric Glioma Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Rubner
- Flow Cytometry Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Darren Hargrave
- Neurooncology and Experimental Therapeutics, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cornelis M van Tilburg
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,KiTZ Clinical Trial Unit (ZIPO), Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan M Pfister
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,KiTZ Clinical Trial Unit (ZIPO), Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David T W Jones
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Pediatric Glioma Research Group, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Remke
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology, and Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany, and Department of Pediatric Neuro-Oncogenomics, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tilman Brummer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research (IMMZ), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany, Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, University of Freiburg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg (CCCF) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Freiburg, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olaf Witt
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,KiTZ Clinical Trial Unit (ZIPO), Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Till Milde
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany. .,Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,KiTZ Clinical Trial Unit (ZIPO), Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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20
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Liu Z, Wang M, Wang H, Fang L, Gou S. Platinum-Based Modification of Styrylbenzylsulfones as Multifunctional Antitumor Agents: Targeting the RAS/RAF Pathway, Enhancing Antitumor Activity, and Overcoming Multidrug Resistance. J Med Chem 2019; 63:186-204. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Liu
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Meng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Hengshan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Lei Fang
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Shaohua Gou
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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21
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Ramurthy S, Taft BR, Aversa RJ, Barsanti PA, Burger MT, Lou Y, Nishiguchi GA, Rico A, Setti L, Smith A, Subramanian S, Tamez V, Tanner H, Wan L, Hu C, Appleton BA, Mamo M, Tandeske L, Tellew JE, Huang S, Yue Q, Chaudhary A, Tian H, Iyer R, Hassan AQ, Mathews Griner LA, La Bonte LR, Cooke VG, Van Abbema A, Merritt H, Gampa K, Feng F, Yuan J, Mishina Y, Wang Y, Haling JR, Vaziri S, Hekmat-Nejad M, Polyakov V, Zang R, Sethuraman V, Amiri P, Singh M, Sellers WR, Lees E, Shao W, Dillon MP, Stuart DD. Design and Discovery of N-(3-(2-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)-6-morpholinopyridin-4-yl)-4-methylphenyl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)isonicotinamide, a Selective, Efficacious, and Well-Tolerated RAF Inhibitor Targeting RAS Mutant Cancers: The Path to the Clinic. J Med Chem 2019; 63:2013-2027. [PMID: 31059256 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Direct pharmacological inhibition of RAS has remained elusive, and efforts to target CRAF have been challenging due to the complex nature of RAF signaling, downstream of activated RAS, and the poor overall kinase selectivity of putative RAF inhibitors. Herein, we describe 15 (LXH254, Aversa, R.; et al. Int. Patent WO2014151616A1, 2014), a selective B/C RAF inhibitor, which was developed by focusing on drug-like properties and selectivity. Our previous tool compound, 3 (RAF709; Nishiguchi, G. A.; et al. J. Med. Chem. 2017, 60, 4969), was potent, selective, efficacious, and well tolerated in preclinical models, but the high human intrinsic clearance precluded further development and prompted further investigation of close analogues. A structure-based approach led to a pyridine series with an alcohol side chain that could interact with the DFG loop and significantly improved cell potency. Further mitigation of human intrinsic clearance and time-dependent inhibition led to the discovery of 15. Due to its excellent properties, it was progressed through toxicology studies and is being tested in phase 1 clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savithri Ramurthy
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Benjamin R Taft
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Robert J Aversa
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Paul A Barsanti
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Matthew T Burger
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yan Lou
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Gisele A Nishiguchi
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alice Rico
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Lina Setti
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Aaron Smith
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Sharadha Subramanian
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Victoriano Tamez
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Huw Tanner
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Lifeng Wan
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Cheng Hu
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Brent A Appleton
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Mulugeta Mamo
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Laura Tandeske
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - John E Tellew
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Shenlin Huang
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Qin Yue
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Apurva Chaudhary
- Process Research and Development, Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Hung Tian
- Technical Research & Development, Global Drug Development, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - Raman Iyer
- Technical Research & Development, Global Drug Development, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., One Health Plaza, East Hanover, New Jersey 07936, United States
| | - A Quamrul Hassan
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lesley A Mathews Griner
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Laura R La Bonte
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Vesselina G Cooke
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Anne Van Abbema
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Hanne Merritt
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Kalyani Gampa
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Fei Feng
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jing Yuan
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yingyun Wang
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Jacob R Haling
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Sepideh Vaziri
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Mohammad Hekmat-Nejad
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Valery Polyakov
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Richard Zang
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Vijay Sethuraman
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Payman Amiri
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Mallika Singh
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - William R Sellers
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Emma Lees
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wenlin Shao
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael P Dillon
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Darrin D Stuart
- Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 250 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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22
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Lu H, Liu C, Velazquez R, Wang H, Dunkl LM, Kazic-Legueux M, Haberkorn A, Billy E, Manchado E, Brachmann SM, Moody SE, Engelman JA, Hammerman PS, Caponigro G, Mohseni M, Hao HX. SHP2 Inhibition Overcomes RTK-Mediated Pathway Reactivation in KRAS-Mutant Tumors Treated with MEK Inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1323-1334. [PMID: 31068384 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-0852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
FGFR1 was recently shown to be activated as part of a compensatory response to prolonged treatment with the MEK inhibitor trametinib in several KRAS-mutant lung and pancreatic cancer cell lines. We hypothesize that other receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) are also feedback-activated in this context. Herein, we profile a large panel of KRAS-mutant cancer cell lines for the contribution of RTKs to the feedback activation of phospho-MEK following MEK inhibition, using an SHP2 inhibitor (SHP099) that blocks RAS activation mediated by multiple RTKs. We find that RTK-driven feedback activation widely exists in KRAS-mutant cancer cells, to a less extent in those harboring the G13D variant, and involves several RTKs, including EGFR, FGFR, and MET. We further demonstrate that this pathway feedback activation is mediated through mutant KRAS, at least for the G12C, G12D, and G12V variants, and wild-type KRAS can also contribute significantly to the feedback activation. Finally, SHP099 and MEK inhibitors exhibit combination benefits inhibiting KRAS-mutant cancer cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo These findings provide a rationale for exploration of combining SHP2 and MAPK pathway inhibitors for treating KRAS-mutant cancers in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengyu Lu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Chen Liu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Roberto Velazquez
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Hongyun Wang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Lukas Manuel Dunkl
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Malika Kazic-Legueux
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne Haberkorn
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric Billy
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eusebio Manchado
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Saskia M Brachmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Susan E Moody
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey A Engelman
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Peter S Hammerman
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Giordano Caponigro
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Morvarid Mohseni
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Huai-Xiang Hao
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Oncology Disease Area, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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Adderley H, Blackhall FH, Lindsay CR. KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer: Converging small molecules and immune checkpoint inhibition. EBioMedicine 2019; 41:711-716. [PMID: 30852159 PMCID: PMC6444074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
KRAS is the most frequent oncogene in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), a molecular subset characterized by historical disappointments in targeted treatment approaches such as farnesyl transferase inhibition, downstream MEK inhibition, and synthetic lethality screens. Unlike other important mutational subtypes of NSCLC, preclinical work supports the hypothesis that KRAS mutations may be vulnerable to immunotherapy approaches, an efficacy associated in particular with TP53 co-mutation. In this review we detail reasons for previous failures in KRAS-mutant NSCLC, evidence to suggest that KRAS mutation is a genetic marker of benefit from immune checkpoint inhibition, and emerging direct inhibitors of K-Ras which will soon be combined with immunotherapy during clinical development. With signs of real progress in this subgroup of unmet need, we anticipate that KRAS mutant NSCLC will be the most important molecular subset of cancer to evaluate the combination of small molecules and immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPI).
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MAP kinase and autophagy pathways cooperate to maintain RAS mutant cancer cell survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:4508-4517. [PMID: 30709910 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1817494116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic mutations in the small GTPase KRAS are frequently found in human cancers, and, currently, there are no effective targeted therapies for these tumors. Using a combinatorial siRNA approach, we analyzed a panel of KRAS mutant colorectal and pancreatic cancer cell lines for their dependency on 28 gene nodes that represent canonical RAS effector pathways and selected stress response pathways. We found that RAF node knockdown best differentiated KRAS mutant and KRAS WT cancer cells, suggesting RAF kinases are key oncoeffectors for KRAS addiction. By analyzing all 376 pairwise combination of these gene nodes, we found that cotargeting the RAF, RAC, and autophagy pathways can improve the capture of KRAS dependency better than targeting RAF alone. In particular, codepletion of the oncoeffector kinases BRAF and CRAF, together with the autophagy E1 ligase ATG7, gives the best therapeutic window between KRAS mutant cells and normal, untransformed cells. Distinct patterns of RAS effector dependency were observed across KRAS mutant cell lines, indicative of heterogeneous utilization of effector and stress response pathways in supporting KRAS addiction. Our findings revealed previously unappreciated complexity in the signaling network downstream of the KRAS oncogene and suggest rational target combinations for more effective therapeutic intervention.
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