1
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Wu X, Zhong S, Zhou N, Luo L. TRAF6 Inhibitors from Marine Compound Library: Pharmacophore, Virtual Screening, Fragment Replacement, ADMET, and Molecular Dynamics. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:260. [PMID: 38921571 PMCID: PMC11204769 DOI: 10.3390/md22060260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
TRAF6 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that plays a crucial role in cell signaling. It is known that MMP is involved in tumor metastasis, and TRAF6 induces MMP-9 expression by binding to BSG. However, inhibiting TRAF6's ubiquitinase activity without disrupting the RING domain is a challenge that requires further research. To address this, we conducted computer-based drug screening to identify potential TRAF6 inhibitors. Using a ligand-receptor complex pharmacophore based on the inhibitor EGCG, known for its anti-tumor properties, we screened 52,765 marine compounds. After the molecular docking of 405 molecules with TRAF6, six compounds were selected for further analysis. By replacing fragments of non-binding compounds and conducting second docking, we identified two promising molecules, CMNPD9212-16 and CMNPD12791-8, with strong binding activity and favorable pharmacological properties. ADME and toxicity predictions confirmed their potential as TRAF6 inhibitors. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that CMNPD12791-8 maintained a stable structure with the target protein, comparable to EGCG. Therefore, CMNPD12791-8 holds promise as a potential inhibitor of TRAF6 for inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexuan Wu
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; (X.W.); (N.Z.)
| | - Saiyi Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China;
| | - Nan Zhou
- The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China; (X.W.); (N.Z.)
| | - Lianxiang Luo
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, School of Ocean and Tropical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
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2
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Zhang Y, Zhang M, Song H, Dai Q, Liu C. Tumor Microenvironment-Responsive Polymer-Based RNA Delivery Systems for Cancer Treatment. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2400278. [PMID: 38803312 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) therapeutics offer a broad prospect in cancer treatment. However, their successful application requires overcoming various physiological barriers to effectively deliver RNAs to the target sites. Currently, a number of RNA delivery systems based on polymeric nanoparticles are developed to overcome these barriers in RNA delivery. This work provides an overview of the existing RNA therapeutics for cancer gene therapy, and particularly summarizes those that are entering the clinical phase. This work then discusses the core features and latest research developments of tumor microenvironment-responsive polymer-based RNA delivery carriers which are designed based on the pathological characteristics of the tumor microenvironment. Finally, this work also proposes opportunities for the transformation of RNA therapies into cancer immunotherapy methods in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahan Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Haiqin Song
- Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Qiong Dai
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chaoyong Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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3
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Olaoba OT, Adelusi TI, Yang M, Maidens T, Kimchi ET, Staveley-O’Carroll KF, Li G. Driver Mutations in Pancreatic Cancer and Opportunities for Targeted Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1808. [PMID: 38791887 PMCID: PMC11119842 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16101808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the sixth leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally. As the most common form of pancreatic cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) represents up to 95% of all pancreatic cancer cases, accounting for more than 300,000 deaths annually. Due to the lack of early diagnoses and the high refractory response to the currently available treatments, PDAC has a very poor prognosis, with a 5-year overall survival rate of less than 10%. Targeted therapy and immunotherapy are highly effective and have been used for the treatment of many types of cancer; however, they offer limited benefits in pancreatic cancer patients due to tumor-intrinsic and extrinsic factors that culminate in drug resistance. The identification of key factors responsible for PDAC growth and resistance to different treatments is highly valuable in developing new effective therapeutic strategies. In this review, we discuss some molecules which promote PDAC initiation and progression, and their potential as targets for PDAC treatment. We also evaluate the challenges associated with patient outcomes in clinical trials and implications for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olamide T. Olaoba
- Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; (O.T.O.); (T.I.A.); (M.Y.); (E.T.K.)
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Temitope I. Adelusi
- Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; (O.T.O.); (T.I.A.); (M.Y.); (E.T.K.)
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; (O.T.O.); (T.I.A.); (M.Y.); (E.T.K.)
| | - Tessa Maidens
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA;
| | - Eric T. Kimchi
- Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; (O.T.O.); (T.I.A.); (M.Y.); (E.T.K.)
| | - Kevin F. Staveley-O’Carroll
- Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; (O.T.O.); (T.I.A.); (M.Y.); (E.T.K.)
| | - Guangfu Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; (O.T.O.); (T.I.A.); (M.Y.); (E.T.K.)
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4
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Wang W, Albadari N, Du Y, Fowler JF, Sang HT, Xian W, McKeon F, Li W, Zhou J, Zhang R. MDM2 Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy: The Past, Present, and Future. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:414-453. [PMID: 38697854 PMCID: PMC11068841 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.001026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery over 35 years ago, MDM2 has emerged as an attractive target for the development of cancer therapy. MDM2's activities extend from carcinogenesis to immunity to the response to various cancer therapies. Since the report of the first MDM2 inhibitor more than 30 years ago, various approaches to inhibit MDM2 have been attempted, with hundreds of small-molecule inhibitors evaluated in preclinical studies and numerous molecules tested in clinical trials. Although many MDM2 inhibitors and degraders have been evaluated in clinical trials, there is currently no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved MDM2 inhibitor on the market. Nevertheless, there are several current clinical trials of promising agents that may overcome the past failures, including agents granted FDA orphan drug or fast-track status. We herein summarize the research efforts to discover and develop MDM2 inhibitors, focusing on those that induce MDM2 degradation and exert anticancer activity, regardless of the p53 status of the cancer. We also describe how preclinical and clinical investigations have moved toward combining MDM2 inhibitors with other agents, including immune checkpoint inhibitors. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future directions to accelerate the clinical application of MDM2 inhibitors. In conclusion, targeting MDM2 remains a promising treatment approach, and targeting MDM2 for protein degradation represents a novel strategy to downregulate MDM2 without the side effects of the existing agents blocking p53-MDM2 binding. Additional preclinical and clinical investigations are needed to finally realize the full potential of MDM2 inhibition in treating cancer and other chronic diseases where MDM2 has been implicated. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Overexpression/amplification of the MDM2 oncogene has been detected in various human cancers and is associated with disease progression, treatment resistance, and poor patient outcomes. This article reviews the previous, current, and emerging MDM2-targeted therapies and summarizes the preclinical and clinical studies combining MDM2 inhibitors with chemotherapy and immunotherapy regimens. The findings of these contemporary studies may lead to safer and more effective treatments for patients with cancers overexpressing MDM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Najah Albadari
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Yi Du
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Josef F Fowler
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Hannah T Sang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Wa Xian
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Frank McKeon
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
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5
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Panther EJ, Lyons H, Shychuk AJ. Dedifferentiated liposarcoma of the spermatic cord. BMJ Case Rep 2024; 17:e258954. [PMID: 38627046 PMCID: PMC11029294 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2023-258954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
A man in his 60s presented to an outside hospital with persistent groin pain and a scrotal mass which was thought to be a recurrent hernia. Three months after initial presentation, the patient was found to have dedifferentiated liposarcoma (LPS) of the spermatic cord. LPS of the spermatic cord is a rare entity; however, clinicians should have LPS on the differential diagnosis especially in men with recurrent scrotal pain and mass. If unrecognised, LPS is associated with a high degree of morbidity and mortality. LPS can be subdivided into well-differentiated LPS, dedifferentiated LPS, myxoid LPS and pleomorphic LPS. In patients with advanced or metastatic LPS, chemotherapy consisting of Adriamycin, ifosfamide and mesna is used despite LPS being relatively chemoresistant. Therapies inhibiting mouse double minute 2 homologue, an oncoprotein that is a negative regulator of the tumour suppressor p53, appear to be promising in preclinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric James Panther
- Internal Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Hannah Lyons
- Internal Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Andrew Jacob Shychuk
- Internal Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Internal Medicine, Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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6
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Sun D, Qian H, Li J, Xing P. Targeting MDM2 in malignancies is a promising strategy for overcoming resistance to anticancer immunotherapy. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:17. [PMID: 38281981 PMCID: PMC10823613 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
MDM2 has been established as a biomarker indicating poor prognosis for individuals undergoing immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment for different malignancies by various pancancer studies. Specifically, patients who have MDM2 amplification are vulnerable to the development of hyperprogressive disease (HPD) following anticancer immunotherapy, resulting in marked deleterious effects on survival rates. The mechanism of MDM2 involves its role as an oncogene during the development of malignancy, and MDM2 can promote both metastasis and tumor cell proliferation, which indirectly leads to disease progression. Moreover, MDM2 is vitally involved in modifying the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) as well as in influencing immune cells, eventually facilitating immune evasion and tolerance. Encouragingly, various MDM2 inhibitors have exhibited efficacy in relieving the TIME suppression caused by MDM2. These results demonstrate the prospects for breakthroughs in combination therapy using MDM2 inhibitors and anticancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dantong Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Haili Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Junling Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Puyuan Xing
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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7
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Miller KN, Li B, Pierce-Hoffman HR, Lei X, Havas AP, Patel S, Macip CC, Victorelli SG, Woo SH, Lagnado AB, Liu T, Dasgupta N, Lyu J, Altman Y, Porritt RA, Garcia G, Mogler C, Dou Z, Chen C, Passos JF, Adams PD. A mitochondria-regulated p53-CCF circuit integrates genome integrity with inflammation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.20.567963. [PMID: 38045344 PMCID: PMC10690201 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.20.567963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Genomic instability and inflammation are distinct hallmarks of aging, but the connection between them is poorly understood. Understanding their interrelationship will help unravel new mechanisms and therapeutic targets of aging and age-associated diseases. Here we report a novel mechanism directly linking genomic instability and inflammation in senescent cells, through a mitochondria-regulated molecular circuit that connects the p53 tumor suppressor and cytoplasmic chromatin fragments (CCF), a driver of inflammation through the cGAS-STING pathway. Activation or inactivation of p53 by genetic and pharmacologic approaches showed that p53 suppresses CCF accumulation and the downstream inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), independent of its effects on cell cycle arrest. p53 activation suppressed CCF formation by promoting DNA repair, reflected in maintenance of genomic integrity, particularly in subtelomeric regions, as shown by single cell genome resequencing. Activation of p53 by pharmacological inhibition of MDM2 in old mice decreased features of SASP in liver, indicating a senomorphic role in vivo . Remarkably, mitochondria in senescent cells suppressed p53 activity by promoting CCF formation and thereby restricting ATM-dependent nuclear DNA damage signaling. These data provide evidence for a mitochondria-regulated p53-CCF circuit in senescent cells that controls DNA repair, genome integrity and inflammatory SASP, and is a potential target for senomorphic healthy aging interventions.
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8
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Alaseem AM. Advancements in MDM2 inhibition: Clinical and pre-clinical investigations of combination therapeutic regimens. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:101790. [PMID: 37818252 PMCID: PMC10561124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells often depend on multiple pathways for their growth and survival, resulting in therapeutic resistance and the limited effectiveness of treatments. Combination therapy has emerged as a favorable approach to enhance treatment efficacy and minimize acquired resistance and harmful side effects. The murine double minute 2 (MDM2) protein regulates cellular proliferation and promotes cancer-related activities by negatively regulating the tumor suppressor protein p53. MDM2 aberrations have been reported in a variety of human cancers, making it an appealing target for cancer therapy. As a result, several small-molecule MDM2 inhibitors have been developed and are currently being investigated in clinical studies. Nevertheless, it has been shown that the inhibition of MDM2 alone is inadequate to achieve long-term suppression of tumor growth, thus prompting the need for further investigation into combination therapeutic strategies. In this review, possible clinical and preclinical MDM2 combination inhibitor regimens are thoroughly analyzed and discussed. It provides a rationale for combining MDM2 inhibitors with other therapeutic approaches in the management of cancer, taking into consideration ongoing clinical trials that evaluate the combination of MDM2 inhibitors. The review explores the current status of MDM2 inhibitors in combination with chemotherapy or targeted therapy, as well as promising approach of combining MDM2 inhibitors with immunotherapy. In addition, it investigates the function of PROTACs as MDM2 degraders in cancer treatment. A comprehensive examination of these combination regimens highlights the potential for advancing MDM2-inhibitor therapy and improving clinical outcomes for cancer patients and establishes the foundation for future research and development in this promising area of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M. Alaseem
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Bevill SM, Casaní-Galdón S, El Farran CA, Cytrynbaum EG, Macias KA, Oldeman SE, Oliveira KJ, Moore MM, Hegazi E, Adriaens C, Najm FJ, Demetri GD, Cohen S, Mullen JT, Riggi N, Johnstone SE, Bernstein BE. Impact of supraphysiologic MDM2 expression on chromatin networks and therapeutic responses in sarcoma. CELL GENOMICS 2023; 3:100321. [PMID: 37492096 PMCID: PMC10363746 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Amplification of MDM2 on supernumerary chromosomes is a common mechanism of P53 inactivation across tumors. Here, we investigated the impact of MDM2 overexpression on chromatin, gene expression, and cellular phenotypes in liposarcoma. Three independent regulatory circuits predominate in aggressive, dedifferentiated tumors. RUNX and AP-1 family transcription factors bind mesenchymal gene enhancers. P53 and MDM2 co-occupy enhancers and promoters associated with P53 signaling. When highly expressed, MDM2 also binds thousands of P53-independent growth and stress response genes, whose promoters engage in multi-way topological interactions. Overexpressed MDM2 concentrates within nuclear foci that co-localize with PML and YY1 and could also contribute to P53-independent phenotypes associated with supraphysiologic MDM2. Importantly, we observe striking cell-to-cell variability in MDM2 copy number and expression in tumors and models. Whereas liposarcoma cells are generally sensitive to MDM2 inhibitors and their combination with pro-apoptotic drugs, MDM2-high cells tolerate them and may underlie the poor clinical efficacy of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M. Bevill
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Salvador Casaní-Galdón
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chadi A. El Farran
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eli G. Cytrynbaum
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kevin A. Macias
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sylvie E. Oldeman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kayla J. Oliveira
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Molly M. Moore
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Esmat Hegazi
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pathology and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Carmen Adriaens
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Fadi J. Najm
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - George D. Demetri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sonia Cohen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - John T. Mullen
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nicolò Riggi
- Department of Cell and Tissue Genomics (CTG), Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sarah E. Johnstone
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Bradley E. Bernstein
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Ludwig Center at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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10
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Pellot Ortiz KI, Rechberger JS, Nonnenbroich LF, Daniels DJ, Sarkaria JN. MDM2 Inhibition in the Treatment of Glioblastoma: From Concept to Clinical Investigation. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1879. [PMID: 37509518 PMCID: PMC10377337 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the interaction between MDM2 and p53 has emerged as a promising strategy for combating cancer, including the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM). Numerous MDM2 inhibitors have been developed and are currently undergoing rigorous testing for their potential in GBM therapy. Encouraging results from studies conducted in cell culture and animal models suggest that MDM2 inhibitors could effectively treat a specific subset of GBM patients with wild-type TP53 or functional p53. Combination therapy with clinically established treatment modalities such as radiation and chemotherapy offers the potential to achieve a more profound therapeutic response. Furthermore, an increasing array of other molecularly targeted therapies are being explored in combination with MDM2 inhibitors to increase the effects of individual treatments. While some MDM2 inhibitors have progressed to early phase clinical trials in GBM, their efficacy, alone and in combination, is yet to be confirmed. In this article, we present an overview of MDM2 inhibitors currently under preclinical and clinical investigation, with a specific focus on the drugs being assessed in ongoing clinical trials for GBM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julian S Rechberger
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Leo F Nonnenbroich
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David J Daniels
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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11
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Li CC, Chen TWW. New targeted treatments for advanced sarcomas. Curr Opin Oncol 2023; 35:309-314. [PMID: 37222206 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000000955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to provide the rationale and results behind recent clinical trials regarding molecular-targeted agents for advanced sarcomas. RECENT FINDINGS Tazemetostat, a first-in-class EZH2 inhibitor, was approved to treat advanced epithelioid sarcoma. In synovial sarcoma, the interaction between pathognomonic SS18-SSX fusion protein and the BAF complex has brought insight in using BRD9 inhibitors as a treatment based on synthetic lethality. MDM2 overexpression is an important mechanism to suppress p53 function, and MDM2 gene amplification is pathognomonic in well differentiated and dedifferentiated liposarcoma. Two MDM2 inhibitors, milademetan and BI907828, have both reached the optimal dosing and have shown promising efficacy in MDM2-amplified liposarcoma. Late-stage pivotal studies are ongoing for both of these MDM2 inhibitors. The co-amplification of CDK4 and MDM2 in liposarcoma also provided a rationale for CDK4/6 inhibitors as a potential therapy. Selinexor, an exportin-1 inhibitor, has shown single-agent activity in dedifferentiated liposarcoma and action in gastrointestinal stromal tumour in combination with imatinib. Lastly, a new formulation of mTOR inhibitor, nab-sirolimus, was recently approved for perivascular epithelioid cell tumour (PEComa). SUMMARY Molecular-guided precision medicine holds a bright future in bringing more active treatments for advanced sarcoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chen Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Taiwan University Cancer Center
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital
| | - Tom Wei-Wu Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Taiwan University Cancer Center
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Sun SY, Crago A. MDM2 Implications for Potential Molecular Pathogenic Therapies of Soft-Tissue Tumors. J Clin Med 2023; 12:3638. [PMID: 37297833 PMCID: PMC10253559 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12113638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine double minute 2 (MDM2, gene name MDM2) is an oncogene that mainly codes for a protein that acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase, which targets the tumor suppressor protein p53 for degradation. Overexpression of MDM2 regulates the p53 protein levels by binding to it and promoting its degradation by the 26S proteasome. This leads to the inhibition of p53's ability to regulate cell cycle progression and apoptosis, allowing for uncontrolled cell growth, and can contribute to the development of soft-tissue tumors. The application of cellular stress leads to changes in the binding of MDM2 to p53, which prevents MDM2 from degrading p53. This results in an increase in p53 levels, which triggers either cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Inhibiting the function of MDM2 has been identified as a potential therapeutic strategy for treating these types of tumors. By blocking the activity of MDM2, p53 function can be restored, potentially leading to tumor cell death and inhibiting the growth of tumors. However, further research is needed to fully understand the implications of MDM2 inhibition for the treatment of soft-tissue tumors and to determine the safety and efficacy of these therapies in clinical trials. An overview of key milestones and potential uses of MDM2 research is presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Yao Sun
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 417 E 618 St, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Aimee Crago
- Gastric and Mixed Tumor Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical Center, 525 E 68th St M 404, New York, NY 10065, USA
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13
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Hao X, Bahia RK, Cseh O, Bozek DA, Blake S, Rinnenthal J, Weyer-Czernilofsky U, Rudolph D, Artee Luchman H. BI-907828, a novel potent MDM2 inhibitor, inhibits glioblastoma brain tumor stem cells in vitro and prolongs survival in orthotopic xenograft mouse models. Neuro Oncol 2023; 25:913-926. [PMID: 36521007 PMCID: PMC10158121 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noac271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumor suppressor TP53 (p53) is frequently mutated, and its downstream effectors inactivated in many cancers, including glioblastoma (GBM). In tumors with wild-type status, p53 function is frequently attenuated by alternate mechanisms including amplification and overexpression of its key negative regulator, MDM2. We investigated the efficacy of the MDM2 inhibitor, BI-907828, in GBM patient-derived brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs) with different amplification statuses of MDM2, in vitro and in orthotopic xenograft models. METHODS In vitro growth inhibition and on-target efficacy of BI-907828 were assessed by cell viability, co-immunoprecipitation assays, and western blotting. In vivo efficacy of BI-907828 treatments was assessed with qPCR, immunohistochemistry, and in intracranial xenograft models. RESULTS BI-907828 decreases viability and induces cell death at picomolar concentrations in both MDM2 amplified and normal copy number TP53 wild-type BTSC lines. Restoration of p53 activity, including robust p21 expression and apoptosis induction, was observed in TP53 wild-type but not in TP53 mutant BTSCs. shRNA-mediated knock-down of TP53 in wild-type BTSCs abrogated the effect of BI-907828, confirming the specificity of the inhibitor. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic studies in orthotopic tumor-bearing severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice demonstrated that a single 50 mg/kg p.o. dose of BI-907828 resulted in strong activation of p53 target genes p21 and MIC1. Long-term weekly or bi-weekly treatment with BI-907828 in orthotopic BTSC xenograft models was well-tolerated and improved survival both as a single-agent and in combination with temozolomide, with dose-dependent efficacy observed in the MDM2 amplified model. CONCLUSIONS BI-907828 provides a promising new therapeutic option for patients with TP53 wild-type primary brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Hao
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ravinder K Bahia
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Orsolya Cseh
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Danielle A Bozek
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sophia Blake
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | - H Artee Luchman
- Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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14
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Expression and Clinical Significance of MDM2 in Non-Functioning PitNETs. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59020373. [PMID: 36837574 PMCID: PMC9963423 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59020373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objective: Non-functioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (NF-PitNETs) represent a heterogeneous tumor type that lacks effective medical treatment. MDM2, the main negative regulator of p53, binds to and forms a stable complex with p53 to regulate its activity. In this study, we measured the expression levels and role of MDM2 in non-functioning PitNET patients' combined clinical features and investigated the effect of etoposide on the cell bioactivity of the GT1-1 cell line in vivo and in vitro. Methods: RT-PCR and immunochemistry measured the expression levels and role of MDM2 in 103 NF-PitNET patients' combined clinical features. Cell proliferation, migration, colony and apoptosis experiments measured the effect of etoposide on the GT1-1 cell line in vivo and in vitro. Results: There was more invasive behavior (p = 0.013) in patients with high MDM2, who were also younger (p = 0.007), were more frequently female (p = 0.049) and had larger tumor sizes (p = 0.018) compared with patients with low MDM2. Patients with high p53 were younger (p = 0.017) and had larger tumor sizes (p = 0.034) compared with patients with low p53. Univariate (p = 0.018) and multivariate (p = 0.023) Cox regression analysis showed that MDM2 was the independent factor for invasive behavior in NF-PitNET patients. Log-rank analysis showed that the average progression-free survival (PFS) time in the low MDM2 patients was longer than that in the high MDM2 patients (p = 0.044). Functional studies indicated that etoposide inhibited cell proliferation and cell migration and induced apoptosis in p53 independence in GT1-1 cells. Furthermore, etoposide significantly inhibited the growth of GT1-1-xenograft in BALB/c nude mice. The tumor growth inhibition rate of etoposide was 67.4 ± 4.6% after 14 d of treatment, which suggested the anti-tumor activity of etoposide. Conclusions: MDM2 played the role of tumorigenesis of NF-PitNET in a p53 independence manner, and an MDM2 inhibitor could be a potential choice for the treatment of NF-PitNET patients.
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15
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Chahat, Bhatia R, Kumar B. p53 as a potential target for treatment of cancer: A perspective on recent advancements in small molecules with structural insights and SAR studies. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 247:115020. [PMID: 36543034 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.115020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer represents one of the world's biggest hazardous diseases. p53 is the uttermost researched tumour suppressor protein. It is commonly considered the "guardian of the genome," performing a critical function in genetic stability maintenance through controlling the cell cycle, programmed cell death, DNA repair, aging, and angiogenesis. The abnormalities in p53 lead to genetic instability and plays a significant role in carcinogenesis. The role of p53 in tumour suppression is emphasized in addition by the observation that primary silencing with this protein occurred in more than 50% of cancers. MDM2, p53, and the p53-MDM2 connections are well-known targets for the prevention and treatment of cancer. Moreover, in tumors with wild-type p53, their efficacy is decreased due to MDM2 enlargement or by the gradual decrease of MDM2 blocker ARF. As a result, improving p53 activity in cancerous cells provides a promising anticancer strategy. Various techniques are now being investigated, and addressing the p53-MDM2 interaction had also evolved as a potentially feasible strategy for contending with tumors. Both p53 and MDM2, interact via an autoregulation response signal: p53 activity induces MDM2 transcription, which in response interacts with p53's N-terminal transactivation domain, inhibiting its transcriptional activity. This article provides information on the current scenario of anti-tumor activities, with a particular emphasis on structure-activity relationship characteristics (SAR) against the p53-MDM2 to treat cancer. The primary purpose of this review is to cover recent advancements in the creation and testing of anticancer drugs that target the p53-MDM2 structure. This review contains different heterocyclic moieties which show significant results toward cancer. A mechanistic route is shown here, demonstrating both normal and malignant conditions via several stressed factors. Several compounds entered clinical trials as p53-MDM2 inhibitors for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chahat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur G.T. Road MOGA, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Rohit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur G.T. Road MOGA, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Bhupinder Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HNB Garhwal University, Chauras Campus, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, 246174, India.
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16
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Witkowski J, Polak S, Pawelec D, Rogulski Z. In Vitro/In Vivo Translation of Synergistic Combination of MDM2 and MEK Inhibitors in Melanoma Using PBPK/PD Modelling: Part III. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032239. [PMID: 36768563 PMCID: PMC9917191 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of in vitro/in vivo translational methods and a clinical trial framework for synergistically acting drug combinations are needed to identify optimal therapeutic conditions with the most effective therapeutic strategies. We performed physiologically based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) modelling and virtual clinical trial simulations for siremadlin, trametinib, and their combination in a virtual representation of melanoma patients. In this study, we built PBPK/PD models based on data from in vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), and in vivo animals' pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) and clinical data determined from the literature or estimated by the Simcyp simulator (version V21). The developed PBPK/PD models account for interactions between siremadlin and trametinib at the PK and PD levels. Interaction at the PK level was predicted at the absorption level based on findings from animal studies, whereas PD interaction was based on the in vitro cytotoxicity results. This approach, combined with virtual clinical trials, allowed for the estimation of PK/PD profiles, as well as melanoma patient characteristics in which this therapy may be noninferior to the dabrafenib and trametinib drug combination. PBPK/PD modelling, combined with virtual clinical trial simulation, can be a powerful tool that allows for proper estimation of the clinical effect of the above-mentioned anticancer drug combination based on the results of in vitro studies. This approach based on in vitro/in vivo extrapolation may help in the design of potential clinical trials using siremadlin and trametinib and provide a rationale for their use in patients with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Witkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- Adamed Pharma S.A., Adamkiewicza 6a, 05-152 Czosnów, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Sebastian Polak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
- Simcyp Division, Certara UK Limited, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield S1 2BJ, UK
| | | | - Zbigniew Rogulski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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17
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Abstract
Mutations in the TP53 tumour suppressor gene are very frequent in cancer, and attempts to restore the functionality of p53 in tumours as a therapeutic strategy began decades ago. However, very few of these drug development programmes have reached late-stage clinical trials, and no p53-based therapeutics have been approved in the USA or Europe so far. This is probably because, as a nuclear transcription factor, p53 does not possess typical drug target features and has therefore long been considered undruggable. Nevertheless, several promising approaches towards p53-based therapy have emerged in recent years, including improved versions of earlier strategies and novel approaches to make undruggable targets druggable. Small molecules that can either protect p53 from its negative regulators or restore the functionality of mutant p53 proteins are gaining interest, and drugs tailored to specific types of p53 mutants are emerging. In parallel, there is renewed interest in gene therapy strategies and p53-based immunotherapy approaches. However, major concerns still remain to be addressed. This Review re-evaluates the efforts made towards targeting p53-dysfunctional cancers, and discusses the challenges encountered during clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ori Hassin
- grid.13992.300000 0004 0604 7563Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Moshe Oren
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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18
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Novak ER, Deshpande A, Finlay D, Mason JR, Deshpande AJ, Adams PD, Li S. Detection of TP53 Mutation in Acute Myeloid Leukemia by RT-PCR-Based Sanger Sequencing. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2594:87-95. [PMID: 36264490 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2815-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The TP53 gene is known to be one of the most frequently mutated genes in various human cancers. In de novo acute myeloid leukemia (AML), TP53 has been found to be mutated in ~10% of patients. Although the frequency of TP53 mutations in AML is substantially lower compared to other human cancers, TP53 mutations in AML are associated with poor response to chemotherapy and poor outcomes. Therefore, assessment of TP53 status is critical in clinical routines and research studies. In this chapter, we described the use of conventional RT-PCR for rapid detection of TP53 mutations by Sanger sequencing. We use AML cells as an example but provide sufficient details for usage in other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Novak
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Anagha Deshpande
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Darren Finlay
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James R Mason
- Scripps MD Anderson Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Peter D Adams
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sha Li
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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19
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Aguilar A, Wang S. Therapeutic Strategies to Activate p53. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 16:24. [PMID: 36678521 PMCID: PMC9866379 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 protein has appropriately been named the "guardian of the genome". In almost all human cancers, the powerful tumor suppressor function of p53 is compromised by a variety of mechanisms, including mutations with either loss of function or gain of function and inhibition by its negative regulators MDM2 and/or MDMX. We review herein the progress made on different therapeutic strategies for targeting p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Aguilar
- The Rogel Cancer Center, Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- The Rogel Cancer Center, Departments of Internal Medicine, Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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20
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Recent advances in the pharmacological targeting of ubiquitin-regulating enzymes in cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 132:213-229. [PMID: 35184940 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As a post-translational modification that has pivotal roles in protein degradation, ubiquitination ensures that intracellular proteins act in a precise spatial and temporal manner to regulate diversified cellular processes. Perturbation of the ubiquitin system contributes directly to the onset and progression of a wide variety of diseases, including various subtypes of cancer. This highly regulated system has been for years an active research area for drug discovery that is exemplified by several approved drugs. In this review, we will provide an update of the main breakthrough scientific discoveries that have been leading the clinical development of ubiquitin-targeting therapies in the last decade, with a special focus on E1 and E3 modulators. We will further discuss the unique challenges of identifying new potential therapeutic targets within this ubiquitous and highly complex machinery, based on available crystallographic structures, and explore chemical approaches by which these challenges might be met.
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21
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Traweek RS, Cope BM, Roland CL, Keung EZ, Nassif EF, Erstad DJ. Targeting the MDM2-p53 pathway in dedifferentiated liposarcoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1006959. [PMID: 36439412 PMCID: PMC9684653 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1006959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLPS) is an aggressive adipogenic cancer with poor prognosis. DDLPS tumors are only modestly sensitive to chemotherapy and radiation, and there is a need for more effective therapies. Genetically, DDLPS is characterized by a low tumor mutational burden and frequent chromosomal structural abnormalities including amplification of the 12q13-15 chromosomal region and the MDM2 gene, which are defining features of DDLPS. The MDM2 protein is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets the tumor suppressor, p53, for proteasomal degradation. MDM2 amplification or overexpression in human malignancies is associated with cell-cycle progression and worse prognosis. The MDM2-p53 interaction has thus garnered interest as a therapeutic target for DDLPS and other malignancies. MDM2 binds p53 via a hydrophobic protein interaction that is easily accessible with synthetic analogues. Multiple agents have been developed, including Nutlins such as RG7112 and small molecular inhibitors including SAR405838 and HDM201. Preclinical in vitro and animal models have shown promising results with MDM2 inhibition, resulting in robust p53 reactivation and cancer cell death. However, multiple early-phase clinical trials have failed to show a benefit with MDM2 pathway inhibition for DDLPS. Mechanisms of resistance are being elucidated, and novel inhibitors and combination therapies are currently under investigation. This review provides an overview of these strategies for targeting MDM2 in DDLPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond S. Traweek
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Brandon M. Cope
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Christina L. Roland
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Emily Z. Keung
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Elise F. Nassif
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Derek J. Erstad
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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22
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Witkowski J, Polak S, Rogulski Z, Pawelec D. In Vitro/In Vivo Translation of Synergistic Combination of MDM2 and MEK Inhibitors in Melanoma Using PBPK/PD Modelling: Part I. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12984. [PMID: 36361773 PMCID: PMC9656205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Translation of the synergy between the Siremadlin (MDM2 inhibitor) and Trametinib (MEK inhibitor) combination observed in vitro into in vivo synergistic efficacy in melanoma requires estimation of the interaction between these molecules at the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) levels. The cytotoxicity of the Siremadlin and Trametinib combination was evaluated in vitro in melanoma A375 cells with MTS and RealTime-Glo assays. Analysis of the drug combination matrix was performed using Synergy and Synergyfinder packages. Calculated drug interaction metrics showed high synergy between Siremadlin and Trametinib: 23.12%, or a 7.48% increase of combined drug efficacy (concentration-independent parameter β from Synergy package analysis and concentration-dependent δ parameter from Synergyfinder analysis, respectively). In order to select the optimal PD interaction parameter which may translate observed in vitro synergy metrics into the in vivo setting, further PK/PD studies on cancer xenograft animal models coupled with PBPK/PD modelling are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Witkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- Adamed Pharma S.A., Adamkiewicza 6a, 05-152 Czosnów, Poland
| | - Sebastian Polak
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
- Simcyp Division, Certara UK Limited, Level 2-Acero, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield S1 2BJ, UK
| | - Zbigniew Rogulski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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23
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Zhang L, Poland B, Green M, Wong S, Slatter JG. A Population Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Model of Navtemadlin, its Major Active Metabolite (M1) and Serum Macrophage Inhibitory Cykokine-1 (MIC-1). Xenobiotica 2022; 52:555-566. [PMID: 36052821 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2114116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Navtemadlin is a potent, selective, orally available inhibitor of murine double minute 2 that restores p53 activity to induce apoptosis in TP53 wild-type malignancies. Using richly sampled pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) data from healthy volunteers, a population PK/PD model was developed. A population PK (PPK) model described the PK characteristics of navtemadlin and its major metabolite acyl glucuronide (M1) and quantified enterohepatic recirculation (EHR). Post hoc individual PK parameters from this model were coupled with PD data for serum macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1, GDF15), a cytokine biomarker of p53 activation, to construct a population PK/PD model that described plasma concentration-driven MIC-1 excursions and enabled simulation of the extent and duration of navtemadlin PD effects. The median apparent clearance (CL/F) and apparent central volume (V2/F) of navtemadlin were 36.4 L/hr and 159 L. The typical maximum stimulatory effect (Smax) was close to the median maximum MIC-1 ratio to baseline of 7.29 in observed data. Simulation revealed a dose-dependent increase of MIC-1 with steady state attained in approximately 7 days, in a 7-day-on/21-day-off dose regimen. Elevated MIC-1 concentrations persist through 17-19 days, leaving about 9-11 PD-free days in a 28-day cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Certara Integrated Drug Development, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Bill Poland
- Certara Integrated Drug Development, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Shekman Wong
- Kartos Therapeutics, Inc, Redwood City, CA and Bellevue, WA USA
| | - J Greg Slatter
- Kartos Therapeutics, Inc, Redwood City, CA and Bellevue, WA USA
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Zhu H, Gao H, Ji Y, Zhou Q, Du Z, Tian L, Jiang Y, Yao K, Zhou Z. Targeting p53-MDM2 interaction by small-molecule inhibitors: learning from MDM2 inhibitors in clinical trials. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:91. [PMID: 35831864 PMCID: PMC9277894 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01314-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
p53, encoded by the tumor suppressor gene TP53, is one of the most important tumor suppressor factors in vivo and can be negatively regulated by MDM2 through p53–MDM2 negative feedback loop. Abnormal p53 can be observed in almost all tumors, mainly including p53 mutation and functional inactivation. Blocking MDM2 to restore p53 function is a hotspot in the development of anticancer candidates. Till now, nine MDM2 inhibitors with different structural types have entered clinical trials. However, no MDM2 inhibitor has been approved for clinical application. This review focused on the discovery, structural modification, preclinical and clinical research of the above compounds from the perspective of medicinal chemistry. Based on this, the possible defects in MDM2 inhibitors in clinical development were analyzed to suggest that the multitarget strategy or targeted degradation strategy based on MDM2 has the potential to reduce the dose-dependent hematological toxicity of MDM2 inhibitors and improve their anti-tumor activity, providing certain guidance for the development of agents targeting the p53–MDM2 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohao Zhu
- The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Tongren International Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, 214151, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Jiangyin People's Hospital, Wuxi, 214400, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingying Ji
- The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Tongren International Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, 214151, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qin Zhou
- The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Tongren International Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, 214151, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiqiang Du
- The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Tongren International Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, 214151, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Tian
- The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Tongren International Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, 214151, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Tongren International Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, 214151, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Kun Yao
- The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Tongren International Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, 214151, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Zhenhe Zhou
- The Affiliated Wuxi Mental Health Center of Jiangnan University, Wuxi Tongren International Rehabilitation Hospital, Wuxi, 214151, Jiangsu, China.
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Ananthapadmanabhan V, Frost TC, Soroko KM, Knott A, Magliozzi BJ, Gokhale PC, Tirunagaru VG, Doebele RC, DeCaprio JA. Milademetan is a highly potent MDM2 inhibitor in Merkel cell carcinoma. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e160513. [PMID: 35801592 PMCID: PMC9310528 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.160513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin with 2 etiologies. Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) integration is present in about 80% of all MCC. Virus-positive MCC (MCCP) tumors have few somatic mutations and usually express WT p53 (TP53). By contrast, virus-negative MCC (MCCN) tumors present with a high tumor mutational burden and predominantly UV mutational signature. MCCN tumors typically contain mutated TP53. MCCP tumors express 2 viral proteins: MCPyV small T antigen and a truncated form of large T antigen. MCPyV ST specifically activates expression of MDM2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase of p53, to inhibit p53-mediated tumor suppression. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of milademetan, a potent, selective, and orally available MDM2 inhibitor in several MCC models. Milademetan reduced cell viability of WT p53 MCC cell lines and triggered a rapid and sustained p53 response. Milademetan showed a dose-dependent inhibition of tumor growth in MKL-1 xenograft and patient-derived xenograft models. Here, along with preclinical data for the efficacy of milademetan in WT p53 MCC tumors, we report several in vitro and in vivo models useful for future MCC studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Ananthapadmanabhan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas C. Frost
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Virology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kara M. Soroko
- Experimental Therapeutics Core at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aine Knott
- Experimental Therapeutics Core at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brianna J. Magliozzi
- Experimental Therapeutics Core at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Prafulla C. Gokhale
- Experimental Therapeutics Core at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - James A. DeCaprio
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Virology, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Stein EM, DeAngelo DJ, Chromik J, Chatterjee M, Bauer S, Lin CC, Suarez C, de Vos F, Steeghs N, Cassier PA, Tai D, Kiladjian JJ, Yamamoto N, Mous R, Esteve J, Minami H, Ferretti S, Guerreiro N, Meille C, Radhakrishnan R, Pereira B, Mariconti L, Halilovic E, Fabre C, Carpio C. Results from a First-in-Human Phase I Study of Siremadlin (HDM201) in Patients with Advanced Wild-Type TP53 Solid Tumors and Acute Leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:870-881. [PMID: 34862243 PMCID: PMC9377734 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-1295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This phase I, dose-escalation study investigated the recommended dose for expansion (RDE) of siremadlin, a p53-MDM2 inhibitor, in patients with wild-type TP53 advanced solid or hematologic cancers. PATIENTS AND METHODS Initial dosing regimens were: 1A (day 1; 21-day cycle; dose 12.5-350 mg) and 2A (days 1-14; 28-day cycle; dose 1-20 mg). Alternative regimens included 1B (days 1 and 8; 28-day cycle) and 2C (days 1-7; 28-day cycle). The primary endpoint was incidence of dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) during cycle 1. RESULTS Overall, 115 patients with solid tumors and 93 with hematologic malignancies received treatment. DLTs occurred in 8/92 patients with solid tumors and 10/53 patients with hematologic malignancies. In solid tumors, an RDE of 120 mg was defined in 1B. In hematologic tumors, RDEs were defined in 1A: 250 mg, 1B: 120 mg, and 2C: 45 mg. More patients with hematologic malignancies compared with solid tumors experienced grade 3/4 treatment-related adverse events (71% vs. 45%), most commonly resulting from myelosuppression. These were more frequent and severe in patients with hematologic malignancies; 22 patients exhibited tumor lysis syndrome. Overall response rates at the RDEs were 10.3% [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.2-27.4] in solid tumors and 4.2% (95% CI, 0.1-21.1), 20% (95% CI, 4.3-48.1), and 22.2% (95% CI, 8.6-42.3) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in 1B, 1A, and 2C, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A common safety profile was identified and preliminary activity was noted, particularly in AML. Comprehensive investigation of dosing regimens yielded recommended doses/regimens for future combination studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eytan M. Stein
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Corresponding Author: Eytan M. Stein, Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, David H. Koch Center for Cancer Care, 530 East 74th Street, New York, NY 10021. Phone: 646-608-3749; Fax: 212-772-8550; E-mail:
| | - Daniel J. DeAngelo
- Division of Leukemia, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jörg Chromik
- Department of Medical Oncology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Manik Chatterjee
- University Hospital of Würzburg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Translational Oncology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bauer
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,German Consortium of Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Essen, Germany
| | - Chia-Chi Lin
- National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cristina Suarez
- Medical Oncology, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Filip de Vos
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Neeltje Steeghs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - David Tai
- National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Rogier Mous
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Hironobu Minami
- Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine and Hospital, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Bernard Pereira
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Luisa Mariconti
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ensar Halilovic
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Claire Fabre
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cecilia Carpio
- Department of Hematology, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Abdul Razak AR, Bauer S, Suarez C, Lin CC, Quek R, Hütter-Krönke ML, Cubedo R, Ferretti S, Guerreiro N, Jullion A, Orlando EJ, Clementi G, Sand Dejmek J, Halilovic E, Fabre C, Blay JY, Italiano A. Co-Targeting of MDM2 and CDK4/6 with Siremadlin and Ribociclib for the Treatment of Patients with Well-Differentiated or Dedifferentiated Liposarcoma: Results From a Proof-of-Concept, Phase Ib Study. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 28:1087-1097. [PMID: 34921024 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Well-differentiated (WDLPS) and dedifferentiated (DDLPS) liposarcoma are characterized by co-amplification of the murine double minute-2 (MDM2) and cyclin-dependent kinase-4 (CDK4) oncogenes. Siremadlin, a p53-MDM2 inhibitor, was combined with ribociclib, a CDK4/6 inhibitor, in patients with locally advanced/metastatic WDLPS or DDLPS who had radiologically progressed on, or despite, prior systemic therapy. METHODS In this proof-of-concept, phase Ib, dose-escalation study, patients received siremadlin and ribociclib across different regimens until unacceptable toxicity, disease progression, and/or treatment discontinuation: Regimen A (4-week cycle: siremadlin once daily [QD] and ribociclib QD, [2 weeks on, 2 weeks off]); Regimen B (3-week cycle: siremadlin once every 3 weeks; ribociclib QD [2 weeks on, 1 week off]); Regimen C (4-week cycle: siremadlin once every 4 weeks; ribociclib QD [2 weeks on, 2 weeks off]). The primary objective was to determine the maximum tolerated dose and/or recommended dose for expansion (RDE) of siremadlin plus ribociclib in one or more regimens. RESULTS As of 16 October 2019 (last patient last visit), 74 patients had enrolled. Median duration of exposure was 13 (range, 1-174) weeks. Dose-limiting toxicities occurred in 10 patients, most of which were Grade 3/4 hematologic events. The RDE was siremadlin 120 mg every 3 weeks plus ribociclib 200 mg QD (Regimen B). Three patients achieved a partial response, and 38 achieved stable disease. One patient (Regimen C) died as a result of treatment-related hematotoxicity. CONCLUSION Siremadlin plus ribociclib demonstrated manageable toxicity and early signs of antitumor activity in patients with advanced WDLPS or DDLPS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Bauer
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sarcoma Center, West German Cancer Center, University Duisburg-Essen, Medical School, Essen, Germany; DKTK partner site Essen and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cristina Suarez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO)
| | - Chia-Chi Lin
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital
| | | | | | - Ricardo Cubedo
- Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda
| | | | | | | | | | - Giorgia Clementi
- Translational Clinical Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Yves Blay
- Medecine, Centre Leon Bérard, Univ Claude Bernard, Unicancer
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Haronikova L, Bonczek O, Zatloukalova P, Kokas-Zavadil F, Kucerikova M, Coates PJ, Fahraeus R, Vojtesek B. Resistance mechanisms to inhibitors of p53-MDM2 interactions in cancer therapy: can we overcome them? Cell Mol Biol Lett 2021; 26:53. [PMID: 34911439 PMCID: PMC8903693 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-021-00293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first MDM2 inhibitors, we have gained deeper insights into the cellular roles of MDM2 and p53. In this review, we focus on MDM2 inhibitors that bind to the p53-binding domain of MDM2 and aim to disrupt the binding of MDM2 to p53. We describe the basic mechanism of action of these MDM2 inhibitors, such as nutlin-3a, summarise the determinants of sensitivity to MDM2 inhibition from p53-dependent and p53-independent points of view and discuss the problems with innate and acquired resistance to MDM2 inhibition. Despite progress in MDM2 inhibitor design and ongoing clinical trials, their broad use in cancer treatment is not fulfilling expectations in heterogenous human cancers. We assess the MDM2 inhibitor types in clinical trials and provide an overview of possible sources of resistance to MDM2 inhibition, underlining the need for patient stratification based on these aspects to gain better clinical responses, including the use of combination therapies for personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Haronikova
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondrej Bonczek
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umea University, 901 87, Umea, Vasterbotten, Sweden
| | - Pavlina Zatloukalova
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Kokas-Zavadil
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Kucerikova
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Philip J Coates
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Robin Fahraeus
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Umea University, 901 87, Umea, Vasterbotten, Sweden
- Inserm UMRS1131, Institut de Génétique Moléculaire, Université Paris 7, Hôpital St. Louis, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Borivoj Vojtesek
- RECAMO, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Hu J, Cao J, Topatana W, Juengpanich S, Li S, Zhang B, Shen J, Cai L, Cai X, Chen M. Targeting mutant p53 for cancer therapy: direct and indirect strategies. J Hematol Oncol 2021; 14:157. [PMID: 34583722 PMCID: PMC8480024 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
TP53 is a critical tumor-suppressor gene that is mutated in more than half of all human cancers. Mutations in TP53 not only impair its antitumor activity, but also confer mutant p53 protein oncogenic properties. The p53-targeted therapy approach began with the identification of compounds capable of restoring/reactivating wild-type p53 functions or eliminating mutant p53. Treatments that directly target mutant p53 are extremely structure and drug-species-dependent. Due to the mutation of wild-type p53, multiple survival pathways that are normally maintained by wild-type p53 are disrupted, necessitating the activation of compensatory genes or pathways to promote cancer cell survival. Additionally, because the oncogenic functions of mutant p53 contribute to cancer proliferation and metastasis, targeting the signaling pathways altered by p53 mutation appears to be an attractive strategy. Synthetic lethality implies that while disruption of either gene alone is permissible among two genes with synthetic lethal interactions, complete disruption of both genes results in cell death. Thus, rather than directly targeting p53, exploiting mutant p53 synthetic lethal genes may provide additional therapeutic benefits. Additionally, research progress on the functions of noncoding RNAs has made it clear that disrupting noncoding RNA networks has a favorable antitumor effect, supporting the hypothesis that targeting noncoding RNAs may have potential synthetic lethal effects in cancers with p53 mutations. The purpose of this review is to discuss treatments for cancers with mutant p53 that focus on directly targeting mutant p53, restoring wild-type functions, and exploiting synthetic lethal interactions with mutant p53. Additionally, the possibility of noncoding RNAs acting as synthetic lethal targets for mutant p53 will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, No. 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiasheng Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, No. 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Win Topatana
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, No. 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | | | - Shijie Li
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiliang Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, No. 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Liuxin Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, No. 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Xiujun Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, No. 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Cognitive Healthcare of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Endoscopic Technique Research of Zhejiang Province, No. 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
| | - Mingyu Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run-Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, No. 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Cognitive Healthcare of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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Levy G, Mambet C, Pecquet C, Bailly S, Havelange V, Diaconu CC, Constantinescu SN. Targets in MPNs and potential therapeutics. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 366:41-81. [PMID: 35153006 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Philadelphia-negative classical Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPNs), including Polycythemia Vera (PV), Essential Thrombocythemia (ET) and Primary Myelofibrosis (PMF), are clonal hemopathies that emerge in the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment. MPN driver mutations are restricted to specific exons (14 and 12) of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), thrombopoietin receptor (MPL/TPOR) and calreticulin (CALR) genes, are involved directly in clonal myeloproliferation and generate the MPN phenotype. As a result, an increased number of fully functional erythrocytes, platelets and leukocytes is observed in the peripheral blood. Nevertheless, the complexity and heterogeneity of MPN clinical phenotypes cannot be solely explained by the type of driver mutation. Other factors, such as additional somatic mutations affecting epigenetic regulators or spliceosomes components, mutant allele burdens and modifiers of signaling by driver mutants, clonal architecture and the order of mutation acquisition, signaling events that occur downstream of a driver mutation, the presence of specific germ-line variants, the interaction of the neoplastic clone with bone marrow microenvironment and chronic inflammation, all can modulate the disease phenotype, influence the MPN clinical course and therefore, might be useful therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Levy
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium; SIGN Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cristina Mambet
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania; Department of Hematology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Christian Pecquet
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium; SIGN Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah Bailly
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium; SIGN Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Violaine Havelange
- SIGN Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Hematology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carmen C Diaconu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Stefan N Constantinescu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels, Belgium; SIGN Unit, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology), Brussels, Belgium; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Márquez-Cantudo L, Ramos A, Coderch C, de Pascual-Teresa B. Proteasomal Degradation of Zn-Dependent Hdacs: The E3-Ligases Implicated and the Designed Protacs That Enable Degradation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185606. [PMID: 34577077 PMCID: PMC8467390 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein degradation by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System is one of the main mechanisms of the regulation of cellular proteostasis, and the E3 ligases are the key effectors for the protein recognition and degradation. Many E3 ligases have key roles in cell cycle regulation, acting as checkpoints and checkpoint regulators. One of the many important proteins involved in the regulation of the cell cycle are the members of the Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) family. The importance of zinc dependent HDACs in the regulation of chromatin packing and, therefore, gene expression, has made them targets for the design and synthesis of HDAC inhibitors. However, achieving potency and selectivity has proven to be a challenge due to the homology between the zinc dependent HDACs. PROteolysis TArgeting Chimaera (PROTAC) design has been demonstrated to be a useful strategy to inhibit and selectively degrade protein targets. In this review, we attempt to summarize the E3 ligases that naturally ubiquitinate HDACs, analyze their structure, and list the known ligands that can bind to these E3 ligases and be used for PROTAC design, as well as the already described HDAC-targeted PROTACs.
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Bauer S, Demetri GD, Halilovic E, Dummer R, Meille C, Tan DSW, Guerreiro N, Jullion A, Ferretti S, Jeay S, Van Bree L, Hourcade-Potelleret F, Wuerthner JU, Fabre C, Cassier PA. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic guided optimisation of dose and schedule of CGM097, an HDM2 inhibitor, in preclinical and clinical studies. Br J Cancer 2021; 125:687-698. [PMID: 34140638 PMCID: PMC8405607 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CGM097 inhibits the p53-HDM2 interaction leading to downstream p53 activation. Preclinical in vivo studies support clinical exploration while providing preliminary evidence for dosing regimens. This first-in-human phase I study aimed at assessing the safety, MTD, PK/PD and preliminary antitumor activity of CGM097 in advanced solid tumour patients (NCT01760525). METHODS Fifty-one patients received oral treatment with CGM097 10-400 mg 3qw (n = 31) or 300-700 mg 3qw 2 weeks on/1 week off (n = 20). Choice of dose regimen was guided by PD biomarkers, and quantitative models describing the effect of CGM097 on circulating platelet and PD kinetics. RESULTS No dose-limiting toxicities were reported in any regimens. The most common treatment-related grade 3/4 AEs were haematologic events. PK/PD models well described the time course of platelet and serum GDF-15 changes, providing a tool to predict response to CGM097 for dose-limiting thrombocytopenia and GDF-15 biomarker. The disease control rate was 39%, including one partial response and 19 patients in stable disease. Twenty patients had a cumulative treatment duration of >16 weeks, with eight patients on treatment for >32 weeks. The MTD was not determined. CONCLUSIONS Despite delayed-onset thrombocytopenia frequently observed, the tolerability of CGM097 appears manageable. This study provided insights on dosing optimisation for next-generation HDM2 inhibitors. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE Haematologic toxicity with delayed thrombocytopenia is a well-known on-target effect of HDM2 inhibitors. Here we have developed a PK/PD guided approach to optimise the dose and schedule of CGM097, a novel HDM2 inhibitor, using exposure, platelets and GDF-15, a known p53 downstream target to predict patients at higher risk to develop thrombocytopenia. While CGM097 had shown limited activity, with disease control rate of 39% and only one patient in partial response, the preliminary data from the first-in-human escalation study together with the PK/PD modeling provide important insights on how to optimize dosing of next generation HDM2 inhibitors to mitigate hematologic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Bauer
- grid.5718.b0000 0001 2187 5445Department of Medical Oncology, Sarcoma Center, West German Cancer Center, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - George D. Demetri
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDana-Farber Cancer Institute and Ludwig Center at Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Ensar Halilovic
- grid.418424.f0000 0004 0439 2056Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- grid.412004.30000 0004 0478 9977University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Meille
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel S. W. Tan
- grid.410724.40000 0004 0620 9745National Cancer Center Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nelson Guerreiro
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland ,grid.417570.00000 0004 0374 1269Present Address: F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Astrid Jullion
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephane Ferretti
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastien Jeay
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland ,grid.508389.f0000 0004 6414 2411Present Address: Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Van Bree
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Jens U. Wuerthner
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland ,grid.508900.40000 0004 4910 8549Present Address: ADC Therapeutics, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Claire Fabre
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philippe A. Cassier
- grid.418116.b0000 0001 0200 3174Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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Si D, Luo H, Zhang X, Yang K, Wen H, Li W, Liu J. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pyrrolidone-based derivatives as potent p53-MDM2 inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105268. [PMID: 34426149 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the interactions of the tumor suppressor protein p53 with its negative regulators MDM2 in vitro and in vivo, representing a valuable therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. The natural product chalcone exhibited moderate inhibitory activity against MDM2, thus based on the binding mode between chalcone and MDM2, a hit unsaturated pyrrolidone scaffold was obtained through virtual screening. Several unsaturated pyrrolidone derivatives were synthesized and biological evaluated. As a result, because the three critical hydrophobic pockets of MDM2 were occupied by the substituted-phenyl linked at the pyrrolidone fragment, compound 4 h demonstrated good binding affinity with the MDM2. Additionally, compound 4 h also showed excellent antitumor activity and selectivity, and no cytotoxicity against normal cells in vitro. The further antitumor mechanism studies were indicated that compound 4 h could successfully induce the activation of p53 and corresponding downstream p21 proteins, thus successfully causing HCT116 cell cycle arrest in the G1/M phase and apoptosis. Thus, the novel unsaturated pyrrolidone p53-MDM2 inhibitors could be developed as novel antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjuan Si
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huijuan Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Kundi Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Hongmei Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Zhang S, Lou J, Li Y, Zhou F, Yan Z, Lyu X, Zhao Y. Recent Progress and Clinical Development of Inhibitors that Block MDM4/p53 Protein-Protein Interactions. J Med Chem 2021; 64:10621-10640. [PMID: 34286973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
MDM4 is a homologue of MDM2, serving cooperatively as the negative regulator of tumor suppressor p53. Under the shadow of MDM2 inhibitors, limited efforts had been put into the discovery of MDM4 modulators. Recent studies of the experimental drug ALRN-6924, a dual MDM4 and MDM2 inhibitor, suggest that concurrent inhibition of MDM4 and MDM2 might be beneficial over only MDM2 inhibition. In view of the present research progress, we summarized published inhibitors of MDM4/p53 interactions including both peptide-based compounds and small molecules. Cocrystal structures of ligand/MDM4 complexes have been examined, and their structural features were compiled and compared in order to show the molecular basis required for high MDM4 binding affinities. Representative examples of small-molecule MDM4 inhibitors were discussed, followed by clinical results of ALRN-6924, together, providing a consolidated reference for further development of MDM4 inhibitors, either dual or selective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyan Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianfeng Lou
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yafang Li
- Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Feilong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ziqin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xilin Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yujun Zhao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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LaPlante G, Zhang W. Targeting the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System for Cancer Therapeutics by Small-Molecule Inhibitors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3079. [PMID: 34203106 PMCID: PMC8235664 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a critical regulator of cellular protein levels and activity. It is, therefore, not surprising that its dysregulation is implicated in numerous human diseases, including many types of cancer. Moreover, since cancer cells exhibit increased rates of protein turnover, their heightened dependence on the UPS makes it an attractive target for inhibition via targeted therapeutics. Indeed, the clinical application of proteasome inhibitors in treatment of multiple myeloma has been very successful, stimulating the development of small-molecule inhibitors targeting other UPS components. On the other hand, while the discovery of potent and selective chemical compounds can be both challenging and time consuming, the area of targeted protein degradation through utilization of the UPS machinery has seen promising developments in recent years. The repertoire of proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs), which employ E3 ligases for the degradation of cancer-related proteins via the proteasome, continues to grow. In this review, we will provide a thorough overview of small-molecule UPS inhibitors and highlight advancements in the development of targeted protein degradation strategies for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel LaPlante
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada;
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada;
- CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, MaRS Centre West Tower, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G1M1, Canada
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36
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Moreira J, Almeida J, Saraiva L, Cidade H, Pinto M. Chalcones as Promising Antitumor Agents by Targeting the p53 Pathway: An Overview and New Insights in Drug-Likeness. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123737. [PMID: 34205272 PMCID: PMC8233907 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53 protein is one of the most important tumor suppressors that are frequently inactivated in cancer cells. This inactivation occurs either because the TP53 gene is mutated or deleted, or due to the p53 protein inhibition by endogenous negative regulators, particularly murine double minute (MDM)2. Therefore, the reestablishment of p53 activity has received great attention concerning the discovery of new cancer therapeutics. Chalcones are naturally occurring compounds widely described as potential antitumor agents through several mechanisms, including those involving the p53 pathway. The inhibitory effect of these compounds in the interaction between p53 and MDM2 has also been recognized, with this effect associated with binding to a subsite of the p53 binding cleft of MDM2. In this work, a literature review of natural and synthetic chalcones and their analogues potentially interfering with p53 pathway is presented. Moreover, in silico studies of drug-likeness of chalcones recognized as p53-MDM2 interaction inhibitors were accomplished considering molecular descriptors, biophysiochemical properties, and pharmacokinetic parameters in comparison with those from p53-MDM2 in clinical trials. With this review, we expect to guide the design of new and more effective chalcones targeting the p53 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Moreira
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Joana Almeida
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Lucília Saraiva
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (H.C.); (M.P.); Tel.: +351-22-042-8584 (L.S.); +351-22-042-8688 (H.C.); +351-22-042-8692 (M.P.)
| | - Honorina Cidade
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (H.C.); (M.P.); Tel.: +351-22-042-8584 (L.S.); +351-22-042-8688 (H.C.); +351-22-042-8692 (M.P.)
| | - Madalena Pinto
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Correspondence: (L.S.); (H.C.); (M.P.); Tel.: +351-22-042-8584 (L.S.); +351-22-042-8688 (H.C.); +351-22-042-8692 (M.P.)
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37
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Fang DD, Tang Q, Kong Y, Rong T, Wang Q, Li N, Fang X, Gu J, Xiong D, Yin Y, Deng J, Yang D, Zhai Y. MDM2 inhibitor APG-115 exerts potent antitumor activity and synergizes with standard-of-care agents in preclinical acute myeloid leukemia models. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:90. [PMID: 33941774 PMCID: PMC8093284 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous clonal disease associated with unmet medical needs. Paralleling the pathology of other cancers, AML tumorigenesis and propagation can be ascribed to dysregulated cellular processes, including apoptosis. This function and others are regulated by tumor suppressor P53, which plays a pivotal role in leukemogenesis. Opposing P53-mediated activities is the mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2), which promotes P53 degradation. Because the TP53 mutation rate is low, and MDM2 frequently overexpressed, in patients with leukemia, targeting the MDM2-P53 axis to restore P53 function has emerged as an attractive AML treatment strategy. APG-115 is a potent MDM2 inhibitor under clinical development for patients with solid tumors. In cellular cultures and animal models of AML, we demonstrate that APG-115 exerted substantial antileukemic activity, as either a single agent or when combined with standard-of-care (SOC) hypomethylating agents azacitidine (AZA) and decitabine (DAC), or the DNA-damaging agent cytarabine (Ara-C). By activating the P53/P21 pathway, APG-115 exhibited potent antiproliferative and apoptogenic activities, and induced cell cycle arrest, in TP53 wild-type AML lines. In vivo, APG-115 significantly reduced tumor burden and prolonged survival. Combinations of APG-115 with SOC treatments elicited synergistic antileukemic activity. To explain these effects, we propose that APG-115 and SOC agents augment AML cell killing by complementarily activating the P53/P21 pathway and upregulating DNA damage. These findings and the emerging mechanism of action afford a sound scientific rationale to evaluate APG-115 (with or without SOC therapies) in patients with AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas D Fang
- Ascentage Pharma (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qiuqiong Tang
- Ascentage Pharma (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yanhui Kong
- Ascentage Pharma (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tao Rong
- Ascentage Pharma (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qixin Wang
- Ascentage Pharma (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Na Li
- Ascentage Pharma (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xu Fang
- Ascentage Pharma (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiaxing Gu
- Ascentage Pharma (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dengkun Xiong
- Ascentage Pharma (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan Yin
- Ascentage Pharma (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing Deng
- Ascentage Pharma (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dajun Yang
- Ascentage Pharma (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
- Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yifan Zhai
- Ascentage Pharma (Suzhou) Co., Ltd., 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
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38
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Takahashi S, Fujiwara Y, Nakano K, Shimizu T, Tomomatsu J, Koyama T, Ogura M, Tachibana M, Kakurai Y, Yamashita T, Sakajiri S, Yamamoto N. Safety and pharmacokinetics of milademetan, a MDM2 inhibitor, in Japanese patients with solid tumors: A phase I study. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:2361-2370. [PMID: 33686772 PMCID: PMC8177775 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Milademetan (DS‐3032, RAIN‐32) is an orally available mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) antagonist with potential antineoplastic activity owing to increase in p53 activity through interruption of the MDM2‐p53 interaction. This phase I, dose‐escalating study assessed the safety, tolerability, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of milademetan in 18 Japanese patients with solid tumors who relapsed after or were refractory to standard therapy. Patients aged ≥ 20 years received oral milademetan once daily (60 mg, n = 3; 90 mg, n = 11; or 120 mg, n = 4) on days 1 to 21 in a 28‐day cycle. Dose‐limiting toxicities, safety, tolerability, maximum tolerated dose, pharmacokinetics, and recommended dose for phase II were determined. The most frequent treatment‐emergent adverse events included nausea (72.2%), decreased appetite (61.1%), platelet count decreased (61.1%), white blood cell count decreased (50.0%), fatigue (50.0%), and anemia (50.0%). Dose‐limiting toxicities (three events of platelet count decreased and one nausea) were observed in the 120‐mg cohort. The plasma concentrations of milademetan increased in a dose‐dependent manner. Stable disease was observed in seven out of 16 patients (43.8%). Milademetan was well tolerated and showed modest antitumor activity in Japanese patients with solid tumors. The recommended dose for phase II was considered to be 90 mg in the once‐daily 21/28‐day schedule. Future studies would be needed to further evaluate the potential safety, tolerability, and clinical activity of milademetan in patients with solid tumors and lymphomas. The trial was registered with Clinicaltrials.jp: JapicCTI‐142693.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yutaka Fujiwara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Mitsui Memorial Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Nakano
- The Cancer Institute Hospital of JFCR, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Shimizu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Takafumi Koyama
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mariko Ogura
- The Cancer Institute Hospital of JFCR, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Tachibana
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology Pharmacokinetics Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Kakurai
- Data Intelligence Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonari Yamashita
- Oncology Medical Science Department, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Noboru Yamamoto
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Kono M, Kumai T, Hayashi R, Yamaki H, Komatsuda H, Wakisaka R, Nagato T, Ohkuri T, Kosaka A, Ohara K, Kishibe K, Takahara M, Katada A, Hayashi T, Celis E, Kobayashi H, Harabuchi Y. Interruption of MDM2 signaling augments MDM2-targeted T cell-based antitumor immunotherapy through antigen-presenting machinery. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:3421-3434. [PMID: 33866408 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02940-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Identification of immunogenic tumor antigens, their corresponding T cell epitopes and the selection of effective adjuvants are prerequisites for developing effective cancer immunotherapies such as therapeutic vaccines. Murine double minute 2 (MDM2) is an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that negatively regulates tumor suppressor p53. Because MDM2 overexpression serves as a poor prognosis factor in various types of tumors, it would be beneficial to develop MDM2-targeted cancer vaccines. In this report, we identified an MDM2-derived peptide epitope (MDM232-46) that elicited antigen-specific and tumor-reactive CD4+ T cell responses. These CD4+ T cells directly killed tumor cells via granzyme B. MDM2 is expressed in head and neck cancer patients with poor prognosis, and the T cells that recognize this MDM2 peptide were present in these patients. Notably, Nutlin-3 (MDM2-p53 blocker), inhibited tumor cell proliferation, was shown to augment antitumor T cell responses by increasing MDM2 expression, HLA-class I and HLA-DR through class II transactivator (CIITA). These results suggest that the use of this MDM2 peptide as a therapeutic vaccine combined with MDM2 inhibitors could represent an effective immunologic strategy to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michihisa Kono
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Takumi Kumai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan. .,Department of Innovative Head & Neck Cancer Research and Treatment, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.
| | - Ryusuke Hayashi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Hidekiyo Yamaki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroki Komatsuda
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Risa Wakisaka
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nagato
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Takayuki Ohkuri
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Akemi Kosaka
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Kenzo Ohara
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Kan Kishibe
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Miki Takahara
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Akihiro Katada
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Hayashi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan.,Department of Innovative Head & Neck Cancer Research and Treatment, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Esteban Celis
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Augusta University, Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Hiroya Kobayashi
- Department of Pathology, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Harabuchi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
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Chang L, Ruiz P, Ito T, Sellers WR. Targeting pan-essential genes in cancer: Challenges and opportunities. Cancer Cell 2021; 39:466-479. [PMID: 33450197 PMCID: PMC8157671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite remarkable successes in the clinic, cancer targeted therapy development remains challenging and the failure rate is disappointingly high. This problem is partly due to the misapplication of the targeted therapy paradigm to therapeutics targeting pan-essential genes, which can result in therapeutics whereby efficacy is attenuated by dose-limiting toxicity. Here we summarize the key features of successful chemotherapy and targeted therapy agents, and use case studies to outline recurrent challenges to drug development efforts targeting pan-essential genes. Finally, we suggest strategies to avoid previous pitfalls for ongoing and future development of pan-essential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chang
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paloma Ruiz
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Takahiro Ito
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William R Sellers
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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41
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Guerreiro N, Jullion A, Ferretti S, Fabre C, Meille C. Translational Modeling of Anticancer Efficacy to Predict Clinical Outcomes in a First-in-Human Phase 1 Study of MDM2 Inhibitor HDM201. AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:28. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00551-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Wang HQ, Mulford IJ, Sharp F, Liang J, Kurtulus S, Trabucco G, Quinn DS, Longmire TA, Patel N, Patil R, Shirley MD, Chen Y, Wang H, Ruddy DA, Fabre C, Williams JA, Hammerman PS, Mataraza J, Platzer B, Halilovic E. Inhibition of MDM2 Promotes Antitumor Responses in p53 Wild-Type Cancer Cells through Their Interaction with the Immune and Stromal Microenvironment. Cancer Res 2021; 81:3079-3091. [PMID: 33504557 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
p53 is a transcription factor that plays a central role in guarding the genomic stability of cells through cell-cycle arrest or induction of apoptosis. However, the effects of p53 in antitumor immunity are poorly understood. To investigate the role of p53 in controlling tumor-immune cell cross-talk, we studied murine syngeneic models treated with HDM201, a potent and selective second-generation MDM2 inhibitor. In response to HDM201 treatment, the percentage of dendritic cells increased, including the CD103+ antigen cross-presenting subset. Furthermore, HDM201 increased the percentage of Tbet+Eomes+ CD8+ T cells and the CD8+/Treg ratio within the tumor. These immunophenotypic changes were eliminated with the knockout of p53 in tumor cells. Enhanced expression of CD80 on tumor cells was observed in vitro and in vivo, which coincided with T-cell-mediated tumor cell killing. Combining HDM201 with PD-1 or PD-L1 blockade increased the number of complete tumor regressions. Responding mice developed durable, antigen-specific memory T cells and rejected subsequent tumor implantation. Importantly, antitumor activity of HDM201 in combination with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade was abrogated in p53-mutated and knockout syngeneic tumor models, indicating the effect of HDM201 on the tumor is required for triggering antitumor immunity. Taken together, these results demonstrate that MDM2 inhibition triggers adaptive immunity, which is further enhanced by blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, thereby providing a rationale for combining MDM2 inhibitors and checkpoint blocking antibodies in patients with wild-type p53 tumors. SIGNIFICANCE: This study provides a mechanistic rationale for combining checkpoint blockade immunotherapy with MDM2 inhibitors in patients with wild-type p53 tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qin Wang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Iain J Mulford
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Fiona Sharp
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jinsheng Liang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sema Kurtulus
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Gina Trabucco
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - David S Quinn
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Tyler A Longmire
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Nidhi Patel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Roshani Patil
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew D Shirley
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Yan Chen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Hao Wang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - David A Ruddy
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Claire Fabre
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Juliet A Williams
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Peter S Hammerman
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer Mataraza
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Barbara Platzer
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ensar Halilovic
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
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Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-related factors (TRAFs) are important linker molecules in the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (TNFSF) and the Toll-like/interleukin-1 receptor (TLR/ILR) superfamily. There are seven members: TRAF1-TRAF7, among those members, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) is upregulated in various tumors, which has been related to tumorigenesis and development. With the in-depth study of the relationship between TRAF6 and different types of tumors, TRAF6 has oncogenic characteristics involved in tumorigenesis, tumor development, invasion, and metastasis through various signaling pathways, therefore, targeting TRAF6 has provided a novel strategy for tumor treatment. This review summarizes and analyzes the role of TRAF6 in tumorigenesis and tumor development in combination with the current research on TRAF6 and tumors.
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Barcherini V, Almeida J, Lopes EA, Wang M, Magalhães E Silva D, Mori M, Wang S, Saraiva L, Santos MMM. Potency and Selectivity Optimization of Tryptophanol-Derived Oxazoloisoindolinones: Novel p53 Activators in Human Colorectal Cancer. ChemMedChem 2020; 16:250-258. [PMID: 32737944 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To search for novel p53 activators, four series of novel (S)- and (R)-tryptophanol-derived oxazoloisoindolinones were synthesized in a straightforward manner and their antiproliferative activity was evaluated in the human colorectal cancer HCT116 cell line. Structural optimization of the hit compound SLMP53-1 led to the identification of a (R)-tryptophanol-derived isoindolinone that was found to be six-fold more active, with increased selectivity for HCT116 cells with p53 and with low toxicity in normal cells. Binding studies with MDM2 showed that the antiproliferative activity of tryptophanol-derived isoindolinones does not involve inhibition of the main negative regulator of the p53 protein. Molecular docking simulations showed that although these molecules establish hydrophobic interactions with MDM2, they do not possess the required features to bind MDM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Barcherini
- Department of Therapeutic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Almeida
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Elizabeth A Lopes
- Department of Therapeutic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mi Wang
- Rogel Cancer Center, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Diogo Magalhães E Silva
- Department of Therapeutic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mattia Mori
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- Rogel Cancer Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lucília Saraiva
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria M M Santos
- Department of Therapeutic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
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Portman N, Milioli HH, Alexandrou S, Coulson R, Yong A, Fernandez KJ, Chia KM, Halilovic E, Segara D, Parker A, Haupt S, Haupt Y, Tilley WD, Swarbrick A, Caldon CE, Lim E. MDM2 inhibition in combination with endocrine therapy and CDK4/6 inhibition for the treatment of ER-positive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2020; 22:87. [PMID: 32787886 PMCID: PMC7425060 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-020-01318-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance to endocrine therapy is a major clinical challenge in the management of oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. In this setting, p53 is frequently wildtype and its activity may be suppressed via upregulation of its key regulator MDM2. This underlies our rationale to evaluate MDM2 inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in treatment-resistant ER-positive breast cancer. Methods We used the MDM2 inhibitor NVP-CGM097 to treat in vitro and in vivo models alone and in combination with fulvestrant or palbociclib. We perform cell viability, cell cycle, apoptosis and senescence assays to evaluate anti-tumour effects in p53 wildtype and p53 mutant ER-positive cell lines (MCF-7, ZR75-1, T-47D) and MCF-7 lines resistant to endocrine therapy and to CDK4/6 inhibition. We further assess the drug effects in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of endocrine-sensitive and endocrine-resistant ER-positive breast cancer. Results We demonstrate that MDM2 inhibition results in cell cycle arrest and increased apoptosis in p53-wildtype in vitro and in vivo breast cancer models, leading to potent anti-tumour activity. We find that endocrine therapy or CDK4/6 inhibition synergises with MDM2 inhibition but does not further enhance apoptosis. Instead, combination treatments result in profound regulation of cell cycle-related transcriptional programmes, with synergy achieved through increased antagonism of cell cycle progression. Combination therapy pushes cell lines resistant to fulvestrant or palbociclib to become senescent and significantly reduces tumour growth in a fulvestrant-resistant patient-derived xenograft model. Conclusions We conclude that MDM2 inhibitors in combination with ER degraders or CDK4/6 inhibitors represent a rational strategy for treating advanced, endocrine-resistant ER-positive breast cancer, operating through synergistic activation of cell cycle co-regulatory programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Portman
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Heloisa H Milioli
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Sarah Alexandrou
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Rhiannon Coulson
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Aliza Yong
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Kristine J Fernandez
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Kee Ming Chia
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Ensar Halilovic
- Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Davendra Segara
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Andrew Parker
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Sue Haupt
- Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Ygal Haupt
- Tumor Suppression Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Wayne D Tilley
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Alex Swarbrick
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - C Elizabeth Caldon
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Elgene Lim
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia. .,St. Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
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46
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Singh N, Li W. Absolute Binding Free Energy Calculations for Highly Flexible Protein MDM2 and Its Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134765. [PMID: 32635537 PMCID: PMC7369993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Reliable prediction of binding affinities for ligand-receptor complex has been the primary goal of a structure-based drug design process. In this respect, alchemical methods are evolving as a popular choice to predict the binding affinities for biomolecular complexes. However, the highly flexible protein-ligand systems pose a challenge to the accuracy of binding free energy calculations mostly due to insufficient sampling. Herein, integrated computational protocol combining free energy perturbation based absolute binding free energy calculation with free energy landscape method was proposed for improved prediction of binding free energy for flexible protein-ligand complexes. The proposed method is applied to the dataset of various classes of p53-MDM2 (murine double minute 2) inhibitors. The absolute binding free energy calculations for MDMX (murine double minute X) resulted in a mean absolute error value of 0.816 kcal/mol while it is 3.08 kcal/mol for MDM2, a highly flexible protein compared to MDMX. With the integration of the free energy landscape method, the mean absolute error for MDM2 is improved to 1.95 kcal/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Singh
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wenjin Li
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-755-2694-2336
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47
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Wang Z, Su D, Sun Z, Liu S, Sun L, Li Q, Guan L, Liu Y, Ma X, Hu S. MDM2 phosphorylation mediates H 2O 2-induced lens epithelial cells apoptosis and age-related cataract. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 528:112-119. [PMID: 32471716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lens epithelial cells (LECs) apoptosis induced by oxidative stress is a major factor in age-related-cataract (ARC) pathogenesis, but there are still many blind nodes in this progress. This study aimed to investigate the effects of MDM2 phosphorylation in ARC and H2O2-induced lens epithelial cells apoptosis. Our results confirmed that the levels of p-MDM2 (Ser166) and p-MDM2 (Ser186) in the anterior lens capsules of human cataracts were reduced compared to that in normal capsules. Similarly, in naturally aging cataract mice, the level of MDM2 phosphorylation also decreased. Oxidative stress-induced apoptosis model was constructed by cultivating HLE-B3 cells with 200 μM H2O2. It was confirmed that MDM2 could regulate lens epithelial cell apoptosis, and MDM2 inhibitors could partly inhibited AKT's role in suppressing apoptosis induced by H2O2. Besides, we examed the decreased level of p-AKT(Ser473) in apoptosis of lens epithelial cells and ARC. Our study revealed that MDM2 phosphorylation mediated H2O2-induced lens epithelial cells apoptosis and ARC, which could provide new ideas for the clinical treatment of ARC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongying Wang
- Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, 157011, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Dongmei Su
- Department of Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Health Department, Beijing, 100081, China; Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhaoyi Sun
- Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, 157011, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shanhe Liu
- Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, 157011, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, 157011, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Health Department, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lina Guan
- Department of Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Health Department, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Medical Research Center of Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, 157011, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xu Ma
- Department of Genetics, National Research Institute for Family Planning, Health Department, Beijing, 100081, China; Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Shanshan Hu
- Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, 157011, Heilongjiang, China.
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48
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Li W, Peng X, Lang J, Xu C. Targeting Mouse Double Minute 2: Current Concepts in DNA Damage Repair and Therapeutic Approaches in Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:631. [PMID: 32477121 PMCID: PMC7232544 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in DNA damage repair may cause genome instability and cancer development. The tumor suppressor gene p53 regulates cell cycle arrest to allow time for DNA repair. The oncoprotein mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) promotes cell survival, proliferation, invasion, and therapeutic resistance in many types of cancer. The major role of MDM2 is to inhibit p53 activity and promote its degradation. In this review, we describe the influence of MDM2 on genomic instability, the role of MDM2 on releasing p53 and binding DNA repair proteins to inhibit repair, and the regulation network of MDM2 including its transcriptional modifications, protein stability, and localization following DNA damage in genome integrity maintenance and in MDM2-p53 axis control. We also discuss p53-dependent and p53 independent oncogenic function of MDM2 and the outcomes of clinical trials that have been used with clinical inhibitors targeting p53-MDM2 to treat certain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- Cancer Clinical Research Center & Integrative Cancer Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinhao Peng
- Cancer Clinical Research Center & Integrative Cancer Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinyi Lang
- Cancer Clinical Research Center & Integrative Cancer Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuan Xu
- Cancer Clinical Research Center & Integrative Cancer Center, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute Sichuan Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Rusiecki R, Witkowski J, Jaszczewska-Adamczak J. MDM2-p53 Interaction Inhibitors: The Current State-of-Art and Updated Patent Review (2010-Present). Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2020; 14:324-369. [DOI: 10.2174/1574892814666191022163540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Mouse Double Minute 2 protein (MDM2) is a cellular regulator of p53 tumor
suppressor (p53). Inhibition of the interaction between MDM2 and p53 proteins is a promising anticancer
therapy.
Objective:
This updated patent review is an attempt to compile the research and achievements of the
various researchers working on small molecule MDM2 inhibitors from 2010 to date. We provide an
outlook into the future for therapy based on MDM2 inhibition by presenting an overview of the most
relevant patents which have recently appeared in the literature.
Methods:
Literature and recent patents focusing on the anticancer potential of MDM2-p53 interaction
inhibitors and its applications have been analyzed. We put the main emphasis on the most perspective
compounds which are or were examined in clinical trials.
Results:
Literature data indicated that MDM2 inhibitors are therapeutically effective in specific types
of cancer or non-cancer diseases. A great number of patents and research work around new MDM2-
p53 interaction inhibitors, possible combinations, new indications, clinical regimens in previous years
prove that this targeted therapy is in the scope of interest for many business and academic research
groups.
Conclusion:
Novel MDM2 inhibitors thanks to higher potency and better ADME properties have
shown effectiveness in preclinical and clinical development however the final improvement of therapeutic
potential for MDM2 inhibitors might depend on the useful combination therapy and exploring
new cancer and non-cancer indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Rusiecki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw 00-664, Poland
| | - Jakub Witkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
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50
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Shi S, Sui K, Liu W, Lei Y, Zhang S, Zhang Q. Revealing binding selectivity of ligands toward murine double minute 2 and murine double minute X based on molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy calculations. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:5081-5094. [PMID: 31755361 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1695671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that the interactions of p53 with murine double minute 2 and murine double minute X, namely MDM2 and MDMX, have been significant targets of efficient anti-cancer drug design. In this study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, principal component (PC) analysis and binding free energy calculations are combined to recognize binding selectivity of three ligands to MDM2 and MDMX. The binding free energies were estimated by using molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area (MM-GBSA) method and the obtained results display that the increase in the binding enthalpy of three ligands to MDM2 relative to MDMX mainly drives the binding selectivity of them toward MDM2 and MDMX. The information obtained from PC analysis shows that the associations of ligands exert important impacts on internal dynamics of MDM2 and MDMX. Meanwhile, the calculations of residue-based free energy decomposition not only identify the hot interaction spots of ligands with MDM2 and MDMX, but also show the residues (L54, M53), (Y67, Y66), (V93, V92), (H96, P95), (I99, I98) and (Y100, Y99) in (MDM2, MDMX) are responsible for most contributions to the binding selectivity of three ligands toward MDM2 and MDMX. It is believed that this work can provide useful information for design of highly selective and dual inhibitors targeting MDM2 and MDMX.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Shi
- School of Science, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Kai Sui
- School of Science, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Weizhe Liu
- School of Science, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Yanzi Lei
- School of Science, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Shaolong Zhang
- College of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Qinggang Zhang
- College of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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