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Gong X, Du J, Peng RW, Chen C, Yang Z. CRISPRing KRAS: A Winding Road with a Bright Future in Basic and Translational Cancer Research. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:460. [PMID: 38275900 PMCID: PMC10814442 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Once considered "undruggable" due to the strong affinity of RAS proteins for GTP and the structural lack of a hydrophobic "pocket" for drug binding, the development of proprietary therapies for KRAS-mutant tumors has long been a challenging area of research. CRISPR technology, the most successful gene-editing tool to date, is increasingly being utilized in cancer research. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the application of the CRISPR system in basic and translational research in KRAS-mutant cancer, summarizing recent advances in the mechanistic understanding of KRAS biology and the underlying principles of drug resistance, anti-tumor immunity, epigenetic regulatory networks, and synthetic lethality co-opted by mutant KRAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Gong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, China; (X.G.); (J.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Jianting Du
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, China; (X.G.); (J.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Ren-Wang Peng
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of BioMedical Research (DBMR), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 28, 3008 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Chun Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, China; (X.G.); (J.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Zhang Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, 29 Xinquan Road, Fuzhou 350001, China; (X.G.); (J.D.)
- Key Laboratory of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
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2
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Yan Y, Ren Y, Bao Y, Wang Y. RNA splicing alterations in lung cancer pathogenesis and therapy. CANCER PATHOGENESIS AND THERAPY 2023; 1:272-283. [PMID: 38327600 PMCID: PMC10846331 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpt.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
RNA splicing alterations are widespread and play critical roles in cancer pathogenesis and therapy. Lung cancer is highly heterogeneous and causes the most cancer-related deaths worldwide. Large-scale multi-omics studies have not only characterized the mutational landscapes but also discovered a plethora of transcriptional and post-transcriptional changes in lung cancer. Such resources have greatly facilitated the development of new diagnostic markers and therapeutic options over the past two decades. Intriguingly, altered RNA splicing has emerged as an important molecular feature and therapeutic target of lung cancer. In this review, we provide a brief overview of splicing dysregulation in lung cancer and summarize the recent progress on key splicing events and splicing factors that contribute to lung cancer pathogenesis. Moreover, we describe the general strategies targeting splicing alterations in lung cancer and highlight the potential of combining splicing modulation with currently approved therapies to combat this deadly disease. This review provides new mechanistic and therapeutic insights into splicing dysregulation in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueren Yan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yunpeng Ren
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yufang Bao
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yongbo Wang
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Computing and Computer Assisted Intervention, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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3
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Batool R, Fatima B, Jabeen F, Hussain D, Imran M, Najam-ul-Haq M. Profiling of phosphorylated metabolites from lung cancer by zeolite loaded Mg-Al-Ce ternary hydroxide (Zeolite@MAC) composite. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16098. [PMID: 37215921 PMCID: PMC10196856 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylated metabolites are linked to metabolism, and the dysregulation of metabolic reactions brings cancer. Dysregulated levels lead to hyperactivation of glycolytic and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation pathways. Abnormal concentrations are the indicators of energy-related disorders. In this work, Zeolite-loaded Mg-Al-Ce hydroxides (Zeolite@MAC) are prepared by co-precipitation and characterized through FTIR, XRD, SEM, BET, AFM, TEM, and DLS. Magnesium-Aluminum-Cerium-Zeolite particles enrich phosphate-containing small molecules. These ternary hydroxides carried out the main adsorption mechanism, which swapped the surface hydroxyl group ligands for phosphate and the inner-sphere complex of CePO4. XH2O. Cerium plays a significant role in the complexation of phosphate, and adding Mg and Al further helps disperse Ce and increase the surface charge on the adsorbent. ΑTP and AMP are the standard molecules for parameter optimization. Zeolite@MAC enriches phosphorylated metabolites followed by their desorption via UV-vis spectrophotometry. MS profiles for healthy and lung cancer serum samples are obtained for phosphorylated metabolites. Characteristic phosphorylated metabolites have been detected in lung cancer samples with high expression. The role of phosphorylated metabolites is explored for abnormal metabolic pathways in lung cancer. The fabricated material is sensitive, selective, and highly enriched for identifying phosphate-specific biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimsha Batool
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Batool Fatima
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Fahmida Jabeen
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Dilshad Hussain
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Biochemistry Section, Institute of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, 25120, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Najam-ul-Haq
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
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4
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Saluri M, Leppert A, Gese GV, Sahin C, Lama D, Kaldmäe M, Chen G, Elofsson A, Allison TM, Arsenian-Henriksson M, Johansson J, Lane DP, Hällberg BM, Landreh M. A "grappling hook" interaction connects self-assembly and chaperone activity of Nucleophosmin 1. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgac303. [PMID: 36743470 PMCID: PMC9896144 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
How the self-assembly of partially disordered proteins generates functional compartments in the cytoplasm and particularly in the nucleus is poorly understood. Nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) is an abundant nucleolar protein that forms large oligomers and undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation by binding RNA or ribosomal proteins. It provides the scaffold for ribosome assembly but also prevents protein aggregation as part of the cellular stress response. Here, we use aggregation assays and native mass spectrometry (MS) to examine the relationship between the self-assembly and chaperone activity of NPM1. We find that oligomerization of full-length NPM1 modulates its ability to retard amyloid formation in vitro. Machine learning-based structure prediction and cryo-electron microscopy reveal fuzzy interactions between the acidic disordered region and the C-terminal nucleotide-binding domain, which cross-link NPM1 pentamers into partially disordered oligomers. The addition of basic peptides results in a tighter association within the oligomers, reducing their capacity to prevent amyloid formation. Together, our findings show that NPM1 uses a "grappling hook" mechanism to form a network-like structure that traps aggregation-prone proteins. Nucleolar proteins and RNAs simultaneously modulate the association strength and chaperone activity, suggesting a mechanism by which nucleolar composition regulates the chaperone activity of NPM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihkel Saluri
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet – Biomedicum, Solnavägen 9, 171 65 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Cagla Sahin
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet – Biomedicum, Solnavägen 9, 171 65 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden,Structural Biology and NMR laboratory and the Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dilraj Lama
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet – Biomedicum, Solnavägen 9, 171 65 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margit Kaldmäe
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet – Biomedicum, Solnavägen 9, 171 65 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gefei Chen
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57 Huddinge,, Sweden
| | - Arne Elofsson
- Science for Life Laboratory and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Timothy M Allison
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Upper Riccarton, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Marie Arsenian-Henriksson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet – Biomedicum, Solnavägen 9, 171 65 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Johansson
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 141 57 Huddinge,, Sweden
| | - David P Lane
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet – Biomedicum, Solnavägen 9, 171 65 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
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Roman M, Hwang E, Sweet-Cordero EA. Synthetic Vulnerabilities in the KRAS Pathway. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14122837. [PMID: 35740503 PMCID: PMC9221492 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14122837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in Kristen Rat Sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS) are among the most frequent gain-of-function genetic alterations in human cancer. Most KRAS-driven cancers depend on its sustained expression and signaling. Despite spectacular recent success in the development of inhibitors targeting specific KRAS alleles, the discovery and utilization of effective directed therapies for KRAS-mutant cancers remains a major unmet need. One potential approach is the identification of KRAS-specific synthetic lethal vulnerabilities. For example, while KRAS-driven oncogenesis requires the activation of a number of signaling pathways, it also triggers stress response pathways in cancer cells that could potentially be targeted for therapeutic benefit. This review will discuss how the latest advances in functional genomics and the development of more refined models have demonstrated the existence of molecular pathways that can be exploited to uncover synthetic lethal interactions with a promising future as potential clinical treatments in KRAS-mutant cancers.
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Yang H, Guo Q, Wu J, Zhong L, Sun L, Liu W, Wang J, Lin L. Deciphering the Effects and Mechanisms of Yi-Fei-San-Jie-pill on Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer With Integrating Network Target Analysis and Experimental Validation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:851554. [PMID: 35645820 PMCID: PMC9130494 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.851554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which accounts for 85% of lung cancer cases, calls for better therapy. Yi-Fei-San-Jie-pill (YFSJ), a well-applicated traditional Chinese medicine formula, was reported to be effective in the treatment of NSCLC. However, its anti-tumor mechanism still needs to be fully elucidated. Herein, a reliable preclinical orthotopic but not subcutaneous model of NSCLC in mice was established to evaluate the anti-cancer properties and further validate the mechanisms of YFSJ. A bioinformatic analysis was executed to identify the potential targets and key pathways of YFSJ on NSCLC. In detail, the anti-tumor effect of YFSJ and the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA was evaluated according to the tumor fluorescence value and comparison of different groups’ survival times. As a result, YFSJ markedly decreased tumor size and prolonged survival time in contrast with those in the orthotopic model group (p < 0.05), and it also significantly regulated the protein expression levels of apoptosis- and autophagy-related proteins. In conclusion, this study provides convincing evidence that YFSJ could inhibit the growth of tumors and prolong the survival time of tumor-bearing mice based on the NSCLC orthotopic model, and its anti-tumor effect was closely associated with the promotion of apoptosis and interference of autophagy coupled with regulation of immune infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Yang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuyan Guo
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianbin Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixia Zhong
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingling Sun
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jigang Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Artemisinin Research Center, and Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Central People’s Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, China
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lizhu Lin, , Jigang Wang,
| | - Lizhu Lin
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lizhu Lin, , Jigang Wang,
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Yang S, Huang Y, Zhao Q. Epigenetic Alterations and Inflammation as Emerging Use for the Advancement of Treatment in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:878740. [PMID: 35514980 PMCID: PMC9066637 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.878740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains one of the most common malignancies in the world. Nowadays, the most common lung cancer is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), namely, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell lung carcinoma. Epigenetic alterations that refer to DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNA expression, are now suggested to drive the genesis and development of NSCLC. Additionally, inflammation-related tumorigenesis also plays a vital role in cancer research and efforts have been attempted to reverse such condition. During the occurrence and development of inflammatory diseases, the immune component of inflammation may cause epigenetic changes, but it is not always certain whether the immune component itself or the stimulated host cells cause epigenetic changes. Moreover, the links between epigenetic alterations and cancer-related inflammation and their influences on the human cancer are not clear so far. Therefore, the connection between epigenetic drivers, inflammation, and NSCLC will be summarized. Investigation on such topic is most likely to shed light on the molecular and immunological mechanisms of epigenetic and inflammatory factors and promote the application of epigenetics in the innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shuo Yang, ; Yang Huang, ; Qi Zhao,
| | - Yang Huang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shuo Yang, ; Yang Huang, ; Qi Zhao,
| | - Qi Zhao
- Cancer Centre, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, Macau SAR, China
- MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau, Macau SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Shuo Yang, ; Yang Huang, ; Qi Zhao,
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8
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Wang SW, Gao C, Zheng YM, Yi L, Lu JC, Huang XY, Cai JB, Zhang PF, Cui YH, Ke AW. Current applications and future perspective of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in cancer. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:57. [PMID: 35189910 PMCID: PMC8862238 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01518-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system provides adaptive immunity against plasmids and phages in prokaryotes. This system inspires the development of a powerful genome engineering tool, the CRISPR/CRISPR-associated nuclease 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) genome editing system. Due to its high efficiency and precision, the CRISPR/Cas9 technique has been employed to explore the functions of cancer-related genes, establish tumor-bearing animal models and probe drug targets, vastly increasing our understanding of cancer genomics. Here, we review current status of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology in oncological research. We first explain the basic principles of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing and introduce several new CRISPR-based gene editing modes. We next detail the rapid progress of CRISPR screening in revealing tumorigenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance mechanisms. In addition, we introduce CRISPR/Cas9 system delivery vectors and finally demonstrate the potential of CRISPR/Cas9 engineering to enhance the effect of adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) and reduce adverse reactions.
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Chen JY, Chen YJ, Liu L, Jin XX, Shen Z, Chen WB, Yang T, Xu SB, Wang GB, Cheng YN, Cheng DZ, Liu ZG, Zheng XH. C1632 suppresses the migration and proliferation of non-small-cell lung cancer cells involving LIN28 and FGFR1 pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 26:422-435. [PMID: 34913237 PMCID: PMC8743659 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance and migration represent major obstacles in the therapy of non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which accounts for approximately 85% of lung cancer patients in clinic. In the present study, we report that the compound C1632 is preferentially distributed in the lung after oral administration in vivo with high bioavailability and limited inhibitory effects on CYP450 isoenzymes. We found that C1632 could simultaneously inhibit the expression of LIN28 and block FGFR1 signalling transduction in NSCLC A549 and A549R cells, resulting in significant decreases in the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and the expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐9. Consequently, C1632 effectively inhibited the migration and invasion of A549 and A549R cells. Meanwhile, C1632 significantly suppressed the cell viability and the colony formation of A549 and A549R cells by inhibiting DNA replication and inducing G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Interestingly, compared with A549 cells, C1632 possesses the same or even better anti‐migration and anti‐proliferation effects on A549R cells, regardless of drug resistance. In addition, C1632 also displayed the capacity to inhibit the growth of A549R xenograft tumours in mice. Altogether, these findings reveal the potential of C1632 as a promising anti‐NSCLC agent, especially for chemotherapy‐resistant NSCLC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu-Jing Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiang-Xiang Jin
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhe Shen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen-Bin Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Teng Yang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Si-Bei Xu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guang-Bao Wang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi-Nuo Cheng
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - De-Zhi Cheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Liu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zheng
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Bender G, Fahrioglu Yamaci R, Taneri B. CRISPR and KRAS: a match yet to be made. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:77. [PMID: 34781949 PMCID: PMC8591907 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00772-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) systems are one of the most fascinating tools of the current era in molecular biotechnology. With the ease that they provide in genome editing, CRISPR systems generate broad opportunities for targeting mutations. Specifically in recent years, disease-causing mutations targeted by the CRISPR systems have been of main research interest; particularly for those diseases where there is no current cure, including cancer. KRAS mutations remain untargetable in cancer. Mutations in this oncogene are main drivers in common cancers, including lung, colorectal and pancreatic cancers, which are severe causes of public health burden and mortality worldwide, with no cure at hand. CRISPR systems provide an opportunity for targeting cancer causing mutations. In this review, we highlight the work published on CRISPR applications targeting KRAS mutations directly, as well as CRISPR applications targeting mutations in KRAS-related molecules. In specific, we focus on lung, colorectal and pancreatic cancers. To date, the limited literature on CRISPR applications targeting KRAS, reflect promising results. Namely, direct targeting of mutant KRAS variants using various CRISPR systems resulted in significant decrease in cell viability and proliferation in vitro, as well as tumor growth inhibition in vivo. In addition, the effect of mutant KRAS knockdown, via CRISPR, has been observed to exert regulatory effects on the downstream molecules including PI3K, ERK, Akt, Stat3, and c-myc. Molecules in the KRAS pathway have been subjected to CRISPR applications more often than KRAS itself. The aim of using CRISPR systems in these studies was mainly to analyze the therapeutic potential of possible downstream and upstream effectors of KRAS, as well as to discover further potential molecules. Although there have been molecules identified to have such potential in treatment of KRAS-driven cancers, a substantial amount of effort is still needed to establish treatment strategies based on these discoveries. We conclude that, at this point in time, despite being such a powerful directed genome editing tool, CRISPR remains to be underutilized for targeting KRAS mutations in cancer. Efforts channelled in this direction, might pave the way in solving the long-standing challenge of targeting the KRAS mutations in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzide Bender
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rezan Fahrioglu Yamaci
- Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences and Cultural Studies, Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bahar Taneri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Eastern Mediterranean University, via Mersin-10, Famagusta, 99628, North Cyprus, Turkey.
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Institute for Public Health Genomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Castells-Roca L, Tejero E, Rodríguez-Santiago B, Surrallés J. CRISPR Screens in Synthetic Lethality and Combinatorial Therapies for Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1591. [PMID: 33808217 PMCID: PMC8037779 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease resulting from the accumulation of genetic dysfunctions. Tumor heterogeneity causes the molecular variety that divergently controls responses to chemotherapy, leading to the recurrent problem of cancer reappearance. For many decades, efforts have focused on identifying essential tumoral genes and cancer driver mutations. More recently, prompted by the clinical success of the synthetic lethality (SL)-based therapy of the PARP inhibitors in homologous recombinant deficient tumors, scientists have centered their novel research on SL interactions (SLI). The state of the art to find new genetic interactions are currently large-scale forward genetic CRISPR screens. CRISPR technology has rapidly evolved to be a common tool in the vast majority of laboratories, as tools to implement CRISPR screen protocols are available to all researchers. Taking advantage of SLI, combinatorial therapies have become the ultimate model to treat cancer with lower toxicity, and therefore better efficiency. This review explores the CRISPR screen methodology, integrates the up-to-date published findings on CRISPR screens in the cancer field and proposes future directions to uncover cancer regulation and individual responses to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Castells-Roca
- Genome Instability and DNA Repair Syndromes Group, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau) and Join Unit UAB-IR Sant Pau on Genomic Medicine, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Genetics Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- Genetics and Microbiology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Eudald Tejero
- Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Benjamín Rodríguez-Santiago
- Genetics Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Surrallés
- Genome Instability and DNA Repair Syndromes Group, Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau) and Join Unit UAB-IR Sant Pau on Genomic Medicine, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Genetics Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- Genetics and Microbiology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
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Nidhi S, Anand U, Oleksak P, Tripathi P, Lal JA, Thomas G, Kuca K, Tripathi V. Novel CRISPR-Cas Systems: An Updated Review of the Current Achievements, Applications, and Future Research Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3327. [PMID: 33805113 PMCID: PMC8036902 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
According to Darwin's theory, endless evolution leads to a revolution. One such example is the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-Cas system, an adaptive immunity system in most archaea and many bacteria. Gene editing technology possesses a crucial potential to dramatically impact miscellaneous areas of life, and CRISPR-Cas represents the most suitable strategy. The system has ignited a revolution in the field of genetic engineering. The ease, precision, affordability of this system is akin to a Midas touch for researchers editing genomes. Undoubtedly, the applications of this system are endless. The CRISPR-Cas system is extensively employed in the treatment of infectious and genetic diseases, in metabolic disorders, in curing cancer, in developing sustainable methods for fuel production and chemicals, in improving the quality and quantity of food crops, and thus in catering to global food demands. Future applications of CRISPR-Cas will provide benefits for everyone and will save countless lives. The technology is evolving rapidly; therefore, an overview of continuous improvement is important. In this review, we aim to elucidate the current state of the CRISPR-Cas revolution in a tailor-made format from its discovery to exciting breakthroughs at the application level and further upcoming trends related to opportunities and challenges including ethical concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Nidhi
- Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Aix-Marseille University, 13007 Marseille, France;
| | - Uttpal Anand
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel;
| | - Patrik Oleksak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Pooja Tripathi
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Jonathan A. Lal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India; (J.A.L.); (G.T.)
| | - George Thomas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India; (J.A.L.); (G.T.)
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Vijay Tripathi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj 211007, Uttar Pradesh, India; (J.A.L.); (G.T.)
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Traver G, Sekhar KR, Crooks PA, Keeney DS, Freeman ML. Targeting NPM1 in irradiated cells inhibits NPM1 binding to RAD51, RAD51 foci formation and radiosensitizes NSCLC. Cancer Lett 2020; 500:220-227. [PMID: 33358698 PMCID: PMC7822076 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ability of chemo-radiation therapy to control locally advanced stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is poor. While addition of consolidation immunotherapy has improved outcomes in subsets of patients there is still an urgent need for new therapeutic targets. Emerging research indicates that nucleophosmin1 (NPM1) is over-expressed in NSCLC, promotes tumor growth and that over-expression correlates with a lower survival probability. NPM1 is critical for APE1 base excision activity and for RAD51-mediated repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). YTR107 is a small molecule radiation sensitizer that has been shown to bind to NPM1, suppressing pentamer formation. Here we show that in irradiated cells YTR107 inhibits SUMOylated NPM1 from associating with RAD51, RAD51 foci formation and repair of DSBs. YTR107 acts synergistically with the PARP1/2 inhibitor ABT 888 to increase replication stress and radiation-induced cell lethality. YTR107 was found to radiosensitize tumor initiating cells. Congruent with this knowledge, adding YTR107 to a fractionated irradiation regimen diminished NSCLC xenograft growth and increased overall survival. These data support the hypothesis that YTR107 represents a therapeutic target for control of NSCLC.
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MESH Headings
- Barbiturates/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/radiotherapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded/radiation effects
- DNA Repair/drug effects
- DNA Repair/radiation effects
- DNA-(Apurinic or Apyrimidinic Site) Lyase/genetics
- Humans
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/drug therapy
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/radiotherapy
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nucleophosmin
- Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1/genetics
- Rad51 Recombinase/genetics
- Radiation Tolerance/drug effects
- Radiation-Sensitizing Agents/pharmacology
- Sumoylation/drug effects
- Sumoylation/radiation effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Geri Traver
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Konjeti R Sekhar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Peter A Crooks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR72205, USA
| | - Diane S Keeney
- Cumberland Emerging Technologies, Inc., 2525 West End Ave, Suite 950, Nashville, TN, 37203-1608, USA
| | - Michael L Freeman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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Sreedurgalakshmi K, Srikar R, Rajkumari R. CRISPR-Cas deployment in non-small cell lung cancer for target screening, validations, and discoveries. Cancer Gene Ther 2020; 28:566-580. [PMID: 33191402 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-00256-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Continued advancements in CRISPR-Cas systems have accelerated genome research. Use of CRISPR-Cas in cancer research has been of great interest that is resulting in development of orthogonal methods for drug target validations and discovery of new therapeutic targets through genome-wide screens of cancer cells. CRISPR-based screens have also revealed several new cancer drivers through alterations in tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) and oncogenes inducing resistance to targeted therapies via activation of alternate signaling pathways. Given such dynamic status of cancer, we review the application of CRISPR-Cas in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) for development of mutant models, drug screening, target validation, novel target discoveries, and other emerging potential applications. In addition, CRISPR-based approach for development of novel anticancer combination therapies is also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sreedurgalakshmi
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India.,Division of Biosimilars and Gene Therapy, R&D, Levim Biotech LLP, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - R Srikar
- Division of Biosimilars and Gene Therapy, R&D, Levim Biotech LLP, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Reena Rajkumari
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India.
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