1
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Sallah N, Miley W, Labo N, Carstensen T, Fatumo S, Gurdasani D, Pollard MO, Dilthey AT, Mentzer AJ, Marshall V, Cornejo Castro EM, Pomilla C, Young EH, Asiki G, Hibberd ML, Sandhu M, Kellam P, Newton R, Whitby D, Barroso I. Distinct genetic architectures and environmental factors associate with host response to the γ2-herpesvirus infections. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3849. [PMID: 32737300 PMCID: PMC7395761 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17696-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) establish life-long infections and are associated with malignancies. Striking geographic variation in incidence and the fact that virus alone is insufficient to cause disease, suggests other co-factors are involved. Here we present epidemiological analysis and genome-wide association study (GWAS) in 4365 individuals from an African population cohort, to assess the influence of host genetic and non-genetic factors on virus antibody responses. EBV/KSHV co-infection (OR = 5.71(1.58-7.12)), HIV positivity (OR = 2.22(1.32-3.73)) and living in a more rural area (OR = 1.38(1.01-1.89)) are strongly associated with immunogenicity. GWAS reveals associations with KSHV antibody response in the HLA-B/C region (p = 6.64 × 10-09). For EBV, associations are identified for VCA (rs71542439, p = 1.15 × 10-12). Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) and trans-ancestry fine-mapping substantiate that distinct variants in HLA-DQA1 (p = 5.24 × 10-44) are driving associations for EBNA-1 in Africa. This study highlights complex interactions between KSHV and EBV, in addition to distinct genetic architectures resulting in important differences in pathogenesis and transmission.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Capsid Proteins/immunology
- Coinfection
- Disease Resistance/genetics
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/epidemiology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/genetics
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/immunology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/virology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/genetics
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/immunology
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Genome-Wide Association Study
- HIV/genetics
- HIV/immunology
- HIV/pathogenicity
- HLA-DQ alpha-Chains/genetics
- HLA-DQ alpha-Chains/immunology
- Henipavirus Infections/epidemiology
- Henipavirus Infections/genetics
- Henipavirus Infections/immunology
- Henipavirus Infections/virology
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/pathogenicity
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/pathogenicity
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology
- Humans
- Incidence
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Rural Population
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/epidemiology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/genetics
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/immunology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
- Uganda/epidemiology
- Urban Population
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Affiliation(s)
- Neneh Sallah
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Wendell Miley
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nazzarena Labo
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Tommy Carstensen
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Segun Fatumo
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- MRC/UVRI at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Deepti Gurdasani
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Queen Mary University London, London, UK
| | - Martin O Pollard
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexander T Dilthey
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander J Mentzer
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vickie Marshall
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Elena M Cornejo Castro
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Cristina Pomilla
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elizabeth H Young
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gershim Asiki
- African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Paul Kellam
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Kymab Ltd, Babraham Research Complex, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert Newton
- MRC/UVRI at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Denise Whitby
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Inês Barroso
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK.
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Exeter Centre of ExcEllence in Diabetes (ExCEED), University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
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2
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Cornejo Castro EM, Morrison BJ, Marshall VA, Labo N, Miley WJ, Clements N, Nelson G, Ndom P, Stolka K, Hemingway-Foday JJ, Abassora M, Gao X, Smith JS, Carrington M, Whitby D. Relationship between human leukocyte antigen alleles and risk of Kaposi's sarcoma in Cameroon. Genes Immun 2019; 20:684-689. [PMID: 31105266 PMCID: PMC6864225 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-019-0077-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Several studies published to date report associations between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles and different types of Kaposi's Sarcoma (KS). However, there is little concordance between the HLA alleles identified and the populations studied. To test whether HLA alleles associate with KS in a Cameroonian case-control study, we performed high-resolution HLA typing in KSHV seropositive individuals. Among HIV-positive individuals, carriers of HLA-B*14:01 were at a significantly higher risk of AIDS-KS (p = 0.033). For HIV-negative patients, a gene-wise comparison of allele frequencies identified the HLA-B (p = 0.008) and -DQA1 (p = 0.002) loci as possible risk factors for endemic KS. Our study provides additional understanding of genetic determinants of KS and their implications in disease pathogenesis. Further validation of these findings is needed to define the functional relevance of these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M Cornejo Castro
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Brian J Morrison
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Vickie A Marshall
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nazzarena Labo
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Wendell J Miley
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Nathan Clements
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - George Nelson
- CCR Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource (CCBR), Center for Cancer Research, NCI, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Advanced Biomedical Computational Science, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Kristen Stolka
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Xiaojiang Gao
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | | | - Mary Carrington
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Denise Whitby
- Viral Oncology Section, AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick, MD, USA.
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3
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Abstract
Skin tumors are a clinically heterogeneous group of dermatologic conditions that affect both children and adults. Although similar types of skin tumors can affect both children and adults, the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of these skin neoplasms can vary drastically in children compared with adults. Despite the clear need for literature elucidating the differences of skin tumors in children compared with adults, there is a serious dearth of scientific contributions addressing this area. This contribution highlights the types of differences that can occur between adults and children with skin neoplasms, as well as the special considerations that need to be recognized when managing skin tumors in children by providing a comparative analysis of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and Kaposi sarcoma occurring in adults with these same tumors occurring in children. Specifically, we examine the aforementioned tumors with a focus on (1) epidemiology, (2) etiology, (3) clinical presentation, (4) workup, and (5) treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/etiology
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/etiology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/therapy
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/diagnosis
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/etiology
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/therapy
- Skin Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Skin Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Skin Neoplasms/etiology
- Skin Neoplasms/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid A Waldman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT
| | - Jane M Grant-Kels
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT.
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4
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Begré L, Rohner E, Mbulaiteye SM, Egger M, Bohlius J. Is human herpesvirus 8 infection more common in men than in women? Systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:776-83. [PMID: 27062038 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
All forms of Kaposi sarcoma (KS) are more common in men than in women. It is unknown if this is due to a higher prevalence of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), the underlying cause of KS, in men compared to women. We did a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the association between HHV-8 seropositivity and gender in the general population. Studies in selected populations like for example, blood donors, hospital patients and men who have sex with men were excluded. We searched Medline and Embase from January 1994 to February 2015. We included observational studies that recruited participants from the general population and reported HHV-8 seroprevalence for men and women or boys and girls. We used random-effects meta-analysis to pool odds ratios (OR) of the association between HHV-8 and gender. We used meta-regression to identify effect modifiers, including age, geographical region and type of HHV-8 antibody test. We included 22 studies, with 36,175 participants. Men from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) [OR 1.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09-1.34], but not men from elsewhere (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.83-1.06), were more likely to be HHV-8 seropositive than women (p value for interaction = 0.010). There was no difference in HHV-8 seroprevalence between boys and girls from SSA (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.72-1.13). The type of HHV-8 assay did not affect the overall results. A higher HHV-8 seroprevalence in men than women in SSA may partially explain why men have a higher KS risk in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorin Begré
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eliane Rohner
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sam M Mbulaiteye
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Matthias Egger
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology & Research, School of Public Health & Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Julia Bohlius
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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5
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Aavikko M, Kaasinen E, Nieminen JK, Byun M, Donner I, Mancuso R, Ferrante P, Clerici M, Brambilla L, Tourlaki A, Sarid R, Guttman-Yassky E, Taipale M, Morgunova E, Pekkonen P, Ojala PM, Pukkala E, Casanova JL, Vaarala O, Vahteristo P, Aaltonen LA. Whole-Genome Sequencing Identifies STAT4 as a Putative Susceptibility Gene in Classic Kaposi Sarcoma. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:1842-51. [PMID: 25492914 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classic Kaposi sarcoma (cKS) is an inflammatory tumor caused by human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) commonly observed in elderly men of Mediterranean origin. We studied a Finnish family of 5 affected individuals in 2 generations. Except for atypical mycobacterial infection of the index case, the affected individuals did not have notable histories of infection. METHODS We performed genome and exome sequencing and mapped shared chromosomal regions to identify genetic predisposition in the family. RESULTS We identified 12 protein-coding candidate variants that segregated in the 3 affected cousins from whom we had samples. The affected mother of the index case was an obligatory carrier. Among the 12 candidates was a rare heterozygous substitution rs141331848 (c.1337C>T, p.Thr446Ile) in the DNA-binding domain of STAT4. The variant was not present in 242 Finnish control genomes or 180 additional regional controls. Activated T-helper cells from the HHV-8-negative variant carriers showed reduced interferon γ production, compared with age and sex matched wild-type individuals. We screened STAT4 in additional 18 familial KS cases and the variant site from 56 sporadic KS cases but detected no pathogenic mutations. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that STAT4 is a potential cKS-predisposition gene, but further functional and genetic validation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervi Aavikko
- Department of Medical Genetics Genome-Scale Biology Research Programs Unit
| | - Eevi Kaasinen
- Department of Medical Genetics Genome-Scale Biology Research Programs Unit
| | - Janne K Nieminen
- Immune Response Unit, Department of Vaccination and Immune Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare
| | - Minji Byun
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller University Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Iikki Donner
- Department of Medical Genetics Genome-Scale Biology Research Programs Unit
| | | | | | - Mario Clerici
- Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, ONLUS Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, University of Milan
| | - Lucia Brambilla
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Ca' Granda Foundation-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Athanasia Tourlaki
- Dermatology Unit, IRCCS Ca' Granda Foundation-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Ronit Sarid
- Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Emma Guttman-Yassky
- Department of Dermatology Immunology Institute, Mount Sinai Medical Center at Icahn School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Minna Taipale
- Genome-Scale Biology Research Programs Unit Science for Life Center Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ekaterina Morgunova
- Science for Life Center Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pirita Pekkonen
- Genome-Scale Biology Research Programs Unit Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki
| | - Päivi M Ojala
- Genome-Scale Biology Research Programs Unit Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki Finnish Cancer Institute
| | - Eero Pukkala
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller University Howard Hughes Medical Institute Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Hospital School for Sick Children Imagine Institute, University Paris Descartes, France
| | - Outi Vaarala
- Immune Response Unit, Department of Vaccination and Immune Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare
| | - Pia Vahteristo
- Department of Medical Genetics Genome-Scale Biology Research Programs Unit
| | - Lauri A Aaltonen
- Department of Medical Genetics Genome-Scale Biology Research Programs Unit
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6
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Alkharsah KR, Alzahrani AJ, Obeid OE, El-Harith EHA, Guella A, Mohamed EA, Haykal AH, Stuhrmann M, Al-Ali AK. Vascular endothelial growth factor A polymorphism and risk of Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus viremia in kidney allograft recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2014; 16:783-9. [PMID: 25124076 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) causes Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease in immunocompromised patients including allograft recipients. Detection of KSHV DNA in blood, as well as host genetic polymorphisms has been found to be associated with an increased risk for KS. We investigated an association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) gene region and KSHV viremia in kidney transplant recipients (KTR) in Saudi Arabia. METHODS In total, 152 KTR who have survived kidney transplantation for at least 6 months were included in the study. KSHV viremia was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Genotyping of SNPs in the VEGFA region was performed by PCR and direct sequencing, as well as by restriction fragment length polymorphism. RESULTS KSHV DNA was detected in 28.9% (n = 44) of the study population. The A-allele at position C172A VEGFA gene promoter region was found to be associated with KSHV viremia (odd ratio [OR] = 4.8, P = 0.005). In addition, the G-allele at position C+405G in the 5'-untranslated region was associated with KSHV viremia in women, but not in men (OR = 3.98, P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest an association of VEGFA polymorphisms with KSHV viremia among KTR in this study population. A limitation of our study is that the results can only be predicated for patients 6 months after kidney transplantation and should be validated in another cohort with larger sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Alkharsah
- Center for Research and Consultation Studies, University of Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Ruocco E, Ruocco V, Tornesello ML, Gambardella A, Wolf R, Buonaguro FM. Kaposi's sarcoma: etiology and pathogenesis, inducing factors, causal associations, and treatments: facts and controversies. Clin Dermatol 2013; 31:413-422. [PMID: 23806158 PMCID: PMC7173141 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), an angioproliferative disorder, has a viral etiology and a multifactorial pathogenesis hinged on an immune dysfunction. The disease is multifocal, with a course ranging from indolent, with only skin manifestations to fulminant, with extensive visceral involvement. In the current view, all forms of KS have a common etiology in human herpesvirus (HHV)-8 infection, and the differences among them are due to the involvement of various cofactors. In fact, HHV-8 infection can be considered a necessary but not sufficient condition for the development of KS, because further factors (genetic, immunologic, and environmental) are required. The role of cofactors can be attributed to their ability to interact with HHV-8, to affect the immune system, or to act as vasoactive agents. In this contribution, a survey of the current state of knowledge on many and various factors involved in KS pathogenesis is carried out, in particular by highlighting the facts and controversies about the role of some drugs (quinine analogues and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors) in the onset of the disease. Based on these assessments, it is possible to hypothesize that the role of cofactors in KS pathogenesis can move toward an effect either favoring or inhibiting the onset of the disease, depending on the presence of other agents modulating the pathogenesis itself, such as genetic predisposition, environmental factors, drug intake, or lymph flow disorders. It is possible that the same agents may act as either stimulating or inhibiting cofactors according to the patient’s genetic background and variable interactions. Treatment guidelines for each form of KS are outlined, because a unique standard therapy for all of them cannot be considered due to KS heterogeneity. In most cases, therapeutic options, both local and systemic, should be tailored to the patient’s peculiar clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Ruocco
- Department of Dermatology, Second University of Naples, via S. Pansini, 5 - 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ruocco
- Department of Dermatology, Second University of Naples, via S. Pansini, 5 - 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Lina Tornesello
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology and AIDS Reference Centre, National Cancer Institute, "Fondazione Pascale," via M. Semmola - 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessio Gambardella
- Department of Dermatology, Second University of Naples, via S. Pansini, 5 - 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ronni Wolf
- Dermatology Unit, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot 76100 Israel; The School of Medicine, Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Franco M Buonaguro
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology and AIDS Reference Centre, National Cancer Institute, "Fondazione Pascale," via M. Semmola - 80131 Naples, Italy
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8
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Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is one of the most common causes of fungal disease in HIV-infected persons, but not all of those who are infected develop cryptococcal disease (CD). Although CD4+ T cell deficiency is a risk factor for HIV-associated CD, polymorphisms of phagocytic Fc gamma receptors (FCGRs) have been linked to CD risk in HIV-uninfected persons. To investigate associations between FCGR2A 131 H/R and FCGR3A 158 F/V polymorphisms and CD risk in HIV-infected persons, we performed PCR-based genotyping on banked samples from 164 men enrolled in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS): 55 who were HIV infected and developed CD and a matched control group of 54 who were HIV infected and 55 who were HIV uninfected. Using additive and allelic statistical models for analysis, the high-affinity FCGR3A 158V allele was significantly associated with CD status after adjusting for race/ethnicity (odds ratio [OR], 2.1; P = 0.005), as was the FCGR3A 158 VV homozygous genotype after adjusting for race/ethnicity, rate of CD4+ T cell decline, and nadir CD4+ T cell count (OR, 21; P = 0.005). No associations between CD and FCGR2A 131 H/R polymorphism were identified. In binding studies, human IgG (hIgG)-C. neoformans complexes exhibited more binding to CHO-K1 cells expressing FCGR3A 158V than to those expressing FCGR3A 158F, and in cytotoxicity assays, natural killer (NK) cells expressing FCGR3A 158V induced more C. neoformans-infected monocyte cytotoxicity than those expressing FCGR3A 158F. Together, these results show an association between the FCGR3A 158V allele and risk for HIV-associated CD and suggest that this polymorphism could promote C. neoformans pathogenesis via increased binding of C. neoformans immune complexes, resulting in increased phagocyte cargo and/or immune activation. HIV-associated CD4+ T cell deficiency is a sine qua non for HIV-associated cryptococcal disease (CD), but not all patients with CD4+ T cell deficiency develop CD despite serological evidence of previous infection. At present, there are no biomarkers that predict HIV-associated CD risk. The goal of our study was to understand whether Fc gamma receptor (FCGR) polymorphisms that have been shown to portend CD risk in HIV-uninfected people are associated with CD risk in HIV-infected people. Such biomarkers could identify those who would benefit most from targeted prophylaxis and/or earlier treatment, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, where there are nearly a million cases of HIV-associated CD annually. A biomarker of risk could also identify potential candidates for immunization, should there be a vaccine for Cryptococcus neoformans.
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9
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Genetic profiling of GSTP1, DPYD, FCGR2A, FCGR3A and CCND1 genes in an Argentinian population. Clin Biochem 2011; 44:1058-1061. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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10
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Goedert JJ, Calamusa G, Dazzi C, Perna A, Pelser C, Anderson LA, Madsen C, Preiss LR, Airola M, Graubard BI, Messina A, Lauria C, Romano N. Risk of classic Kaposi sarcoma with exposures to plants and soils in Sicily. Infect Agent Cancer 2010; 5:23. [PMID: 21126363 PMCID: PMC3014880 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-5-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ecologic and in vitro studies suggest that exposures to plants or soil may influence risk of Kaposi sarcoma (KS). Methods In a population-based study of Sicily, we analyzed data on contact with 20 plants and residential exposure to 17 soils reported by 122 classic KS cases and 840 sex- and age-matched controls. With 88 KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) seropositive controls as the referent group, novel correlates of KS risk were sought, along with factors distinguishing seronegatives, in multinomial logistic regression models that included matching variables and known KS cofactors - smoking, cortisone use, and diabetes history. All plants were summed for cumulative exposure. Factor and cluster analyses were used to obtain scores and groups, respectively. Individual plants and soils in three levels of exposure with Ptrend ≤ 0.15 were retained in a backward elimination regression model. Results Adjusted for known cofactors, KS was not related to cumulative exposures to 20 plants [per quartile adjusted odds ratio (ORadj) 0.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.73 - 1.25, Ptrend = 0.87], nor was it related to any factor scores or cluster of plants (P = 0.11 to 0.81). In the elimination regression model, KS risk was associated with five plants (Ptrend = 0.02 to 0.10) and with residential exposure to six soils (Ptrend = 0.01 to 0.13), including three soils (eutric regosol, chromic/pellic vertisol) used to cultivate durum wheat. None of the KS-associated plants and only one soil was also associated with KSHV serostatus. Diabetes was associated with KSHV seronegativity (ORadj 4.69, 95% CI 1.97 - 11.17), but the plant and soil associations had little effect on previous findings that KS risk was elevated for diabetics (ORadj 7.47, 95% CI 3.04 - 18.35) and lower for current and former smokers (ORadj 0.26 and 0.47, respectively, Ptrend = 0.05). Conclusions KS risk was associated with exposure to a few plants and soils, but these may merely be due to chance. Study of the effects of durum wheat, which was previously associated with cKS, may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Goedert
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
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Tornesello ML, Buonaguro L, Cristillo M, Biryahwaho B, Downing R, Hatzakis A, Alessi E, Cusini M, Ruocco V, Viviano E, Romano N, Katongole-Mbidde E, Buonaguro FM. MDM2 and CDKN1A gene polymorphisms and risk of Kaposi's sarcoma in African and Caucasian patients. Biomarkers 2010; 16:42-50. [PMID: 20979563 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2010.525664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A single-nucleotide polymorphism in the MDM2 promoter (SNP309; rs2279744) causes elevated transcription of this major negative regulator of p53 in several cancer types. We investigated MDM2 SNP309 and CDKN1A (p21/Waf1/Cip1) codon 31 (rs1801270) polymorphisms in 86 cases of cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) from African and Caucasian patients, and 210 healthy controls. A significant increase of the MDM2 SNP309 T/G genotype was observed among classic KS cases (odds ratio 2.38, 95% confidence interval 1.0-5.5). Frequencies of CDKN1A codon 31 genotypes were not significantly different between cases and controls. The results suggest that the MDM2 SNP309 G allele may act as a susceptibility gene for the development of classic KS in Caucasian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lina Tornesello
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology and AIDS Reference Centre, National Cancer Institute, 'Fondazione Pascale', Naples, Italy
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Abstract
Posttransplantation non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a life-threatening complication after transplantation. Although pharmacologically suppressed adaptive immunity plays a major role in its development, the role of innate immunity in posttransplantation lymphoma is unknown. We assessed the 158 V/F polymorphism in the Fc-gamma receptor 3A gene (FCGR3A), killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genotype, KIR ligand status, and a single nucleotide polymorphism affecting the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma; +874 A/T) in 236 patients with posttransplantation lymphoma reported to the Collaborative Transplant Study. In addition, polymorphisms in the interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) genes previously associated with lymphoma development were also typed. Using a split-cohort approach, gene/allele frequency was related to the 5-year patient survival after the diagnosis of lymphoma and compared with 100 control solid organ transplant recipients. FCGR3A and KIR genotype significantly influenced survival after diagnosis of posttransplantation lymphoma: the hazard of dying was reduced in homozygous carriers of the high-affinity V allele (hazard ratio 0.49, 95% confidence interval 0.29-0.82, P = .006), whereas carrying a genotype including KIR2DL2/KIR2DS2 increased the risk of dying (hazard ratio 1.49, 95% confidence interval 1.07-2.05, P = .02). KIR ligands and cytokine polymorphisms had no effect on survival. None of the genetic loci analyzed emerged as risk factors for lymphoma development.
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Forthal DN, Landucci G, Bream J, Jacobson LP, Phan TB, Montoya B. FcgammaRIIa genotype predicts progression of HIV infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 179:7916-23. [PMID: 18025239 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.11.7916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms in FcgammaR genes are associated with susceptibility to or severity of a number of autoimmune and infectious diseases. We found that HIV-infected men in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study with the FcgammaRIIa RR genotype progressed to a CD4(+) cell count of <200/mm(3) at a faster rate than individuals with the RH or HH genotypes (relative hazard = 1.6; p = 0.0001). However, progression to AIDS (using the broad definition of either a CD4(+) cell count <200/mm(3) or development of an AIDS-defining illness) was less impacted by FcgammaRIIa genotype, largely because HH homozygotes had an increased risk of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia as an AIDS-defining illness. We also showed that chronically infected subjects develop a substantial anti-gp120-specific IgG2 response. Moreover, HIV-1 immune complexes are more efficiently internalized by monocytes from HH subjects compared with RR subjects, likely because of the presence of IgG2 in the complexes. Finally, the FcgammaRIIIa F/V gene polymorphism was not associated with progression of HIV infection, but, as demonstrated previously, did predict the risk of Kaposi's sarcoma. These results demonstrate the importance of FcgammaRs in AIDS pathogenesis and point toward a critical role for interactions between FcgammaRs and immune complexes in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald N Forthal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Brown EE, Whitby D, Vitale F, Marshall V, Mbisa G, Gamache C, Lauria C, Alberg AJ, Serraino D, Cordiali-Fei P, Messina A, Goedert JJ. Virologic, hematologic, and immunologic risk factors for classic Kaposi sarcoma. Cancer 2006; 107:2282-90. [PMID: 16998933 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classic Kaposi sarcoma (CKS) is an inflammatory-mediated neoplasm that develops in the presence of KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and immune perturbation. In the current study, the authors compared CKS cases with age-matched and sex-matched KSHV-seropositive controls without human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection and markers of viral control, blood counts, CD4-positive and CD8-positive lymphocytes, and serum beta-2-microglobulin and neopterin levels. METHODS Viral loads were detected using real-time amplification of the KSHV-K6 and EBV-pol genes, anti-K8.1 (lytic) titers were detected by enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay, and antilatent nuclear antigen (LANA) titers were detected using immunofluorescence. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using logistic regression adjusted for sex, age, and study site. RESULTS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) KSHV DNA detection (P < or = .0001) and high KSHV lytic (>1:1745; P < or = .0001) and latent (>1:102,400; P = .03) antibody titers were found to be positively associated with CKS risk. Antibody titers were higher in cases with lesions compared with cases without lesions (P < or =.05). The detection of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA in PBMCs was not found to be associated with CKS (P = .95). Independent of PBMC KSHV DNA, CKS risk was found to be positively associated with reduced hematocrit (<37.4%; P = .03), hemoglobin (<12g/dL; P = .04), and lymphocytes (<1000 cells/microL; P = .004), including CD4-positive (+) cells (<457 cells/microL; P = .07) and CD8+ cells (<213cells/microL; P = .04), and with increased monocytes (> or =638 cells/microL; P = .009). Nonsignificant elevations of beta-2-microglobulin and neopterin were observed among cases regardless of disease burden (P > or = .08). In a multivariate model, the CKS risk was found to be associated with PBMC KSHV DNA (OR of 2.7; 95% CI, 1.4-5.3), a high KSHV lytic antibody titer (OR of 3.7; 95% CI, 1.9-7.4), and low lymphocytes, particularly among those patients age <70 years (OR of 8.0; 95% CI, 2.7-23.7). CONCLUSIONS The findings of the current study appear to corroborate the specificity of KSHV and highlight the hematologic and immunologic correlates involved in the pathogenesis of CKS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E Brown
- Viral Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
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