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Tsima BM, Motlhatlhedi K, Sharma K, Rantshabeng P, Ndlovu A, Gaolathe T, Kyokunda LT. The association between smoking and cervical human papillomavirus infection among women from indigenous communities in western Botswana. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302153. [PMID: 38848414 PMCID: PMC11161041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cervical cancer, a malignancy caused by infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus, disproportionally affects women from low resource settings. Persistence of human papillomavirus infection may mediate an association between tobacco use and cervical cancer. In limited resource settings, women from indigenous communities are often marginalized and do not benefit from evidence-based interventions to prevent tobacco use or cervical cancer due to the limited reach of mainstream healthcare services to these communities. This study determined the association between smoking and high-risk human papillomavirus infection among women from indigenous communities in western Botswana. METHODS A cross-sectional study of women in indigenous communities was conducted between June and October 2022. Demographic, clinical and self-reported smoking data were collected. Cervical cytology and HPV DNA testing for high-risk human papillomavirus genotypes were performed. Multilevel multivariable logistic regression models were fit to evaluate the association between smoking and high-risk human papillomavirus infection while adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS A total of 171 participants with a median (interquartile range) age of 40 (31-50) years from three settlements and two villages were recruited for the study. Of these, 17% were current smokers, 32.8% were living with HIV and high-risk human papillomavirus DNA was detected in 32.8% of the cervical specimens. Women who were current smokers, were nearly twice as likely to have cervical high-risk human papillomavirus infection compared to non-smokers (Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI); 1.74(1.09, 2.79)) after controlling for confounders. CONCLUSION These data underscore the need for effective tobacco control to help mitigate cervical cancer risk in this setting. These findings can help inform decisions about targeted cervical cancer prevention and tobacco cessation interventions for women from indigenous communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy M. Tsima
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | | | | | - Andrew Ndlovu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
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Carrillo-Beltrán D, Osorio JC, Blanco R, Oliva C, Boccardo E, Aguayo F. Interaction between Cigarette Smoke and Human Papillomavirus 16 E6/E7 Oncoproteins to Induce SOD2 Expression and DNA Damage in Head and Neck Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086907. [PMID: 37108069 PMCID: PMC10138975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though epidemiological studies suggest that tobacco smoking and high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection are mutually exclusive risk factors for developing head and neck cancer (HNC), a portion of subjects who develop this heterogeneous group of cancers are both HPV-positive and smokers. Both carcinogenic factors are associated with increased oxidative stress (OS) and DNA damage. It has been suggested that superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) can be independently regulated by cigarette smoke and HPV, increasing adaptation to OS and tumor progression. In this study, we analyzed SOD2 levels and DNA damage in oral cells ectopically expressing HPV16 E6/E7 oncoproteins and exposed to cigarette smoke condensate (CSC). Additionally, we analyzed SOD2 transcripts in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Head and Neck Cancer Database. We found that oral cells expressing HPV16 E6/E7 oncoproteins exposed to CSC synergistically increased SOD2 levels and DNA damage. Additionally, the SOD2 regulation by E6, occurs in an Akt1 and ATM-independent manner. This study suggests that HPV and cigarette smoke interaction in HNC promotes SOD2 alterations, leading to increased DNA damage and, in turn, contributing to development of a different clinical entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Carrillo-Beltrán
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Julio C Osorio
- Laboratorio de Oncovirología, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Rancés Blanco
- Laboratorio de Oncovirología, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Carolina Oliva
- Laboratorio de Oncovirología, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Enrique Boccardo
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Francisco Aguayo
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile
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Matsuno RK, Seay J, Porter B, Tannenbaum K, Warner S, Wells N. Factors Associated with Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Initiation and Compliance Among U.S. Military Service Members. Mil Med 2022; 188:usab562. [PMID: 35078217 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usab562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The primary objective of the current study was to assess factors associated with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine initiation and compliance in a cohort of active duty US military service members (SM). MATERIALS AND METHODS We included active-duty participants aged 18-26 years from the Millennium Cohort Study, a longitudinal cohort study of over 200,000 military SMs. The eligible study population included 22,387 female SMs and 31,705 male SMs. Vaccination was assessed over the period 2006-2017. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of vaccine initiation and compliance (3 doses within a 1-year period) in relation to demographic, military, health, and behavioral characteristics. RESULTS Among female SMs, 37.8% initiated the vaccine and 40.2% of initiators completed the series within a year. Among male SMs, 3.9% initiated the vaccine and 22.1% of initiators completed the series within a year. Differences by sociodemographic factors, deployment status, branch of service, occupation, and smoking status-but not by selected mental health conditions-were observed. CONCLUSION HPV vaccination uptake is subpar across all military service branches. Certain subgroups of SMs could be targeted to increase overall HPV vaccine coverage in the US military population.
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Vitkauskaite A, Urboniene D, Celiesiute J, Jariene K, Skrodeniene E, Nadisauskiene RJ, Vaitkiene D. Circulating inflammatory markers in cervical cancer patients and healthy controls. J Immunotoxicol 2021; 17:105-109. [PMID: 32364810 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2020.1755397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that host inflammatory responses play an important role in the development and progression of cancers. There are some data that cancer is associated not only with inflammation at the site of the lesion, but also with dysregulations of the host overall systemic immune response. In the case of cervical cancer, inflammation is an important factor associated with the development, progression, and potential metastasis of the disease. What is unclear still in the potential for modifications of host responses to human papillomaviruses (HPV) - a known causative agent of CC, that could be induced by cigarette smoking. In particular, it remains to be determined how the inflammation induced by HPV infection could impact on CC incidence/severity. In this prospective study, serum levels of 10 cytokines were evaluated using Multiplex and ELISA assays. The samples were the sera of 43 CC patients and 60 healthy (NILM) controls. All outcomes were evaluated in relation to host HPV and to their smoking status. The results in indicated that serum sTREM-1, TNFα, IFNβ, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels were significantly increased in CC (HPV+) patients compared to healthy NILM controls. A similar trend was observed for IL-10 and IL-2 levels. Within the two groups, differences in cytokine levels between smokers and never smokers were not remarkable. The findings here support the hypothesized role of systemic inflammation in the pathophysiology of CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agne Vitkauskaite
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Daiva Urboniene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Joana Celiesiute
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Kristina Jariene
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Erika Skrodeniene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ruta Jolanta Nadisauskiene
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Daiva Vaitkiene
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Chemopreventive Role of Apigenin against the Synergistic Carcinogenesis of Human Papillomavirus and 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8110472. [PMID: 33158065 PMCID: PMC7694184 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoke and human papillomavirus (HPV) are both crucial causes of cancer, and their cooperative carcinogenesis has drawn more attention in recent years. Apigenin (AP), a typical flavonoid abundantly found in flowers of plants, vegetables, and fruits, has been demonstrated to exert an anti-carcinogenic effect on various types of cancer. In this study, we investigated the capability of AP against malignant transformation and DNA damage of immortalized human esophageal epithelial (SHEE) cells induced by the synergism of HPV18 and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). The results indicated that the enhancement of migration, invasion, and proliferation ability of SHEE cells induced by HPV and NNK could be effectively inhibited by AP. Moreover, the levels of pyridyloxybutylated (POB)-DNA adducts induced by NNK via P450-catalyzed metabolic activation could also be significantly suppressed by AP. Further analyses on the molecular mechanism revealed that AP inhibited the synergistic carcinogenesis of NNK and HPV on SHEE cells by reducing the expression of mutp53, CDK4, Cyclin D1, and p-Rb (Ser 780), increasing caspase-3 activity, thereby arresting the cell cycle at G1 phase and promoting apoptosis of SHEE cells. We hypothesize that the decrease in NNK-induced POB-DNA adduct levels is related to the deactivation of P450 by AP, which needs to be confirmed in future studies. This study highlights that AP may be employed as a promising chemopreventive agent against cancers in smokers with an HPV infection.
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Dwedar RA, Omar NM, Eissa SAL, Badawy AYA, El-Kareem DA, Ahmed Madkour LAEF. Diagnostic and prognostic impact of E6/E7 mRNA compared to HPV DNA and p16 expression in head and neck cancers: an Egyptian study. ALEXANDRIA JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/20905068.2020.1827944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Reham Ali Dwedar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noha Mohamed Omar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Dalia Abd El-Kareem
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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High-Risk Human Papillomavirus and Tobacco Smoke Interactions in Epithelial Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082201. [PMID: 32781676 PMCID: PMC7465661 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical, anogenital, and some head and neck cancers (HNC) are etiologically associated with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection, even though additional cofactors are necessary. Epidemiological studies have established that tobacco smoke (TS) is a cofactor for cervical carcinogenesis because women who smoke are more susceptible to cervical cancer when compared to non-smokers. Even though such a relationship has not been established in HPV-related HNC, a group of HPV positive patients with this malignancy are smokers. TS is a complex mixture of more than 4500 chemical compounds and approximately 60 of them show oncogenic properties such as benzo[α]pyrene (BaP) and nitrosamines, among others. Some of these compounds have been evaluated for carcinogenesis through experimental settings in collaboration with HR-HPV. Here, we conducted a comprehensive review of the suggested molecular mechanisms involved in cooperation with both HR-HPV and TS for epithelial carcinogenesis. Furthermore, we propose interaction models in which TS collaborates with HR-HPV to promote epithelial cancer initiation, promotion, and progression. More studies are warranted to clarify interactions between oncogenic viruses and chemical or physical environmental factors for epithelial carcinogenesis.
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Zhuang Z, Li J, Sun G, Cui X, Zhang N, Zhao L, Chan PKS, Zhong R. Synergistic Effect between Human Papillomavirus 18 and 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone on Malignant Transformation of Immortalized SHEE Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 33:470-481. [PMID: 31874558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuochen Zhuang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jintao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Guohui Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xin Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Lijiao Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Paul K. S. Chan
- Departments of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Rugang Zhong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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Buchanan T, Mutch D. Squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva: a review of present management and future considerations. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2018; 19:43-50. [DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2019.1538797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Buchanan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David Mutch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Arbyn M, Van Veen EB, Andersson K, Bogers J, Boulet G, Bergeron C, von Knebel-Doeberitz M, Dillner J. Cervical Cytology Biobanking in Europe. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 25:117-25. [DOI: 10.1177/172460081002500301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A cervical cytology biobank (CCB) is an extension of current cytopathology laboratory practice consisting in the systematic storage of Pap smears or liquid-based cytology samples from women participating in cervical cancer screening with the explicit purpose to facilitate future scientific research and quality audit of preventive services. A CCB should use an internationally agreed uniform cytology terminology, be integrated in a national or regional screening registry, and be linked to other registries (histology, cancer, vaccination). Legal and ethical principles concerning personal integrity and data safety must be respected strictly. Biobank-based studies require approval of ethical review boards. A CCB is an almost inexhaustible resource for fundamental and applied biological research. In particular, it can contribute to answering questions on the natural history of HPV infection and HPV-induced lesions and cancers, screening effectiveness, exploration of new biomarkers, and surveillance of the short- and long-term effects of the introduction of HPV vaccination. To understand the limitations of CCB, more studies are needed on the quality of samples in relation to sample type, storage procedures, and duration of storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Arbyn
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels - Belgium
| | | | - Kristin Andersson
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö - Sweden
| | - Johannes Bogers
- Applied Molecular Biology Research Group (AMBIOR), Laboratory for Cell and Tissue Research, University of Antwerp - Belgium
| | - Gaëlle Boulet
- Applied Molecular Biology Research Group (AMBIOR), Laboratory for Cell and Tissue Research, University of Antwerp - Belgium
| | | | | | - Joakim Dillner
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö - Sweden
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Shanmugasundaram S, You J. Targeting Persistent Human Papillomavirus Infection. Viruses 2017; 9:v9080229. [PMID: 28820433 PMCID: PMC5580486 DOI: 10.3390/v9080229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While the majority of Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections are transient and cleared within a couple of years following exposure, 10-20% of infections persist latently, leading to disease progression and, ultimately, various forms of invasive cancer. Despite the clinical efficiency of recently developed multivalent prophylactic HPV vaccines, these preventive measures are not effective against pre-existing infection. Additionally, considering that the burden associated with HPV is greatest in regions with limited access to preventative vaccination, the development of effective therapies targeting persistent infection remains imperative. This review discusses not only the mechanisms underlying persistent HPV infection, but also the promise of immunomodulatory therapeutic vaccines and small-molecular inhibitors, which aim to augment the host immune response against the viral infection as well as obstruct critical viral-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinidhi Shanmugasundaram
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Jianxin You
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Jamshidi Makiani M, Minaeian S, Moghaddam SA, Moosavi SA, Moeini Z, Zamani V, Karbalaei Sabbagh M, Forghani H. Relative frequency of human papillomavirus genotypes and related sociodemographic characteristics in women referred to a general hospital in Tehran, 2014- 2015: A cross-sectional study. Int J Reprod Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.29252/ijrm.15.5.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Sundström K, Ploner A, Arnheim-Dahlström L, Eloranta S, Palmgren J, Adami HO, Ylitalo Helm N, Sparén P, Dillner J. Interactions Between High- and Low-Risk HPV Types Reduce the Risk of Squamous Cervical Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015; 107:djv185. [PMID: 26160881 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical significance of co-infections with high-risk (HR) and low-risk (LR) human papillomavirus (HPV) in the etiology of cervical cancer is debated, as prospective evidence on this issue is limited. However, the question is of increasing relevance in relation to HPV-based cancer prevention. METHODS In two population-based nested case-control studies among women participating in cervical screening with baseline normal smears, we collected 4659 smears from women who later developed cancer in situ (CIS; n = 524) or squamous cervical cancer (SCC; n = 378) and individually matched control subjects who remained free of disease during study follow-up. The median follow-up until diagnosis was 6.4 to 7.8 years. All smears were tested for HPV. We used conditional logistic regression models with two-way interaction terms to estimate relative risks (RRs) for CIS and SCC, respectively. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Compared with women who were infected with HRHPV only, women who were also infected with LRHPV had a lower risk for SCC (RR = 0.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.04 to 0.99, P = .049). This interaction was not shown for CIS (RR = 1.1, 95% CI = 0.4 to 3.6). Women who were positive for both HRHPV and LRHPV had, on average, a 4.8 year longer time to diagnosis of SCC than women who were positive for HRHPV only (P = .006). Results were highly robust in sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION Co-infection with LRHPV is associated with a lower risk of future invasive disease and longer time to diagnosis than infection with HRHPV alone. We propose that co-infection with LRHPV interferes with the rate of progression to invasive cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Sundström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (KS, JD), Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (AP, LAD, JP, HOA, PS, JD), and Department of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Unit (SE), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Swedish eScience Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden (JP); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland (JP); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (HOA); Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (NYH).
| | - Alexander Ploner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (KS, JD), Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (AP, LAD, JP, HOA, PS, JD), and Department of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Unit (SE), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Swedish eScience Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden (JP); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland (JP); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (HOA); Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (NYH).
| | - Lisen Arnheim-Dahlström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (KS, JD), Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (AP, LAD, JP, HOA, PS, JD), and Department of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Unit (SE), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Swedish eScience Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden (JP); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland (JP); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (HOA); Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (NYH)
| | - Sandra Eloranta
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (KS, JD), Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (AP, LAD, JP, HOA, PS, JD), and Department of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Unit (SE), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Swedish eScience Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden (JP); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland (JP); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (HOA); Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (NYH)
| | - Juni Palmgren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (KS, JD), Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (AP, LAD, JP, HOA, PS, JD), and Department of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Unit (SE), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Swedish eScience Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden (JP); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland (JP); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (HOA); Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (NYH)
| | - Hans-Olov Adami
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (KS, JD), Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (AP, LAD, JP, HOA, PS, JD), and Department of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Unit (SE), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Swedish eScience Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden (JP); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland (JP); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (HOA); Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (NYH)
| | - Nathalie Ylitalo Helm
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (KS, JD), Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (AP, LAD, JP, HOA, PS, JD), and Department of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Unit (SE), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Swedish eScience Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden (JP); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland (JP); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (HOA); Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (NYH)
| | - Pär Sparén
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (KS, JD), Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (AP, LAD, JP, HOA, PS, JD), and Department of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Unit (SE), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Swedish eScience Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden (JP); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland (JP); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (HOA); Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (NYH)
| | - Joakim Dillner
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (KS, JD), Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics (AP, LAD, JP, HOA, PS, JD), and Department of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Unit (SE), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Swedish eScience Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden (JP); Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland (JP); Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (HOA); Division of Clinical Cancer Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden (NYH)
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Tovar JM, Bazaldua OV, Vargas L, Reile E. Human Papillomavirus, Cervical Cancer, and the Vaccines. Postgrad Med 2015; 120:79-84. [DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2008.07.1794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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15
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Fu TCJ, Fu Xi L, Hulbert A, Hughes JP, Feng Q, Schwartz SM, Hawes SE, Koutsky LA, Winer RL. Short-term natural history of high-risk human papillomavirus infection in mid-adult women sampled monthly. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:2432-42. [PMID: 25976733 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Characterizing short-term HPV detection patterns and viral load may inform HPV natural history in mid-adult women. From 2011-2012, we recruited women aged 30-50 years. Women submitted monthly self-collected vaginal samples for high-risk HPV DNA testing for 6 months. Positive samples were tested for type-specific HPV DNA load by real-time PCR. HPV type-adjusted linear and Poisson regression assessed factors associated with (i) viral load at initial HPV detection and (ii) repeat type-specific HPV detection. One-hundred thirty-nine women (36% of 387 women with ≥4 samples) contributed 243 type-specific HR HPV infections during the study; 54% of infections were prevalent and 46% were incident. Incident (vs. prevalent) detection and past pregnancy were associated with lower viral load, whereas current smoking was associated with higher viral load. In multivariate analysis, current smoking was associated with a 40% (95% CI: 5-87%) increase in the proportion of samples that were repeatedly positive for the same HPV type, whereas incident (vs. prevalent) detection status and past pregnancy were each associated with a reduction in the proportion of samples repeatedly positive (55%, 95% CI: 38-67% and 26%, 95% CI: 10-39%, respectively). In a separate multivariate model, each log10 increase in viral load was associated with a 10% (95% CI: 4-16%) increase in the proportion of samples repeatedly positive. Factors associated with repeat HPV detection were similar to those observed in longer-term studies, suggesting that short-term repeat detection may relate to long-term persistence. The negative associations between incident HPV detection and both viral load and repeat detection suggest that reactivation or intermittent persistence was more common than new acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Long Fu Xi
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | - James P Hughes
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Qinghua Feng
- FIDALAB, Seattle, WA.,Universidad Estatal De Milagro, Milagro, Ecuador
| | - Stephen M Schwartz
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Stephen E Hawes
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Laura A Koutsky
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Rachel L Winer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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Fridrich J. Unethical approach. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 112:209. [PMID: 25838023 PMCID: PMC4395763 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2015.0209a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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Haukioja A, Asunta M, Söderling E, Syrjänen S. Persistent oral human papillomavirus infection is associated with smoking and elevated salivary immunoglobulin G concentration. J Clin Virol 2014; 61:101-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Synergistic effect of viral load and alcohol consumption on the risk of persistent high-risk human papillomavirus infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104374. [PMID: 25140695 PMCID: PMC4139267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This prospective study aimed to examine the combined effect of viral load and alcohol consumption on the risk of persistent high-risk (HR) human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. METHODS Among women undergoing health screening between 2002 and 2011 at the National Cancer Center, 284 and 122 women with HR-HPV infection and cytological findings of low-grade squamous intraepithelial or lower-grade lesions were followed up for 1 and 2 years, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed, and the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) and synergy index (S) were calculated. RESULTS Among drinkers, the risks of 1-year (odds ratio [OR] 4.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.05-8.18) and 2-year persistence (OR 8.08, CI 2.36-27.6) were significantly higher for high HPV loads than for low HPV loads; this association was not seen for non-drinkers. The risks for 1-year (OR 4.14, CI 1.89-9.05) and 2-year persistence (OR 6.61, CI 2.09-20.9) were significantly higher in subjects with a high HPV load who were also drinkers than in those who were non-drinkers. A high HPV load together with a longer drinking duration or higher alcohol consumption was associated with increased risks of 1-year (OR 3.07, CI 1.40-6.75 or OR 2.05, CI 0.87-4.83) and 2-year persistence (OR 6.40, CI 1.72-23.8 or OR 4.14, CI 1.18-14.6). The synergistic effect of alcohol consumption and HR-HPV load was stronger on the risk of 2-year persistence (RERI = 3.26, S = 2.38) than on the risk of 1-year persistence (RERI = 1.21, S = 1.63). CONCLUSIONS The synergistic effect of HR-HPV load and alcohol consumption was associated with the risk of HR-HPV persistence and was stronger for longer-term HR-HPV infection. Limiting alcohol consumption might be an important measure to prevent the development of cervical cancer in women with a high HR-HPV load.
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Roura E, Castellsagué X, Pawlita M, Travier N, Waterboer T, Margall N, Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S, Dillner J, Gram IT, Tjønneland A, Munk C, Pala V, Palli D, Khaw KT, Barnabas RV, Overvad K, Clavel-Chapelon F, Boutron-Ruault MC, Fagherazzi G, Kaaks R, Lukanova A, Steffen A, Trichopoulou A, Trichopoulos D, Klinaki E, Tumino R, Sacerdote C, Panico S, Bueno-de-Mesquita HBA, Peeters PH, Lund E, Weiderpass E, Redondo ML, Sánchez MJ, Tormo MJ, Barricarte A, Larrañaga N, Ekström J, Hortlund M, Lindquist D, Wareham N, Travis RC, Rinaldi S, Tommasino M, Franceschi S, Riboli E. Smoking as a major risk factor for cervical cancer and pre-cancer: results from the EPIC cohort. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:453-66. [PMID: 24338632 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A total of 308,036 women were selected from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study to evaluate the association between tobacco smoking and the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 3 (CIN3)/carcinoma in situ (CIS) and invasive cervical cancer (ICC). At baseline, participants completed a questionnaire and provided blood samples. During a mean follow-up time of 9 years, 261 ICC cases and 804 CIN3/CIS cases were reported. In a nested case-control study, the baseline sera from 609 cases and 1,218 matched controls were tested for L1 antibodies against HPV types 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 52, 58, and antibodies against Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), and Human Herpes Virus 2 (HHV-2). Cervical samples were not available for HPV-DNA analysis in this study. Multivariate analyses were used to estimate associations between smoking and risk of CIN3/CIS and ICC in the cohort and the case-control studies. In the cohort analyses smoking status, duration and intensity showed a two-fold increased risk of CIN3/CIS and ICC, while time since quitting was associated with a two-fold reduced risk. In the nested case-control study, consistent associations were observed after adjustment for HPV, CT and HHV-2 serostatus, in both HPV seronegative and seropositive women. Results from this large prospective study confirm the role of tobacco smoking as an important risk factor for both CIN3/CIS and ICC, even after taking into account HPV exposure as determined by HPV serology. The strong beneficial effect of quitting smoking is an important finding that will further support public health policies for smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Roura
- Unit of Infections and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
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Arnold M, Liu L, Kenter GG, Creutzberg CL, Coebergh JW, Soerjomataram I. Second primary cancers in survivors of cervical cancer in The Netherlands: Implications for prevention and surveillance. Radiother Oncol 2014; 111:374-81. [PMID: 24833558 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We investigated the effects of socio-demographic, treatment- and tumor-specific determinants on the risk of developing a second malignancy among patients treated for cervical cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS We included patients with a first cervical cancer (N=12,048) from the Netherlands Cancer Registry (NCR), 1989-2008. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) and absolute excess risks (AER) per 10,000 person-years were calculated to estimate the burden of second cancers in cervical cancer survivors. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) were computed to identify predictors for second cancers among cervical cancer survivors. RESULTS During the study period, 676 (5.6%) patients were diagnosed with a second cancer. Smoking-related cancers contributed the most to the overall burden of second cancers (AER=21) and risks remained elevated after 10 years of follow-up (SIR=1.8, 95% CI: 1.4-2.2), yet it decreased markedly in the younger birth cohorts. Cervical cancer survivors who underwent radiotherapy were at higher risk for a second tumor when compared to those without radiotherapy, especially at smoking-related sites (IRR=1.6 (1.2-2.3)). CONCLUSION Patients with cervical cancer had a significantly increased risk for a second cancer compared to the general population, especially for smoking- and irradiation-related tumors. Long-term follow-up suggested the importance of smoking cessation and the benefits of counseling cervical cancer patients accordingly, particularly those who received radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Arnold
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Section of Cancer Information, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Lifang Liu
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gemma G Kenter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Gynecologic Oncology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carien L Creutzberg
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Willem Coebergh
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Comprehensive Cancer Center South, Eindhoven Cancer Registry, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Isabelle Soerjomataram
- Section of Cancer Information, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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[Operative risk related to tobacco in gynecology]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 42:343-7. [PMID: 24787606 DOI: 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
If tobacco has been recognized for many years as a major risk factor for cardiovascular, lung diseases and cancer in the general population, women are insufficiently aware of the consequences and the specific gynecological operative risks related to this intoxication. Thus, a regular tobacco consumption increases the risk for many gynecological conditions may require surgical treatment with in addition a significant negative impact on the healing process and the risk of postoperative complications. The operative risk must be explained by surgeons in daily practice gynecological, pelvic surgery or breast screening. The issue of smoking cessation should precede surgery has been established by a consensus conference of experts on perioperative smoking held in 2005. The implementation of these recommendations during the preoperative period requires improvement of staff training and better practices to allow smoking cessation effective and sustainable. It is lawful in this context to delay scheduled surgery of 6 to 8 weeks to allow an optimal smoking cessation and to continue smoking cessation for the time necessary for healing to reduce the excess operative risk associated with smoking.
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McCormack A, Fan JL, Duesberg M, Bloomfield M, Fiala C, Duesberg P. Individual karyotypes at the origins of cervical carcinomas. Mol Cytogenet 2013; 6:44. [PMID: 24134916 PMCID: PMC3879223 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-6-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In 1952 Papanicolaou et al. first diagnosed and graded cervical carcinomas based on individual “abnormal DNA contents” and cellular phenotypes. Surprisingly current papilloma virus and mutation theories of carcinomas do not mention these individualities. The viral theory holds that randomly integrated, defective genomes of papilloma viruses, which are often untranscribed, cause cervical carcinomas with unknown cofactors 20–50 years after infection. Virus-free carcinomas are attributed to mutations of a few tumor-suppressor genes, especially the p53 gene. But the paradox of how a few mutations or latent defective viral DNAs would generate carcinomas with endless individual DNA contents, degrees of malignancies and cellular phenotypes is unsolved. Since speciation predicts individuality, we test here the theory that cancers are autonomous species with individual clonal karyotypes and phenotypes. This theory postulates that carcinogens induce aneuploidy. By unbalancing mitosis genes aneuploidy catalyzes chain reactions of karyotypic evolutions. Most such evolutions end with non-viable karyotypes but a few become new cancer karyotypes. Despite congenitally unbalanced mitosis genes cancer karyotypes are stabilized by clonal selections for cancer-specific autonomy. Results To test the prediction of the speciation theory that individual carcinomas have individual clonal karyotypes and phenotypes, we have analyzed here the phenotypes and karyotypes of nine cervical carcinomas. Seven of these contained papilloma virus sequences and two did not. We determined phenotypic individuality and clonality based on the morphology and sociology of carcinoma cells in vitro. Karyotypic individuality and clonality were determined by comparing all chromosomes of 20 karyotypes of carcinomas in three-dimensional arrays. Such arrays list chromosome numbers on the x-axis, chromosome copy numbers on the y-axis and the number of karyotypes arrayed on the z-axis. We found (1) individual clonal karyotypes and phenotypes in all nine carcinomas, but no virus-specific markers, (2) 1-to-1 variations between carcinoma-specific karyotypes and phenotypes, e.g. drug-resistance and cell morphology, (3) proportionality between the copy numbers of chromosomes and the copy numbers of hundreds of over- and under-expressed mRNAs, (4) evidence that tobacco-carcinogens induce cervical carcinomas via aneuploidy, consistent with the speciation theory. Conclusions Since the individual clonal karyotypes of nine carcinomas correlated and co-varied 1-to-1 with complex individual transcriptomes and phenotypes, we have classical genetic and functional transcriptomic evidence to conclude that these karyotypes encode carcinomas - much like the clonal karyotypes that encode conventional species. These individual karyotypes explain the individual “DNA contents”, the endless grades of malignancies and the complex individual transcriptomes and phenotypes of carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter Duesberg
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology; Donner Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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Burnett-Hartman AN, Feng Q, Popov V, Kalidindi A, Newcomb PA. Human papillomavirus DNA is rarely detected in colorectal carcinomas and not associated with microsatellite instability: the Seattle colon cancer family registry. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012; 22:317-9. [PMID: 23250932 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types-16 and -18 is an established cause of cervical and other cancers. Some studies report detection of oncogenic HPV DNA in colorectal carcinomas, with prevalence estimates as high as 84%. However, other studies report detecting no HPV DNA in colorectal tumors. METHODS To evaluate the prevalence of HPV in colorectal cancer subsets, we conducted a case-case comparison study. This study included 555 cases of incident colorectal cancer from the Seattle Colon Cancer Family Registry (CCFR), ages 20 to 74 years and diagnosed between 1998 and 2002. Standardized interviews were used to elicit demographics and risk factor data. Tumor DNA was assayed for HPV-16 and -18 DNA using real-time PCR. Microsatellite instability (MSI) status was assessed using a standard 10-marker panel and confirmed with immunohistochemical staining. Prevalence estimates were calculated for the overall sample, and stratified by patient and tumor characteristics. Fisher exact test was used to compare prevalence between strata. RESULTS HPV-16 DNA was detected in 2% of colorectal tumors, but no HPV-18 DNA was detected. HPV-16 prevalence did not vary between cases according to sex, age, race, smoking-status, or MSI-status (P > 0.05). HPV-16 prevalence in rectal carcinomas was 5% compared with 1% in colon carcinomas (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Among a large sample of colorectal carcinomas, prevalence of HPV-16 and -18 was very low. Prior studies detecting high HPV prevalence in colorectal carcinomas are likely the result of contamination from the anal canal or clinical processing. IMPACT HPV is unlikely to play a large role in colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Kim HW. Gender differences in knowledge and health beliefs related to behavioral intentions to prevent human papillomavirus infection. Asia Pac J Public Health 2012; 25:248-59. [PMID: 22652244 DOI: 10.1177/1010539512444307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed gender differences in human papillomavirus (HPV) awareness (including knowledge), health beliefs, and behavioral intentions to prevent infection. The participants comprised 763 and 905 sexually active men and women, respectively. Gender differences were observed in HPV knowledge, health beliefs, and sociodemographics that were significantly correlated with behavioral intentions to prevent infection. There were gender differences in the factors related to behavioral intentions to prevent HPV. In multiple regression analysis, HPV knowledge was not related to behavioral intentions, whereas perceived benefits were related to behavioral intentions consistently among men and women, while the effects of perceived barriers were inconsistent. HPV awareness was very low regardless of gender. While HPV education is urgently required for men, enhancing HPV awareness, reinforcing positive perceptions of HPV prevention, and reducing unhealthy sexual behaviors are necessary for the entire Korean population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Won Kim
- Department of Nursing, Kwandong University, Gangwon, South Korea.
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Muñoz JP, González C, Parra B, Corvalán AH, Tornesello ML, Eizuru Y, Aguayo F. Functional interaction between human papillomavirus type 16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins and cigarette smoke components in lung epithelial cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38178. [PMID: 22662279 PMCID: PMC3360647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The smoking habit is the most important, but not a sufficient cause for lung cancer development. Several studies have reported the human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) presence and E6 and E7 transcripts expression in lung carcinoma cases from different geographical regions. The possible interaction between HPV infection and smoke carcinogens, however, remains unclear. In this study we address a potential cooperation between tobacco smoke and HPV16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins for alterations in proliferative and tumorigenic properties of lung epithelial cells. A549 (alveolar, tumoral) and BEAS-2B (bronchial, non-tumoral) cell lines were stably transfected with recombinant pLXSN vectors expressing HPV16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins and exposed to cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) at different concentrations. HPV16 E6 and E7 expression was associated with loss of p53 stability, telomerase (hTERT) and p16(INK4A) overexpression in BEAS-2B cells as demonstrated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting (WB). In A549 cells we observed downregulation of p53 but not a significant increase of hTERT transcripts. In addition, the HPV16 E6/E7 transfected cell lines showed an increased proliferation rate and anchorage-independent growth in a HPV16 E6 and E7 expression-dependent manner. Moreover, both HPV16 E6/E7 and mock transfected cells showed an increased proliferation rate and anchorage-independent growth in the presence of 0.1 and 10 µg/mL CSC. However, this increase was significantly greater in HPV16 E6/E7 transfected cells (p<0.001). Data were confirmed by FCSE proliferation assay. The results obtained in this study are suggestive of a functional interaction between tobacco smoke and HPV16 E6/E7 oncoproteins for malignant transformation and tumorigenesis of lung epithelial cells. More studies are warranted in order to dissect the molecular mechanisms involved in this cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Muñoz
- Virology Program, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina González
- Virology Program, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bárbara Parra
- Virology Program, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro H. Corvalán
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria Lina Tornesello
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology and AIDS Reference Centre, National Cancer Institute “Fond. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
| | - Yoshito Eizuru
- Division of Oncogenic and Persistent Viruses, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Francisco Aguayo
- Virology Program, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Mansour A, Ali M, Helmy H, Kassim S. Human papillomavirus-16 (HPV-16) infection association with CIAP-2 expression in head and neck cancer. Med Oncol 2012; 29:2459-65. [PMID: 22215414 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-011-0143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV-16) E6 proteins inhibit apoptosis in both p53-dependent and p53-independent manners. So it was relevant to assess the impact of such infection on head and neck cancers and its relation to the inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs). CIAP2 is one of these IAPs that is postulated to upregulated by E6 proteins of HPV-16 by amplification of the locus bearing it in many tissues. In this study, we aimed to search for the amplification of the locus bearing CIAP-2 and its relation to HPV-16 in head and neck cancer that may have prognostic and therapeutic impacts on these patients. Total 30 patients diagnosed as head and neck cancer (2 tissue samples were taken from each patient: from the tumor and from the safety margin). All samples were subjected to qualitative polymerase chain reaction analysis for HPV-16 and qualitative and semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction of CIAP-2. There was a significant association between HPV-16 and CIAP2 positivity and head and neck tumors (P=0.01). CIAP-2 expression in malignant tissues was highly associated with HPV-16 infection with 73.9% sensitivity and absolute specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Mansour
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, 11381, Egypt.
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Chellini E, Gorini G, Gasparrini A, Grazzini G, Iossa A, Martellucci PM, Terrone R. Cervical Cancer Screening visit as an Occasion for Counseling Female Smokers to Quit. TUMORI JOURNAL 2012; 98:27-32. [DOI: 10.1177/030089161209800103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aims and Background In the last decades in Italy, a smaller decrease in smoking among women than in men has been observed and a younger age at start in young women. Nevertheless, gender-specific strategies for smoking cessation have rarely been developed, except those for pregnant women. A study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of carrying out an intervention of primary prevention by counseling for smoking cessation the female smokers attending cervical cancer screening programs in Florence, Italy. Methods All female smokers attending the services for cervical cancer prevention at the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute in Florence, Italy, between March 2004 and January 2005, who volunteered to participate in the study, received a brief motivational stage-matched counseling for smoking cessation and a face to face interview at enrollment and after 6 and 12 months. The counseling was evaluated by comparing quit rates, changes in smoking intensity, and motivation to quit at the first and second follow-up periods to the same data collected at enrollment. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the influence on smoking cessation of demographic characteristics, smoking habit and attitude to quit. Results 177 women participated in the study. After 1 year, a quit rate of 12.4% (95% CI, 7.5–17.3) was observed. Among those who never quit, there was a 39.3% reduction in the average daily cigarette consumption and a 51.9% reduction in smoking the first cigarette of the day immediately on awaking or just after breakfast. Conclusions The results and the opportunity to contact a large number of female smokers on the occasion of cervical cancer screening suggest the importance to evaluate the efficacy of the intervention of primary prevention in this health setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Chellini
- Unit of Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute (ISPO), Florence
| | - Giuseppe Gorini
- Unit of Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute (ISPO), Florence
| | - Antonio Gasparrini
- Unit of Environmental and Occupational Epidemiology, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute (ISPO), Florence
| | - Grazia Grazzini
- Unit of Secondary Prevention and Screening, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute (ISPO), Florence
| | - Anna Iossa
- Unit of Secondary Prevention and Screening, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute (ISPO), Florence
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The Pap smear screening as an occasion for smoking cessation and physical activity counselling: baseline characteristics of women involved in the SPRINT randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2011; 11:906. [PMID: 22151834 PMCID: PMC3265620 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gender-specific smoking cessation strategies have rarely been developed. Evidence of effectiveness of physical activity (PA) promotion and intervention in adjunct to smoking cessation programs is not strong. SPRINT study is a randomized controlled trial (RCT) designed to evaluate a counselling intervention on smoking cessation and PA delivered to women attending the Italian National Health System Cervical Cancer Screening Program. This paper presents study design and baseline characteristics of the study population. Methods/Design Among women undergoing the Pap examination in three study centres (Florence, Turin, Mantua), participants were randomized to the smoking cessation counselling [S], the smoking cessation + PA counselling [S + PA], or the control [C] groups. The program under evaluation is a standard brief counselling on smoking cessation combined with a brief counselling on increasing PA, and was delivered in 2010. A questionnaire, administered before, after 6 months and 1 year from the intervention, was used to track behavioural changes in tobacco use and PA, and to record cessation rates in participants. Discussion Out of the 5,657 women undergoing the Pap examination, 1,100 participants (55% of smokers) were randomized in 1 of the 3 study groups (363 in the S, 366 in the S + PA and 371 in the C groups). The three arms did not differ on any demographic, PA, or tobacco-use characteristics. Recruited smokers were older, less educated than non-participant women, more motivated to quit (33% vs.9% in the Preparation stage, p < 0.001), smoked more cigarettes per day (12 vs.9, p < 0.001), and were more likely to have already done 1 or more quit attempts (64% vs.50%, p < 0.001). The approach of SPRINT study appeared suitable to enrol less educated women who usually smoke more and have more difficulties to quit. Trial registration number ISRCTN: ISRCTN52660565
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Tobacco Education and Counseling in Obstetrics and Gynecology Clerkships: A Survey of Medical School Program Directors. Matern Child Health J 2011; 15:1153-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10995-010-0679-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Cigarette smoke stimulates VEGF-C expression in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1 and 2 lesions. Int J Clin Oncol 2011; 17:498-504. [PMID: 21947598 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-011-0322-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are involved in angiogenesis, but molecular links to the most important etiological agents, human papillomavirus (HPV) and smoking, need to be clarified. METHODS Archival samples at the first diagnosis of 64 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 or 2 (CIN 1/2) lesions were examined immunohistochemically using anti-VEGF-C and anti-Ki-67 antibodies. HPV types were identified from cervical samples by restriction fragment length polymorphism, which has been shown to identify at least 26 types of genital HPVs. Follow-up data were available for all patients with CIN lesions. RESULTS Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia lesions regressed in 47 cases and were persistent in 17 cases. Twenty-two smokers, 8 former smokers, and 34 non-smokers were enrolled in the study. The median observation period was 52.3 months. Significantly higher VEGF-C expression was observed in 8 smokers with persistent CIN persistence (49.0 ± 16.6%, P < 0.01), whereas no significant difference was observed in Ki-67 expression. The median time to regression was significantly longer in the 10 smokers with high VEGF-C expression (48.3 months, P = 0.030) than that in the others. HPV was detected in 56 of the 64 cases. Thirty-two patients had high-risk HPV, 13 had intermediate-risk HPV, and 2 had low-risk HPV. No significant difference was observed among the HPV risk groups in both average Ki-67 and VEGF-C expression. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that VEGF-C may play an important role in cigarette smoking-associated cervical carcinogenesis.
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Fonseca-Moutinho JA. Smoking and cervical cancer. ISRN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2011; 2011:847684. [PMID: 21785734 PMCID: PMC3140050 DOI: 10.5402/2011/847684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer (CC) is the third most common cancer in women worldwide; however, CC is a preventable disease, and much effort should be done to prevent it. Persistence of high-risk HPV infection is the strongest epidemiologic risk factor for CC, however it is not sufficient for development of the disease it cofactors should be present. In 2004; IARC listed cervical cancer among those causally related to smoking. Smoking interferes with incidence and prevalence of HPV infection and is associated with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive CC. Multiple factors seem to intervene on cervical carcinogenesis related with tobacco, especially by direct local carcinogenic effect and local immunosuppression. Smoking addition is also closely related with other confounding factors, like unfavorable psychosocial events, systemic immunity, contraception, and nutrition, which got difficult epidemiologic evaluation of smoking role on cervical carcinogenesis. Smoking habits should be taken in account in clinical practice and in research concerning CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alberto Fonseca-Moutinho
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
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Arbyn M, Andersson K, Bergeron C, Bogers JP, von Knebel-Doebertitz M, Dillner J. Cervical cytology biobanks as a resource for molecular epidemiology. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 675:279-298. [PMID: 20949396 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-423-0_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A cervical cytology biobank (CCB) is an extension of current cytopathology laboratory practice consisting in the systematic storage of Pap smears or liquid-based cytology samples from women participating in cervical cancer screening with the explicit purpose of facilitating future scientific research and quality audit of preventive services. A CCB should use an internationally agreed uniform cytology terminology, be integrated in a national or regional screening registry, and linked to other registries (histology, cancer, and vaccination). Legal and ethical principles concerning personal integrity and data safety must be respected strictly. Biobank-based studies require approval from ethical review boards. A CCB constitutes a nearly inexhaustible resource to perform fundamental and applied biologic research. In particular, it can contribute in answering questions on the natural history of HPV infection and HPV-induced lesions and cancers, screening effectiveness, exploration of new biomarkers, and surveillance of short- and long-term effects of the introduction of HPV vaccination. To understand the limitations of CCB, more studies are needed on quality of samples in relation to sample type, storage procedures, and duration of storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Arbyn
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium.
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Feingold BJ, Vegosen L, Davis M, Leibler J, Peterson A, Silbergeld EK. A niche for infectious disease in environmental health: rethinking the toxicological paradigm. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2010; 118:1165-72. [PMID: 20385515 PMCID: PMC2920090 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this review we highlight the need to expand the scope of environmental health research, which now focuses largely on the study of toxicants, to incorporate infectious agents. We provide evidence that environmental health research would be strengthened through finding common ground with the tools and approaches of infectious disease research. DATA SOURCES AND EXTRACTION We conducted a literature review for examples of interactions between toxic agents and infectious diseases, as well as the role of these interactions as risk factors in classic "environmental" diseases. We investigated existing funding sources and research mandates in the United States from the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health, particularly the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. DATA SYNTHESIS We adapted the toxicological paradigm to guide reintegration of infectious disease into environmental health research and to identify common ground between these two fields as well as opportunities for improving public health through interdisciplinary research. CONCLUSIONS Environmental health encompasses complex disease processes, many of which involve interactions among multiple risk factors, including toxicant exposures, pathogens, and susceptibility. Funding and program mandates for environmental health studies should be expanded to include pathogens in order to capture the true scope of these overlapping risks, thus creating more effective research investments with greater relevance to the complexity of real-world exposures and multifactorial health outcomes. We propose a new model that integrates the toxicology and infectious disease paradigms to facilitate improved collaboration and communication by providing a framework for interdisciplinary research. Pathogens should be part of environmental health research planning and funding allocation, as well as applications such as surveillance and policy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth J Feingold
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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Lee CH, Yang SF, Peng CY, Li RN, Chen YC, Chan TF, Tsai EM, Kuo FC, Huang JJ, Tsai HT, Hung YH, Huang HL, Tsai S, Wu MT. The precancerous effect of emitted cooking oil fumes on precursor lesions of cervical cancer. Int J Cancer 2010; 127:932-41. [PMID: 20013811 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Although cooking emission from high-temperature frying has been deemed a Group 2A carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, little is known about its impact on cervical tumorigenesis. To investigate the precancerous consequence of cooking oil fumes on cervical intraepithelial neoplasm (CIN), a community-based case-control study, which takes all known risk factors into consideration, was conducted in Taiwan. From 2003 to 2008, in a Pap smear screening and biopsy examination network, 206 pathology-verified women with inflammations/atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance or CIN grade-1 (CIN1) and 73 with CIN2-3 (defined as low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LGSIL) and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HGSIL), respectively); and 1,200 area-and-age-matched controls with negative cytology were recruited. Multinomial logistic regression was applied in the multivariate analysis to determine the likelihood of contracting LGSIL or HGSIL. The risks of the two lesions increased with the increase of carcinogenic high-risk human papillomavirus DNA load, with a clear dose-response relationship. Chefs were observed to experience a 7.9-fold elevated HGSIL risk. Kitchens with poor fume ventilation during the main cooking life-stage correlated to a 3.7-fold risk of HGSIL, but not for LGSIL. More than 1 hr of daily cooking in kitchens with poor fume conditions appeared to confer an 8.4-fold HGSIL risk, with an 8.3-fold heterogeneously higher odds ratio than that (aOR = 1.0) for LGSIL. Similar risk pattern has been reproduced among never-smoking women. Our findings demonstrate the association between indoor exposure to cooking fumes from heated oil and the late development of cervical precancerous lesions. This final conclusion needs to be verified by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hung Lee
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Samir R, Asplund A, Tot T, Pekar G, Hellberg D. Tissue tumor marker expression in smokers, including serum cotinine concentrations, in women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or normal squamous cervical epithelium. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 202:579.e1-7. [PMID: 20060094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2009.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate correlations between smoking and serum cotinine, respectively, and tumor marker expression in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and normal epithelium. STUDY DESIGN Women (n = 228) with cervical biopsy specimens that ranged histologically from normal to carcinoma in situ (CIN III) were included. Expression of 11 tumor markers with possible relevance in cervical neoplasms was studied. Smoking habits were recorded, and serum was assessed for cotinine concentrations. RESULTS No differences were found in tumor marker expression in normal epithelium between smokers and nonsmokers. The tumor suppressors p53 and fragile histidine triad and the immunologic marker interleukin-10 were underexpressed, and the tumor markers cyclooxygenase-2 and Ki-67 were overexpressed in smoking, compared with nonsmoking, women with CIN and particularly in all fertile women. CONCLUSION The molecular pattern indicates that smoking exerts unfavorable effects in cervical neoplasia. This provides biologic evidence of smoking being a true cofactor in cervical neoplasia.
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Pérez-Gómez B, Martínez C, Navarro C, Franch P, Galceran J, Marcos-Gragera R. The moderate decrease in invasive cervical cancer incidence rates in Spain (1980–2004): limited success of opportunistic screening? Ann Oncol 2010; 21 Suppl 3:iii61-68. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdq093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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The cellular transcription factor Brn-3a and the smoking-related substance nicotine interact to regulate the activity of the HPV URR in the cervix. Oncogene 2010; 29:2701-11. [PMID: 20190800 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The cellular transcription factor Brn-3a differentially regulates different human papilloma virus (HPV)-16 variants that are associated with different risks of progression to cervical carcinoma in infected humans. The upstream regulatory regions (URRs) of high- and intermediate-risk HPV-16 variants are activated by the cellular transcription factor Brn-3a, whereas the URR of a low-risk HPV-16 variant is not. In this study, we show in transfection assays that Brn-3a and the smoking-related substance nicotine produce stronger responsiveness of the URR of the low- and high-risk variants than with either factor alone, but not the intermediate-risk variant. We determined that this synergistic activity of Brn-3a/nicotine is due to two nucleotide differences in the URR, crucial for oncogenic E6/E7 transactivation. Mutant constructs in which the nucleotide residues were substituted alter Brn-3a/nicotine responsiveness. Importantly, women smokers with high levels of Brn-3a infected with low- or high-risk HPV-16 variants have augmented E6 levels, and were more frequently diagnosed with higher grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cancer, as compared with non-smokers who were infected with similar variants and expressed similar levels of Brn-3a. Therefore, this study defines the specific interplay between the cellular transactivator Brn-3a, the environmental smoking-related substance nicotine and specific HPV variants in cervical carcinogenesis, and thus helps to explain why some women are susceptible to rapid CIN progression and cancer and others are not.
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Xi LF, Koutsky LA, Castle PE, Edelstein ZR, Meyers C, Ho J, Schiffman M. Relationship between cigarette smoking and human papilloma virus types 16 and 18 DNA load. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 18:3490-6. [PMID: 19959700 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although cigarette smoking has been associated with increased human papilloma virus (HPV) detection, its impact on HPV DNA load is unknown. METHODS The study subjects were women who were positive for HPV16 and/or HPV18 at enrollment into the Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance-Low-grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion Triage Study. Assessments of exposure to smoke and sexual behavior were based on self-report. Viral genome copies per nanogram of cellular DNA were measured by multiplex real-time PCR. Linear or logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between cigarette smoking and baseline viral load. RESULTS Of the 1,050 women (752 with HPV16, 258 with HPV18, and 40 with both HPV16 and HPV18), 452 (43.0%) were current smokers and 101 (9.6%) were former smokers at enrollment. The baseline viral load was statistically significantly greater for current compared with never smokers (P = 0.03 for HPV16; P = 0.02 for HPV18) but not for former smokers. Among current smokers, neither HPV16 nor HPV18 DNA load seemed to vary appreciably by age at smoking initiation, smoking intensity, or smoking duration. The results remained similar when the analysis of smoking-related HPV16 DNA load was restricted to women without detectable cervical abnormality. CONCLUSION Higher baseline HPV16 and HPV18 DNA load was associated with status as a current but not former smoker. A lack of dose-response relationship between cigarette smoking and viral load may indicate a low threshold for the effect of smoking on HPV DNA load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Fu Xi
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
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Coker AL, Hopenhayn C, DeSimone CP, Bush HM, Crofford L. Violence against Women Raises Risk of Cervical Cancer. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2009; 18:1179-85. [PMID: 19630537 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2008.1048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An emerging literature suggests that violence against women (VAW), particularly sexual violence, may increase the risk of acquiring a sexually transmitted infection (STI) and, therefore, may be associated with cervical cancer development. The purpose of this cross-sectional analysis was to determine if women who had experienced violence had higher prevalence rates of invasive cervical cancer. METHODS Women aged 18-88 who joined the Kentucky Women's Health Registry (2006-2007) and completed a questionnaire were included in the sample. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to adjust odds ratio (OR) for confounders (e.g., age, education, current marital status, lifetime illegal drug use, and pack-years of cigarette smoking). RESULTS Of 4732 participants with no missing data on violence, cervical cancer, or demographic factors, 103 (2.1%) reported ever having cervical cancer. Adjusting for demographic factors, smoking, and illegal drug use, experiencing VAW was associated with an increased prevalence of invasive cervical cancer (adjusted OR [aOR] = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.7-3.9). This association remained significant when looking at three specific types of VAW: intimate partner violence (IPV) (aOR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.8-4.0), adult exposure to forced sex (aOR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.6-4.3), and child exposure to sexual abuse (aOR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.4-4.0). CONCLUSIONS Rates of cervical cancer were highest for those experiencing all three types of VAW relative to those never experiencing VAW. Because VAW is common and has gynecological health effects, asking about VAW in healthcare settings and using this information to provide tailored healthcare may improve women's health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann L Coker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0293, USA.
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Lomnytska MI, Becker S, Hellman K, Hellström AC, Souchelnytskyi S, Mints M, Hellman U, Andersson S, Auer G. Diagnostic protein marker patterns in squamous cervical cancer. Proteomics Clin Appl 2009; 4:17-31. [PMID: 21137014 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200900086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 09/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cervical cancer is the second most prevalent malignancy of women. Our aim was to identify additional marker protein patterns for objective diagnosis of squamous cervical cancer (SCC). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Collected tissue biopsies of SCC, squamous vaginal cancer (SVC), normal cervical and vaginal mucosa were subjected to 2-DE, SameSpot analysis, MALDI-TOF-MS protein identification, and analysis of the expression of selected proteins by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In 148 protein spots selected by the difference in expression 99 proteins were identified. A differential protein pattern for SCC was, e.g. over-expressed (OE) eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3-2β, neutrophil cytosolic factor 2, annexin A6 (ANXA6), for SVC it was OE cathepsin D, γ-catenin, RAB2A, for both cancers it was OE apolipoprotein E, tropomyosin 3, HSPA8, and underexpressed cytokeratin 13, osteoglycin. In SCC nuclear expression of neutrophil cytosolic factor 2, PRDX2, HSP27 (nine of ten cases), ANXA6 (nine of ten cases) was observed while tropomyosin 4 was expressed only in two of ten cases. There was 81.1% (43/53) agreement between the expression of protein spots and the immune expression of proteins (www.proteinatlas.org). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE SCC is characterized by specific tissue marker protein patterns that allow objective detection of the disease. They can become a basis for objective automated cytology-based screening and improve current diagnostics of SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta I Lomnytska
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute for Clinical Science and Technology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Chen B, Simpson DA, Zhou Y, Mitra A, Mitchell DL, Cordeiro-Stone M, Kaufmann WK. Human papilloma virus type16 E6 deregulates CHK1 and sensitizes human fibroblasts to environmental carcinogens independently of its effect on p53. Cell Cycle 2009; 8:1775-87. [PMID: 19411857 DOI: 10.4161/cc.8.11.8724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
After treatment with ultraviolet radiation (UV), human fibroblasts that express the HPV type 16 E6 oncoprotein display defects in repair of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, hypersensitivity to inactivation of clonogenic survival and an inability to sustain DNA replication. To determine whether these effects are specific to depletion of p53 or inactivation of its function, fibroblast lines were constructed with ectopic expression of a dominant-negative p53 allele (p53-H179Q) to inactivate function or a short-hairpin RNA (p53-RNAi) to deplete expression of p53. Only the expression of HPV16E6 sensitized fibroblasts to UV or the chemical carcinogen, benzo[a]pyrene diolepoxide I (BPDE). Carcinogen-treated cells expressing p53-H179Q or p53-RNAi were resistant to inactivation of colony formation and did not suffer replication arrest. CHK1 is a key checkpoint kinase in the response to carcinogen-induced DNA damage. Control and p53-RNAi-expressing fibroblasts displayed phosphorylation of Ser345 on CHK1 45-120 min after carcinogen treatment with a return to near baseline phosphorylation by 6 h after treatment. HPV16E6-expressing fibroblasts displayed enhanced and sustained phosphorylation of CHK1. This was associated with enhanced phosphorylation of Thr68 on CHK2 and Ser139 on H2AX, both markers of severe replication stress and DNA double strand breaks. Incubation with the phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid produced more phosphorylation of CHK1 in UV-treated HPV16E6-expressing cells than in p53-H179Q-expressing cells suggesting that HPV16E6 may interfere with the recovery of coupled DNA replication at replication forks that are stalled at [6-4]pyrimidine-pyrimidone photoproducts and BPDE-DNA adducts. The results indicate that HPV16E6 targets a protein or proteins other than p53 to deregulate the activity of CHK1 in carcinogen-damaged cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Department of Nutrition Health and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Sobti RC, Singh N, Hussain S, Suri V, Bharti AC, Das BC. Overexpression of STAT3 in HPV-mediated cervical cancer in a north Indian population. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 330:193-9. [PMID: 19421717 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The constitutively activated STAT family members, particularly STAT3, have been shown to possess transforming properties, and are strongly correlated with tumor development and progression. STAT3 transmits signals from many cytokines and growth factors to target genes in the nucleus through the Jak/Stat signaling pathway. HPV is the main etiological factor in the development of cervical cancer. In the current study, the expression of STAT3 was analyzed in various stages of HPV-mediated cervical carcinogenesis. Tissue biopsies from 100 patients with cervical cancer of different stages and normal tissues from patients undergoing hysterectomy were selected for studying the HPV status and STAT3 expression. HPV status of each corresponding biopsy was analyzed by PCR and typing. The mRNA expression was analyzed by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). HPV infection was detected in majority of cases: 75% (9/12) in precancer, 85% (34/40) stage I & II, and 95% (36/38) in stage III & IV of cervical cancer cases by L1 PCR. Further sub typing revealed HPV16 in 100% (9/9) of L1 positives in precancerous & 90% (63/70) in different stages of cancer. Significant level of STAT3 mRNA expression was predominantly found in cervical cancer cases as compared to normal controls (P = 0.001). We also found a significant correlation of STAT3 expression in cases infected with HPV (P = 0.001). Our results indicate a potentially interactive effect between HPV 16/18 and transcriptional activation of STAT3 gene in cervical carcinogenesis. To our knowledge, this is the first such study to be reported from India. Further investigations are needed to determine the influence of STAT3 expression on cervical carcinogenesis and its possible interaction with HPV infection status.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Sobti
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Kapeu AS, Luostarinen T, Jellum E, Dillner J, Hakama M, Koskela P, Lenner P, Löve A, Mahlamaki E, Thoresen S, Tryggvadóttir L, Wadell G, Youngman L, Lehtinen M. Is smoking an independent risk factor for invasive cervical cancer? A nested case-control study within Nordic biobanks. Am J Epidemiol 2009; 169:480-8. [PMID: 19074773 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwn354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The strong correlation between smoking and exposure to oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPVs) has made it difficult to verify the independent role of smoking in cervical carcinogenesis. Thus, the authors evaluated this role. Five large Nordic serum banks containing samples from more than 1,000,000 subjects were linked with nationwide cancer registries (1973-2003). Serum samples were retrieved from 588 women who developed invasive cervical cancer and 2,861 matched controls. The samples were analyzed for cotinine (a biomarker of tobacco exposure) and antibodies to HPV types 16 and 18, herpes simplex virus type 2, and Chlamydia trachomatis. Smoking was associated with the risk of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) among HPV16- and/or HPV18-seropositive heavy smokers (odds ratio=2.7, 95% confidence interval: 1.7, 4.3). A similar risk of SCC (odds ratio=3.2, 95% confidence interval: 2.6, 4.0) was found in heavy smokers after adjustment for HPV16/18 antibodies. The point estimates increased with increasing age at diagnosis and increasing cotinine level. This study confirms that smoking is an independent risk factor for cervical cancer/SCC in women infected with oncogenic HPVs. These findings emphasize the importance of cervical cancer prevention among women exposed to tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Simen Kapeu
- National Public Health Institute, P.O. Box 310, 90101 Oulu, Finland.
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Wu X, Matanoski G, Chen VW, Saraiya M, Coughlin SS, King JB, Tao XG. Descriptive epidemiology of vaginal cancer incidence and survival by race, ethnicity, and age in the United States. Cancer 2008; 113:2873-82. [PMID: 18980291 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaginal cancer is a rare malignancy. It has many of the same risk factors as cervical cancer, including a strong association with persistent human papillomavirus infection. Descriptive studies of the epidemiology of vaginal cancer are scarce in the literature. METHODS The 1998 through 2003 incidence data from 39 population-based cancer registries were used, covering up to 83% of the US population. The 1996 through 2003 data from 17 cancer registries were used for survival analysis. Incidence rates, disease stage, and 5-year relative survival rates were calculated by race, ethnicity, and age group. Data analysis focused mainly on squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). RESULTS Incidence rates for all vaginal cancers combined were 0.18 per 100,000 female population for in situ cases and 0.69 for invasive cases. The median age of invasive cases was older than that of in situ cases (aged 68 years vs 58 years). SCC was the most common histologic type (71% of in situ cases and 66% of invasive cases). Compared with the rate for white women, the age-adjusted incidence rate of invasive SCC was 72% higher (P < .05) among black women, whereas the rate among Asian/Pacific Islander (API) women was 34% lower (P < .05). Hispanic women had a 38% higher rate than non-Hispanic women (P < .05) of invasive SCC. The rates for in situ SCC peaked at age 70 years and then declined, whereas the rates of invasive SCC increased continuously with advancing age. Black, API, and Hispanic women as well as older women were more likely to be diagnosed with late-stage disease, and these groups had lower 5-year relative survival rates than their white, non-Hispanic, and younger counterparts. CONCLUSIONS Incidence rates of vaginal SCC varied significantly by race, ethnicity, and age group. Black, API, and Hispanic women as well as older women had a high proportion of late-stage disease and a low 5-year survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocheng Wu
- Louisiana Tumor Registry, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.
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Prokopczyk B, Sinha I, Trushin N, Freeman WM, El-Bayoumy K. Gene expression profiles in HPV-immortalized human cervical cells treated with the nicotine-derived carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 177:173-80. [PMID: 19038236 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is an established etiological factor for cervical cancer. Epidemiological studies suggest that smoking in combination with HPV infection plays a significant role in the etiology of this disease. We have previously shown that the tobacco carcinogen, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), is present in human cervical mucus. Here, we hypothesized that treatment of HPV-16-immortalized human ectocervical cells (Ecto1/E6E7) with NNK would alter the expression of genes involved in cellular transformation. Ecto1/E6E7 cells were treated with water (vehicle control) alone or with 1 microM, 10 microM, and 100 microM of NNK in water for 12 weeks. The colony-forming efficiency increased following NNK treatment; the maximum effect was observed after 12 weeks with 100 microM NNK. Microarray analysis revealed that, independent of the dose of NNK, expression of 30 genes was significantly altered; 22 of these genes showed a dose-response pattern. Genes identified are categorized as immune response (LTB4R), RNA surveillance pathway (SMG1), metabolism (ALDH7A1), genes frequently expressed in later stages of neoplastic development (MT1F), DNA binding (HIST3H3 and CHD1L), and protein biosynthesis (UBA52). Selected genes were confirmed by qRT-PCR. Western blot analysis indicates that phosphorylation of histone 3 at serine 10, a marker of cellular transformation, was up-regulated in cells treated with NNK. This is the first study showing that NNK can alter gene expression that may, in part, account for transformation of HPV-immortalized human cervical cells. The results support previous epidemiological observations that, in addition to HPV, tobacco smoking also plays an important role in the development of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Prokopczyk
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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Sherman JF, Mount SL, Evans MF, Skelly J, Simmons-Arnold L, Eltabbakh GH. Smoking increases the risk of high-grade vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia in women with oncogenic human papillomavirus. Gynecol Oncol 2008; 110:396-401. [PMID: 18586314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2008.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Revised: 05/18/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In a large retrospective study, the association of smoking with human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN) grade was analyzed. METHODS A SNOMED search was performed for vaginal biopsy or resection specimens diagnosed as VAIN over an 11-year period. The diagnosis of VAIN grade was confirmed by histological review. HPV genotype was determined by GP5+/6+ PCR and dot blot hybridization with type-specific oligonucleotide probes. Smoking history was obtained by chart review. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test. RESULTS We identified specimens from 111 patients (age range 15-84); 64% (n=71) were diagnosed with high-grade VAIN (HGVAIN) and 36% (n=40) with low-grade VAIN (LGVAIN). High-risk (HR) HPV genotypes were identified in 83% of specimens (n=92), other types in 17% (n=19). Twenty-one different HPV genotypes were detected in total. Smoking history was available for 81% (n=90). Forty-one percent (n=37) had a positive smoking history. There was no significant difference in infection with HR vs. other types (p=0.92) among smokers when compared to non-smokers. In patients with HR HPV genotypes, smokers were at an increased risk for HGVAIN lesions when compared to patients who had never smoked (83% vs. 59%, p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate an increased risk for HGVAIN in HR HPV positive women who smoke compared to HR HPV positive non-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Sherman
- Department of Pathology, Fletcher Allen Health Care, Burlington, VT 05401, USA.
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Syrjänen K, Shabalova I, Petrovichev N, Kozachenko V, Zakharova T, Pajanidi J, Podistov J, Chemeris G, Sozaeva L, Lipova E, Tsidaeva I, Ivanchenko O, Pshepurko A, Zakharenko S, Nerovjna R, Kljukina L, Erokhina O, Branovskaja M, Nikitina M, Grunberga V, Grunberg A, Juschenko A, Santopietro R, Cintorino M, Tosi P, Syrjänen S. Smoking is an independent risk factor for oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infections but not for high-grade CIN. Eur J Epidemiol 2007; 22:723-35. [PMID: 17828436 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-007-9180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence implicates smoking as a risk factor for cervical cancer (CC), but the confounding from high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infections is not clear. OBJECTIVES To analyse the role of smoking as an independent predictor of CIN2+ and HR-HPV infections in a population-based prospective (NIS, New Independent States of former Soviet Union) cohort study. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A cohort of 3,187 women was stratified into three groups according to their smoking status: (i) women who never smoked; (ii) those smoking in the past; and (iii) women who are current smokers. These groups were analysed for predictors of (a) HR-HPV; (b) high-grade CIN, and (c) outcome of HR-HPV infections and cytological abnormalities during prospective follow-up (n = 854). RESULTS The three groups were significantly different in all major indicators or risk sexual behaviour (or history) implicating strong confounding. There was no increase in HSIL/LSIL/ASC-US cytology or CIN1+/CIN2+/CIN3+ among current smokers. Only few predictors of HR-HPV and CIN2+ were common to all three groups, indicating strong interference of the smoking status. There was no difference in outcomes of cervical disease or HR-HPV infections between the three groups. In multivariate model, being current smoker was one of the five independent predictors of HR-HPV (P = 0.014), with adjusted OR = 1.52 (95%CI 1.09-2.14). In addition to age, HR-HPV was the only independent predictor of CIN2+ in multivariate model (OR = 14.8; 95%CI 1.72-127.31). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that cigarette smoking is not an independent risk factor of CIN2+, but the increased risk ascribed to smoking is mediated by acquisition of HR-HPV, of which current smoking was an independent predictor in multivariate model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Syrjänen
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Turku University Hospital, Savitehtaankatu 1, Turku, 20521, Finland.
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