1
|
Identification of Dysregulated Expression of G Protein Coupled Receptors in Endocrine Tumors by Bioinformatics Analysis: Potential Drug Targets? Cells 2022; 11:cells11040703. [PMID: 35203352 PMCID: PMC8870215 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Many studies link G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to cancer. Some endocrine tumors are unresponsive to standard treatment and/or require long-term and poorly tolerated treatment. This study explored, by bioinformatics analysis, the tumoral profiling of the GPCR transcriptome to identify potential targets in these tumors aiming at drug repurposing. Methods: We explored the GPCR differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from public datasets (Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)). The GEO datasets were available for two medullary thyroid cancers (MTCs), eighty-seven pheochromocytomas (PHEOs), sixty-one paragangliomas (PGLs), forty-seven pituitary adenomas and one-hundred-fifty adrenocortical cancers (ACCs). The TCGA dataset covered 92 ACCs. We identified GPCRs targeted by approved drugs from pharmacological databases (ChEMBL and DrugBank). Results: The profiling of dysregulated GPCRs was tumor specific. In MTC, we found 14 GPCR DEGs, including an upregulation of the dopamine receptor (DRD2) and adenosine receptor (ADORA2B), which were the target of many drugs. In PGL, seven GPCR genes were downregulated, including vasopressin receptor (AVPR1A) and PTH receptor (PTH1R), which were targeted by approved drugs. In ACC, PTH1R was also downregulated in both the GEO and TCGA datasets and was the target of osteoporosis drugs. Conclusions: We highlight specific GPCR signatures across the major endocrine tumors. These data could help to identify new opportunities for drug repurposing.
Collapse
|
2
|
Goyzueta Mamani LD, de Carvalho JC, Bonatto SJR, Tanobe VAO, Soccol CR. In vitro cytotoxic effect of a chitin-like polysaccharide produced by Mortierella alpina on adrenocortical carcinoma cells H295R, and its use as mitotane adjuvant. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2021; 57:395-403. [PMID: 33904018 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-021-00560-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study presents an in vitro evaluation of the antitumor potential of a chitin-like exopolysaccharide (EPS, produced by Mortierella alpina) on Adrenocortical carcinoma cells (ACC) compared to mitotane, a commercial drug commonly used in ACC treatment, and known for its side effects. Techniques of cellular viability determination such as MTT and fluorescence were used to measure the cytotoxic effects of the EPS and mitotane in tumoral cells (H295R) and non-tumoral cells (VERO), observing high cytotoxicity of mitotane and a 10% superior pro-apoptotic effect of the EPS compared to mitotane (p < 0.05). The cytotoxic effect of the EPS was similar to the effect of 50 μM mitotane on tumoral cells (p < 0.05). A decrement of the lysosomal volume was also noted in tumoral cells treated with the EPS. To enhance the antitumor effect, a combination of mitotane at a lower dosage and the EPS (as adjuvant) was also tested, showing a slight improvement of the cytotoxicity effect on tumoral cells. Therefore, the results indicate a cytotoxic effect of the EPS produced by Mortierella alpina on adrenocortical carcinoma, and a possible application in biomedical formulations or additional treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Daniel Goyzueta Mamani
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, P.O. box 19011, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Júlio Cesar de Carvalho
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, P.O. box 19011, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-990, Brazil.
| | | | - Valcineide A O Tanobe
- Department of Chemistry, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías-CUCEI. C.P.44430, Guadalajara University, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Carlos Ricardo Soccol
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, P.O. box 19011, Curitiba, Paraná, 81531-990, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Martín MJ, Maury Fuentes K, Novoa Díaz MB, Cao G, Gigola G, Brunetto O, Gentili C. Severe hypercalcaemia in an infant. J Clin Pathol 2021; 74:jclinpath-2020-206697. [PMID: 33858939 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2020-206697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Julia Martín
- INBIOSUR, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Kelly Maury Fuentes
- División Endocrinología, Hospital General de Niños Pedro de Elizalde, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Belén Novoa Díaz
- INBIOSUR, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Cao
- División Endocrinología, Hospital General de Niños Pedro de Elizalde, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciela Gigola
- INBIOSUR, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Oscar Brunetto
- División Endocrinología, Hospital General de Niños Pedro de Elizalde, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Gentili
- INBIOSUR, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Al-Khan AA, Al Balushi NR, Richardson SJ, Danks JA. Roles of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein (PTHrP) and Its Receptor (PTHR1) in Normal and Tumor Tissues: Focus on Their Roles in Osteosarcoma. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:637614. [PMID: 33796580 PMCID: PMC8008073 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.637614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone tumor and originates from bone forming mesenchymal cells and primarily affects children and adolescents. The 5-year survival rate for OS is 60 to 65%, with little improvement in prognosis during the last four decades. Studies have demonstrated the evolving roles of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and its receptor (PTHR1) in bone formation, bone remodeling, regulation of calcium transport from blood to milk, regulation of maternal calcium transport to the fetus and reabsorption of calcium in kidneys. These two molecules also play critical roles in the development, progression and metastasis of several tumors such as breast cancer, lung carcinoma, chondrosarcoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma and OS. The protein expression of both PTHrP and PTHR1 have been demonstrated in OS, and their functions and proposed signaling pathways have been investigated yet their roles in OS have not been fully elucidated. This review aims to discuss the latest research with PTHrP and PTHR1 in OS tumorigenesis and possible mechanistic pathways. This review is dedicated to Professor Michael Day who died in May 2020 and was a very generous collaborator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Awf A Al-Khan
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pathology, Sohar Hospital, Sohar, Oman
| | - Noora R Al Balushi
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Samantha J Richardson
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Janine A Danks
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tuersun T, Luo Q, Zhang Z, Wang G, Zhang D, Wang M, Wu T, Zhou K, Yue N, Li N. Abdominal aortic calcification is more severe in unilateral primary aldosteronism patients and is associated with elevated aldosterone and parathyroid hormone levels. Hypertens Res 2020; 43:1413-1420. [PMID: 32770102 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-020-0529-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is associated with a higher prevalence of abdominal aortic calcification (AAC). Unilateral and bilateral PA are the most common subtypes of PA. However, no studies have addressed the difference in the prevalence of AAC between the two subtypes. In addition to aldosterone, parathyroid hormone (PTH), an important regulator of calcium metabolism, was also reported to be elevated in individuals with unilateral PA. Therefore, we hypothesized that the prevalence of AAC may be higher in individuals with unilateral PA, which may be related to the plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) and PTH levels. We included 156 PA patients who underwent adrenal venous sampling and 156 with essential hypertension (EH) matched by age and sex. Of the former, 76 were diagnosed with unilateral PA, and 80 were diagnosed with bilateral PA. The aortic calcification index (ACI) presented the severity of AAC and was measured by adrenal computed tomography scan. Our results showed that compared with the EH group, the prevalence and severity of AAC were higher in PA patients (32.7 vs. 19.6%; 4.32 ± 3.61% vs. 2.53 ± 2.42%, respectively). In the PA subgroup analysis, unilateral PA was associated with a higher and more severe AAC than bilateral PA (40.7 vs. 25.0%; 5.12 ± 4.07% vs. 3.08 ± 2.34%, respectively). Moreover, PAC and PTH levels were higher in individuals with unilateral PA than in those with bilateral PA (P < 0.05). After risk adjustment, multivariate regression analysis revealed that PAC and PTH were positively-associated with AAC in patients with PA (P < 0.05). In conclusion, unilateral PA patients exhibited a higher prevalence of AAC and more severe AAC due to elevated PAC and PTH levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tilakezi Tuersun
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Urumqi, 830001, Xinjiang, China
| | - Qin Luo
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Urumqi, 830001, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhihua Zhang
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Urumqi, 830001, Xinjiang, China
| | - Guoliang Wang
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Urumqi, 830001, Xinjiang, China
| | - Delian Zhang
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Urumqi, 830001, Xinjiang, China
| | - Menghui Wang
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Urumqi, 830001, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Urumqi, 830001, Xinjiang, China
| | - Keming Zhou
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Urumqi, 830001, Xinjiang, China
| | - Na Yue
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Urumqi, 830001, Xinjiang, China
| | - Nanfang Li
- Hypertension Center of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region; Xinjiang Hypertension Institute, National Health Committee Key Laboratory of Hypertension Clinical Research, Urumqi, 830001, Xinjiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rizk-Rabin M, Chaoui-Ibadioune S, Vaczlavik A, Ribes C, Polak M, Ragazzon B, Bertherat J. Link between steroidogenesis, the cell cycle, and PKA in adrenocortical tumor cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 500:110636. [PMID: 31678420 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Adrenocortical tumors (ACTs) frequently cause steroid excess and present cell-cycle dysregulation. cAMP/PKA signaling is involved in steroid synthesis and play a role in cell-cycle regulation. We investigated, by cell synchronization in the different phases of the cell-cycle, the control of steroidogenesis and the contribution of PKA in adrenocortical cells (H295R and culture of primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease cells). Cells showed increased steroidogenesis and a maximal PKA activity at G2 phase, and a reduction at G1 phase. PRKACA overexpression, or cAMP stimulation, enhanced PKA activity and induced steroidogenesis in all synchronized groups but is not sufficient to drive cell-cycle progression. PRKAR1A inactivation enhanced PKA activity and induced STAR gene expression, only in cells in G1, and triggered cell-cycle progression in all groups. These findings provide evidence for a tight association between steroidogenesis and cell-cycle in ACTs. Moreover, PRKAR1A is essential for mediating the function of PKA activity on both steroidogenesis and cell-cycle progression in adrenocortical cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marthe Rizk-Rabin
- Institut Cochin, U1016, CNRS (UMR 8104), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
| | | | - Anna Vaczlavik
- Institut Cochin, U1016, CNRS (UMR 8104), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Christopher Ribes
- Institut Cochin, U1016, CNRS (UMR 8104), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Michel Polak
- Institut Cochin, U1016, CNRS (UMR 8104), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Hopital Necker Enfants Maladies, Department of Endocrinology, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Ragazzon
- Institut Cochin, U1016, CNRS (UMR 8104), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jerôme Bertherat
- Institut Cochin, U1016, CNRS (UMR 8104), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Hôpital Cochin, Department of Endocrinology. Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Paratharmone related protein (peptide): A novel prognostic, diagnostic and therapeutic marker in Head & Neck cancer. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2017; 119:33-36. [PMID: 29081380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is a promising modality of assessment of different critical features of cancer. It is a protein member of parathyroid hormone family, secreted by certain physiologic cells and by malignant tumors in an increased amount. Recent studies have confirmed that PTHrP massively contributes to malignant behaviour of oral cancers-cell proliferation, migration and invasiveness. Strong correlation was found between PTHrP overexpression and local bone invasion and percentage of tumor cells in metastatic nodes. Normal range of PTHrP in serum is 0.7-2.6ρmol/litre. Its down-regulation blocks cell cycle of cancer cell lines and inhibits cell proliferation and colony formation. PTHrP can be used as a diagnostic aid, prognostic marker and excellent research arena for designing novel anti-neoplastic drugs.
Collapse
|
8
|
Parathyroid Hormone-Like Hormone is a Poor Prognosis Marker of Head and Neck Cancer and Promotes Cell Growth via RUNX2 Regulation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41131. [PMID: 28120940 PMCID: PMC5264159 DOI: 10.1038/srep41131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid Hormone-Like Hormone (PTHLH) is an autocrine/paracrine ligand that is up-regulated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, the cellular function and regulatory mechanism in HNSCC remains obscure. We investigated the clinical significance of PTHLH in HNSCC patients, and verified the role of RUNX2/PTHLH axis, which is stimulated HNSCC cell growth. In patients, PTHLH is a poor prognosis marker. PTHLH expression lead to increasing the cell proliferation potential through an autocrine/paracrine role and elevating blood calcium level in Nod-SCID mice. In public HNSCC microarray cohorts, PTHLH is found to be co-expressed with RUNX2. Physiologically, PTHLH is regulated by RUNX2 and also acting as key calcium regulator. However, elevations of calcium concentration also increased the RUNX2 expression. PTHLH, calcium, and RUNX2 form a positive feedback loop in HNSCC. Furthermore, ectopic RUNX2 expression also increased PTHLH expression and promoted proliferation potential through PTHLH expression. Using cDNA microarray analysis, we found PTHLH also stimulated expression of cell cycle regulators, namely CCNA2, CCNE2, and CDC25A in HNSCC cells, and these genes are also up-regulated in HNSCC patients. In summary, our results reveal that PTHLH expression is a poor prognosis marker in HNSCC patients, and RUNX2-PTHLH axis contributes to HNSCC tumor growth.
Collapse
|
9
|
Jiang Y, Zhang C, Ye L, Su T, Zhou W, Jiang L, Zhang Y, Wang W. Factors affecting parathyroid hormone levels in different types of primary aldosteronism. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2016; 85:267-74. [PMID: 26589237 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have found that mild secondary hyperparathyroidism might be another clinical feature of patients with primary aldosteronims (PA), but whether serum parathyroid hormone level (PTH) is correlated with subtypes of PA and what contributes to the elevated PTH level remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To illustrate the changes of PTH in PA and to partly explain the mechanism of how the effects of aldosterone regulating the secretion of PTH in PA. METHODS We enrolled a total of 120 patients with primary hypertension (PH) and 242 patients with PA, which included 89 APAs (aldosterone-producing adenoma), 119 IHAs (idiopathic hyperaldosteronism) and 34 UAHs (unilateral adrenal hyperplasia). The plasma levels of aldosterone, renin activity, parathyroid hormone and markers associated with calcium metabolism were measured. RESULTS We found serum PTH level was significantly elevated in patients with PA compared with primary hypertension [9·0 (6·6, 11·7) vs 5·7 (4·4, 7·0)] pmol/l, P < 0·001]. However, no difference was found between the three PA subtypes (P > 0·05). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that in patients with PA, serum levels of K(+) and Ca(2+) were independently associated with serum PTH level. More importantly, elevated PTH level could be corrected either by unilateral adrenalectomy [9·9 (7·5, 12·8) vs 5·2 (4·4, 7·0) pmol/l, P < 0·001] or mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonists treatment [11·7 (9·1, 13·4) vs 6·3 (5·1, 7·8) pmol/l, P < 0·001]. CONCLUSIONS PTH level is elevated in PA patients and irrelevant with subtypes of PA. Serum K(+) and serum Ca(2+) level are main factors influence the plasma PTH level in PA patients. After medical or surgical treatment, PTH levels return to normal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumours, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Chinese Health Ministry, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cui Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumours, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Chinese Health Ministry, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumours, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Chinese Health Ministry, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingwei Su
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumours, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Chinese Health Ministry, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumours, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Chinese Health Ministry, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumours, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Chinese Health Ministry, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumours, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Chinese Health Ministry, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqing Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumours, Shanghai Clinical Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Chinese Health Ministry, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory for Endocrine Metabolic Diseases of Institute of Health Science, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang LX, Gu WJ, Li YJ, Wang Y, Wang WB, Wang AP, Shen L, Zang L, Yang GQ, Lu ZH, Dou JT, Mu YM. PTH Is a Promising Auxiliary Index for the Clinical Diagnosis of Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma. Am J Hypertens 2016; 29:575-81. [PMID: 26304960 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpv146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates aldosterone secretion in human adrenocortex and is regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. We speculated that measurement of PTH may be a valuable aid in the diagnosis of aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA). METHODS To test this hypothesis, we recruited 142 patients with adrenal adenoma, of whom 84 had an APA and 58 had a nonfunctioning adrenal adenoma (NFA). Plasma levels of intact PTH, serum potassium, sodium, calcium, phosphate, 25(OH) vitamin D, plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), plasma renin activity (PRA), and aldosterone to renin ratio (ARR) were measured in every patient. Computed tomography (CT) scanning of the adrenal gland and adrenal hormone levels was used to evaluate the function of the adrenal adenoma. We also evaluated the impact of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) components on PTH from the recumbent-upright test in 15 patients with APA and 30 patients with NFA. RESULTS Compared with NFA, PTH levels were significantly increased in patients with APA, and serum calcium and phosphate were significantly decreased. When position was changed from supine to upright, the variation in PTH levels was significantly higher in APA patients compared with NFA patients. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves identified the Youden index, which corresponded to the best tradeoff of combined marker (ARR and PTH) with a sensitivity and specificity of 89.3% and 93.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The baseline and positional variation of serum PTH levels were significant in APA, thus PTH may be a promising auxiliary index for the clinical diagnosis of APA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Xi Zhang
- Medical Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Jun Gu
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Jun Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Medical Research & Biometrics Center, Cardiovascular Institute and Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Bo Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - An-Ping Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guo-Qing Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Tao Dou
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Ming Mu
- Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Martín MJ, Calvo N, de Boland AR, Gentili C. Molecular mechanisms associated with PTHrP-induced proliferation of colon cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2015; 115:2133-45. [PMID: 25053227 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid Hormone-related Protein (PTHrP) is normally produced in many tissues and is recognized for its endocrine, paracrine, autocrine and intracrine modes of action. PTHrP is also implicated in different types of cancer and its expression correlates with the severity of colon carcinoma. Using the human colon cell line Caco-2 we recently obtained evidence that PTHrP, through a paracrine pathway, exerts a protective effect under apoptotic conditions. However, if exogenous PTHrP is able or not to induce the proliferation of these intestinal tumor cells is not known. We found that PTHrP treatment increases the number of live Caco-2 cells. The hormone induces the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of ERK 1/2, α p38 MAPK, and Akt, without affecting JNK phosphorylation. In addition, PTHrP-dependent ERK phosphorylation is reverted when PI3K activity was inhibited. Following MAPKs nuclear translocation, the transcription factors ATF-1 and CREB were activated in a biphasic manner. In addition PTHrP induces the translocation into the nucleus of β-catenin, protein that plays key role in maintaining the growth and proliferation of colorectal cancer, and increases the amount of both positive cell cycle regulators c-Myc and Cyclin D. Studies with ERK1/2, α p38 MAPK, and PI3K specific inhibitors showed that PTHrP regulates Caco-2 cell proliferation via these signaling pathways. In conclusion, the results obtained in this work expand our knowledge on the role of exogenous PTHrP in intestinal tumor cells and identify the signaling pathways that are involved in the mitogenic effect of the hormone on Caco-2 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Julia Martín
- Departamento Biología Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Falzon M, Bhatia V. Role of Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein Signaling in Chronic Pancreatitis. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:1091-108. [PMID: 26095761 PMCID: PMC4491701 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7020826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP), a progressive inflammatory disease where acini are destroyed and replaced by fibrous tissue, increases the risk for pancreatic cancer. Risk factors include alcohol, smoking, and obesity. The effects of these risk factors are exacerbated in patients with mutations in genes that predispose to CP. The different environmental and genetic factors produce the same clinical phenotype; once CP develops, disease course is the same regardless of etiology. Critical questions still need to be answered to understand what modifies predisposition to develop CP in persons exposed to risk factors. We postulate that risk factors modulate endogenous pathways, with parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) signaling being one such pathway. In support, PTHrP levels are elevated in mice treated with alcohol, and in mouse models of cerulein- and pancreatic duct ligation-induced CP. Disrupting the Pthrp gene in acinar cells exerts protective effects (decreased edema, histological damage, amylase and cytokine release, and fibrosis) in these CP models. PTHrP levels are elevated in human CP. Currently, CP care lacks specific pharmacological interventions. Targeting PTHrP signaling may present a novel therapeutic strategy that inhibits pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis, especially since the risk of developing pancreatic cancer is strongly associated with duration of chronic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Falzon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Vandanajay Bhatia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tomaschitz A, Ritz E, Pieske B, Rus-Machan J, Kienreich K, Verheyen N, Gaksch M, Grübler M, Fahrleitner-Pammer A, Mrak P, Toplak H, Kraigher-Krainer E, März W, Pilz S. Aldosterone and parathyroid hormone interactions as mediators of metabolic and cardiovascular disease. Metabolism 2014; 63:20-31. [PMID: 24095631 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2013.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Inappropriate aldosterone and parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion is strongly linked with development and progression of cardiovascular (CV) disease. Accumulating evidence suggests a bidirectional interplay between parathyroid hormone and aldosterone. This interaction may lead to a disproportionally increased risk of CV damage, metabolic and bone diseases. This review focuses on mechanisms underlying the mutual interplay between aldosterone and PTH as well as their potential impact on CV, metabolic and bone health. PTH stimulates aldosterone secretion by increasing the calcium concentration in the cells of the adrenal zona glomerulosa as a result of binding to the PTH/PTH-rP receptor and indirectly by potentiating angiotensin 2 induced effects. This may explain why after parathyroidectomy lower aldosterone levels are seen in parallel with improved cardiovascular outcomes. Aldosterone mediated effects are inappropriately pronounced in conditions such as chronic heart failure, excess dietary salt intake (relative aldosterone excess) and primary aldosteronism. PTH is increased as a result of (1) the MR (mineralocorticoid receptor) mediated calciuretic and magnesiuretic effects with a trend of hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia; the resulting secondary hyperparathyroidism causes myocardial fibrosis and disturbed bone metabolism; and (2) direct effects of aldosterone on parathyroid cells via binding to the MR. This adverse sequence is interrupted by mineralocorticoid receptor blockade and adrenalectomy. Hyperaldosteronism due to klotho deficiency results in vascular calcification, which can be mitigated by spironolactone treatment. In view of the documented reciprocal interaction between aldosterone and PTH as well as the potentially ensuing target organ damage, studies are needed to evaluate diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to address this increasingly recognized pathophysiological phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Tomaschitz
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Specialist Clinic for Rehabilitation PV Bad Aussee, Bad Aussee, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Assié G, Libé R, Espiard S, Rizk-Rabin M, Guimier A, Luscap W, Barreau O, Lefèvre L, Sibony M, Guignat L, Rodriguez S, Perlemoine K, René-Corail F, Letourneur F, Trabulsi B, Poussier A, Chabbert-Buffet N, Borson-Chazot F, Groussin L, Bertagna X, Stratakis CA, Ragazzon B, Bertherat J. ARMC5 mutations in macronodular adrenal hyperplasia with Cushing's syndrome. N Engl J Med 2013; 369:2105-14. [PMID: 24283224 PMCID: PMC4727443 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1304603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Corticotropin-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia may be an incidental finding or it may be identified during evaluation for Cushing's syndrome. Reports of familial cases and the involvement of both adrenal glands suggest a genetic origin of this condition. METHODS We genotyped blood and tumor DNA obtained from 33 patients with corticotropin-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (12 men and 21 women who were 30 to 73 years of age), using single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays, microsatellite markers, and whole-genome and Sanger sequencing. The effects of armadillo repeat containing 5 (ARMC5) inactivation and overexpression were tested in cell-culture models. RESULTS The most frequent somatic chromosome alteration was loss of heterozygosity at 16p (in 8 of 33 patients for whom data were available [24%]). The most frequent mutation identified by means of whole-genome sequencing was in ARMC5, located at 16p11.2. ARMC5 mutations were detected in tumors obtained from 18 of 33 patients (55%). In all cases, both alleles of ARMC5 carried mutations: one germline and the other somatic. In 4 patients with a germline ARMC5 mutation, different nodules from the affected adrenals harbored different secondary ARMC5 alterations. Transcriptome-based classification of corticotropin-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia indicated that ARMC5 mutations influenced gene expression, since all cases with mutations clustered together. ARMC5 inactivation decreased steroidogenesis in vitro, and its overexpression altered cell survival. CONCLUSIONS Some cases of corticotropin-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia appear to be genetic, most often with inactivating mutations of ARMC5, a putative tumor-suppressor gene. Genetic testing for this condition, which often has a long and insidious prediagnostic course, might result in earlier identification and better management. (Funded by Agence Nationale de la Recherche and others.).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Assié
- From INSERM Unité 1016, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8104, Institut Cochin (G.A., R.L., S.E., M.R.-R., A.G., W.L., O.B., L.L., S.R., K.P., F.R.-C., F.L., L. Groussin, X.B., B.R., J.B.), Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (G.A., S.E., A.G., O.B., L.L., M.S., K.P., F.R.-C., L. Groussin, X.B., J.B.), Department of Endocrinology, Referral Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases (G.A., R.L., O.B., L. Guignat, L. Groussin, X.B., J.B.), and Department of Pathology (M.S.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, and Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Tenon (N.C.-B.) - all in Paris; Unit of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier du Centre Bretagne, Site de Kério, Noyal-Pontivy (B.T.), Unit of Endocrinology, Hôtel Dieu du Creusot, Le Creusot (A.P.), and Department of Endocrinology Lyon-Est, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Bron (F.B.-C.) - all in France; and the Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics and the Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (C.A.S.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gaujoux S, Hantel C, Launay P, Bonnet S, Perlemoine K, Lefèvre L, Guillaud-Bataille M, Beuschlein F, Tissier F, Bertherat J, Rizk-Rabin M, Ragazzon B. Silencing mutated β-catenin inhibits cell proliferation and stimulates apoptosis in the adrenocortical cancer cell line H295R. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55743. [PMID: 23409032 PMCID: PMC3567123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and highly aggressive endocrine neoplasm, with limited therapeutic options. Activating β-catenin somatic mutations are found in ACC and have been associated with a poor clinical outcome. In fact, activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway seems to play a major role in ACC aggressiveness, and might, thus, represent a promising therapeutic target. Objective Similar to patient tumor specimen the H295 cell line derived from an ACC harbors a natural activating β-catenin mutation. We herein assess the in vitro and in vivo effect of β-catenin inactivation using a doxycyclin (dox) inducible shRNA plasmid in H295R adrenocortical cancer cells line (clone named shβ). Results Following dox treatment a profound reduction in β-catenin expression was detectable in shβ clones in comparison to control clones (Ctr). Accordingly, we observed a decrease in Wnt/βcatenin-dependent luciferase reporter activity as well as a decreased expression of AXIN2 representing an endogenous β-catenin target gene. Concomitantly, β-catenin silencing resulted in a decreased cell proliferation, cell cycle alterations with cell accumulation in the G1 phase and increased apoptosis in vitro. In vivo, on established tumor xenografts in athymic nude mice, 9 days of β-catenin silencing resulted in a significant reduction of CTNNB1 and AXIN2 expression. Moreover, continous β-catenin silencing, starting 3 days after tumor cell inoculation, was associated with a complete absence of tumor growth in the shβ group while tumors were present in all animals of the control group. Conclusion In summary, these experiments provide evidences that Wnt/β-catenin pathway inhibition in ACC is a promising therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Gaujoux
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
- Inserm, U1016, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Department of Digestive and Endocrine Surgery, Paris, France
| | - Constanze Hantel
- Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Pierre Launay
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
- Inserm, U1016, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Bonnet
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
- Inserm, U1016, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Department of Digestive and Endocrine Surgery, Paris, France
| | - Karine Perlemoine
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
- Inserm, U1016, Paris, France
| | - Lucile Lefèvre
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
- Inserm, U1016, Paris, France
| | - Marine Guillaud-Bataille
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
- Inserm, U1016, Paris, France
| | - Felix Beuschlein
- Endocrine Research Unit, Medizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Frédérique Tissier
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
- Inserm, U1016, Paris, France
- Rare Adrenal Cancer Network-Corticomédullosurrénale Tumeur Endocrine, Institut National du Cancer, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Department of Pathology, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Bertherat
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
- Inserm, U1016, Paris, France
- Rare Adrenal Cancer Network-Corticomédullosurrénale Tumeur Endocrine, Institut National du Cancer, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Department of Endocrinology, Center for Rare Adrenal Diseases, Paris, France
| | - Marthe Rizk-Rabin
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
- Inserm, U1016, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Ragazzon
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
- Inserm, U1016, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rossi GP, Ragazzo F, Seccia TM, Maniero C, Barisa M, Calò LA, Frigo AC, Fassina A, Pessina AC. Hyperparathyroidism Can Be Useful in the Identification of Primary Aldosteronism Due To Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma. Hypertension 2012; 60:431-6. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.112.195891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gian Paolo Rossi
- From the Department of Medicine-DIMED, Internal Medicine 4 (G.P.R., F.R., T.M.S., C.M., M.B., L.A.C., A.C.P.) and Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit (A.F.), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences (A.C.F.), University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Fabio Ragazzo
- From the Department of Medicine-DIMED, Internal Medicine 4 (G.P.R., F.R., T.M.S., C.M., M.B., L.A.C., A.C.P.) and Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit (A.F.), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences (A.C.F.), University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Teresa Maria Seccia
- From the Department of Medicine-DIMED, Internal Medicine 4 (G.P.R., F.R., T.M.S., C.M., M.B., L.A.C., A.C.P.) and Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit (A.F.), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences (A.C.F.), University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Carmela Maniero
- From the Department of Medicine-DIMED, Internal Medicine 4 (G.P.R., F.R., T.M.S., C.M., M.B., L.A.C., A.C.P.) and Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit (A.F.), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences (A.C.F.), University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Marlena Barisa
- From the Department of Medicine-DIMED, Internal Medicine 4 (G.P.R., F.R., T.M.S., C.M., M.B., L.A.C., A.C.P.) and Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit (A.F.), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences (A.C.F.), University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A. Calò
- From the Department of Medicine-DIMED, Internal Medicine 4 (G.P.R., F.R., T.M.S., C.M., M.B., L.A.C., A.C.P.) and Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit (A.F.), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences (A.C.F.), University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Chiara Frigo
- From the Department of Medicine-DIMED, Internal Medicine 4 (G.P.R., F.R., T.M.S., C.M., M.B., L.A.C., A.C.P.) and Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit (A.F.), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences (A.C.F.), University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Ambrogio Fassina
- From the Department of Medicine-DIMED, Internal Medicine 4 (G.P.R., F.R., T.M.S., C.M., M.B., L.A.C., A.C.P.) and Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit (A.F.), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences (A.C.F.), University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - Achille Cesare Pessina
- From the Department of Medicine-DIMED, Internal Medicine 4 (G.P.R., F.R., T.M.S., C.M., M.B., L.A.C., A.C.P.) and Surgical Pathology and Cytopathology Unit (A.F.), Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, and Vascular Sciences (A.C.F.), University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jain M, Rechache N, Kebebew E. Molecular markers of adrenocortical tumors. J Surg Oncol 2012; 106:549-56. [PMID: 22504887 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adrenocortical tumors are common and incidentally discovered in up to 14% of axial imaging studies performed for other indications. Most of these tumors are nonfunctioning but may require removal because of the risk of adrenocortical carcinoma. Unfortunately, most clinical and imaging features are still not accurate enough to allow definitive diagnosis and an increasing number of patients undergo adrenalectomy to exclude a cancer diagnosis. Adrenocortical carcinoma is an aggressive malignancy with no effective therapy for patients with locally advanced and metastatic disease. Studies using new genomic approaches including mRNA, miRNA, methylation, and CGH profiling have identified dysregulated genes and pathways that may have clinical implications in improved molecular diagnosis and prognostication of adrenocortical cancer (ACC). In this review, we highlight recent advances in the molecular diagnosis of adrenocortical tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Jain
- Endocrine Oncology Section, Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tomaschitz A, Ritz E, Pieske B, Fahrleitner-Pammer A, Kienreich K, Horina JH, Drechsler C, März W, Ofner M, Pieber TR, Pilz S. Aldosterone and parathyroid hormone: a precarious couple for cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 94:10-9. [PMID: 22334595 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal and human studies support a clinically relevant interaction between aldosterone and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels and suggest an impact of the interaction on cardiovascular (CV) health. This review focuses on mechanisms behind the bidirectional interactions between aldosterone and PTH and their potential impact on the CV system. There is evidence that PTH increases the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenals directly as well as indirectly by activating the renin-angiotensin system. Upregulation of aldosterone synthesis might contribute to the higher risk of arterial hypertension and of CV damage in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Furthermore, parathyroidectomy is followed by decreased blood pressure levels and reduced CV morbidity as well as lower renin and aldosterone levels. In chronic heart failure, the aldosterone activity is inappropriately elevated, causing salt retention; it has been argued that the resulting calcium wasting causes secondary hyperparathyroidism. The ensuing intracellular calcium overload and oxidative stress, caused by PTH and amplified by the relative aldosterone excess, may increase the risk of CV events. In the setting of primary aldosteronism, renal and faecal calcium loss triggers increased PTH secretion which in turn aggravates aldosterone secretion and CV damage. This sequence explains why adrenalectomy and blockade of the mineralocorticoid receptor tend to decrease PTH levels in patients with primary aldosteronism. In view of the reciprocal interaction between aldosterone and PTH and the potentially ensuing CV damage, studies are urgently needed to evaluate diagnostic and therapeutic strategies addressing the interaction between the two hormones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Tomaschitz
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Maniero C, Fassina A, Guzzardo V, Lenzini L, Amadori G, Pelizzo MR, Gomez-Sanchez C, Rossi GP. Primary hyperparathyroidism with concurrent primary aldosteronism. Hypertension 2011; 58:341-6. [PMID: 21825220 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.173948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Maniero
- Internal Medicine 4, University Hospital, via Giustiniani 2, 35126 Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Adrenocortical carcinoma is an aggressive, lethal malignancy of the adrenal cortex. The rarity of the disease has stymied therapeutic development. Recent work toward understanding the molecular pathogenesis of the disease has identified several potential new diagnostic and therapeutic targets. RECENT FINDINGS The molecular characterization of adrenocortical carcinoma has identified dysregulation of the Gap 2/mitosis transition and the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor signaling cascade as two major pathways for therapeutic development. These studies have also highlighted an unappreciated heterogeneity of the disease at the gene level that nevertheless seems to converge onto common cellular pathways. Additionally, the characterization of Wnt signaling through β-catenin in adrenal development, the demonstration of the involvement of BMP signaling in adrenocortical carcinoma growth regulation, and the discovery that ERCC1 expression levels can predict therapeutic response to platinum are just a few of the recent advances that promise to shed light on adrenocortical carcinoma biology. SUMMARY Short-term, therapeutic development should target the Gap 2/mitosis transition and the downstream signaling of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor receptor. Long-term, additional characterization of patient samples, particularly at the sequence level, is required to fully understand adrenocortical carcinoma biology and apply that knowledge to clinical practice.
Collapse
|
22
|
Luparello C. Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein (PTHrP): A Key Regulator of Life/Death Decisions by Tumor Cells with Potential Clinical Applications. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:396-407. [PMID: 24212621 PMCID: PMC3756367 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3010396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), classically regarded as the mediator of the humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy syndrome, is a polyhormone that undergoes proteolytic processing into smaller bioactive forms. These bioactive forms comprise an N-terminal- as well as midregion- and C-terminal peptides, which have been shown to regulate various biological events, such as survival, proliferation and differentiation, in diverse cell model systems, both normal and pathological. A number of experimental data have demonstrated that PTHrP is also able to modulate tumor-relevant phenotypic expressions, thereby playing a role in early and advanced tumorigenesis, and in the response to treatment. In particular, interest has mainly been focused on the effects of PTHrP on cell proliferation/apoptosis, migration and invasion, which are the main roles involved in cancer development in vivo. The objective of this review is to discuss collectively the literature data on the molecular and biochemical basis of the mechanisms underlying the different, and sometimes opposite, effects exerted by PTHrP on various neoplastic cytotypes, with some final comments on both present and potential utilization of PTHrP as a target for anti-cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Luparello
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ragazzon B, Cazabat L, Rizk-Rabin M, Assie G, Groussin L, Fierrard H, Perlemoine K, Martinez A, Bertherat J. Inactivation of the Carney complex gene 1 (protein kinase A regulatory subunit 1A) inhibits SMAD3 expression and TGF beta-stimulated apoptosis in adrenocortical cells. Cancer Res 2009; 69:7278-84. [PMID: 19738044 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic AMP signaling pathway can be altered at multiple levels in endocrine tumors. Its central component is the protein kinase A (PKA). Carney complex (CNC) is a hereditary multiple neoplasia syndrome resulting from inactivating mutations of the gene encoding the PKA type I alpha regulatory subunit (PRKAR1A). Primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease is the most frequent endocrine tumor of CNC. Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) regulates adrenal cortex physiology and signals through SMAD2/3. We used an interference approach to test the effects of PRKAR1A inactivation on PKA and TGFbeta pathways and on apoptosis in adrenocortical cells. PRKAR1A silencing stimulates PKA activity and increases transcriptional activity of a PKA reporter construct and expression of the endogenous PKA target, NR4A2, under basal conditions or after forskolin stimulation. PRKAR1A inactivation also decreased SMAD3 mRNA and protein levels via PKA, altering the cellular response to TGFbeta. SMAD3 expression was also inhibited by adrenocorticorticotropic hormone in the mouse adrenal gland and by forskolin in H295R cells. TGFbeta stimulates apoptosis in H295R cells, and this effect was counteracted by PRKAR1A inactivation. PRKAR1A silencing decreased the percentage of apoptotic cells and the cleavage of apoptosis mediators [caspase-3, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, and lamin A/C]. Inactivating mutations of PRKAR1A observed in adrenocortical tumors alter SMAD3, leading to resistance to TGFbeta-induced apoptosis. This cross-talk between the PKA and the TGFbeta signaling pathways reveals a new mechanism of endocrine tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ragazzon
- Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR 8104), Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|