Cyclin D1 Pro241Pro (CCND1-G870A) polymorphism is associated with increased cancer risk in human populations: a meta-analysis

CCND1 Amplification in Pancreatic Ductal and Ampullary Adenocarcinoma and Its Impact on Patients' Survival: a Single-Center Observational Study

Studies conducted worldwide in the last few decades have demonstrated that various high- and low-frequency inherited and somatic mutations play important roles in the pathogenesis of periampullary carcinoma. Owing to relatively inaccessible location and lack of specific early diagnostic signs, majority of periampullary tumors are difficult to manage. Limited chemotherapeutic options that are available are highly toxic and not very efficacious. CyclinD1, if found to be amplified in these malignancies, might become an important gene to be targeted for monoclonal antibody therapy. An analytical retrospective-prospective study was done on 35 patients of operable periampullary carcinoma, in Medical College, Kolkata from January 2019 to July 2020. After isolating DNA from tumor and corresponding normal tissue by Qiagen DNEasy kit, CyclinD1 amplification was assessed by RT-PCR using Taqman DNA copy number in the laboratory of Indian Statistical Institute. Survival analysis was done by Kaplan-Meier estimator and all statistical calculations performed through SPSS software. Six (17%) out of 35 patients were found to have > twofold amplifications of CyclinD1 gene. However, no positive correlation was found between CyclinD1 amplification and overall survival of the patients (p value 0.21). Positive correlation was not found in our study between CCND1 amplification and periampullary malignancy. However, a single large study conducted in Japan by Yamazaki showed reduced survival and higher metastasis in CyclinD1 positive periampullary carcinoma. So there is reasonable scope in future for large-scale population-based studies to establish similar association in our subcontinent as well.

Associations of CB1 cannabinoid receptor (CNR1) gene polymorphisms with risk for alcohol dependence: Evidence from meta-analyses of genetic and genome-wide association studies

OBJECTIVES

Reported associations of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with alcohol dependence (AD) have been inconsistent, prompting a meta-analysis to obtain more precise estimates.

METHODS

A Boolean search of 4 databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Mednar) sought articles that evaluated the association between CNR1 polymorphisms and risk of AD. We selected the articles with sufficient genotype frequency data to enable calculation of odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Using the Population Intervention Comparators Outcome elements, AD patients (P) were compared by genotype data between AD-participants (I) and non-AD-participants (C) in order to determine the risk of AD (O) attributed to the CNR1 SNPs. Analyzing 4 SNPs (rs1049353, rs1535255, rs2023239, and rs806379) using standard genetic models, we examined associations where multiple comparisons were Holm-Bonferroni corrected. The pooled ORs were assessed for aggregate statistical power and robustness (sensitivity analysis). Subgroups were Caucasians and African-Americans.

RESULTS

From 32 comparisons, 14 were significant indicating increased risk, from which 5 outcomes (P-value for association [Pa] = .003 to <.001) survived the Holm-Bonferroni-correction, which were deemed robust. In the rs1535255 outcomes, the codominant effect (OR = 1.43, 95% CIs = 1.24-1.65, Pa < .001) had greater statistical power than the dominant effect (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.08-1.57, Pa = .006). In contrast, the rs2023239 codominant outcome was underpowered. Significance of both rs806379 Caucasian outcomes (ORs = 1.20-1.43, 95% CIs = 1.07-1.57, Pa = .003) contrasted with the null effects in African-Americans (ORs = 0.98-1.08, 95% CIs = 0.70-1.53).

CONCLUSIONS

Three CNR1 SNPs (rs1535255, rs2023239, and rs806379) were implicated in their associations with development of AD: based on aggregate statistical power, rs1535255 presented greater evidence for associations than rs2023239; rs806379 implicated the Caucasian subgroup. Multiple statistical and meta-analytical features (consistency, robustness, and high significance) underpinned the strengths of these outcomes. Our findings could render the CNR1 polymorphisms useful in the clinical genetics of AD.

Gene-environment interactions and colorectal cancer risk: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies

The cause of colorectal cancer (CRC) is multifactorial, involving both genetic variants and environmental risk factors. We systematically searched the MEDLINE, EMBASE, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Wanfang databases from inception to December 2016, to identify systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies that investigated gene-environment (G×E) interactions in CRC risk. Then, we critically evaluated the cumulative evidence for the G×E interactions using an extension of the Human Genome Epidemiology Network's Venice criteria. Overall, 15 articles reporting systematic reviews of observational studies on 89 G×E interactions, 20 articles reporting meta-analyses of candidate gene- or single-nucleotide polymorphism-based studies on 521 G×E interactions, and 8 articles reporting 33 genome-wide G×E interaction analyses were identified. On the basis of prior and observed scores, only the interaction between rs6983267 (8q24) and aspirin use was found to have a moderate overall credibility score as well as main genetic and environmental effects. Though 5 other interactions were also found to have moderate evidence, these interaction effects were tenuous due to the lack of main genetic effects and/or environmental effects. We did not find highly convincing evidence for any interactions, but several associations were found to have moderate strength of evidence. Our conclusions are based on application of the Venice criteria which were designed to provide a conservative assessment of G×E interactions and thus do not include an evaluation of biological plausibility of an observed joint effect.

AA genotype of cyclin D1 G870A polymorphism increases breast cancer risk: Findings of a case-control study and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Cyclin D1 (CCND1) polymorphisms, a regulator of the cell cycle progress from G1 to the S phase, may lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation and lack of apoptosis. G870A, a common single-nucleotide polymorphism in CCND1 influences breast cancer risk. However, the association between G870A polymorphism and breast cancer risk is ambiguous so far.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this case-control study, we analyzed the role of G870A polymorphism with breast cancer risk in Indian women. A meta-analysis of 18 studies was also performed to elucidate this association by increasing statistical power.

RESULTS

In our case-control study, significant risk association of the CCND1 G870A AA genotype with breast cancer in total cohort (odds ratio [OR], 2.98; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.64-5.42; P value, 4.96e-04) and premenopausal women (OR, 3.31; 95% CI, 1.54-7.08; P value, .003) was found. The results of the meta-analysis showed that AA genotype of the CCND1 G870A polymorphism significantly increases breast cancer risk in total pooled data (AA vs GG+GA: OR = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.03 to 1.39; P value, 0.016*) and Caucasian (AA vs GG+GA: OR = 1.22; 95% CI = 0.99 to 1.51; P value, .056*) but not in Asian population. Further, a significant protective association with breast cancer was also found in the GA vs AA comparison model in pooled data (OR = 0.73; 95% CI = 0.58 to 0.92; P value, .007*) as well as in Caucasian subgroup (OR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.49 to 0.94; P value, .022*).

CONCLUSION

CCND1 G870A AA genotype was found associated with breast cancer risk. Future association studies considering the environmental impact on gene expression are required to validate/explore this association.

Association between Cyclin D1 G870A (rs9344) polymorphism and cancer risk in Indian population: meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis

Introduction: Association between Cyclin D1 (CCND1) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs9344 and cancer risk is paradoxical. Thus, we performed a meta-analysis to explore the association between CCND1 variant and overall cancer risk in Indian population. Methods: Data from 12 published studies including 3739 subjects were collected using Pubmed and Embase. RevMan (Review Manager) 5.3 was used to perform the meta-analysis. OR with 95%CI were calculated to establish the association. Results: Overall, the cumulative findings demonstrated that CCND1 polymorphism (rs9344) was not significantly associated with cancer risk in all the genetic models studied (dominant model: GG vs GA+AA: OR (95%CI) = 0.81 (0.60-1.09), P=0.17; recessive model: GG+GA vs AA: OR (95%CI) = 1.23 (0.96-1.59), P=0.11; co-dominant model: GG vs AA: OR (95%CI) = 1.35 (0.93-1.97), P=0.12; co-dominant model: (GG vs GA: OR (95%CI) = 1.16 (0.85-1.59), P=0.34; allelic model: A vs G: OR (95%CI) = 1.20 (1.14-2.85), P=0.23; allelic model: G vs A: OR (95%CI) = 0.83 (0.62-1.12), P=0.23). Subgroup analysis according to cancer types presented significant association of CCND1 polymorphism and increased breast cancer risk in dominant model (GG vs GA+AA: OR = 2.75, 95%CI = 1.54-4.90, P=0.0006) and allelic model (G vs A: OR = 1.63, 95%CI = 1.22-2.19, P=0.001). An increased esophageal cancer risk in recessive model (GG+GA vs AA: OR = 1.51, 95%CI = 1.05-2.16, P=0.03) and co-dominant model (GG vs AA: OR = 2.51, 95%CI = 1.10-5.71, P=0.03) was detected. A higher risk for colorectal cancer was detected under both the co-dominant models (GG vs AA: OR = 2.46, 95%CI = 1.34-4.51, P=0.004 and GG vs GA: OR = 1.74, 95%CI = 1.14-2.67, P=0.01). However, in case of cervical cancer risk a non-significant association was reported under the recessive model (GG+GA vs AA: OR = 1.52, 95%CI = 0.60-3.90, P=0.38) with reference to CCND1 polymorphism (rs9344). The trial sequential analysis (TSA) showed that the cumulative Z-curve neither crossed the trial sequential monitoring boundary nor reached the required information size (RIS). Thus, present meta-analysis remained inconclusive due to insufficient evidence. Conclusion:CCND1 polymorphism rs9344 may not have a role in overall cancer susceptibility in Indian population. However, this polymorphism acts as a crucial risk factor for breast, esophageal, and colorectal cancer but not for cervical cancer. Future studies with larger sample size are required to draw a reliable conclusion.

Genome-wide association study of immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis in three patient cohorts: comparison with myeloma

Immunoglobulin light chain (AL) amyloidosis is characterized by tissue deposition of amyloid fibers derived from immunoglobulin light chain. AL amyloidosis and multiple myeloma (MM) originate from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. We wanted to characterize germline susceptibility to AL amyloidosis using a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on 1229 AL amyloidosis patients from Germany, UK and Italy, and 7526 healthy local controls. For comparison with MM, recent GWAS data on 3790 cases were used. For AL amyloidosis, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 10 loci showed evidence of an association at P<10^-5 with homogeneity of results from the 3 sample sets; some of these were previously documented to influence MM risk, including the SNP at the IRF4 binding site. In AL amyloidosis, rs9344 at the splice site of cyclin D1, promoting translocation (11;14), reached the highest significance, P=7.80 × 10^-11; the SNP was only marginally significant in MM. SNP rs79419269 close to gene SMARCD3 involved in chromatin remodeling was also significant (P=5.2 × 10^-8). These data provide evidence for common genetic susceptibility to AL amyloidosis and MM. Cyclin D1 is a more prominent driver in AL amyloidosis than in MM, but the links to aggregation of light chains need to be demonstrated.

Association of CCND1 Gene c.870G>A Polymorphism with Breast Cancer Risk: A Case-ControlStudy and a Meta-Analysis

Cyclin D1 (CCND1) plays an essential role in regulating the progress of the cell cycle from G1 to S phase. There is a common c.870G>A polymorphism in the CCND1 gene. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of CCND1 gene c.870G>A polymorphism with breast cancer risk in a case-control study, which followed by a meta-analysis and an in silico analysis. Three hundred and thirty-five subjects composed of 174 women with breast cancer and 161 healthy controls were included in the case-control study. CCND1 gene c.870G>A genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP. Meta-analysis was done for 14 studies composed of 7281 cases and 6820 controls. Some bioinformatics tools were applied to investigate the effects of c.870G>A on the mRNA splicing and structure. Our data obtained from case-control study revealed that GA genotype (OR: 1.89, 95%CI: 1.12-3.17, p = 0.017), AA genotype (OR: 1.95, 95%CI: 1.08-3.53, p = 0.027), and A allele (OR: 1.44, 95%CI: 1.06-1.95, p = 0.019) were significantly associated with breast cancer risk. The results of meta-analysis showed a significant association between CCND1 c.870G>A polymorphism and breast cancer risk, especially in Caucasian population. In silico analysis revealed that c.870G>A transition affect CCND1 mRNA splicing and secondary structure.

Investigation of cyclin D1 rs9344 G>A polymorphism in colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis involving 13,642 subjects

The relationship between cyclin D1 (CCND1) rs9344 G>A polymorphism and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk is still ambiguous. To obtain a precise estimation of the relationship, we performed an extensive meta-analysis based on the eligible studies. Crude odds ratios with their 95% confidence intervals were harnessed to determine the strength of correlation between CCND1 rs9344 G>A polymorphism and CRC risk under the allele, the homozygote, the dominant, and the recessive genetic models, respectively (28 studies with 5,784 CRC cases and 7,858 controls). Our results indicated evidence of the association between CCND1 rs9344 G>A polymorphism and the increased risk of CRC in four genetic models: A vs G, AA vs GG, AA+GA vs GG, and AA vs GA+GG. In a stratified analysis by cancer type of CRC, there was an increased risk of sporadic CRC found in three genetic models: A vs G, AA vs GG, and AA+GA vs GG. In a stratified analysis by ethnicity, there was an increased CRC risk found among Asians in allele comparison genetic models, as well as Caucasians in two genetic models: AA+GA vs GG and A vs T. In summary, this meta-analysis demonstrates that CCND1 rs9344 G>A polymorphism may be a risk factor for CRC.

Association between cyclin D1 G870A polymorphism and hepatocellular carcinoma risk: a meta-analysis

Background

Cyclin D1 (CCND1) G870A polymorphism may be associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) risk, but the results of previous studies were inconsistent. Available evidence was meta-analyzed to assess their potential association.

Methods

Databases PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Chinese Biomedical Literature database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Google Scholar were systematically searched. Meta-analyses were performed to investigate the association of G870A polymorphism with HCC risk by calculating odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from the data of relevant case–control studies.

Results

Results of this meta-analysis of six case–control studies involving 1,030 cases and 1,683 controls indicate that G870A polymorphism was not associated with HCC risk in any of the five genetic models tested (recessive model: AA vs GG + AG: OR =1.38, 95% CI =0.95–2.00, P=0.09; dominant model: AG + AA vs GG: OR =1.38, 95% CI =0.87–2.20, P=0.17; homozygous model: AA vs GG: OR =1.60, 95% CI =0.87–2.94, P=0.13; heterozygous model: AG vs GG: OR =1.24, 95% CI =0.86–1.79, P=0.25; allelic model: A vs G: OR =1.30, 95% CI =0.95–1.80, P=0.10). Subgroup analyses according to ethnicity showing marginally significant association between this single nucleotide polymorphism and HCC risk indicate that G870A may be significantly associated with HCC risk in Caucasian populations (recessive model: AA vs GG + AG: OR =2.34, 95% CI =1.60–3.42, P<0.0001; dominant model: AG + AA vs GG: OR =2.44, 95% CI =1.19–4.97, P=0.01; homozygous model: AA vs GG: OR =3.42, 95% CI =1.80–6.50, P=0.0002; allelic model: A vs G: OR =2.06, 95% CI =1.31–3.24, P=0.002), but not in Asian populations.

Conclusion

Available evidence suggests that no significant association between G870A polymorphism and HCC risk was found in either total populations or Asian populations. However, significant association was found in Caucasian populations. These results should be verified and extended in further detailed and well-designed studies involving larger, multiethnic samples.

Comparative pharmacogenetic analysis of risk polymorphisms in Caucasian and Vietnamese children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: prediction of therapeutic outcome?

AIMS

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common of all paediatric cancers. Aside from predisposing to ALL, polymorphisms could also be associated with poor outcome. Indeed, genetic variations involved in drug metabolism could, at least partially, be responsible for heterogeneous responses to standardized leukemia treatments, hence requiring more personalized therapy. The aims of this study were to (a) to determine the prevalence of seven common genetic polymorphisms including those that affect the folate and/or thiopurine metabolic pathways, i.e. cyclin D1 (CCND1-G870A), γ-glutamyl hydrolase (GGH-C452T), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR-C677T and MTHFR-A1298C), thymidylate synthase promoter (TYMS-TSER), thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT*3A and TPMT*3C) and inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase (ITPA-C94A), in Caucasian (n = 94, age < 20) and Vietnamese (n = 141, age < 16 years) childhood ALL and (b) to assess the impact of a multilocus genetic risk score (MGRS) on relapse-free survival (RFS) using a Cox proportional-hazards regression model.

RESULTS

The prevalence of MTHFR-677TT genotype was significantly higher in Caucasians (P = 0.008), in contrast to the prevalence of TYMS-TSER*3R/3R and ITPA-94AA/AC genotypes which were significantly higher in Vietnamese (P < 0.001 and P = 0.02, respectively). Compared with children with a low MGRS (≤ 3), those with a high MGRS (≥ 4) were 2.06 (95% CI = 1.01, 4.22; P = 0.04) times more likely to relapse. Adding MGRS into a multivariate Cox regression model with race/ethnicity and four clinical variables improved the predictive accuracy of the model (AUC from 0.682 to 0.709 at 24 months).

CONCLUSION

Including MGRS into a clinical model improved the predictive accuracy of short and medium term prognosis, hence confirming the association between well determined pharmacogenotypes and outcome of paediatric ALL. Whether variants on other genes associated with folate metabolism can substantially improve the predictive value of current MGRS is not known but deserves further evaluation.

Associations of the Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism in the ACE Gene and Risk of Gastric Cancer: A Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

Reported associations of ACE polymorphisms with gastric cancer have been inconsistent, prompting a meta-analysis of 12 published case-control studies where we estimated risk (odds ratio [OR]).

METHODS

We searched MEDLINE through PubMed and EMBASE for suitable articles that had case-control design with gastric cancer as outcome. In this meta-analysis, our overall findings were subjected to modifier analyses (outlier and sensitivity treatments). We also performed subgroup analysis based on ethnicity (German and Japanese) and histological subtype (intestinal and diffuse).

RESULTS

Significance of the protective effects among homozygote carriers of the II genotype (OR 0.54-0.63, P = 0.01-0.02) disappeared with outlier analysis (OR 0.81-0.88, P = 0.12-0.14). Among DD homozygotes, this treatment altered the direction of association from weak protection (OR 0.95-0.96, P = 0.79-0.82) to increased risk (OR 1.13-1.19, P = 0.14-0.16). No significant associations were observed among ID genotype carriers (OR 0.91-0.94, P = 0.69-0.72). Japanese pooled effects varied across the genotype comparisons (OR 0.93-1.06, P = 0.54-0.72). Sensitivity treatment demonstrated robustness of the II genotype, but not the other two, both in overall and subgroup analyses. Histological subtype analysis yielded protection from intestinal cancer across the comparisons (OR 0.38-0.71, P = 0.15-0.50) but variable results for the diffuse type (OR 0.59-1.32, P = 0.19-0.92).

CONCLUSION

In summary, carriers of the ACE II genotype appear to be protected from gastric cancer, regardless of ethnicity or tumor type.

Association of male circumcision with risk of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Although early reports have suggested an association between circumcision and prostate cancer (PCa) development, results of subsequent epidemiological studies have been conflicting. Here we examine published articles that explore this association.

METHODS

We searched MEDLINE through PubMed and Embase for articles reporting on the association between PCa and circumcision, and performed a meta-analysis of qualifying studies.

RESULTS

On the basis of seven reports of case-control studies published from 1971 to 2014, overall findings showed nonsignificant reduced risk (odds ratio (OR) 0.88, P=0.19) of PCa in circumcised men compared with uncircumcised men, obtained under heterogeneous conditions (I(2)=65%). Heterogeneity and nonsignificance were erased when the overall effect was subjected to outlier treatment and three studies omitted (OR 0.90, P=0.04, I(2)=0%). Furthermore, subgroup analysis showed significantly reduced risks in the following subgroups: (i) post-PSA testing publications (OR 0.88, P=0.01), (ii) population-based studies (OR 0.84, P=0.05), (iii) studies that collected data by personal interview (OR 0.83, P=0.03) and (iv) studies in black race (OR 0.59, P=0.02). The strengths of these summary effects lie in the robustness revealed by sensitivity analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

Stability of the reduced risks observed in key subgroups suggests that the protective feature of circumcision status against PCa is best seen in the context of the post-PSA testing and population-based studies as well as in the black race subgroup.

The impact of capsaicin intake on risk of developing gastric cancers: a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Reported associations of capsaicin with gastric cancer development have been conflicting. Here, we examine 10 published articles that explore these associations using 2,452 cases and 3,996 controls.

METHODS

We used multiple search strategies in MEDLINE through PubMed to seek for suitable articles that had case-control design with gastric cancer as outcome.

RESULTS

The outcomes of our study shows protection (odds ratio [OR] 0.55, P = 0.003) and susceptibility (OR 1.94, P = 0.0004), both significant with low and medium-high intake of capsaicin, respectively, although under relatively heterogeneous conditions (P(heterogeneity) = <0.0001). Outlier analysis resulted in loss of overall heterogeneity (P = 0.14) without affecting the pooled ORs. Among the subgroups, low intake elicited protection in both Korean (OR 0.37) and Mexican (OR 0.63) populations while high intake rendered these subgroups susceptible (OR 2.96 and OR 1.57, respectively). These subgroup values were highly significant (P = 0.0001-0.01) obtained in heterogeneous conditions (P(heterogeneity) < 0.0001-0.04). The homogeneous (P(heterogeneity) = 0.27-0.37) H. pylori (OR 0.60 and 1.69) effects were highly significant (P < 0.001) in the low and medium-high intake analyses, respectively. Given outcomes from the tests of interaction, high capsaicin intake is significantly different from the protection that low consumption offers.

CONCLUSIONS

This meta-analysis implies moderation in capsaicin consumption in order to derive its protective benefits.

Cyclin D1 is a strong prognostic factor for survival in pancreatic cancer: analysis of CD G870A polymorphism, FISH and immunohistochemistry

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Cyclin D1 is an important regulator protein for the G1-S cell cycle phase transition. The aim of this trial was to evaluate the impact of the CCND1 polymorphism G870A and corresponding protein expression and CCND1 amplification on the survival of the patients.

METHODS

425 patients with ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma who underwent resection were included after histopathological confirmation. DNA was analyzed for Cyclin D1 polymorphisms, immunhistochemical examination and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of the tumor were performed.

RESULTS

Overall, the mean survival was 22.9 months (20.5-25.3). The survival in patients with Cyclin D1 G870A polymorphism Adenine/Adenine was 15.1 months (95% CI 11.3-18.9), 21.5 months (17.4-25.6) for Adenine/Guanine, and 29.4 months (95% CI 23.8-35.0) for Guanine/Guanine (P = 0.003). A shorter survival was associated with strong/moderate protein expression in immunohistochemistry (IHC) compared to weak/no expression (P = 0.028). Additionally, a significant coherency between unfavourable polymorphism (AA/AG) and increased protein expression was detected (P = 0.005).

CONCLUSIONS

A strong impact on survival of Cyclin D1 G870A polymorphism and the detected corresponding protein expression was found. The biological mechanism of CCND1 in carcinogenesis has not been fully examined; but at present Cyclin D1 seems to be an interesting biomarker for the prognosis of ductal adenocarcinoma.

Genetic association between cyclin D1 polymorphism and breast cancer susceptibility

Cyclin D1 polymorphism has been reported to be associated with risk of breast cancer, but the published studies have yielded controversial results. This study was undertaken to derive a precise risk estimate for the cyclin D1 polymorphism associated with breast cancer risk. We performed a search of EMBASE, PubMed, and Web of Science. In total, data from 18 publications were pooled and the association was assessed by odds ratios (ORs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). This analysis showed that there was no obvious association between the cyclin D1 polymorphism and breast cancer risk in any of the analyzed genetic model. We found the same negative association in stratified analyses by ethnicity, source of controls, and sample size. Our meta-analysis provides an estimate that the presence of cyclin D1 polymorphism may not confer susceptibility to breast cancer.

Association of the Cylin D1 G870A polymorphism with laryngeal cancer: are they really related?

BACKGROUND

Cylin D1(CCDN1) is an important regulator of the cell cycle whose alterations are thought to be involved in cancer development. There have been many studies indicating CCDN1 amplification or over- expression in a variety of cancer types. In addition to gene amplification, the G870A polymorphism may be related with altered CCDN1 activity, and therefore with cancer development. This hypothesis has been tested in different cancer types but results have been contradictory. We therefore aimed to investigate any relationship between CCDN1 A870G genotypes and laryngeal squamous cell cancer development and progression.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 68 Turkish patients with primary laryngeal squamous cell cancer and 133 healthy controls were enrolled. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was used to determine the CCDN1 genotypes.

RESULTS

No significant association was detected between CCDN1 genotypes and laryngeal squamous cell cancer (LxSCCa) development. Similarly CCDN1 genotypes were not related to clinical parameters of Lx SCCa. However, there was a very significant association between CCDN1 G allele and presence of perineural invasion (p= 0.003; OR: 1.464; CI% 1.073-1.999). CCDN1 G allele frequency was significantly higher in the individuals with perineural invasion (85.7%) when compared to those without (58.5%). The 2 patients who died of disease were both found to possess the GG genotype.

CONCLUSIONS

These results pose a controversy in suggesting a protective role of the G allele against LxSCCa development and support the association of CCDN1 gene GG genotype with mortality in patients with LxSCCa.

Contribution of cyclin D1 (CCND1) and E-cadherin (CDH1) alterations to colorectal cancer susceptibility: a case-control study

Cyclin D1 (CCND1) and E-cadherin (CDH1) are two important genes of the β-catenin/LEF pathway that is involved in tumorigenesis of various cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC). However, studies of the association between genetic variants of these two genes and CRC have shown conflicting results. We conducted a genetic association study in South Indian population (cases, 103; controls, 107) to assess the association of CCND1 870G/A and CDH1 -160C/A single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with CRC risk. Genotyping of SNPs was performed by PCR sequencing analysis. Haplotype frequencies for multiple loci and the standardized disequilibrium coefficient (D') for pair-wise linkage disequilibrium (LD) were assessed by Haploview Software. In addition, to better understand the role of CCND1 and CDH1 in the pathophysiology of CRC, the expression pattern was evaluated in analogous tumor and adjacent normal tissues from 23 CRC patients by Western blot analysis. The frequencies of CCND1 870A/A (P = 0.045) genotype, CDH1 -160A allele (P = 0.042), and 870A/-160A haplotype (P = 0.002) were significantly higher in patients as compared with controls. Strong LD was observed between 870G/A and -160C/A SNPs in cases (D' = 0.76) as compared to controls (D' = 0.32). Furthermore, elevated CCND1 and diminished CDH1 expression was observed in tumor tissue as compared with analogous normal tissue of CRC patients. Interestingly, advanced-stage tumors showed wider expression alterations than in early-stage tumors. In conclusion, CCND1 870G/A and CDH1 -160C/A SNPs may modify the risk of CRC susceptibility in South Indian population. In addition, elevated CCND1 and diminished CDH1 expression appears to be useful prognostic markers for CRC.

Association between the G870A polymorphism of Cyclin D1 gene and glioma risk

Previous studies have shown the association of the Cyclin D1 (CCND1) G870A polymorphism with glioma risk, but the findings are inconsistent and inconclusive. To shed some light on the findings across individual studies and acquire a quantitative assessment of this association, we conducted a meta-analysis of all published case-control studies thus far. Four independent studies with a total of 690 cases and 1,014 controls were identified after a systematic search of the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Wanfang databases. The strength of the association between the CCND1 G870A polymorphism and glioma risk was estimated by the pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95 % confidence intervals (95 %CIs). Subgroup analysis by ethnicity was also performed. Overall, a statistically significant association was found between the CCND1 G870A polymorphism and glioma risk in three genetic models (ORA vs. G = 1.178, 95 %CI 1.025-1.354, P OR = 0.021; ORAA vs. GG = 1.328, 95 %CI 1.007-1.750, P OR = 0.045; ORAA + AG vs. GG = 1.253, 95 %CI 1.006-1.516, P OR = 0.044). In subgroup analysis, the pooled ORs suggested that the CCND1 G870A polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of glioma in Caucasians under the heterozygote and dominant genetic models (ORAG vs. GG = 1.329, 95 %CI 1.001-1.766, P OR = 0.049; ORAA + AG vs. GG = 1.332, 95 %CI 1.019-1.740, P OR = 0.036). The meta-analysis suggests that the CCND1 G870A polymorphism is a risk factor for the development of glioma.

Cyclin D1 gene G870A variants and primary brain tumors

Alterations of cyclin D1, one of the main regulators of the cell cycle, are known to be involved in various cancers. The CCDN1 G870A polymorphism causes production of a truncated variant with a shorter half-life and thus thought to impact the regulatory effect of CCDN1. The aim of the present study was to contribute to existing results to help to determine the prognostic value of this specific gene variant and evaluate the role of CCDN1 G870A polymorphism in brain cancer susceptibility. A Turkish study group including 99 patients with primary brain tumors and 155 healthy controls were examined. Genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The CCDN1 genotype frequencies in meningioma, glioma and control cases were not significantly different (p>0.05). No significant association was detected according to clinical parameters or tumor characteristics; however, a higher frequency of AG genotype was recorded within patients with astrocytic or oligoastrocytic tumors. A significant association between AG genotype and gliobilastoma multiforme (GBM) was recorded within the patients with glial tumors (p value=0.048 OR: 1.87 CI% 1.010-3.463). According to tumor characteristics, no statistically significant difference was detected within astrocytic, oligoasltrocytic tumors and oligodentrioglias. However, patients with astrocytic astrocytic or oligoastrocytic tumors showed a higher frequency of AG genotype (50%) when compared to those with oligodendrioglial tumors (27.3%). Our results indicate a possible relation between GBM formation and CCDN1 genotype.

Cyclin D1 G870A polymorphism and risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a meta-analysis

Recently, there have been a number of studies on the association between cyclin D1 G870A polymorphism and nasopharyngeal carcinoma risk. However, the results of previous reports remain controversial and ambiguous. Thus, we performed a meta-analysis to explore more precisely the association between cyclin D1 G870A polymorphism and the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. No significant association was found between cyclin D1 G870A polymorphism and nasopharyngeal carcinoma risk in total population analysis. In the subgroup meta-analysis by ethnicity, a negative association was shown in Caucasian subgroup, and no significant association in any genetic models among Asians was observed. In summary, positive results have been shown on the search for polymorphic variants influencing the risk of NPC. This meta-analysis provides evidence of the association between CCND1 G870A polymorphism and NPC risk, supporting the hypothesis that CCND1 870A allele probably acts as an important NPC protective factor in Caucasians but not in Asians. Since the results of our meta-analysis are preliminary and may be biased by the relatively small number of subjects, they still need to be validated by well-designed studies using larger samples in the future.

CCND1 G870A polymorphism interaction with cigarette smoking increases lung cancer risk: meta-analyses based on 5008 cases and 5214 controls

Evidence indicates CCND1 G870A polymorphisms as a risk factor for a number of cancers. Increasing studies have been conducted on the association of CCND1 G870A polymorphism with lung cancer risk. However, the results were controversial. The aim of the present study was to derive a more precise estimation of the relationship. Meta-analyses examining the association between CCND1 G870A polymorphism and lung cancer were performed. Subgroup analyses regarding ethnicity, smoking status, histological types and source of controls were also implemented. All eligible studies for the period up to May 2012 were identified. The overall data from ten case-control studies including 5,008 cases and 5,214 controls indicated that variant A allele may have an association with increased lung cancer risk (AA vs GG: OR = 1.21; 95 % CI = 1.08-1.36, dominant model: OR = 1.09; 95 % CI = 1.00-1.19, recessive model: OR = 1.23; 95 % CI = 1.01-1.49). In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, A allele may elevate lung cancer risk among Asians but not Caucasians or Mixed ethnicities. In smoking status subgroup, A allele was shown to associate with increased lung cancer risk among smokers but not non-smokers. In the subgroup analysis by histological types, increased cancer risks were shown in adenocarcinoma but not squamous cell carcinoma, under the homozygote comparison and recessive models. Collectively, the results of the present study suggest that CCND1 G870A polymorphism might be a low-penetrant risk factor for lung cancer, particularly among Asians and smokers. Moreover, homozygous AA alleles might have a correlation with increased lung adenocarcinoma susceptibility.

The CCND1 c.870G>A polymorphism is a risk factor for t(11;14)(q13;q32) multiple myeloma

A number of specific chromosomal abnormalities define the subgroups of multiple myeloma. In a meta-analysis of two genome-wide association studies of multiple myeloma including a total of 1,661 affected individuals, we investigated risk for developing a specific tumor karyotype. The t(11;14)(q13;q32) translocation in which CCND1 is placed under the control of the immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer was strongly associated with the CCND1 c.870G>A polymorphism (P = 7.96 × 10(-11)). These results provide a model in which a constitutive genetic factor is associated with risk of a specific chromosomal translocation.

A common and functional gene variant in the vascular endothelial growth factor a predicts clinical outcome in early-stage breast cancer

Angiogenesis and cell cycle control play critical roles in breast cancer susceptibility and clinical outcome and are mainly controlled by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cyclin-dependent kinases, respectively. Functional germline polymorphisms in these genes alter the function, thereby causing inter-individual differences in breast cancer risk and clinical outcome. In this study, we investigated the influence of the functional polymorphisms VEGF-A rs3025039 C > T and CCND1 rs9344 G > A on risk and clinical outcome in early-stage breast cancer. DNA of 539 female patients with histologically confirmed early-stage breast cancer and 804 control subjects was genotyped for these polymorphisms. Genotypes were tested for associations with breast cancer risk and clinical outcome. There was no significant association between the polymorphisms and breast cancer risk. However, the minor allele of VEGF-A rs3025039 C > T was significantly associated with decreased recurrence-free survival (HR 1.845; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.035-3.290; P = 0.038) and remained significant in multivariate analysis (HR 1.880; 95% CI 1.020-3.465; P = 0.043). Patients carrying at least one A-allele in CCND1 rs9344 G > A showed a trend towards decreased recurrence-free survival in univariate analysis (HR 2.379; 95% CI 0.841-6.728; P = 0.068). This study provides evidence that the functional VEGF-A rs3025039 C > T polymorphism influences recurrence-free survival in early-stage breast cancer.

Significance of cyclin D1 polymorphisms in patients with head and neck cancer

Cyclin D1 plays a key role in cell cycle control, particularly in the transition from G1 to S phase, regulated by cyclin-dependent kinases. The objective of the present study was to screen the cyclin D1 gene (CCND1) for polymorphisms in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC). Genomic DNA was isolated from blood samples of 380 HNC patients and 350 controls. In a hospital-based case-control study using the PCR-SSCP technique we found 3 novel germline mutations: g3578C&gt;A, g3475G&gt;C and g3383delA. The commonly reported guanine to adenine polymorphisms in exon 4 g7656G&gt;A (rs9344) and g10861C&gt;A (rs7177) in 3'UTR of CCND1 were also observed. The calculated frequencies of the g7656G&gt;A (rs9344) polymorphism in GG, GA and AA genotypes were 27.3%, 38.6%, and 33.9% in HNC cases, and 44.2%, 29.4%, and 26.2% in normal healthy controls, respectively. Adjusted by age (in years), sex and smoking status, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the AA and GA genotypes were associated with a significantly increased risk (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.03-1.64, p=0.028) for HNC. The CCND1 AA genotype variant was associated with an increased risk in individuals who were &lt;40 years old (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.02-2.08, p=0.04). In conclusion, it is suggested that the CCND1 G/A polymorphism is associated with the early onset of HNC and may contribute to HNC susceptibility in a Pakistani population.

Cyclin D1 G870A polymorphism and risk of colorectal cancer: a case control study

The present study aimed to analyse the role of cyclin D1 A870G polymorphism in modulating the susceptibility to colorectal cancer (CRC) in the Kashmiri population. The genotype distribution of the cyclin D1 gene in 130 CRC cases in comparison with 160 healthy controls was investigated. No direct significant association between cyclin D1 genotypes and CRC was observed; however, the AG and AA genotypes were found to be associated with an increased risk of CRC compared to the GG genotype, with an almost 2-fold increase in OR. This study suggests that the cyclin D1 polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of CRC in the Kashmiri population.

The association of a variant in the cell cycle control gene CCND1 and obesity on the development of asthma in the Swiss SAPALDIA study

OBJECTIVE

The molecular mechanisms underlying the association between obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2)) and asthma are poorly understood. Since shifts in the fate of bronchial cells due to low-grade systemic inflammation may provide a possible explanation, we investigated whether two of the best documented functional variants in cell cycle control genes modify the obesity-asthma association.

METHODS

We genotyped 5930 SAPALDIA cohort participants for the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs9344 in the cyclin D1 gene (CCND1) and rs1042522 in the gene encoding tumor protein 53 (TP53). We assessed the independent association of these SNPs and obesity with asthma prevalence and incidence.

RESULTS

The CCND1 SNP modified the association between obesity and asthma prevalence (p(interaction )= 0.03). The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for reporting a physician diagnosis of asthma at baseline, comparing obese with non-obese participants, were 1.09 (0.51-2.33), 1.64 (0.94-2.88), and 3.51 (1.63-7.53) for GG, GA, and AA genotypes, respectively. We found comparable genotype differences for incident asthma within the 11 years of follow-up. As for the TP53 SNP, the interactions with obesity status with respect to asthma were not statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that obesity may contribute to asthma and associated tissue remodeling by modifying the processes related to the CCND1 gene activity.

Lack of association of the cyclin D1 G870A variation with oral carcinoma risk: Evidence from 2,404 subjects

Evidence implicates cyclin D1 (CCND1) G870A polymorphisms as risk factors for various cancers. An increasing number of investigations have been conducted on the association of CCND1 G870A polymorphisms with susceptibility to oral carcinoma, and have yielded inconclusive results. The aim of the present study was to derive a more precise estimation of the correlation. Meta-analyses examining the association between CCND1 G870A polymorphisms and oral carcinoma were performed. Separate analyses on ethnicity, smoking status and control sources were also implemented. Eligible studies were identified prior to February 2012. From the overall data from 1,128 cases and 1,276 controls, no associations of CCND1 G870A polymorphisms with oral carcinoma were observed [AA vs. GG: odds ratio (OR)=1.06; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.62-1.82; dominant model: OR=1.04; 95% CI, 0.76-1.43; recessive model: OR=1.06; 95% CI, 0.70-1.59]. In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, smoking status and control sources, no significant associations of CCND1 G870A polymorphisms and oral cancer were observed for the three genetic models. Collectively, the data failed to suggest CCND1 G870A polymorphism as a low-penetrant risk factor for developing oral carcinoma. Additional studies with large sample sizes concerning different ethnicities in different areas are required.

Racial and tissue-specific cancer risk associated with PARP1 (ADPRT) Val762Ala polymorphism: a meta-analysis

The Val762Ala polymorphism poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP1) gene [ADPRT (adenosine diphosphate ribosyltransferase) gene] affects enzymatic activity, which modulates cancer susceptibility among human populations. Individual data on 13,745 cases and 16,947 controls from 28 published case-control studies were re-evaluated. Odds ratios (OR) were estimated for ethnic group, cancer type, smoking joint effects and studies confined to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. We applied subgroup, sensitivity and outlier analyses as well as the Bonferroni correction for multiple testing. The results show strong evidence that the variant (C) allele confers significant increased risk in the Chinese (OR 1.20-1.44, P < 0.0001-0.002), exacerbated by smoking (OR 1.66-2.53, P < 0.0001) and joint interaction with XRCC1 Arg399Gln (OR 1.39, P < 0.0001) as well as adjustment for tumor type (gastric carcinoma ORs 1.39-2.01, P < 0.0001). These significant effects were unaltered following conservative correction for multiple tests. By contrast, this procedure erased the protective significance in Caucasians, but not in two American subgroups, (i) those in the brain tumor category (0.77-0.79, P < 0.0001) and (ii) smokers in the dominant model (OR 0.86, P < 0.0001). These differential findings between the two ethnicities maybe correlated with significantly (P < 0.0001) greater allele frequency of the variant allele (C) among the Chinese compared to Caucasians. Our racial and tissue-specific summary estimates imply consideration of the Val762Ala polymorphism as candidate gene marker for screening cancer patients' best suited for PARP inhibitor therapy.

Cyclin D1 G870A polymorphism is a risk factor for esophageal cancer among Asians

Investigations concerning the association of Cyclin D1 (CCND1) G870A polymorphism with esophageal cancer risk have generated conflicting results. Thus, meta-analyses were conducted. The overall data suggest that CCND1 G870A variation might have an association with increased esophageal cancer susceptibility. In subgroup analyses on ethnicity, homozygous AA alleles might elevate esophageal cancer risk among Asians but not Caucasians. In subgroup analysis on histological types, no association was found in either the adenocarcinoma or the squamous cell carcinoma subgroup. Collectively, results suggest that CCND1 G870A polymorphism might be a low-penetrant risk factor for esophageal carcinoma, particularly among Asians.

Cyclin D1 G870A polymorphism contributes to colorectal cancer susceptibility: evidence from a systematic review of 22 case-control studies

Background

Cyclin D1 (CCND1) plays a vital role in cancer cell cycle progression. Numerous epidemiological studies have evaluated the association between the CCND1 G870A polymorphism and the risk of colorectal cancer. However, these studies have yielded conflicting results. To derive a more precise estimation of this association, we conducted a meta-analysis and systematic review.

Methodology/Principal Findings

A comprehensive search was conducted to identify eligible studies of the CCND1 G870A polymorphism and colorectal cancer risk. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were derived from a fixed effect or random effect model. We applied a grading system (Venice criteria) that assessed the epidemiological strength of the association. A total of 22 publications that included 6157 cases and 8198 controls were identified. We found that the CCND1 G870A polymorphism was significantly associated with overall colorectal cancer risk (homozygote genetic model: OR = 1.130, 95% CI = 1.023–1.248, P = 0.016; heterozygote genetic model: OR = 1.124, 95% CI = 1.030–1.226, P = 0.009; dominant genetic model: OR = 1.127, 95% CI = 1.037–1.224, P = 0.005). After further stratified analyses, the increased risk was observed only in the subgroups of hospital-based studies, PCR-RFLP genotyping methods, sporadic colorectal cancer, and Caucasian ethnicity.

Conclusions

The available evidence demonstrates that the CCND1 870A allele might be a low-penetrant risk factor for colorectal cancer.

Cyclin D1 G870A polymorphism and lung cancer risk: a meta-analysis

Many studies have investigated the association between Cyclin D1 (CCND1) G870A polymorphism and lung cancer risk, but the impact of CCND G870A polymorphism on lung cancer is unclear owing to the obvious inconsistence among those studies. This study aimed to quantify the strength of association between CCND1 G870A polymorphism and lung cancer risk. We searched the PubMed, Embase, and Wangfang databases for articles on studies relating the CCND1 G870A polymorphism to the risk of lung cancer in humans. We estimated summary odds ratios (ORs) with their confidence intervals (CIs) to assess the association. Meta-analyses of total studies showed that CCND1 G870A polymorphism was associated with lung cancer risk under three genetic models (OR(A versus G) = 1.13, 95 % CI 1.03-1.24; OR(AA versus GG) = 1.20, 95 % CI 1.07-1.35; OR(AA versus AG + GG) = 1.23, 95 % CI 1.02-1.50). Meta-analyses of studies with high quality showed that CCND1 G870A polymorphism was associated with lung cancer risk under two genetic models (OR(A versus G) = 1.08, 95 % CI 1.02-1.15; OR(AA versus GG) = 1.17, 95 % CI 1.04-1.32). Subgroup analyses by ethnicity and sensitivity analyses further identified the significant association above. No evidence of publication bias was observed. Meta-analyses of available data show a significant association between the CCND1 G870A polymorphism and lung cancer risk, and CCND1 G870A polymorphic variant A contributes to increased risk of lung cancer.

CCND1 G870A polymorphism is associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer, especially for sporadic colorectal cancer and in Caucasians: a meta-analysis

AIMS

To detect the association between G870A polymorphism of cyclin D1 (CCND1) gene and colorectal cancer.

METHODS

We performed a systematic literature and abstract search using PubMed, EMBase digital database. Keywords included CCND1, cyclin D1, polymorphism, SNP, colon cancer, rectal cancer and colorectal cancer. "And", "OR" and "NOT" were used as conjunction to narrow and widen the search. Data were extracted by two investigators independently, and meta-analysis was carried out by using Review Manager 4.2.8. The following pairwised combinations of genotypes for the CCND1 G870A polymorphism were evaluated: AA vs. GG, AG vs. GG, AA+AG vs. GG. Subsequently, sub-group analyses for cancer type, ethnicity, and the family history were performed. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by excluding the articles deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

RESULTS

Using GG genotype as a reference, A carriers were associated with a significantly increased cancer risk (OR=1.15, 95%CI=1.06-1.25, P=0.001, P(heterogeneity)=0.130), especially with rectal cancer (OR=1.24, 95%CI=1.02-1.51, P=0.030, P(heterogeneity)=0.570) and sporadic colorectal cancer (OR=1.26, 95%CI=1.08-1.46, P=0.003, P(heterogeneity)=0.730). The effect of A carriers on cancer also existed in Caucasians (OR=1.19, 95%CI=1.06-1.32, P=0.002, P(heterogeneity)=0.100).

CONCLUSIONS

CCND1 G870A polymorphism is associated with the increased risk of colorectal cancer, especially for sporadic colorectal cancer and in Caucasians.

The Cyclin D1 (CCND1) A870G polymorphism predicts clinical outcome to lapatinib and capecitabine in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer

BACKGROUND

Lapatinib plus capecitabine emerged as an efficacious therapy in metastatic breast cancer (mBC). We aimed to identify germline single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes involved in capecitabine catabolism and human epidermal receptor signaling that were associated with clinical outcome to assist in selecting patients likely to benefit from this combination.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

DNA was extracted from 240 of 399 patients enrolled in EGF100151 clinical trial (NCT00078572; clinicaltrials.gov) and SNPs were successfully evaluated in 234 patients. The associations between SNPs and clinical outcome were analyzed using Fisher's exact test, Kaplan-Meier curves, log-rank tests, likelihood ratio test within logistic or Cox regression model, as appropriate.

RESULTS

There were significant interactions between CCND1 A870G and clinical outcome. Patients carrying the A-allele were more likely to benefit from lapatinib plus capecitabine versus capecitabine when compared with patients harboring G/G (P = 0.022, 0.024 and 0.04, respectively). In patients with the A-allele, the response rate (RR) was significantly higher with lapatinib plus capecitabine (35%) compared with capecitabine (11%; P = 0.001) but not between treatments in patients with G/G (RR = 24% and 32%, respectively; P = 0.85). Time to tumor progression (TTP) was longer in patients with the A-allele treated with lapatinib plus capecitabine compared with capecitabine (median TTP = 7.9 and 3.4 months; P < 0.001), but not in patients with G/G (median TTP = 6.1 and 6.6 months; P = 0.92).

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that CCND1A870G may be useful in predicting clinical outcome in HER2-positive mBC patients treated with lapatinib plus capecitabine.

Genetic variability in DNA repair and cell cycle control pathway genes and risk of smoking-related lung cancer

DNA repair and cell cycle control play an important role in the repair of DNA damage caused by cigarette smoking. Given this role, functionally relevant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes in these pathways may well affect the risk of smoking-related lung cancer. We examined the relationship between 240 SNPs in DNA repair and cell cycle control pathway genes and lung cancer risk in a case-control study of white current and ex-cigarette smokers (722 cases and 929 controls). Additive, dominant, and recessive genetic models were evaluated for each SNP. A genetic risk summary score was also constructed. Odds ratios (OR) for lung cancer risk and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated using logistic regression models. Thirty-eight SNPs were associated with lung cancer risk in our study population at P < 0.05. The strongest associations were observed for rs2074508 in GTF2H4 (P(additive)  = 0.003), rs10500298 in LIG1 (P(recessive)  = 2.7 × 10(-4)), rs747658 and rs3219073 in PARP1 (rs747658: P(additive)  = 5.8 × 10(-5); rs3219073: P(additive)  = 4.6 × 10(-5)), and rs1799782 and rs3213255 in XRCC1 (rs1799782: P(dominant)  = 0.006; rs3213255: P(recessive)  = 0.004). Compared to individuals with first quartile (lowest) risk summary scores, individuals with third and fourth quartile summary score results were at increased risk for lung cancer (OR: 2.21, 95% CI: 1.66-2.95 and OR: 3.44, 95% CI: 2.58-4.59, respectively; P(trend)  < 0.0001). Our data suggests that variation in DNA repair and cell cycle control pathway genes is associated with smoking-related lung cancer risk. Additionally, combining genotype information for SNPs in these pathways may assist in classifying current and ex-cigarette smokers according to lung cancer risk.

Cyclin D1 G870A polymorphism and colorectal cancer susceptibility: a meta-analysis of 20 populations

PURPOSE

Studies investigating the association between genetic polymorphism of cyclin D1 (CCND1) G870A and risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) reported conflicting results. In order to derive a more precise estimation of the relationship, a meta-analysis was performed.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We performed an extensive search of relevant studies and carried out a meta-analysis, including 20 studies with 5,975 cases and 8,333 controls, to obtain a more precise estimate.

RESULTS

Overall, significantly elevated colorectal cancer risk was associated with variant allele 870A when all studies were pooled (AA vs. GG: OR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.04-1.44; GA vs. GG: OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.01-1.26; dominant model: OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.03-1.31). In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, significantly increased risks were detected among Caucasians (AA vs. GG: OR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.04-1.44; dominant model: OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.02-1.34).We also observed sporadic CRC with an increased cancer susceptibility (AA vs. GG: OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.04-1.48; dominant model: OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.04-1.33), when colorectal cancer was stratified into sporadic CRC and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). However, no significant associations were found in both Asians and HNPCC patients for all genetic models.

CONCLUSION

Result suggests that the cyclin D1 870A allele is a low-penetrant risk factor for developing sporadic colorectal cancer, especially among Caucasians.

Effects of ERCC2 Lys751Gln (A35931C) and CCND1 (G870A) polymorphism on outcome of advanced-stage squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck are treatment dependent

BACKGROUND

Germline variation in DNA damage response may explain variable treatment outcomes in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). By grouping patients according to stage and radiation treatment, we compared SCCHN survival with regard to ERCC2 A35931C (Lys751Gln, rs13181) and CCND1 G870A (Pro241Pro, rs9344) genotypes.

METHODS

In a hospital-based SCCHN case series (all white, 24.7% female, mean age 58.4 years), this treatment-outcome cohort study genotyped 275 stage III-IV cases that were initially treated with radiation (with or without chemotherapy) and 80 stage III-IV and 130 stage I-II cases that were initially treated without radiation or chemotherapy and used Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses to compare genotype groups on the basis of overall, disease-specific, progression-free, and recurrence-free survival rates.

RESULTS

ERCC2 35931 AA predicted worse survival in stage III-IV cases treated with radiation [multiply-adjusted HR = 1.66, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.15-2.40; HR over the first 3 follow-up years = 1.92; 95% CI, 1.28-2.88] and better survival in stage III-IV cases not treated with radiation (HR = 0.26; 95% CI, 0.11-0.62). Although not associated with survival in stage III-IV cancers treated with radiation (HR = 1.00; 95% CI, 0.67-1.51), CCND1-870 GG predicted better survival in stage III-IV cancers not treated with radiation (HR = 0.14; 95% CI, 0.04-0.50). Survival in stage I-II did not depend on ERCC2 A35931C or CCND1 G870A genotype.

CONCLUSIONS

Although promoting tumor progression in untreated patients, germline differences in DNA-repair or cell-cycle control may improve treatment outcome in patients treated with DNA-damaging agents.

IMPACT

ERCC2 A35931C may help distinguish advanced stage SCCHN with better outcomes from radiation treatment.

Cyclin D as a therapeutic target in cancer

Cyclin D1, and to a lesser extent the other D-type cyclins, is frequently deregulated in cancer and is a biomarker of cancer phenotype and disease progression. The ability of these cyclins to activate the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) CDK4 and CDK6 is the most extensively documented mechanism for their oncogenic actions and provides an attractive therapeutic target. Is this an effective means of targeting the cyclin D oncogenes, and how might the patient subgroups that are most likely to benefit be identified?

Association of cyclin D1 gene polymorphisms with risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Kashmir Valley: a high risk area

Investigation of potential association of SNPs (G870A, rs9344; G1722C, rs678653) of cyclin D1 gene (CCND1) with susceptibility to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in Kashmir valley (India). The study included 302 subjects comprising 151 ESCC cases and 151 controls. PCR-RFLP and direct sequencing were employed for genotyping. The G870A polymorphism, the individuals carrying GA + AA genotype was having 2.80-fold increased risk for development of ESCC (OR 2.8, 95% CI = 1.77-4.4; P = 0.0001) compared to GG genotype. Further a significantly higher risk was observed in individuals who consume >3 cups per day of salted tea (OR = 5.1; 95% CI = 1.6-16.7; P = 0.0016) and had smoking habits (OR = 6.3; 95% CI = 2.9-13.9; P = 0.0005). We also demonstrate for the first time in CCND1 1722 locus, the CC genotype was strongly associated with increased risk of developing ESCC (OR = 2.58; 95% CI = 1.61-4.15; P = 0.0001). In addition, the frequency of polymorphic C allele was also found to be higher in cases (OR = 1.92; 95% CI = 1.37-2.69; P = 0.0002). There appears to be an influence of CCND1 G870A/G1772C genotypes on genetic susceptibility to ESCC.

Cyclin D1 G870A polymorphism and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis comprising 9,911 cases and 11,171 controls

Cyclin D1 represents a key molecule in the regulation of cell cycle. CCND1 G870A (rs603965) polymorphism has drawn considerable attention as the A allele may generate a variant splice product with possible oncogenic actions. A meta-analysis examining the association between CCND1 G870A polymorphism and breast cancer risk was performed. Separate analyses on Caucasian and Chinese populations were also implemented. Eligible articles were identified for the period up to July 2010. Pooled odds ratios (OR) were appropriately derived from fixed-effects or random-effects models. Sensitivity analysis excluding studies whose genotype frequencies in controls significantly deviated from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) was performed. Nine case-control studies on Caucasians (7,304 cases and 8,149 controls) and four case-control studies on Chinese (2,607 cases and 3,022 controls) were eligible. At the overall analysis the A allele seemed to be associated with elevated breast cancer risk; the effect seemed to be confined to homozygous carriers (pooled OR = 1.091, 95% CI: 1.008-1.179, P = 0.030, fixed effects) as heterozygous carriers did not exhibit significantly elevated breast cancer risk. No statistically significant associations were demonstrated in Caucasians. On the other hand, Chinese AA carriers exhibited marginally elevated breast cancer risk (pooled OR = 1.144, 95% CI: 0.984-1.329, P = 0.080, fixed effects). Nevertheless, the controls in two out of the four Chinese studies deviated from HWE. In conclusion, this meta-analysis suggests that the A allele of the CCND1 G870A polymorphism may confer additional breast cancer risk when it comes to homozygosity and Chinese populations. The need for additional, methodologically sound studies on Chinese populations seems warranted.

Cyclin D1 rare variants in UK multiple adenoma and early-onset colorectal cancer patients

We examined the influence that rare variants and low-frequency polymorphisms in the cancer candidate gene CCND1 have on the development of multiple intestinal adenomas and the early onset of colorectal cancer. Individuals with <100 multiple polyps and patients with colorectal cancer diagnosed before 50 years of age were recruited in UK, and screened for sequence changes in the coding and regulatory regions of CCND1. A set of about 800 UK control individuals was genotyped for the variants discovered in the cases. Variants in the promoter, intron-exon boundaries and untranslated regions of the CCND1 gene had higher frequencies in cases than in controls. Five of these variants were typed in a set of French multiple adenoma and early-onset patients, who also showed higher allele frequencies than UK controls. When pooled together, variants with frequencies lower than 1% conferred an increased risk of disease that was significant in the multiple adenoma group (odds ratio (OR) 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-4.4; P = 0.03). Most variants had a putative functional effect when assessed in silico. We conclude that rare variants of CCND1 are risk factors for colorectal cancer, with considerably larger effects than common polymorphisms, and as such should be systematically evaluated in susceptibility studies.

Distribution of CCND1 A870G polymorphism in patients with advanced uterine cervical carcinoma

We examined the distribution of the CCND1 A870G (rs9344) polymorphic variant in patients with cervical cancer (n = 129) and healthy individuals (n = 288) in a sample of a Polish cohort. We showed that patients with advanced cervical cancer bearing the CCND1 A/A and A/G genotypes displayed a 1.811-fold increased risk of cervical cancer (95% CI = 1.150-2.852, p = 0.0098). We also found a significantly higher frequency of the CCND1 870A allele in patients with cancer than in controls, p = 0.0116. Our investigation confirmed that the CCND1 870A gene variant may be a genetic risk factor in the incidence of advanced cervical cancer.

Meta-analysis of two ERCC2 (XPD) polymorphisms, Asp312Asn and Lys751Gln, in breast cancer

The excision repair cross-complementing group 2 gene (ERCC2) plays a key role in DNA repair. Several polymorphisms in the ERCC2 gene have been described, including the commonly occurring Lys751Gln and Asp312Asn polymorphisms. Studies investigating the association of these polymorphisms with breast cancer risk produced controversial results. To evaluate these associations presented in diverse populations, we have conducted a meta-analysis based on 40 studies from 33 publications in PubMed which included analyses of Lys751Gln (14,545 cases, 15,352 controls) and Asp312Asn polymorphisms (16,254 cases, 14,006 controls). Overall findings of both polymorphisms have implicated null effects (OR = 1.01-1.03) when the analyses were limited to the statistically powerful (≥80%) studies. Although modestly increased statistically significant breast cancer risk was detected in the underpowered studies (≤80%), removal of outliers resulted in null associations. Ethnic stratification showed non-significant and relatively null associations for both polymorphisms with breast cancer risk for the overall Caucasians as well as North American and the European sub-populations. Although statistically increased and decreased risks were observed for the homogenous populations of African-Americans (Lys751Gln, OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.03-1.53, P = 0.03) and Asians (Asp312Asn, ORs: 0.53-0.55, P values: 0.02-0.03), respectively, this may be the result of small sample size. Analyses of the homogeneous adduct studies, with relatively large sample size, exhibited increased risk for Lys751Gln (OR 1.20, 95% CI (1.02-1.41), P = 0.03) and Asp312Asn (OR 1.17 95% CI 1.02-1.34, P = 0.03) under the dominant genetic model. In conclusion, our results suggest null associations of both polymorphisms in the overall and the Caucasian subgroups, although some effects can be suggested for relatively smaller minority studies. Increased risk effect was more visible when the adduct studies are considered, suggesting the role of these polymorphisms in the presence of exposure to DNA damaging agents.

Regulation of cyclin D1 gene expression

Cyclin D1 is a key regulator of cell proliferation and its expression is subject to both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. In different cellular contexts, different pathways assume a dominant role in regulating its expression, whereas their disregulation can contribute to overexpression of cyclin D1 in tumorigenesis. Here, we discuss the ability of the NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappaB)/IKK [IkappaB (inhibitor of NF-kappaB) kinase] pathways to regulate cyclin D1 gene transcription and also consider the newly discovered role of the SNARP (SNIP1/SkIP-associated RNA processing) complex as a co-transcriptional regulator of cyclin D1 RNA stability.

Association of selected polymorphisms of CCND1, p21, and caspase8 with colorectal cancer risk

It has been well elucidated that the signal transduction of cell-cycle control pathway and apoptosis pathway plays an important role in the normal growth and differentiation of organisms. To test the hypothesis that mutants of key genes involved in cell-cycle regulation and apoptosis might contribute to the increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), a population-based case-control study was carried out in Jiashan County, Zhejiang Province. The study population was composed of 373 CRC cases and 838 controls. Five genetic variants including CCND1 G870A, p21 codon31 C/A, p21 3'UTR C/T, caspase8 IVS12-19G/A, and caspase8 6n del/ins were genotyped. The associations of the polymorphisms with CRC were estimated by logistical regression model after adjustment for the important covariates. The interactive effect among the five selected genetic polymorphisms on CRC was explored by multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) software. The significant association between five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and CRC risk was not observed, respectively. However, caspase8 del/del showed a marginally significant association with the increased risk of rectum cancer [adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval, CI) = 1.92 (0.97-3.79); P = 0.06]. Furthermore, the MDR analysis indicated that the best interactive model for CRC included three factors-CCND1 G870A, caspase8 IVS12-19G/A, and caspase8 6 n del/ins-with 53.44% testing balanced accuracy and 10/10 cross-validation consistency, but the model was no longer significant after the 1000 times permutation test (P = 0.25). Our findings suggest that the selected polymorphisms of p21, CCND1, and caspase8 may not contribute to the risk of colorectal cancer.

Candidate gene association study of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a high-risk region in Iran

There is a region with a high risk for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in the northeast of Iran. Previous studies suggest that hereditary factors play a role in the high incidence of cancer in the region. We selected 22 functional variants (and 130 related tagSNPs) from 15 genes that have been associated previously with the risk of ESCC. We genotyped a primary set of samples from 451 Turkmens (197 cases and 254 controls). Seven of 152 variants were associated with ESCC at the P = 0.05 level; these single nucleotide polymorphisms were then studied in a validation set of 549 cases and 1,119 controls, which included both Turkmens and non-Turkmens. The association observed for a functional variant in ADH1B was confirmed in the validation set, and that of a tagSNP in MGMT, the association was borderline significant in the validation set, after correcting for multiple testing. The other 5 variants that were associated in the primary set were not significantly associated in the validation set. The histidine allele at codon 48 of ADH1B gene was associated with a significantly decreased risk of ESCC in the joint data set (primary and validation set) under a recessive model (odds ratio, 0.41; 95% confidence interval, 0.29-0.76; P = 4 x 10(-4)). The A allele of the rs7087131 variant of MGMT gene was associated with a decreased risk of ESCC under a dominant model (odds ratio, 0.79; 95% confidence interval, 0.64-0.96; P = 0.02). These results support the hypothesis that genetic predisposition plays a role in the high incidence of ESSC in Iran.

Candidate gene association study of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a high-risk region in Iran

There is a region with a high risk for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in the northeast of Iran. Previous studies suggest that hereditary factors play a role in the high incidence of cancer in the region. We selected 22 functional variants (and 130 related tagSNPs) from 15 genes that have been associated previously with the risk of ESCC. We genotyped a primary set of samples from 451 Turkmens (197 cases and 254 controls). Seven of 152 variants were associated with ESCC at the P = 0.05 level; these single nucleotide polymorphisms were then studied in a validation set of 549 cases and 1,119 controls, which included both Turkmens and non-Turkmens. The association observed for a functional variant in ADH1B was confirmed in the validation set, and that of a tagSNP in MGMT, the association was borderline significant in the validation set, after correcting for multiple testing. The other 5 variants that were associated in the primary set were not significantly associated in the validation set. The histidine allele at codon 48 of ADH1B gene was associated with a significantly decreased risk of ESCC in the joint data set (primary and validation set) under a recessive model (odds ratio, 0.41; 95% confidence interval, 0.29-0.76; P = 4 x 10(-4)). The A allele of the rs7087131 variant of MGMT gene was associated with a decreased risk of ESCC under a dominant model (odds ratio, 0.79; 95% confidence interval, 0.64-0.96; P = 0.02). These results support the hypothesis that genetic predisposition plays a role in the high incidence of ESSC in Iran.

Cyclin D1 splice variants: polymorphism, risk, and isoform-specific regulation in prostate cancer

PURPOSE

Alternative CCND1 splicing results in cyclin D1b, which has specialized, protumorigenic functions in prostate not shared by the cyclin D1a (full length) isoform. Here, the frequency, tumor relevance, and mechanisms controlling cyclin D1b were challenged.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

First, relative expression of both cyclin D1 isoforms was determined in prostate adenocarcinomas. Second, relevance of the androgen axis was determined. Third, minigenes were created to interrogate the role of the G/A870 polymorphism (within the splice site), and findings were validated in primary tissue. Fourth, the effect of G/A870 on cancer risk was assessed in two large case-control studies.

RESULTS

Cyclin D1b is induced in tumors, and a significant subset expressed this isoform in the absence of detectable cyclin D1a. Accordingly, the isoforms showed noncorrelated expression patterns, and hormone status did not alter splicing. Whereas G/A870 was not independently predictive of cancer risk, A870 predisposed for transcript-b production in cells and in normal prostate. The influence of A870 on overall transcript-b levels was relieved in tumors, indicating that aberrations in tumorigenesis likely alter the influence of the polymorphism.

CONCLUSIONS

These studies reveal that cyclin D1b is specifically elevated in prostate tumorigenesis. Cyclin D1b expression patterns are distinct from that observed with cyclin D1a. The A870 allele predisposes for transcript-b production in a context-specific manner. Although A870 does not independently predict cancer risk, tumor cells can bypass the influence of the polymorphism. These findings have major implications for the analyses of D-cyclin function in the prostate and provide the foundation for future studies directed at identifying potential modifiers of the G/A870 polymorphism.