1
|
Saha SK, Zhu Y, Murray P, Madden L. Future proofing of chondroitin sulphate production: Importance of sustainability and quality for the end-applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131577. [PMID: 38615853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulphates (CSs) are the most well-known glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) found in any living organism, from microorganisms to invertebrates and vertebrates (including humans), and provide several health benefits. The applications of CSs are numerous including tissue engineering, osteoarthritis treatment, antiviral, cosmetics, and skincare applications. The current commercial production of CSs mostly uses animal, bovine, porcine, and avian tissues as well as marine organisms, marine mammals, sharks, and other fish. The production process consists of tissue hydrolysis, protein removal, and purification using various methods. Mostly, these are chemical-dependent and are complex, multi-step processes. There is a developing trend for abandonment of harsh extraction chemicals and their substitution with different green-extraction technologies, however, these are still in their infancy. The quality of CSs is the first and foremost requirement for end-applications and is dependent on the extraction and purification methodologies used. The final products will show different bio-functional properties, depending on their origin and production methodology. This is a comprehensive review of the characteristics, properties, uses, sources, and extraction methods of CSs. This review emphasises the need for extraction and purification processes to be environmentally friendly and gentle, followed by product analysis and quality control to ensure the expected bioactivity of CSs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sushanta Kumar Saha
- Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre, LIFE Health and Biosciences Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Moylish Park, Limerick V94 E8YF, Ireland.
| | - Yin Zhu
- Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre, LIFE Health and Biosciences Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Moylish Park, Limerick V94 E8YF, Ireland
| | - Patrick Murray
- Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre, LIFE Health and Biosciences Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Moylish Park, Limerick V94 E8YF, Ireland
| | - Lena Madden
- Shannon Applied Biotechnology Centre, LIFE Health and Biosciences Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Moylish Park, Limerick V94 E8YF, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Campos SGP, Gonçalves BF, Ruiz TFR, Leonel ECR, Ribeiro DL, Falleiros Junior LR, Goes RM, Taboga SR. Proteoglycans orchestrate remodeling of prostatic cytoarchitecture after androgenic blockade in old gerbils. Prostate 2023; 83:179-189. [PMID: 36262059 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate modifications in proteoglycan morphology and composition in the prostatic stroma of 18-month-old gerbils after surgical castration, in association or not with an androgenic blockade. METHODS The animals (n = 5) were sorted into groups subjected or not to antiandrogen treatment (flutamide 10 mg/kg/day) administered for the total postsurgery period and euthanized at 7- or 30-day postcastration; the control group consisted of intact animals. Tissue analysis included immunohistochemical assessment (perlecan and chondroitin sulfate) and proteoglycan morphology was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Chondroitin sulfate frequency was increased 7 days postcastration with an androgenic blockade. The presence of these carbohydrates was rare after 30 days of androgenic blockade treatment. There was a significant increase in the amount of perlecan in the prostate stroma from groups subjected to castration plus flutamide for 7 or 30 days. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the incidence of areas occupied by proteoglycans and basement membrane was altered by treatment. In addition, androgenic blockade results in changes in the amount, thickness, and morphology of these structures. At 30 days postcastration, with or without flutamide treatment, larger proteoglycans were common. CONCLUSIONS In this study, in particular, the decrease in chondroitin sulfate after the longer period might be understood as a prostatic response to androgenic deprivation, while the high frequency and permanence of perlecan led to the assumption that its modulation could be androgen-independent. Length and form alterations in proteoglycans as well as associations among them and with the basement membrane were dynamic events in the prostate microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvana G P Campos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca F Gonçalves
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thalles Fernando Rocha Ruiz
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ellen Cristina R Leonel
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Daniele L Ribeiro
- Department of Cell Biology, Histology and Embriology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences-ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Rejane M Goes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sebastião R Taboga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang YF, Mizumoto S, Fujita M. Novel Insight Into Glycosaminoglycan Biosynthesis Based on Gene Expression Profiles. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:709018. [PMID: 34552927 PMCID: PMC8450405 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.709018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) including chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, and keratan sulfate, except for hyaluronan that is a free polysaccharide, are covalently attached to core proteins to form proteoglycans. More than 50 gene products are involved in the biosynthesis of GAGs. We recently developed a comprehensive glycosylation mapping tool, GlycoMaple, for visualization and estimation of glycan structures based on gene expression profiles. Using this tool, the expression levels of GAG biosynthetic genes were analyzed in various human tissues as well as tumor tissues. In brain and pancreatic tumors, the pathways for biosynthesis of chondroitin and dermatan sulfate were predicted to be upregulated. In breast cancerous tissues, the pathways for biosynthesis of chondroitin and dermatan sulfate were predicted to be up- and down-regulated, respectively, which are consistent with biochemical findings published in the literature. In addition, the expression levels of the chondroitin sulfate-proteoglycan versican and the dermatan sulfate-proteoglycan decorin were up- and down-regulated, respectively. These findings may provide new insight into GAG profiles in various human diseases including cancerous tumors as well as neurodegenerative disease using GlycoMaple analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Department of Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Morihisa Fujita
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Scott E, Munkley J. Glycans as Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1389. [PMID: 30893936 PMCID: PMC6470778 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in men, claiming over350,000 lives worldwide annually. Current diagnosis relies on prostate-specific antigen (PSA)testing, but this misses some aggressive tumours, and leads to the overtreatment of non-harmfuldisease. Hence, there is an urgent unmet clinical need to identify new diagnostic and prognosticbiomarkers. As prostate cancer is a heterogeneous and multifocal disease, it is likely that multiplebiomarkers will be needed to guide clinical decisions. Fluid-based biomarkers would be ideal, andattention is now turning to minimally invasive liquid biopsies, which enable the analysis oftumour components in patient blood or urine. Effective diagnostics using liquid biopsies willrequire a multifaceted approach, and a recent high-profile review discussed combining multipleanalytes, including changes to the tumour transcriptome, epigenome, proteome, and metabolome.However, the concentration on genomics-based paramaters for analysing liquid biopsies ispotentially missing a goldmine. Glycans have shown huge promise as disease biomarkers, anddata suggests that integrating biomarkers across multi-omic platforms (including changes to theglycome) can improve the stratification of patients with prostate cancer. A wide range ofalterations to glycans have been observed in prostate cancer, including changes to PSAglycosylation, increased sialylation and core fucosylation, increased O-GlcNacylation, theemergence of cryptic and branched N-glyans, and changes to galectins and proteoglycans. In thisreview, we discuss the huge potential to exploit glycans as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkersfor prostate cancer, and argue that the inclusion of glycans in a multi-analyte liquid biopsy test forprostate cancer will help maximise clinical utility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Scott
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK.
| | - Jennifer Munkley
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
da Silva MNR, Mendes A, Martins JRM, Tobias-Machado M, Pinhal MADS. Prospective Evaluation of Chondroitin Sulfate, Heparan Sulfate and Hyaluronic Acid in Prostate Cancer. Int Braz J Urol 2019; 44:1139-1146. [PMID: 30516927 PMCID: PMC6442162 DOI: 10.1590/s1677-5538.ibju.2017.0569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The present study evaluates chondroitin sulfate (CS) and heparan sulfate (HS) in the urine and hyaluronic acid (HA) in the plasma of patients with prostate cancer before and after treatment compared to a control group. Materials and Methods: Plasma samples were used for HA dosage and urine for quantification of CS and HS from forty-four cancer patients and fourteen controls. Clinical, laboratory and radiological information were correlated with glycosaminoglycan quantification by statistical analysis. Results: Serum HA was significantly increased in cancer patients (39.68 ± 30.00 ng/ mL) compared to control group (15.04 ± 7.11 ng/mL; p=0.004) and was further increased in high-risk prostate cancer patients when compared to lower risk patients (p = 0.0214). Also, surgically treated individuals had a significant decrease in seric levels of heparan sulfate after surgical treatment, 31.05 ± 21.01 μg/mL (before surgery) and 23.14 ± 11.1 μg/mL (after surgery; p=0.029). There was no difference in the urinary CS and HS between prostate cancer patients and control group. Urinary CS in cancer patients was 27.32 ± 25.99 μg/mg creatinine while in the men unaffected by cancer it was 31.37 ± 28.37 μg/mg creatinine (p=0.4768). Urinary HS was 39.58 ± 32.81 μg/ mg creatinine and 35.29 ± 28.11 μg/mg creatinine, respectively, in cancer patients and control group (p=0.6252). Conclusions: Serum HA may be a useful biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer. However, urinary CS and HS did not altered in the present evaluation. Further studies are necessary to confirm these preliminary findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Neves Ribeiro da Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Departmento de Urologia Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brasil
| | - Aline Mendes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pudełko A, Wisowski G, Olczyk K, Koźma EM. The dual role of the glycosaminoglycan chondroitin-6-sulfate in the development, progression and metastasis of cancer. FEBS J 2019; 286:1815-1837. [PMID: 30637950 PMCID: PMC6850286 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The remarkable structural heterogeneity of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) generates biological information that can be unique to each of these glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and changes in their composition are translated into alterations in the binding profiles of these molecules. CS/DS can bind to various cytokines and growth factors, cell surface receptors, adhesion molecules, enzymes and fibrillar glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix, thereby influencing both cell behavior and the biomechanical and biochemical properties of the matrix. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge concerning CS/DS metabolism in the human cancer stroma. The remodeling of the GAG profile in the tumor niche is manifested as a substantial increase in the CS content and a gradual decrease in the proportion between DS and CS. Furthermore, the composition of CS and DS is also affected, which results in a substantial increase in the 6‐O‐sulfated and/or unsulfated disaccharide content, which is concomitant with a decrease in the 4‐O‐sulfation level. Here, we discuss the possible impact of alterations in the CS/DS sulfation pattern on the binding capacity and specificity of these GAGs. Moreover, we propose potential consequences of the stromal accumulation of chondroitin‐6‐sulfate for the progression and metastasis of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Pudełko
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Wisowski
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Krystyna Olczyk
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Maria Koźma
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang AY, Chiam K, Haupt Y, Fox S, Birch S, Tilley W, Butler LM, Knudsen K, Comstock C, Rasiah K, Grogan J, Mahon KL, Bianco-Miotto T, Ricciardelli C, Böhm M, Henshall S, Delprado W, Stricker P, Horvath LG, Kench JG. An analysis of a multiple biomarker panel to better predict prostate cancer metastasis after radical prostatectomy. Int J Cancer 2018; 144:1151-1159. [PMID: 30288742 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A plethora of individual candidate biomarkers for predicting biochemical relapse in localized prostate cancer (PCa) have been proposed. Combined biomarkers may improve prognostication, and ensuring validation against more clinically relevant endpoints are required. The Australian PCa Research Centre NSW has contributed to numerous studies of molecular biomarkers associated with biochemical relapse. In the current study, these biomarkers were re-analyzed for biochemical relapse, metastatic relapse and PCa death with extended follow-up. Biomarkers of significance were then used to develop a combined prognostic model for clinical outcomes and validated in a large independent cohort. The discovery cohort (n = 324) was based on 12 biomarkers with a median follow-up of 16 years. Seven biomarkers were significantly associated with biochemical relapse. Three biomarkers were associated with metastases: AZGP1, Ki67 and PML. Only AZGP1 was associated with PCa death. In their individual and combinational forms, AZGP1 and Ki67 as a dual BM signature was the most robust predictor of metastatic relapse (AUC 0.762). The AZPG1 and Ki67 signature was validated in an independent cohort of 347 PCa patients. The dual BM signature of AZGP1 and Ki67 predicted metastasis in the univariable (HR 7.2, 95% CI, 1.6-32; p = 0.01) and multivariable analysis (HR 5.4, 95% CI, 1.2-25; p = 0.03). The dual biomarker signature marginally improved risk prediction compared to AZGP1 alone (AUC 0.758 versus 0.738, p < 0.001). Our findings indicate that biochemical relapse is not an adequate surrogate for metastasis or PCa death. The dual biomarker signature of AZGP1 and Ki67 offers a small benefit in predicting metastasis over AZGP1 alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison Y Zhang
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Karen Chiam
- Cancer Research Division, Cancer Council New South Wales, Woolloomooloo, NSW, Australia
| | - Ygal Haupt
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen Fox
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Simone Birch
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Wayne Tilley
- Freemason's Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lisa M Butler
- Freemason's Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Karen Knudsen
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, US
| | - Clay Comstock
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, US
| | | | - Judith Grogan
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Kate L Mahon
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Tina Bianco-Miotto
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Carmela Ricciardelli
- Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Maret Böhm
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan Henshall
- Union for International Cancer Control, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Warick Delprado
- Douglass Hanly Moir Pathology, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Phillip Stricker
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Department of Urology, St Vincent's Clinic, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - Lisa G Horvath
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - James G Kench
- Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Soares da Costa D, Reis RL, Pashkuleva I. Sulfation of Glycosaminoglycans and Its Implications in Human Health and Disorders. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2017; 19:1-26. [PMID: 28226217 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071516-044610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sulfation is a dynamic and complex posttranslational modification process. It can occur at various positions within the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) backbone and modulates extracellular signals such as cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions; different sulfation patterns have been identified for the same organs and cells during their development. Because of their high specificity in relation to function, GAG sulfation patterns are referred to as the sulfation code. This review explores the role of GAG sulfation in different biological processes at the cell, tissue, and organism levels. We address the connection between the sulfation patterns of GAGs and several physiological processes and discuss the misregulation of GAG sulfation and its involvement in several genetic and metabolic disorders. Finally, we present the therapeutic potential of GAGs and their synthetic mimics in the biomedical field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Soares da Costa
- 3B's Research Group: Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho and Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; , , .,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group: Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho and Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; , , .,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Iva Pashkuleva
- 3B's Research Group: Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho and Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal; , , .,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
CHST11/13 Regulate the Metastasis and Chemosensitivity of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells Via Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:1972-85. [PMID: 26993826 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbohydrate sulfotransferases 11-13 (CHST11-13), that catalyze the transfer of sulfate to position 4 of the GalNAc residue of chondroitin, have been implicated in various diseases. AIM This study aimed to clarify the association of CHST11-13 expression with metastasis and drug sensitivity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. METHODS We measured the levels of CHST11 and CHST13 in a series of HCC cells using real-time PCR and Western blotting. After RNAi and forced expression treatment of CHST11 and CHST13 in MHCC97L and MHCC97H cells, metastatic potential and drug sensitivity of the two cells were investigated with ECM invasion assay, drug sensitivity assay, and in vivo antitumor activity assay. By real-time PCR and Western blotting, we explored the possible impacts of these two genes on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathway. MAPK pathway was blocked by PD98059 or SP600125 to elucidate the effects of MAPK pathway on metastasis and chemosensitivity. RESULTS Significantly reduced levels of CHST11 and CHST13 were observed in highly invasive MHCC97H cells compared with those of MHCC97L cell line with low metastatic potential. Decreased or forced expression of CHST11 and CHST13 altered metastatic potential and drug sensitivity of MHCC97L and MHCC97H cells. Remarkable alteration of MAPK activity was shown in two HCC cells with genetic manipulation. Conversely, pharmacologic inhibition of the MAPK pathway suppressed invasive potential and rescued drug sensitivity of MHCC97H cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results have demonstrated that CHST11 and CHST13 negatively modulate metastasis and drug resistance of HCC cells probably via oncogenic MAPK signal pathway.
Collapse
|
10
|
Munkley J, Mills IG, Elliott DJ. The role of glycans in the development and progression of prostate cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2016; 13:324-33. [PMID: 27091662 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2016.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a unique and heterogeneous disease. Currently, a major unmet clinical need exists to develop biomarkers that enable indolent disease to be distinguished from aggressive disease. The prostate is an abundant secretor of glycoproteins of all types, and alterations in glycans are, therefore, attractive as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Despite progress over the past decade in profiling the genome and proteome, the prostate cancer glycoproteome remains relatively understudied. A wide range of alterations in the glycoproteins on prostate cancer cells can occur, including increased sialylation and fucosylation, increased O-β-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) conjugation, the emergence of cryptic and high-mannose N-glycans and alterations to proteoglycans. Glycosylation can alter protein function and has a key role in many important biological processes in cancer including cell adhesion, migration, interactions with the cell matrix, immune surveillance, cell signalling and cellular metabolism; altered glycosylation in prostate cancer might modify some, or all of these processes. In the past three years, powerful tools such as glycosylation-specific antibodies and glycosylation gene signatures have been developed, which enable detailed analyses of changes in glycosylation. Thus, emerging data on these often overlooked modifications have the potential to improve risk stratification and therapeutic strategies in patients with prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Munkley
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Ian G Mills
- Prostate Cancer Research Group, Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway (NCMM), Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospitals, Forskningsparken, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway.,Department of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital HE - Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, NO-0424 Oslo, Norway.,Movember/Prostate Cancer UK Centre of Excellence for Prostate Cancer Research, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology (CCRCB), Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - David J Elliott
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Guo S, Xue C, Li G, Zhao X, Wang Y, Xu J. Serum Levels of Glycosaminoglycans and Chondroitin Sulfate/Hyaluronic Acid Disaccharides as Diagnostic Markers for Liver Diseases. J Carbohydr Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2015.1008518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
12
|
Gonçalves BF, Campos SGPD, Costa CF, Scarano WR, Góes RM, Taboga SR. Key participants of the tumor microenvironment of the prostate: an approach of the structural dynamic of cellular elements and extracellular matrix components during epithelial-stromal transition. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:4-13. [PMID: 25466989 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a multistep process that begins with the transformation of normal epithelial cells and continues with tumor growth, stromal invasion and metastasis. The remodeling of the peritumoral environment is decisive for the onset of tumor invasiveness. This event is dependent on epithelial-stromal interactions, degradation of extracellular matrix components and reorganization of fibrillar components. Our research group has studied in a new proposed rodent model the participation of cellular and molecular components in the prostate microenvironment that contributes to cancer progression. Our group adopted the gerbil Meriones unguiculatus as an alternative experimental model for prostate cancer study. This model has presented significant responses to hormonal treatments and to development of spontaneous and induced neoplasias. The data obtained indicate reorganization of type I collagen fibers and reticular fibers, synthesis of new components such as tenascin and proteoglycans, degradation of basement membrane components and elastic fibers and increased expression of metalloproteinases. Fibroblasts that border the region, apparently participate in the stromal reaction. The roles of each of these events, as well as some signaling molecules, participants of neoplastic progression and factors that promote genetic reprogramming during epithelial-stromal transition are also discussed.
Collapse
|
13
|
Structural analysis of isomeric chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides using regioselective 6-O-desulfation method and tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 843:27-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
14
|
Weyers A, Yang B, Park JH, Kim YS, Kim SM, Lee SE, Zhang F, Lee KB, Linhardt RJ. Microanalysis of stomach cancer glycosaminoglycans. Glycoconj J 2013; 30:701-7. [PMID: 23604988 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-013-9476-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGS) are anionic, linear, polysaccharides involved in cell signaling. The GAG content, composition and structure of human tissue have been suggested to play a role in cancer and might provide useful diagnostic or prognostic markers. The current study examines 17 stomach tissue biopsy samples taken from normal individuals and from patients with gastric cancers. An ultrasensitive liquid chromatography (LC) - mass spectrometry assay was applied to individual biopsy samples as small 250 μg providing GAG content and disaccharide composition. The results of these analyses show a significant increase in non-sulfated chondroitin/dermatan sulfate concentration in all cancer samples when compared to normal tissues. In addition in advanced gastric cancer, a significant decrease is observed in hyaluronan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Weyers
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Weyers A, Yang B, Yoon DS, Park JH, Zhang F, Lee KB, Linhardt RJ. A structural analysis of glycosaminoglycans from lethal and nonlethal breast cancer tissues: toward a novel class of theragnostics for personalized medicine in oncology? OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2012; 16:79-89. [PMID: 22401653 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2011.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading noncommunicable diseases that vastly impacts both developed and developing countries. Truly innovative diagnostics that inform disease susceptibility, prognosis, and/or response to treatment (theragnostics) are seriously needed for global public health and personalized medicine for patients with cancer. This study examined the structure and content of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in lethal and nonlethal breast cancer tissues from six patients. The glycosaminoglycan content isolated from tissue containing lethal cancer tumors was approximately twice that of other tissues. Molecular weight analysis showed that glycosaminoglycans from cancerous tissue had a longer weight average chain length by an average of five disaccharide units, an increase of approximately 15%. Dissacharide analysis found differences in sulfation patterns between cancerous and normal tissues, as well as sulfation differences in GAG chains isolated from patients with lethal and nonlethal cancer. Specifically, cancerous tissue showed an increase in sulfation at the "6S" position of CS chains and an increase in the levels of the HS disaccharide NSCS. Patients with lethal cancer showed a decrease in HS sulfation, with lower levels of "6S" and higher levels of the unsulfated "0S" disaccharide. Although these findings come from a limited sample size, they indicate that structural changes in GAGs exist between cancerous and noncancerous tissues and between tissues from patients with highly metastatic cancer and cancer that was successfully treated by chemotherapy. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that (1) there are putative changes in the body's construction of GAGs as tissue becomes cancerous; (2) there may be innate structural person-to-person variations in GAG composition that facilitate the metastasis of tumors in some patients when they develop cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Weyers
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
C4ST-1/CHST11-controlled chondroitin sulfation interferes with oncogenic HRAS signaling in Costello syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet 2012; 20:870-7. [PMID: 22317973 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2012.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Costello syndrome is a pediatric genetic disorder linked to oncogenic germline mutations in the HRAS gene. The disease is characterized by multiple developmental abnormalities, as well as predisposition to malignancies. Our recent observation that heart tissue from patients with Costello syndrome showed a loss of the glycosaminoglycan chondroitin-4-sulfate (C4S) inspired our present study aimed to explore a functional involvement of the chondroitin sulfate (CS) biosynthesis gene Carbohydrate sulfotransferase 11/Chondroitin-4-sulfotransferase-1 (CHST11/C4ST-1), as well as an impaired chondroitin sulfation balance, as a downstream mediator of oncogenic HRAS in Costello syndrome. Here we demonstrate a loss of C4S, as well as a reduction in C4ST-1 mRNA and protein expression, in primary fibroblasts from Costello syndrome patients. We go on to show that expression of oncogenic HRAS in normal fibroblasts can repress C4ST-1 expression, whereas interference with oncogenic HRAS signaling in Costello syndrome fibroblasts elevated C4ST-1 expression, thus identifying C4ST-1 as a negatively regulated target gene of HRAS signaling. Importantly, we show that forced expression of C4ST-1 in Costello fibroblasts could rescue the proliferation and elastogenesis defects associated with oncogenic HRAS signaling in these cells. Our results indicate reduced C4ST-1 expression and chondroitin sulfation imbalance mediating the effects of oncogenic HRAS signaling in the pathogenesis of Costello syndrome. Thus, our work identifies C4ST-1-dependent chondroitin sulfation as a downstream vulnerability in oncogenic RAS signaling, which might be pharmacologically exploited in future treatments of not only Costello syndrome and other RASopathies, but also human cancers associated with activating RAS mutations.
Collapse
|
17
|
Cathcart P, Murphy DG, Moon D, Costello AJ, Frydenberg M. Perioperative, functional and oncological outcomes after open and minimally invasive prostate cancer surgery: experience from Australasia. BJU Int 2011; 107 Suppl 3:11-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2011.10053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
18
|
Ricciardelli C, Bianco-Miotto T, Jindal S, Dodd TJ, Cohen PA, Marshall VR, Sutherland PD, Samaratunga H, Kench JG, Dong Y, Wang H, Clements JA, Risbridger GP, Sutherland RL, Tilley WD, Horsfall DJ. Comparative biomarker expression and RNA integrity in biospecimens derived from radical retropubic and robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:1755-65. [PMID: 20615888 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of preanalytic conditions that biospecimens are subjected to is critically important because novel surgical procedures, tissue sampling, handling, and storage might affect biomarker expression or invalidate tissue samples as analytes for some technologies. METHODS We investigated differences in RNA quality, gene expression by quantitative real-time PCR, and immunoreactive protein expression of selected prostate cancer biomarkers between tissues from retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP) and robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP). Sections of tissue microarray of 23 RALP and 22 RRP samples were stained with antibodies to androgen receptor (AR) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as intersite controls, and 14 other candidate biomarkers of research interest to three laboratories within the Australian Prostate Cancer BioResource tissue banking network. Quantitative real-time PCR was done for AR, PSA (KLK3), KLK2, KLK4, and HIF1A on RNA extracted from five RALP and five RRP frozen tissue cores. RESULTS No histologic differences were observed between RALP and RRP tissue. Biomarker staining grouped these samples into those with increased (PSA, CK8/18, CKHMW, KLK4), decreased (KLK2, KLK14), or no change in expression (AR, ghrelin, Ki67, PCNA, VEGF-C, PAR2, YB1, p63, versican, and chondroitin 0-sulfate) in RALP compared with RRP tissue. No difference in RNA quality or gene expression was detected between RALP and RRP tissue. CONCLUSIONS Changes in biomarker expression between RALP and RRP tissue exist at the immunoreactive protein level, but the etiology is unclear. IMPACT Future studies should account for changes in biomarker expression when using RALP tissues, and mixed cohorts of RALP and RRP tissue should be avoided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Ricciardelli
- Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratory, Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Hanson Institute, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bianco-Miotto T, Chiam K, Buchanan G, Jindal S, Day TK, Thomas M, Pickering MA, O'Loughlin MA, Ryan NK, Raymond WA, Horvath LG, Kench JG, Stricker PD, Marshall VR, Sutherland RL, Henshall SM, Gerald WL, Scher HI, Risbridger GP, Clements JA, Butler LM, Tilley WD, Horsfall DJ, Ricciardelli C. Global Levels of Specific Histone Modifications and an Epigenetic Gene Signature Predict Prostate Cancer Progression and Development. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010; 19:2611-22. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-10-0555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
20
|
Selective recognition of a saccharide-type tumor marker with natural and synthetic ligands: a new trend in cancer diagnosis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:1865-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4124-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
21
|
Cilpa G, Hyvönen MT, Koivuniemi A, Riekkola ML. Atomistic insight into chondroitin-6-sulfate glycosaminoglycan chain through quantum mechanics calculations and molecular dynamics simulation. J Comput Chem 2010; 31:1670-80. [PMID: 20087899 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chondroitin-6-sulfate (C6S) is a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) constituent in the extracellular matrix, which participates actively in crucial biological processes, as well as in various pathological conditions, such as atherosclerosis and cancer. Molecular interactions involving the C6S chain are therefore of considerable interest. A computational model for atomistic simulation was built. This work describes the design and validation of a force field for a C6S dodecasaccharide chain. The results of an extensive molecular dynamics simulation performed with the new force field provide a novel insight into the structure and dynamics of the C6S chain. The intramolecular H-bonds in the disaccharide linkage region are suggested to play a major role in determining the chain structural dynamics. Moreover, the unravelling of an additional H-bond involving the sulfate groups in C6S is interesting as changes in sulfation have been claimed to be an important factor in several diseases. The force field will prove useful for future studies of crucial interactions between C6S and various nanoassemblies. It can also be used as a basis for modeling of other GAGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Cilpa
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Schiraldi C, Cimini D, De Rosa M. Production of chondroitin sulfate and chondroitin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:1209-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2677-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
23
|
Klüppel M. The roles of chondroitin-4-sulfotransferase-1 in development and disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 93:113-32. [PMID: 20807643 DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(10)93006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The glycosaminoglycan chondroitin sulfate (CS) consists of long linear chains of repeating disaccharide units, which are covalently attached to core proteins to form CS-proteoglycans. These molecules have been shown to fulfill important biological functions in development, disease, and signaling. Biosynthesis of CS takes place in the Golgi apparatus. Concomitant to chondroitin chain elongation, sulfation of specific carbon residues by chondroitin sulfotransferase enzymes takes place. The sulfation balance and pattern of CS on specific carbon residues are tightly regulated during development, injury, and disease, with the temporal and spatial expression of chondroitin sulfotransferase genes believed to be a crucial determinant of this fine balance of chondroitin sulfation. Chondroitin-4-sulfotransferase-1 (C4ST-1)/carbohydrate sulfotransferase 11 (CHST11) is one of the enzymes involved in the sulfation of chondroitin by catalyzing the transfer of sulfate groups from a sulfate donor to the carbon-4 position of the N-acetylgalactosamine sugar of the repeating disaccharide units. Here, I summarize the significant recent advances in our understanding of the roles of C4ST-1 in vertebrate development, disease, and signaling pathways, and the transcriptional regulation of the C4ST-1 gene. Proper 4-sulfation of chondroitin by C4ST-1 plays a crucial role in the skeletal development and signaling events, and new evidence is suggestive of a potential role for C4ST-1 in human disease, including cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Klüppel
- Human Molecular Genetics Program, Children's Memorial Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yang ZR. Predicting sulfotyrosine sites using the random forest algorithm with significantly improved prediction accuracy. BMC Bioinformatics 2009; 10:361. [PMID: 19874585 PMCID: PMC2777180 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-10-361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tyrosine sulfation is one of the most important posttranslational modifications. Due to its relevance to various disease developments, tyrosine sulfation has become the target for drug design. In order to facilitate efficient drug design, accurate prediction of sulfotyrosine sites is desirable. A predictor published seven years ago has been very successful with claimed prediction accuracy of 98%. However, it has a particularly low sensitivity when predicting sulfotyrosine sites in some newly sequenced proteins. RESULTS A new approach has been developed for predicting sulfotyrosine sites using the random forest algorithm after a careful evaluation of seven machine learning algorithms. Peptides are formed by consecutive residues symmetrically flanking tyrosine sites. They are then encoded using an amino acid hydrophobicity scale. This new approach has increased the sensitivity by 22%, the specificity by 3%, and the total prediction accuracy by 10% compared with the previous predictor using the same blind data. Meanwhile, both negative and positive predictive powers have been increased by 9%. In addition, the random forest model has an excellent feature for ranking the residues flanking tyrosine sites, hence providing more information for further investigating the tyrosine sulfation mechanism. A web tool has been implemented at http://ecsb.ex.ac.uk/sulfotyrosine for public use. CONCLUSION The random forest algorithm is able to deliver a better model compared with the Hidden Markov Model, the support vector machine, artificial neural networks, and others for predicting sulfotyrosine sites. The success shows that the random forest algorithm together with an amino acid hydrophobicity scale encoding can be a good candidate for peptide classification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Rong Yang
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 5DE, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ricciardelli C, Sakko AJ, Stahl J, Tilley WD, Marshall VR, Horsfall DJ. Prostatic chondroitin sulfate is increased in patients with metastatic disease but does not predict survival outcome. Prostate 2009; 69:761-9. [PMID: 19189303 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated a strong association between an elevated level of chondroitin sulfate (CS) in peritumoral stroma and PSA-relapse in patients with early stage disease. In this study we determined whether CS levels could predict overall survival in men diagnosed with advanced prostate cancer subsequently treated by orchiectomy alone. METHODS CS was localized in archived prostatic tissues by immunohistochemistry, and the level of CS expression as measured by video image analysis was compared in cohorts of 157 and 60 men with early stage or advanced disease, respectively. RESULTS The CS levels in the peritumoral stroma of patients without relapse after treatment for early stage disease was significantly reduced compared to levels in prostate tissue from patients who either relapsed (P = 0.003) or were diagnosed with advanced prostate cancer (P < 0.00001). There was no difference between the median CS level in the peritumoral prostatic stroma of early stage patients that relapsed after treatment and patients diagnosed with advanced prostate cancer. Increased CS levels (P < 0.0001) and high Gleason score (P < 0.0001) were associated with an increased rate of PSA-relapse in the cohort of patients with early stage disease. However, neither CS level nor Gleason score alone or in combination could predict survival outcome in patients with advanced prostate cancer following androgen deprivation therapy. CONCLUSIONS Although peritumoral CS levels and Gleason score are strong predictors of relapse-free survival in early stage prostate cancer patients, neither peritumoral CS levels nor Gleason score can predict survival outcome in patients with advanced disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Ricciardelli
- Research Centre for Reproductive Health, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|