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Saengboonmee C, Detarya M, Sangkhamanon S, Sawanyawisuth K, Seubwai W, Wongkham S. High Glucose Induced Upregulation of Cyclin a Associating with a Short Survival of Patients with Cholangiocarcinoma: A Potential Target for Treatment of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. Nutr Cancer 2021; 74:1734-1744. [PMID: 34353198 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.1961830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with an increased risk and progression of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). High glucose underlying the association between DM and CCA by modulating the intracellular signaling has been demonstrated. However, the effects of DM and hyperglycemia on cell cycle machineries and progression of CCA remain elucidated. CCA cells, KKU-213A and KKU-213B were cultured in normal (NG, 5.6 mM) or high glucose (HG, 25 mM) resembling euglycemia and hyperglycemia. Western blotting was used to determine expressions of cell cycle machineries in CCA cells. The expression of cyclin A in CCA tissues from patients with or without hyperglycemia was determined by immunohistochemistry. Pan-cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) inhibitor and silencing of cyclin A expression were investigated as a possible modality targeting CCA treatment in patients with DM. High glucose induced expression of cell cycle machinery proteins in both CCA cells. Among these, cyclin A was consistently and significantly upregulated. Nuclear cyclin A was significantly increased in tumor tissues from CCA patients with hyperglycemia and was significantly associated with post-operative survival of shorter than 5 mo. Silencing cyclin A expression sensitized CCA cells to pan-CDKs inhibitor, suggesting the combined treatment as an alternative approach for treatment of CCA patients with DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charupong Saengboonmee
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Marutpong Detarya
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sakkarn Sangkhamanon
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Kanlayanee Sawanyawisuth
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Wunchana Seubwai
- Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Sopit Wongkham
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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Tőkés T, Tőkés AM, Szentmártoni G, Kiszner G, Mühl D, Molnár BÁ, Kulka J, Krenács T, Dank M. Prognostic and Clinicopathological Correlations of Cell Cycle Marker Expressions before and after the Primary Systemic Therapy of Breast Cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2020; 26:1499-1510. [PMID: 31446607 PMCID: PMC7297700 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00726-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to analyze the expression of cell-cycle regulation markers - minichromosome maintenance protein 2 (MCM2), Ki-67, Cyclin-A and phosphohistone-H3 (PHH3) - in pre-treatment core-biopsy samples of breast carcinomas in correlation with known predictive and prognostic factors. Totally 52 core biopsy samples obtained prior to neoadjuvant therapy were analyzed. Immunohistochemistry was performed to analyze the expression of MCM2, Ki-67, Cyclin A and PHH3, which were correlated with the following clinicopathological parameters: clinical TNM, tumor grade, biological subtype, the presence of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), pathological tumor response rate to the neoadjuvant therapy and patient survival. All investigated markers showed higher expression in high grade and in triple negative tumors (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). Hormone receptor negative tumors showed significantly higher expression of Ki-67 (p < 0.01), MCM2 (p < 0.01) and Cyclin A (p < 0.01) than hormone receptor positive ones. Tumors with increased TIL showed significantly higher Ki-67 expression (p = 0.04). Pattern analysis suggested that novel cell-cycle marker-based subgrouping reveals predictive and prognostic potential. Tumors with high MCM2, Cyclin A or PHH3 expression showed significantly higher rate of pathological complete remission. Tumors with early relapse (progression-free survival ≤2 years) and shortened overall survival also show a higher rate of proliferation. Our cell cycle marker (Ki-67, MCM2, Cyclin A, PHH3) based testing could identify tumors with worse prognosis, but with a favorable response to primary systemic therapy. The pattern of cell-cycle activity could also be useful for predicting early relapse, but our findings need to be further substantiated in larger patient cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tímea Tőkés
- Oncology Center, Semmelweis University, Tömő utca 25-29, 4th floor, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary.
| | - Anna-Mária Tőkés
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 93, Budapest, H-1091, Hungary
| | - Gyöngyvér Szentmártoni
- Oncology Center, Semmelweis University, Tömő utca 25-29, 4th floor, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Gergő Kiszner
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, H-1085, Hungary
| | - Dorottya Mühl
- Oncology Center, Semmelweis University, Tömő utca 25-29, 4th floor, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Béla Ákos Molnár
- 1st Department of Surgery, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 78/A, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
| | - Janina Kulka
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 93, Budapest, H-1091, Hungary
| | - Tibor Krenács
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, H-1085, Hungary
| | - Magdolna Dank
- Oncology Center, Semmelweis University, Tömő utca 25-29, 4th floor, Budapest, H-1083, Hungary
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Santti K, Ihalainen H, Rönty M, Böhling T, Karlsson C, Haglund C, Tarkkanen M, Blomqvist C. High cyclin A expression, but not Ki67, is associated with early recurrence in desmoid tumors. J Surg Oncol 2018; 118:192-198. [PMID: 29878366 DOI: 10.1002/jso.25121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Desmoid tumors are soft-tissue tumors originating from myofibroblasts with a tendency to recur after surgery. High expression of proliferation markers is associated with shortened progression-free and/or overall survival in many neoplasms, including soft-tissue sarcomas. We investigated the prognostic role of cyclin A and Ki67 in desmoid tumors by immunohistochemistry. METHODS The study included 76 patients with desmoid tumor operated at Helsinki University Hospital between 1987 and 2011. A tissue micro array (TMA) was constructed and the TMA sections were immunostained with cyclin A and Ki67 antibodies. A computer-assisted image analysis was performed. RESULTS Cyclin A expression was evaluable in 74 and Ki67 in 70 patients. Cyclin A immunopositivity varied from 0% to 9.9%, with a mean of 1.9%. Cyclin A expression correlated significantly with Ki67. Cyclin A expression was associated with recurrence-free survival (HR 1.9, 95% CI = 1.1-3.2, P = .02), as were positive margin (HR 6.0, 95% CI = 1.6-22.5, P = .008) and extremity location (HR 5.3, 95% CI = 1.7-16.8, P = 0.005). Ki67 immunopositivity varied from 0.33% to 13.8%, with a mean of 4.6%, but had no significant prognostic impact (HR 1.1, P = .2). CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that cyclin A may be a new prognostic biomarker in surgically treated desmoid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Santti
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Ihalainen
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Rönty
- Department of Pathology, HUSLAB and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tom Böhling
- Department of Pathology, HUSLAB and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christina Karlsson
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Caj Haglund
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Reseach Program Unit, Translational Cancer Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Tarkkanen
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Carl Blomqvist
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oncology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
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High expression of cyclin D1 is associated to high proliferation rate and increased risk of mortality in women with ER-positive but not in ER-negative breast cancers. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2017; 164:667-678. [PMID: 28528450 PMCID: PMC5495873 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-017-4294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Cyclin D1 has a central role in cell cycle control and is an important component of estrogen regulation of cell cycle progression. We have previously shown that high cyclin D expression is related to aggressive features of ER-positive but not ER-negative breast cancer. The aims of the present study were to validate this differential ER-related effect and furthermore explore the relationship between cyclin D overexpression and CCND1 gene amplification status in a node-negative breast cancer case–control study. Methods Immunohistochemical nuclear expression of cyclin D1 (n = 364) and amplification of the gene CCND1 by fluorescent in situ hybridization (n = 255) was performed on tissue microarray sections from patients with T1-2N0M0 breast cancer. Patients given adjuvant chemotherapy were excluded. The primary event was defined as breast cancer death. Breast cancer-specific survival was analyzed in univariate and multivariable models using conditional logistic regression. Results Expression of cyclin D1 above the median (61.7%) in ER breast cancer was associated with an increased risk for breast cancer death (OR 3.2 95% CI 1.5–6.8) also when adjusted for tumor size and grade (OR 3.1). No significant prognostic impact of cyclin D1 expression was found among ER-negative cases. Cyclin D1 overexpression was significantly associated to high expression of the proliferation markers cyclins A (ρ 0.19, p = 0.006) and B (ρ 0.18, p = 0.003) in ER-positive tumors, but not in ER-negative cases. There was a significant association between CCND1 amplification and cyclin D1 expression (p = 0.003), but CCND1 amplification was not statistically significantly prognostic (HR 1.4, 95% CI 0.4–4.4). Conclusion We confirmed our previous observation that high cyclin D1 expression is associated to high proliferation and a threefold higher risk of death from breast cancer in ER-positive breast cancer.
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Grönberg M, Ahlin C, Naeser Y, Janson ET, Holmberg L, Fjällskog ML. Ghrelin is a prognostic marker and a potential therapeutic target in breast cancer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176059. [PMID: 28419141 PMCID: PMC5395214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin and obestatin are gastrointestinal peptides, encoded by the same preproghrelin gene. Both are expressed in breast cancer tissue and ghrelin has been implicated in breast cancer tumorigenesis. Despite recent advances in breast cancer management the need for new prognostic markers and potential therapeutic targets in breast cancer remains high. We studied the prognostic impact of ghrelin and obestatin in women with node negative breast cancer. Within a cohort of women with breast cancer with tumor size ≤ 50 mm, no lymph node metastases and no initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy, 190 women were identified who died from breast cancer and randomly selected 190 women alive at the corresponding time as controls. Tumor tissues were immunostained with antibodies versus the peptides. Ghrelin expression was associated with better breast cancer specific survival in univariate analyses (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.36–0.84) and in multivariate models, adjusted for endocrine treatment and age (OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.36–0.89). Obestatin expression was non-informative (OR 1.2, 95% CI 0.60–2.46). Ghrelin expression is independent prognostic factor for breast cancer death in node negative patients—halving the risk for dying of breast cancer. Our data implies that ghrelin could be a potential therapeutic target in breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Grönberg
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Endocrine Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Cecilia Ahlin
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ylva Naeser
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Endocrine Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Tiensuu Janson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Endocrine Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Holmberg
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marie-Louise Fjällskog
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Endocrine Oncology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Chen X, Wang M, Xu X, Liu J, Mei B, Fu P, Zhao D, Sun L. Panax ginseng total protein promotes proliferation and secretion of collagen in NIH/3T3 cells by activating extracellular signal-related kinase pathway. J Ginseng Res 2017; 41:411-418. [PMID: 28701885 PMCID: PMC5489768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, protein from ginseng was studied and used for the treatment of several kinds of diseases. However, the effect of ginseng total protein (GTP) on proliferation and wound healing in fibroblast cells remains unclear. METHODS In this study, cell viability was analyzed using the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. Cell cycle distribution was analyzed by flow cytometer. The levels of transforming growth factor β1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and collagens were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence staining. The expressions of cyclin A, phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase (p-ERK1/2), and ERK1/2 were analyzed by Western blotting. RESULTS Our results showed that GTP promoted cell proliferation and increased the percentage of cells in S phase through the upregulation of cyclin A in NIH/3T3 cells. We also found that GTP induced the secretion of type I collagen, and promoted the expression of other factors that regulate the synthesis of collagen such as transforming growth factor β1 and vascular endothelial growth factor. In addition, the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 at Thr202/Tyr204 was also increased by GTP. CONCLUSION Our studies suggest that GTP promoted proliferation and secretion of collagen in NIH/3T3 cells by activating the ERK signal pathway, which shed light on a potential function of GTP in promoting wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuenan Chen
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Manying Wang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaohao Xu
- Jilin Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, College of Biology and Chemistry, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Jianzeng Liu
- Jilin Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, College of Biology and Chemistry, Beihua University, Jilin, China
- Research and Development Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Biological Engineering, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Bing Mei
- Research and Development Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Biological Engineering, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Pingping Fu
- China–Japan Union Hospital and First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Research and Development Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Biological Engineering, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Corresponding author. Research and Development Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Biological Engineering, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1035 Boshuo Road, Changchun, Jilin Province 130021, China.Research and Development Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Biological EngineeringChangchun University of Chinese Medicine1035 Boshuo RoadChangchunJilin Province130021China
| | - Liwei Sun
- Jilin Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, College of Biology and Chemistry, Beihua University, Jilin, China
- Corresponding author. Jilin Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine Biotechnology, College of Biology and Chemistry, Beihua University, 15 Jilin Street, Jilin, Jilin Province 132013, China.Jilin Technology Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine BiotechnologyCollege of Biology and ChemistryBeihua University15 Jilin StreetJilinJilin Province132013China
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7
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Yan F, Wang X, Zhu M, Hu X. RNAi-mediated downregulation of cyclin Y to attenuate human breast cancer cell growth. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:2793-2799. [PMID: 27666310 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin Y (CCNY) is a newly identified PFTK1 interacting protein and has been found to be associated with the proliferation and tumorigenesis of human non-small cell lung cancer. In the present study, we analyzed the expression levels of CCNY in 65 cases of breast cancer (BC) tissues and in four BC cell lines, BT-474, MDA-MB-231, T-47D and MCF-7. Lentivirus-mediated short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was employed to knock down CCNY expression in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. The effects of CCNY depletion on cell growth were examined by MTT, colony formation and flow cytometry assays. The results showed that immunohistochemical expression of CCNY in tumor tissues is stronger than that in normal tissues. CCNY was also expressed in all four BC cells. The knockdown of CCNY resulted in a significant reduction in cell proliferation and colony formation ability. Cell cycle analysis showed that CCNY knockdown arrested MDA-MB‑231 cells in the G0/G1 phase. Furthermore, depletion of CCNY inhibited BC cell growth via the activation of Bad and GSK3β, as well as cleavages of PARP and caspase-3 in a p53-dependent manner. Therefore, we believe that CCNY has biological effect in BC development, and its inhibition via an RNA interference lentiviral system may provide a therapeutic option for BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing Medical University Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Mingchen Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing Medical University Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoya Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, P.R. China
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Tőkés T, Tőkés AM, Szentmártoni G, Kiszner G, Madaras L, Kulka J, Krenács T, Dank M. Expression of cell cycle markers is predictive of the response to primary systemic therapy of locally advanced breast cancer. Virchows Arch 2016; 468:675-86. [PMID: 27026269 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-016-1925-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to analyze to what extent expression of four cell cycle regulation markers-minichromosome maintenance protein (MCM2), Ki-67, cyclin A, and phosphohistone-H3 (PHH3)-predict response to primary systemic therapy in terms of pathological complete remission (pCR). In search of an accurate and reproducible scoring method, we compared computer-assisted (CA) and routine visual assessment (VA) of immunoreactivity. We included 57 patients with breast cancer in the study. The cell cycle markers were detected using immunohistochemistry on pre-therapy core biopsy samples. Parallel CA (validated by manual labeling) and standard VA were performed and compared for diagnostic agreement and predictive value for pCR. CA and VA results were dichotomized based on receiver operating characteristic analysis defined optimal cut-off values. "High" was defined by staining scores above the optimal cut-off, while "low" had staining scores below the optimal cut-off. The CA method resulted in significantly lower values for Ki-67 and MCM2 compared to VA (mean difference, -3.939 and -4.323). Diagnostic agreement was highest for cyclin A and PHH3 (-0.586 and -0.666, respectively). Regardless of the method (CA/VA) used, all tested markers were predictive of pCR. Optimal cut-off-based dichotomization improved diagnostic agreement between the CA and VA methods for every marker, in particular for MCM2 (κ = 1, p < 0.000). Cyclin A displayed excellent agreement (κ = 0.925; p < 0.000), while Ki-67 and PHH3 showed good agreement (κ = 0.789, p < 0.000 and κ = 0.794, p < 0.000, respectively). We found all cell cycle markers (Ki-67, MCM2, cyclin A, and PHH3) predictive of pCR. Diagnostic agreement between CA and VA was better at lower staining scores but improved after optimal cut-off-based dichotomization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tímea Tőkés
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Oncological Division, Semmelweis University, Tömő utca 25-29, 4th floor, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Anna-Mária Tőkés
- MTA-SE Tumor Progression Research Group, 2nd Department of Pahtology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 93, Budapest, 1091, Hungary.,2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 93, Budapest, 1091, Hungary
| | - Gyöngyvér Szentmártoni
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Oncological Division, Semmelweis University, Tömő utca 25-29, 4th floor, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Gergő Kiszner
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Lilla Madaras
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 93, Budapest, 1091, Hungary
| | - Janina Kulka
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 93, Budapest, 1091, Hungary
| | - Tibor Krenács
- MTA-SE Tumor Progression Research Group, 2nd Department of Pahtology, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 93, Budapest, 1091, Hungary.,1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, 1085, Hungary
| | - Magdolna Dank
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Oncological Division, Semmelweis University, Tömő utca 25-29, 4th floor, Budapest, 1083, Hungary.
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9
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Lundgren C, Ahlin C, Holmberg L, Amini RM, Fjällskog ML, Blomqvist C. Cyclin E1 is a strong prognostic marker for death from lymph node negative breast cancer. A population-based case-control study. Acta Oncol 2015; 54:538-44. [PMID: 25327158 DOI: 10.3109/0284186x.2014.965274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large proportion of women with lymph node negative breast cancer treated with systemic adjuvant treatment do not benefit from such therapy since the patient is already cured by local treatment. Several studies have suggested that proliferation markers are strong prognostic factors in early breast cancer. Cyclins are probably the most specific markers of cell proliferation. Previously high expression of cyclin E has been associated with breast cancer recurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study we investigate the prognostic value of cyclin E1 in node negative breast cancer patients. In a population-based cohort 186 women who died from breast cancer were defined as cases and 186 women alive at the corresponding time as controls. Inclusion criteria were tumour size ≤ 50 mm, no lymph node metastases and no adjuvant chemotherapy. The study was designed to detect an odds ratio of 2.5 with a power of 90% and significance level of 0.05. Cyclin E1 was determined with immunohistochemistry (IHC) on tissue microarray (TMA). RESULTS High expression of cyclin E1 was significantly associated with breast cancer death, in both uni- and multivariate analyses with odds ratios (OR) 2.3 [univariate, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5-3.6] and 2.1 (multivariate, 95% CI 1.2-3.5). DISCUSSION Cyclin E1 is a strong prognostic factor for breast cancer death in a population-based and node negative patient cohort and can identify high-risk patients in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lundgren
- Department of Oncology, Uppsala University Hospital , Uppsala , Sweden
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10
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Zduniak K, Ziolkowski P, Ahlin C, Agrawal A, Agrawal S, Blomqvist C, Fjällskog ML, Weber GF. Nuclear osteopontin-c is a prognostic breast cancer marker. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:729-38. [PMID: 25625274 PMCID: PMC4333500 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although Osteopontin has been known as a marker for cancer progression, the elevated production of this cytokine is not specific for cancer. We have identified the splice variant Osteopontin-c as being absent from healthy tissue but associated with about 75% of breast cancer cases. However, in previous studies of Osteopontin-c, follow-up information was not available. METHODS Here we have analysed 671 patients, comprising a cohort of 291 paraffin blocks plus a population-based case-control study of 380 arrayed breast tumor tissues. RESULTS We find that high staining intensity of nuclear Osteopontin-c is strongly associated with mortality in patients with early breast cancer. Cytosolic staining for exon 4, reflective of Osteopontin-a and -b also predicts poor outcome. By contrast, total Osteopontin does not correlate with prognosis. These diverse assessments of Osteopontin also do not correlate with each other, suggesting distinct expression patterns for the variant forms. Consistent with its role in tumor progression, not tumor initiation, Osteopontin-c is not correlated with proliferation markers (Ki-67, cyclin A, cyclin B, cyclin E and cyclin D), neither is it correlated with ER, PR or HER2. CONCLUSIONS The addition of Osteopontin-c immunohistochemistry to standard pathology work-ups may have prognostic benefit in early breast cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zduniak
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - P Ziolkowski
- Department of Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - C Ahlin
- Department of Oncology, Örebro University Hospital, SE-70185 Örebro, Sweden
| | - A Agrawal
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - S Agrawal
- Department of General and Oncological Surgery, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - C Blomqvist
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M-L Fjällskog
- Department of Radiology, Oncology and Radiation Sciences, Uppsala University, 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - G F Weber
- College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Tökés AM, Szász AM, Geszti F, Lukács LV, Kenessey I, Turányi E, Meggyesházi N, Molnár IA, Fillinger J, Soltész I, Bálint K, Hanzély Z, Arató G, Szendröi M, Kulka J. Expression of proliferation markers Ki67, cyclin A, geminin and aurora-kinase A in primary breast carcinomas and corresponding distant metastases. J Clin Pathol 2015; 68:274-82. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AimsTo assess the expression of the following cell cycle regulatory proteins in primary metastatic breast carcinomas (MBCs) and on availability in matched distant metastases (DMs): Ki67, cyclin A, geminin and aurora-kinase A (aurkA); and to compare the expression of these markers in early MBC (EMBC) and late MBC separated into groups according to median time point on metastatic event occurred (28 months).MethodsThe expression of the above mentioned markers was analysed in a total of 47 primary MBCs and 59 DMs (out of which 37 were pairs) by immunohistochemistry. Fourteen breast carcinomas with no relapse over a 10-year follow-up period were utilised as control cases (CBC).ResultsAmong the MBCs, 22 metastasised to the bone, 4 to the lung and 21 to the central nervous system (CNS). Geminin (p<0.001) and Ki67 (p=0.001) were increased in the MBCs while aurkA and cyclin A showed no difference when compared with CBCs. There were no differences between aurkA, cyclin A and geminin expression in MBCs and DMs in general. Expression of Ki67 was, however, elevated (p=0.027) in DMs. In CNS metastases all markers showed elevated expression as compared to MBCs. In bone metastases, geminin was lower (p<0.001) compared with primary MBCs. In the metastases of the lung, the evaluated markers did not show different expression. According to the median follow-up until the metastatic event, Ki67 was found to be significantly elevated in EMBC (p=0.018).ConclusionsKi67 index and geminin distinguish a fraction of MBC with worse prognosis, showing increased levels in the latter in comparison to CBC being tumour-free over a 10-year follow-up period. Ki67 could possibly identify a group of MBCs that develop early DMs.
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Scully OJ, Yu Y, Salim A, Thike AA, Yip GWC, Baeg GH, Tan PH, Matsumoto K, Bay BH. Complement component 1, q subcomponent binding protein is a marker for proliferation in breast cancer. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:846-53. [PMID: 25573962 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214565075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement component 1, q subcomponent binding protein (C1QBP), is a multi-compartmental protein with higher mRNA expression reported in breast cancer tissues. This study evaluated the association between immunohistochemical expression of the C1QBP protein in breast cancer tissue microarrays (TMAs) and clinicopathological parameters, in particular tumor size. In addition, an in vitro study was conducted to substantiate the breast cancer TMA findings. Breast cancer TMAs were constructed from pathological specimens of patients diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma. C1QBP protein and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunohistochemical analyses were subsequently performed in the TMAs. C1QBP immunostaining was detected in 131 out of 132 samples examined. The C1QBP protein was predominantly localized in the cytoplasm of the breast cancer cells. Univariate analysis revealed that a higher C1QBP protein expression was significantly associated with older patients (P = 0.001) and increased tumor size (P = 0.002). Multivariate analysis showed that C1QBP is an independent predictor of tumor size in progesterone-positive tumors. Furthermore, C1QBP was also significantly correlated with expression of PCNA, a known marker of proliferation. Inhibition of C1QBP expression was performed by transfecting C1QBP siRNA into T47D breast cancer cells, a progesterone receptor-positive breast cancer cell line. C1QBP gene expression was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR, and protein expression by Western blot. Cell proliferation assays were also performed by commercially available assays. Down-regulation of C1QBP expression significantly decreased cell proliferation and growth in T47D cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that the C1QBP protein could be a potential proliferative marker in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Jane Scully
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117594, Singapore
| | - Yingnan Yu
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117594, Singapore
| | - Agus Salim
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Aye Aye Thike
- Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - George Wai-Cheong Yip
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117594, Singapore
| | - Gyeong Hun Baeg
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117594, Singapore
| | - Puay-Hoon Tan
- Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Ken Matsumoto
- Chemical Genetics Laboratory, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Boon Huat Bay
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117594, Singapore
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Juengel E, Nowaz S, Makarevi J, Natsheh I, Werner I, Nelson K, Reiter M, Tsaur I, Mani J, Harder S, Bartsch G, Haferkamp A, Blaheta RA. HDAC-inhibition counteracts everolimus resistance in renal cell carcinoma in vitro by diminishing cdk2 and cyclin A. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:152. [PMID: 24935000 PMCID: PMC4073177 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Targeted therapies have improved therapeutic options of treating renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, drug response is temporary due to resistance development. Methods Functional and molecular changes in RCC Caki-1 cells, after acquired resistance to the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-inhibitor everolimus (Cakires), were investigated with and without additional application of the histone deacetylase (HDAC)-inhibitor valproic acid (VPA). Cell growth was evaluated by MTT assay, cell cycle progression and apoptosis by flow cytometry. Target molecules of everolimus and VPA, apoptotic and cell cycle regulating proteins were investigated by western blotting. siRNA blockade was performed to evaluate the functional relevance of the proteins. Results Everolimus resistance was accompanied by significant increases in the percentage of G2/M-phase cells and in the IC50. Akt and p70S6K, targets of everolimus, were activated in Cakires compared to drug sensitive cells. The most prominent change in Cakires cells was an increase in the cell cycle activating proteins cdk2 and cyclin A. Knock-down of cdk2 and cyclin A caused significant growth inhibition in the Cakires cells. The HDAC-inhibitor, VPA, counteracted everolimus resistance in Cakires, evidenced by a significant decrease in tumor growth and cdk2/cyclin A. Conclusion It is concluded that non-response to everolimus is characterized by increased cdk2/cyclin A, driving RCC cells into the G2/M-phase. VPA hinders everolimus non-response by diminishing cdk2/cyclin A. Therefore, treatment with HDAC-inhibitors might be an option for patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma and acquired everolimus resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Roman A Blaheta
- Department of Urology, Goethe-University, Interdisciplinary Science Building, Building 25A, Room 404, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt / Main D-60590, Germany.
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Klintman M, Strand C, Ahlin C, Beglerbegovic S, Fjällskog ML, Grabau D, Gudlaugsson E, Janssen EAM, Lövgren K, Skaland I, Bendahl PO, Malmström P, Baak JPA, Fernö M. The prognostic value of mitotic activity index (MAI), phosphohistone H3 (PPH3), cyclin B1, cyclin A, and Ki67, alone and in combinations, in node-negative premenopausal breast cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81902. [PMID: 24324728 PMCID: PMC3852976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferation, either as the main common denominator in genetic profiles, or in the form of single factors such as Ki67, is recommended for clinical use especially in estrogen receptor-positive (ER) patients. However, due to high costs of genetic profiles and lack of reproducibility for Ki67, studies on other proliferation factors are warranted. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prognostic value of the proliferation factors mitotic activity index (MAI), phosphohistone H3 (PPH3), cyclin B1, cyclin A and Ki67, alone and in combinations. In 222 consecutive premenopausal node-negative breast cancer patients (87% without adjuvant medical treatment), MAI was assessed on whole tissue sections (predefined cut-off ≥10 mitoses), and PPH3, cyclin B1, cyclin A, and Ki67 on tissue microarray (predefined cut-offs 7th decile). In univariable analysis (high versus low) the strongest prognostic proliferation factor for 10-year distant disease-free survival was MAI (Hazard Ratio (HR)=3.3, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.8-6.1), followed by PPH3, cyclin A, Ki67, and cyclin B1. A combination variable, with patients with MAI and/or cyclin A high defined as high-risk, had even stronger prognostic value (HR=4.2, 95%CI: 2.2-7). When stratifying for ER-status, MAI was a significant prognostic factor in ER-positive patients only (HR=7.0, 95%CI: 3.1-16). Stratified for histological grade, MAI added prognostic value in grade 2 (HR=7.2, 95%CI: 3.1-38) and grade 1 patients. In multivariable analysis including HER2, age, adjuvant medical treatment, ER, and one proliferation factor at a time, only MAI (HR=2.7, 95%CI: 1.1-6.7), and cyclin A (HR=2.7, 95%CI: 1.2-6.0) remained independently prognostic. In conclusion this study confirms the strong prognostic value of all proliferation factors, especially MAI and cyclin A, in all patients, and more specifically in ER-positive patients, and patients with histological grade 2 and 1. Additionally, by combining two proliferation factors, an even stronger prognostic value may be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Klintman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Skåne Department of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Carina Strand
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Ahlin
- Department of Oncology, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
| | | | - Marie-Louise Fjällskog
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Oncology, Radiology, and Clinical Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dorthe Grabau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Pathology, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Einar Gudlaugsson
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | | | - Kristina Lövgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ivar Skaland
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Pär-Ola Bendahl
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Malmström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Skåne Department of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jan P. A. Baak
- Department of Pathology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Mårten Fernö
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Oncology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Strand C, Bak M, Borgquist S, Chebil G, Falck AK, Fjällskog ML, Grabau D, Hedenfalk I, Jirström K, Klintman M, Malmström P, Olsson H, Rydén L, Stål O, Bendahl PO, Fernö M. The combination of Ki67, histological grade and estrogen receptor status identifies a low-risk group among 1,854 chemo-naïve women with N0/N1 primary breast cancer. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:111. [PMID: 23560250 PMCID: PMC3613571 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim was to confirm a previously defined prognostic index, combining a proliferation marker, histological grade, and estrogen receptor (ER) in different subsets of primary N0/N1 chemo-naïve breast cancer patients. Methods/design In the present study, including 1,854 patients, Ki67 was used in the index (KiGE), since it is the generally accepted proliferation marker in clinical routine. The low KiGE-group was defined as histological grade 1 patients and grade 2 patients which were ER-positive and had low Ki67 expression. All other patients made up the high KiGE-group. The KiGE-index separated patients into two groups with different prognosis. In multivariate analysis, KiGE was significantly associated with disease-free survival, when adjusted for age at diagnosis, tumor size and adjuvant endocrine treatment (hazard ratio: 3.5, 95% confidence interval: 2.6–4.7, P<0.0001). Discussion We have confirmed a prognostic index based on a proliferation marker (Ki67), histological grade, and ER for identification of a low-risk group of patients with N0/N1 primary breast cancer. For this low-risk group constituting 57% of the patients, with a five-year distant disease-free survival of 92%, adjuvant chemotherapy will have limited effect and may be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Strand
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Barngatan 2B, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
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Abstract
Assessment of proliferation is important in female breast cancer and individual treatment decisions are based upon its results, especially in the luminal subgroups. Gene expression analyses fail to group male breast cancer into the intrinsic subgroups previously established in female breast cancer. Even though proliferation has been shown to divide male breast cancer into molecular subgroups with different prognoses, the clinical importance of proliferation markers has not yet been elucidated. Previous studies in male breast cancer have demonstrated contradictory results regarding the prognostic impact of histological grade and Ki-67, parameters strongly associated with proliferation. The aim of the present project was to study proliferation in male breast cancer by assessing other proliferation-related markers viz. cyclins A, B, D1 and mitotic count. A total of 197 male breast cancer cases with accessible paraffin-embedded material and outcome data were investigated. Immunohistochemical stainings were performed on tissue microarrays. Kaplan-Meier estimates and the Cox proportional regression models were used for survival analyses with breast cancer death as the event. The subset of patients with high expression of cyclin A (hazard ratio (HR) 3.7; P=0.001) and B (HR 2.7; P=0.02) demonstrated a poorer survival. Furthermore, high mitotic count was associated with an increased risk of breast cancer death (HR 2.5; P=0.01). In contrast, cyclin D1 overexpression was predictive of better breast cancer survival (HR 0.3; P=0.001). In conclusion, high levels of cyclin A and B expression and an elevated mitotic count result in a two to threefold higher risk for breast cancer death, whereas cyclin D1 overexpression halves the risk. The clinical utility of these proliferation markers needs further elucidation.
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Löfdahl B, Ahlin C, Holmqvist M, Holmberg L, Zhou W, Fjällskog ML, Amini RM. Inflammatory cells in node-negative breast cancer. Acta Oncol 2012; 51:680-6. [PMID: 22268578 DOI: 10.3109/0284186x.2011.652737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To study the impact of inflammatory cells in a clinically well-defined cohort of women with node-negative breast cancer in a nested case-control study design. MATERIAL AND METHODS The cohort was comprised of 190 women who died from breast cancer and 190 women still alive at the date of death for the corresponding breast cancer patients were used as controls. The inclusion criteria included; a tumour size ≤ 50 mm, no lymph node metastases and no initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy. Immunohistochemical stainings for CD3, CD4, CD8, FoxP3, CD20, tryptase and CD68 were performed on TMA blocks, evaluated and correlated to each other and to age, tumour size, histological grade, ER, PgR, Ki67 and cyclin A. RESULTS There was no difference regarding the amount or content of inflammatory cells in the cases compared to controls. T- and B-cells were highly correlated to each other but these cell types correlated to a lesser extent to macrophages and not at all to mast cells. A weak tendency of correlations between all the subsets of inflammatory cells and histological grade, Ki67 and cyclin A was observed, although a negative correlation was seen for mast cells. CONCLUSION The amount or content of inflammatory cells in invasive breast cancer did not appear to influence death in node-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Löfdahl
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Rosin G, Hannelius U, Lindström L, Hall P, Bergh J, Hartman J, Kere J. The dyslexia candidate gene DYX1C1 is a potential marker of poor survival in breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:79. [PMID: 22375924 PMCID: PMC3337251 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The dyslexia candidate gene, DYX1C1, shown to regulate and interact with estrogen receptors and involved in the regulation of neuronal migration, has recently been proposed as a putative cancer biomarker. This study was undertaken to assess the prognostic value and therapy-predictive potential of DYX1C1 mRNA and protein expression in breast cancer. Methods DYX1C1 mRNA expression was assessed at the mRNA level in three independent population-derived patient cohorts. An association to estrogen/progesterone receptor status, Elston grade, gene expression subtype and lymph node status was analyzed within these cohorts. DYX1C1 protein expression was examined using immunohistochemistry in cancer and normal breast tissue. The statistical analyses were performed using the non-parametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test, ANOVA, Fisher's exact test and a multivariate proportional hazard (Cox) model. Results DYX1C1 mRNA is significantly more highly expressed in tumors that have been classified as estrogen receptor α and progesterone receptor-positive. The expression of DYX1C1 among the molecular subtypes shows the lowest median expression within the basal type tumors, which are considered to have the worst prognosis. The expression of DYX1C1 is significantly lower in tumors graded as Elston grade 3 compared with grades 1 and 2. DYX1C1 protein is expressed in 88% of tumors and in all 10 normal breast tissues examined. Positive protein expression was significantly correlated to overall survival (Hazard ratio 3.44 [CI 1.84-6.42]) of the patients but not to any of the variables linked with mRNA expression. Conclusion We show that the expression of DYX1C1 in breast cancer is associated with several clinicopathological parameters and that loss of DYX1C1 correlates with a more aggressive disease, in turn indicating that DYX1C1 is a potential prognostic biomarker in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustaf Rosin
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, and Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Hälsovägen 7, Huddinge, Sweden.
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Combination of the proliferation marker cyclin A, histological grade, and estrogen receptor status in a new variable with high prognostic impact in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 131:33-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1386-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Qin YR, Tang H, Xie F, Liu H, Zhu Y, Ai J, Chen L, Li Y, Kwong DL, Fu L, Guan XY. Characterization of tumor-suppressive function of SOX6 in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 17:46-55. [PMID: 21084391 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE By using cDNA microarray analysis, we identified a transcriptional factor, SOX6, was frequently downregulated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The aim of this study is to investigate the role of SOX6 in human esophageal cancer development, and to examine the prevalence and clinical significance of SOX6 downregulation in ESCC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Expressions of SOX6 mRNA in 50 ESCCs and SOX6 protein in 300 ESCCs were investigated by semiquantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The tumor-suppressive function of SOX6 was characterized by cell growth, foci formation, wound-healing and cell invasive assays, and tumor xenograft experiment. Western blot analysis was applied to detect protein expression levels. RESULTS SOX6 was frequently downregulated in primary ESCCs in both mRNA level (29/50, 58%) and protein level (149/219, 68.0%), which was significantly associated with the poor differentiation (P = 0.029), lymph node metastases (P = 0.014), advanced TNM stage (P = 0.000), and disease-specific survival (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis indicated that the downregulation of SOX6 (P = 0.000) was a significant independent prognostic factors for ESCC. Functional studies showed that SOX6 was able to suppress both in vitro and in vivo tumorigenic ability of ESCC cells. The tumor-suppressive mechanism of SOX6 was associated with its role in G1/S cell-cycle arrest by upregulating expressions of p53 and p21(WAF1/CIP1) and downregulating expressions of cyclin D1/CDK4, cyclin A, and β-catenin. CONCLUSIONS We provided the first evidence that SOX6 is a novel tumor-suppressor gene in ESCC development and is a potential prognostic marker in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ru Qin
- Department of Clinical Oncology, the First affiliated hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Moschovi M, Alexiou GA, Patereli A, Stefanaki K, Doussis-Anagnostopoulou I, Stofas A, Sfakianos G, Prodromou N. Prognostic significance of cyclin A and B1 in pediatric embryonal tumors. J Neurooncol 2010; 103:699-704. [PMID: 21069428 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-010-0451-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Embryonal tumors constitute the most common malignant brain tumor group in children. Although patient prognosis has been substantially improved over recent decades, identification of prognostic markers would be of obvious significance. In the present study we evaluated the prognostic significance of cyclin A and B1 in correlation with Ki-67 index in pediatric embryonal tumors. We retrospectively evaluated 53 children with embryonic tumors who were treated surgically in our institute. All patients had regular follow-up examinations. The streptavidin-biotin-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method was performed on paraffin sections for detection of Ki-67/MIB-1, and cyclin A and B1. There were 42 cases of medulloblastoma (MB), 9 cases of atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT), and 2 cases of supratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET). In MB patients, Ki-67 index >50% was associated with worse survival (P = 0.003). Cyclin A index >40% was associated with significantly poorer survival (P = 0.023). Patients with cyclin B1 index >15% exhibited a trend towards poorer survival (P = 0.068). On multivariate analysis, only Ki-67 index was identified as a factor with independent prognostic power. In AT/RT and PNET, there was high expression of Ki-67 and variable expression of cyclin A and B1. Apart from Ki-67 index, cyclin A may have a prognostic role. Study of the above indices at diagnosis could alter or intensify treatment methods, so as to improve disease outcome. There is obviously a need for future studies with larger number of patients to confirm our preliminary observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Moschovi
- Hematology Oncology Unit of 1st Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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