1
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Targeting cyclin-dependent kinase 9 in cancer therapy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:1633-1645. [PMID: 34811514 PMCID: PMC9253122 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00796-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 9 associates mainly with cyclin T1 and forms the positive transcription elongation factor b (p-TEFb) complex responsible for transcriptional regulation. It has been shown that CDK9 modulates the expression and activity of oncogenes, such as MYC and murine double minute 4 (MDM4), and it also plays an important role in development and/or maintenance of the malignant cell phenotype. Malfunction of CDK9 is frequently observed in numerous cancers. Recent studies have highlighted the function of CDK9 through a variety of mechanisms in cancers, including the formation of new complexes and epigenetic alterations. Due to the importance of CDK9 activation in cancer cells, CDK9 inhibitors have emerged as promising candidates for cancer therapy. Natural product-derived and chemically synthesized CDK9 inhibitors are being examined in preclinical and clinical research. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of CDK9 in transcriptional regulation, epigenetic regulation, and different cellular factor interactions, focusing on new advances. We show the importance of CDK9 in mediating tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Then, we provide an overview of some CDK9 inhibitors supported by multiple oncologic preclinical and clinical investigations. Finally, we discuss the perspective and challenge of CDK9 modulation in cancer.
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2
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Bijian K, Wernic D, Nivedha AK, Su J, Lim FPL, Miron CE, Amzil H, Moitessier N, Alaoui-Jamali MA. Novel Aurora A and Protein Kinase C (α, β1, β2, and θ) Multitarget Inhibitors: Impact of Selenium Atoms on the Potency and Selectivity. J Med Chem 2022; 65:3134-3150. [PMID: 35167283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aurora kinases and protein kinase C (PKC) have been shown to be involved in different aspects of cancer progression. To date, no dual Aurora/PKC inhibitor with clinical efficacy and low toxicity is available. Here, we report the identification of compound 2e as a potent small molecule capable of selectively inhibiting Aurora A kinase and PKC isoforms α, β1, β2 and θ. Compound 2e demonstrated significant inhibition of the colony forming ability of metastatic breast cancer cells in vitro and metastasis development in vivo. In vitro kinase screening and molecular modeling studies revealed the critical role of the selenium-containing side chains within 2e, where selenium atoms were shown to significantly improve its selectivity and potency by forming additional interactions and modulating the protein dynamics. In comparison to other H-bonding heteroatoms such as sulfur, our studies suggested that these selenium atoms also confer more favorable PK properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krikor Bijian
- Segal Cancer Centre and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Medicine and Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Dominik Wernic
- Segal Cancer Centre and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Medicine and Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Anita K Nivedha
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada.,Molecular Forecaster, 7171 rue Frederick Banting, Saint Laurent, Quebec H4S 1Z9, Canada
| | - Jie Su
- Segal Cancer Centre and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Medicine and Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | | | - Caitlin E Miron
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Hind Amzil
- Segal Cancer Centre and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Medicine and Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Nicolas Moitessier
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Moulay A Alaoui-Jamali
- Segal Cancer Centre and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Medicine and Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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3
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Huang Y, Ge W, Ding Y, Zhang L, Zhou J, Kong Y, Cui B, Gao B, Qian X, Wang W. The circular RNA circSLC7A11 functions as a mir-330-3p sponge to accelerate hepatocellular carcinoma progression by regulating cyclin-dependent kinase 1 expression. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:636. [PMID: 34844614 PMCID: PMC8628421 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02351-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Circular RNAs (circRNAs), which are endogenous non-coding RNAs, are associated with various biological processes including development, homeostatic maintenance, and pathological responses. Accumulating evidence has implicated non-coding RNAs in cancer progression, and the role of circRNAs in particular has drawn wide attention. However, circRNA expression patterns and functions in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain poorly understood. Methods CircRNA sequencing was performed to screen differentially expressed circRNAs in HCC. Northern blotting, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, nucleocytoplasmic fractionation, and fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses were conducted to evaluate the expression and localization of circSLC7A11 in HCC tissues and cells. CircSLC7A11 expression levels were modified in cultured HCC cell lines to explore the association between the expression of circSLC7A11 and the malignant behavior of these cells using several cell-based assays. The modified cells were implanted into immunocompetent nude mice to assess tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. We applied bioinformatics methods, RNA pulldown, RNA immunoprecipitation, and luciferase reporter assays to explore the mechanisms of circSLC7A11 in HCC. Results CircSLC7A11 (hsa_circ_0070975) was conserved and dramatically overexpressed in HCC tissues and cells. HCC patients showing high circSLC7A11 expression had worse prognoses. Our in vitro and in vivo experiments showed that circSLC7A11 markedly accelerated HCC progression and metastasis through the circSLC7A11/miR-330-3p/CDK1 axis. Conclusions The acceleration of HCC progression and metastasis by circSLC7A11 through the circSLC7A11/miR-330-3p/CDK1 axis suggests that circSLC7A11 is a potential novel diagnostic and therapeutic target for HCC treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-021-02351-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology for Hepatocellular Carcinoma of Zhejiang Province, 310009, Hangzhou, China, Zhejiang.,Clinical Medicine Innovation Center of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic, Disease of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenhao Ge
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology for Hepatocellular Carcinoma of Zhejiang Province, 310009, Hangzhou, China, Zhejiang.,Clinical Medicine Innovation Center of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic, Disease of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuan Ding
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology for Hepatocellular Carcinoma of Zhejiang Province, 310009, Hangzhou, China, Zhejiang.,Clinical Medicine Innovation Center of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic, Disease of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lufei Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology for Hepatocellular Carcinoma of Zhejiang Province, 310009, Hangzhou, China, Zhejiang.,Clinical Medicine Innovation Center of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic, Disease of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiarong Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology for Hepatocellular Carcinoma of Zhejiang Province, 310009, Hangzhou, China, Zhejiang.,Clinical Medicine Innovation Center of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic, Disease of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang Kong
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology for Hepatocellular Carcinoma of Zhejiang Province, 310009, Hangzhou, China, Zhejiang.,Clinical Medicine Innovation Center of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic, Disease of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bijun Cui
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology for Hepatocellular Carcinoma of Zhejiang Province, 310009, Hangzhou, China, Zhejiang.,Clinical Medicine Innovation Center of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic, Disease of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bingqiang Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology for Hepatocellular Carcinoma of Zhejiang Province, 310009, Hangzhou, China, Zhejiang.,Clinical Medicine Innovation Center of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic, Disease of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohui Qian
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology for Hepatocellular Carcinoma of Zhejiang Province, 310009, Hangzhou, China, Zhejiang.,Clinical Medicine Innovation Center of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic, Disease of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China. .,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China. .,Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology for Hepatocellular Carcinoma of Zhejiang Province, 310009, Hangzhou, China, Zhejiang. .,Clinical Medicine Innovation Center of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic, Disease of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China. .,Clinical Research Center of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310009, China. .,Zhejiang University Cancer Center, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.
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4
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Shirai Y, Chow CCT, Kambe G, Suwa T, Kobayashi M, Takahashi I, Harada H, Nam JM. An Overview of the Recent Development of Anticancer Agents Targeting the HIF-1 Transcription Factor. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112813. [PMID: 34200019 PMCID: PMC8200185 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, a characteristic feature of solid tumors, is associated with the malignant phenotype and therapy resistance of cancers. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), which is responsible for the metazoan adaptive response to hypoxia, has been recognized as a rational target for cancer therapy due to its critical functions in hypoxic regions. In order to efficiently inhibit its activity, extensive efforts have been made to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying the activation of HIF-1. Here, we provide an overview of relevant research, particularly on a series of HIF-1 activators identified so far and the development of anticancer drugs targeting them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Shirai
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; (Y.S.); (C.C.T.C.); (G.K.); (T.S.); (M.K.); (I.T.)
- Department of Genome Repair Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Christalle C. T. Chow
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; (Y.S.); (C.C.T.C.); (G.K.); (T.S.); (M.K.); (I.T.)
- Department of Genome Repair Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Gouki Kambe
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; (Y.S.); (C.C.T.C.); (G.K.); (T.S.); (M.K.); (I.T.)
- Department of Genome Repair Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Suwa
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; (Y.S.); (C.C.T.C.); (G.K.); (T.S.); (M.K.); (I.T.)
- Department of Genome Repair Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Minoru Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; (Y.S.); (C.C.T.C.); (G.K.); (T.S.); (M.K.); (I.T.)
- Department of Genome Repair Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Itsuki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; (Y.S.); (C.C.T.C.); (G.K.); (T.S.); (M.K.); (I.T.)
- Department of Genome Repair Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Harada
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; (Y.S.); (C.C.T.C.); (G.K.); (T.S.); (M.K.); (I.T.)
- Department of Genome Repair Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (J.-M.N.); Tel.: +81-75-753-7560 (H.H.); +81-75-753-7567 (J.-M.N.)
| | - Jin-Min Nam
- Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; (Y.S.); (C.C.T.C.); (G.K.); (T.S.); (M.K.); (I.T.)
- Department of Genome Repair Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (J.-M.N.); Tel.: +81-75-753-7560 (H.H.); +81-75-753-7567 (J.-M.N.)
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5
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Sak K. Role of semisynthetic flavonoids on cytotoxic chemotherapy—Dual benefit to cancer patients? Toxicology 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819092-0.00047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Shen S, Dean DC, Yu Z, Duan Z. Role of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) in hepatocellular carcinoma: Therapeutic potential of targeting the CDK signaling pathway. Hepatol Res 2019; 49:1097-1108. [PMID: 31009153 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer related mortality in the world, with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) representing the most common primary subtype. Two-thirds of HCC patients have advanced disease when diagnosed, and for these patients, treatment strategies remain limited. In addition, there is a high incidence of tumor recurrence after surgical resection with the current treatment regimens. The development of novel and more effective agents is required. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) constitute a family of 21 different protein kinases involved in regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, and drug resistance, and are evaluated in preclinical and clinical trials as chemotherapeutics. To summarize and discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting CDKs in HCC, recent published articles identified from PubMed were comprehensively reviewed. The key words included hepatocellular carcinoma, cyclin-dependent kinases, and CDK inhibitors. This review focuses on the emerging evidence from studies describing the genetic and functional aspects of CDKs in HCC. We also present an overview of CDK inhibitors that have shown efficacy in laboratory studies of HCC. Although many of the studies assessing CDK-targeting therapies in HCC are at the preclinical stage, there is significant evidence that CDK inhibitors used alone or in combination with established chemotherapy drugs could have significant applications in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Shen
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dylan C Dean
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zujiang Yu
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhenfeng Duan
- Precision Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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7
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Maiuthed A, Ninsontia C, Erlenbach-Wuensch K, Ndreshkjana B, Muenzner JK, Caliskan A, Husayn AP, Chaotham C, Hartmann A, Vial Roehe A, Mahadevan V, Chanvorachote P, Schneider-Stock R. Cytoplasmic p21 Mediates 5-Fluorouracil Resistance by Inhibiting Pro-Apoptotic Chk2. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10100373. [PMID: 30304835 PMCID: PMC6210175 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10100373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogenic cytoplasmic p21 contributes to cancer aggressiveness and chemotherapeutic failure. However, the molecular mechanisms remain obscure. Here, we show for the first time that cytoplasmic p21 mediates 5-Fluorouracil (5FU) resistance by shuttling p-Chk2 out of the nucleus to protect the tumor cells from its pro-apoptotic functions. We observed that cytoplasmic p21 levels were up-regulated in 5FU-resistant colorectal cancer cells in vitro and the in vivo Chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. Kinase array analysis revealed that p-Chk2 is a key target of cytoplasmic p21. Importantly, cytoplasmic form of p21 mediated by p21T145D transfection diminished p-Chk2-mediated activation of E2F1 and apoptosis induction. Co-immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, and proximity ligation assay showed that p21 forms a complex with p-Chk2 under 5FU exposure. Using in silico computer modeling, we suggest that the p21/p-Chk2 interaction hindered the nuclear localization signal of p-Chk2, and therefore, the complex is exported out of the nucleus. These findings unravel a novel mechanism regarding an oncogenic role of p21 in regulation of resistance to 5FU-based chemotherapy. We suggest a possible value of cytoplasmic p21 as a prognosis marker and a therapeutic target in colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnatchai Maiuthed
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Experimental Tumor Pathology, University Hospital of Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Chuanpit Ninsontia
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Experimental Tumor Pathology, University Hospital of Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Katharina Erlenbach-Wuensch
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Benardina Ndreshkjana
- Experimental Tumor Pathology, University Hospital of Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Julienne K Muenzner
- Experimental Tumor Pathology, University Hospital of Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Aylin Caliskan
- Experimental Tumor Pathology, University Hospital of Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Ahmed P Husayn
- Institute of Bioinformatics & Applied Biotechnology (IBAB), Bangalore 560100, India.
| | - Chatchai Chaotham
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Adriana Vial Roehe
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil.
| | | | - Pithi Chanvorachote
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Regine Schneider-Stock
- Experimental Tumor Pathology, University Hospital of Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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8
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Perez-Neut M, Rao VR, Gentile S. hERG1/Kv11.1 activation stimulates transcription of p21waf/cip in breast cancer cells via a calcineurin-dependent mechanism. Oncotarget 2018; 7:58893-58902. [PMID: 25945833 PMCID: PMC5312283 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of Kv11.1 is emerging in breast cancer biology, as a growing body of evidence indicates that the hERG1/Kv11.1 potassium channel is aberrantly expressed in several cancer types including breast cancers. The biological effects of Kv11.1 channel blockers and their associated side effects are very well known but the potential use of Kv11.1 activators as an anticancer strategy are still unexplored. In our previous work, we have established that stimulation of the Kv11.1 potassium channel activates a senescent-like program that is characterized by a significant increase in tumor suppressor protein levels, such as p21waf/cip and p16INK4A. In this study we investigated the mechanism linking Kv11.1 stimulation to augmentation of p21waf/cip protein level. We have demonstrated that the Kv11.1 channel activator NS1643 activates a calcineurin-dependent transcription of p21waf/cip and that this event is fundamental for the inhibitory effect of NS1643 on cell proliferation. Our results reveal a novel mechanism by which stimulation of Kv11.1 channel leads to transcription of a potent tumor suppressor and suggest a potential therapeutic use for Kv11.1 channel activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Perez-Neut
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Vidhya R Rao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Saverio Gentile
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
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9
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Deep A, Marwaha RK, Marwaha MG, Jyoti J, Nandal R, Sharma AK. Flavopiridol as cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor: a review. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj04306j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Flavopiridol (alvocidib) is a synthetic flavonoid based on the extract from an Indian plant developed for potential treatment of cancer whose first clinical trials were initiated in 1994 as a frontline combination therapy for leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakash Deep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Chaudhary Bansi Lal University
- Bhiwani-127021
- India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Marwaha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Maharshi Dayanand University
- Rohtak-124001
- India
| | | | - Jyoti Jyoti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Maharshi Dayanand University
- Rohtak-124001
- India
| | - Rimmy Nandal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Chaudhary Bansi Lal University
- Bhiwani-127021
- India
| | - Arun Kumar Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy
- Amity University
- Gurugram
- India
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10
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Samat N, Ng MF, Lee HM, Ling SK, Tan PJ, Patel V. Canthin-6-one Isolated from Brucea javanicaRoot Blocks Cancer Cells in the G 2/M phase and Synergizes with Cisplatin. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701200522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor prognosis of most cancer patients is in part, due to limited therapeutic options. Furthermore, as chemotherapy remains the standard-of-care for several cancers, partial or lack of response remains a concern and compounding this are the adverse side effects of the treatment that severely impacts the quality of life and survival. In pursuit of improving treatment options, we have opted to investigate the unique chemical skeleton of natural compounds as anticancer therapies. In this study, from an initial screen of 31 crude methanol extracts from ~15 plant species using HL60 cells, the root extract of Brucea javanica (L.) Merr indicated the presence of bioactive compounds. Subsequent bioassay-guided purification on the root extract yielded two alkaloids canthin-6-one (1) and bruceolline J (2), which were further investigated for their bioactivity in representative human cancer lines and normal phenotypic counterparts. MTT assay demonstrated ED50values from 34.7–72.9 μM for 1 and 16.0–54.0 μM for 2 for the cancer cell lines panel. NP69 cells also demonstrated sensitivity to both compounds (9.3 μM and 4.5 μM). As amount of 2 isolated were limiting, we focused on 1 to further identify novel anticancer properties in PC3 and HeLa cancer lines. We observed at 30 μM, 1 induced a G2/M phase arrest coinciding with decreased cell proliferation. Furthermore, 1 was able to synergize the cytotoxic effect of cisplatin when used in combination, suggesting the potential of combination therapy for those less responsive lesions to standard chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norazwana Samat
- Cancer Research Malaysia, No 1, Jalan SS12/1A, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Mei Fong Ng
- Cancer Research Malaysia, No 1, Jalan SS12/1A, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Hui Mei Lee
- Cancer Research Malaysia, No 1, Jalan SS12/1A, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Sui Kiong Ling
- Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Pei Jean Tan
- Cancer Research Malaysia, No 1, Jalan SS12/1A, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Vyomesh Patel
- Cancer Research Malaysia, No 1, Jalan SS12/1A, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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11
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Moss RW. Should Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy Be Prescribed Antioxidants? Integr Cancer Ther 2016; 5:63-82. [PMID: 16484715 DOI: 10.1177/1534735405285882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In September 2005, CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians published a warning by Gabriella D’Andrea, MD, against the concurrent use of antioxidants with radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, several deficiencies of the CA article soon became apparent, not least the selective omission of prominent studies that contradicted the author’s conclusions. While acknowledging that only large-scale, randomized trials could provide a valid basis for therapeutic recommendations, the author sometimes relied on laboratory rather than clinical data to support her claim that harm resulted from the concurrent use of antioxidants and chemotherapy. She also sometimes extrapolated from chemoprevention studies rather than those on the concurrent use of antioxidants per se. The article overstated the degree to which the laboratory data diverged in regard to the safety and efficacy of antioxidant therapy: in fact, the preponderance of data suggests a synergistic or at least harmless effect with most high-dose dietary antioxidants and chemotherapy. The practical recommendations made in the article to avoid the general class of antioxidants during chemotherapy are inconsistent, in that if antioxidants were truly a threat to the efficacy of standard therapy, antioxidant-rich foods, especially fruits and vegetables, ought also be proscribed during treatment. Yet no such recommendation is made. Furthermore, the wide-scale use by both medical and radiation oncologists of synthetic antioxidants (eg, amifostine) to control the adverse effects of cytotoxic treatments is similarly overlooked. In sum, this CA article is incomplete: there is far more information available regarding antioxidant supplements as an appropriate adjunctive cancer therapy than is acknowledged. Patients would be well advised to seek the opinion of physicians who are adequately trained and experienced in the intersection of 2 complex fields, that is, chemotherapeutics and nutritional oncology. Physicians whose goal is comprehensive cancer therapy should refer their patients to qualified integrative practitioners who have such training and expertise to guide patients. A blanket rejection of the concurrent use of antioxidants with chemotherapy is not justified by the preponderance of evidence at this time and serves neither the scientific community nor cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph W Moss
- Cancer Communications, Lemont, Pennsylvania 16851, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Uncontrolled cellular proliferation, mediated by dysregulation of the cell-cycle machinery and activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) to promote cell-cycle progression, lies at the heart of cancer as a pathological process. Clinical implementation of first-generation, nonselective CDK inhibitors, designed to inhibit this proliferation, was originally hampered by the high risk of toxicity and lack of efficacy noted with these agents. The emergence of a new generation of selective CDK4/6 inhibitors, including ribociclib, abemaciclib and palbociclib, has enabled tumour types in which CDK4/6 has a pivotal role in the G1-to-S-phase cell-cycle transition to be targeted with improved effectiveness, and fewer adverse effects. Results of pivotal phase III trials investigating palbociclib in patients with advanced-stage oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer have demonstrated a substantial improvement in progression-free survival, with a well-tolerated toxicity profile. Mechanisms of acquired resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors are beginning to emerge that, although unwelcome, might enable rational post-CDK4/6 inhibitor therapeutic strategies to be identified. Extending the use of CDK4/6 inhibitors beyond ER-positive breast cancer is challenging, and will likely require biomarkers that are predictive of a response, and the use of combination therapies in order to optimize CDK4/6 targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben O'Leary
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Richard S Finn
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Nicholas C Turner
- The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK.,Breast Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JJ, UK
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Srikumar T, Padmanabhan J. Potential Use of Flavopiridol in Treatment of Chronic Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 929:209-228. [PMID: 27771926 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41342-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes the potential use of flavopiridol, a CDK inhibitor with anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities, in the treatment of various chronic diseases. Flavopiridol arrests cell cycle progression in the G1 or G2 phase by inhibiting the kinase activities of CDK1, CDK2, CDK4/6, and CDK7. Additionally, it binds tightly to CDK9, a component of the P-TEFb complex (CDK9/cyclin T), and interferes with RNA polymerase II activation and associated transcription. This in turn inhibits expression of several pro-survival and anti-apoptotic genes, and enhances cytotoxicity in transformed cells or differentiation in growth-arrested cells. Recent studies indicate that flavopiridol elicits anti-inflammatory activity via CDK9 and NFκB-dependent signaling. Overall, these effects of flavopiridol potentiate its ability to overcome aberrant cell cycle activation and/or inflammatory stimuli, which are mediators of various chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thejal Srikumar
- Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33612, USA
| | - Jaya Padmanabhan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, 33612, USA. .,USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Institute, University of South Florida, 4001 E. Fletcher Ave., Tampa, Florida, 33613, USA.
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Mikhail S, Albanese C, Pishvaian MJ. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and the treatment of gastrointestinal cancers. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:1185-97. [PMID: 25747534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The cell cycle is a highly conserved and tightly regulated biological system that controls cellular proliferation and differentiation. The cell cycle regulatory proteins, which include the cyclins, the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and the CDK inhibitors, are critical for the proper temporal and spatial regulation of cellular proliferation. Conversely, alterations in cell cycle regulatory proteins, leading to the loss of normal cell-cycle control, are a hallmark of many cancers, including gastrointestinal cancers. Accordingly, overexpression of CDKs and cyclins and by contrast loss of CDK inhibitors, are all linked to gastrointestinal cancers and are often associated with less favorable prognoses and outcomes. Because of the importance that the cell cycle regulatory proteins play in tumorigenesis, currently there is a broad spectrum of cell-cycle inhibitors under development that, as a group, hold promise as effective cancer treatments. In support of this approach to cancer treatment, the growing availability of molecular diagnostics techniques may help in identifying patients who have driving abnormalities in the cell-cycle machinery and are thus more likely to respond to cell-cycle inhibitors. In this review, we discuss the prevalence of cell-cycle abnormalities in patients with gastrointestinal cancers and provide a preclinical and clinical overview of new agents that target cell-cycle abnormalities with a special emphasis on gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh Mikhail
- James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Christopher Albanese
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia.
| | - Michael J Pishvaian
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
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15
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Else T, Kim AC, Sabolch A, Raymond VM, Kandathil A, Caoili EM, Jolly S, Miller BS, Giordano TJ, Hammer GD. Adrenocortical carcinoma. Endocr Rev 2014; 35:282-326. [PMID: 24423978 PMCID: PMC3963263 DOI: 10.1210/er.2013-1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 564] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine malignancy, often with an unfavorable prognosis. Here we summarize the knowledge about diagnosis, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and therapy of ACC. Over recent years, multidisciplinary clinics have formed and the first international treatment trials have been conducted. This review focuses on evidence gained from recent basic science and clinical research and provides perspectives from the experience of a large multidisciplinary clinic dedicated to the care of patients with ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Else
- MEND/Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes (T.E., T.J.G., G.D.H.), Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics (V.M.R.), Department of Internal Medicine; Departments of Radiation Oncology (A.S., J.S.), Pathology (T.J.G.), and Radiology (A.K., E.M.C.); and Division of Endocrine Surgery (B.S.M.), Section of General Surgery, (A.C.K.), Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital and Health Systems, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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16
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Comparative drug screening in NUT midline carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:1189-98. [PMID: 24518598 PMCID: PMC3950881 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The NUT midline carcinoma (NMC) is a rare but fatal cancer for which systematic testing of therapy options has never been performed. Methods: On the basis of disease biology, we compared the efficacy of the CDK9 inhibitor flavopiridol (FP) with a panel of anticancer agents in NMC cell lines and mouse xenografts. Results: In vitro anthracyclines, topoisomerase inhibitors, and microtubule poisons were among the most cytotoxic drug classes for NMC cells, while efficacy of the bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 varied considerably between lines carrying different BRD4 (bromodomain-containing protein 4)–NUT (nuclear protein in testis) translocations. Efficacy of FP was comparable to vincristine and doxorubicin, drugs that have been previously used in NMC patients. All three compounds showed significantly better activity than etoposide and vorinostat, agents that have also been used in NMC patients. Statins and antimetabolites demonstrated intermediate single-agent efficacy. In vivo, vincristine significantly inhibited tumour growth in two different NMC xenografts. Flavopiridol in vivo was significantly effective in one of the two NMC xenograft lines, demonstrating the biological heterogeneity of this disease. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that FP may be of benefit to a subset of patients with NMC, and warrant a continued emphasis on microtubule inhibitors, anthracyclines, and topoisomerase inhibitors as effective drug classes in this disease.
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17
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Alexander A, Keyomarsi K. Exploiting Cell Cycle Pathways in Cancer Therapy: New (and Old) Targets and Potential Strategies. NUCLEAR SIGNALING PATHWAYS AND TARGETING TRANSCRIPTION IN CANCER 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8039-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Jia B, Choy E, Cote G, Harmon D, Ye S, Kan Q, Mankin H, Hornicek F, Duan Z. Cyclin-dependent kinase 11 (CDK11) is crucial in the growth of liposarcoma cells. Cancer Lett 2013; 342:104-12. [PMID: 24007862 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Liposarcoma is the second most common soft tissue sarcoma in adults, but treatment options have been quite limited thus far. In this study, we investigated the functional and therapeutic relevance of cyclin-dependent kinase 11 (CDK11) as a putative target in liposarcoma. CDK11 knockdown by synthetic siRNA or lentiviral shRNA decreased cell proliferation, and induced apoptosis in liposarcoma cells. Moreover, CDK11 knockdown enhances the cytotoxic effect of doxorubicin to inhibit cell growth in liposarcoma cells. These findings suggest that CDK11 is critical for the growth and proliferation of liposarcoma cells. CDK11 may be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of liposarcoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jia
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Center for Sarcoma and Connective Tissue Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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19
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Yano M, Ohkoshi S, Aoki YH, Takahashi H, Kurita S, Yamazaki K, Suzuki K, Yamagiwa S, Sanpei A, Fujimaki S, Wakai T, Kudo SE, Matsuda Y, Aoyagi Y. Hepatitis B virus X induces cell proliferation in the hepatocarcinogenesis via up-regulation of cytoplasmic p21 expression. Liver Int 2013; 33:1218-29. [PMID: 23590292 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) has been shown to induce hepatocarcinogenesis by disrupting the functions of intracellular molecules. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 (Cip1/WAF1), known as a tumour-suppressor gene, has been reported to have paradoxical function, that is, acting as an oncogene, particularly when expressed in the cytoplasm. The effects of HBx on the expression and function of p21 also remain controversial. AIMS We attempted to investigate the role of HBx in the hepatocarcinogenic process, focusing on the association with this paradoxical function of p21. The results obtained were further verified with experiments using the antihepatocarcinogenic action of interferon (IFN)-β. METHODS HBx transgenic mice (Xg) and HBx-transfected hepatoma cell lines were used. Intracellular localization of p21 was determined by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Xg and HBx-transfected cells exhibited increased expression of p21. Up-regulation of p21 was positively correlated with the expression of cyclin D1 and inactive phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (pRb). These HBx-induced cell proliferative responses were cancelled by knockdown of p21, which resulted in growth reduction in HBx-expressing cells, suggesting the oncogenic properties of HBx-induced p21. HBx induced accumulation of p21 in the cytoplasm, and activation of PKCα was involved. Finally, IFN-β-treated Xg liver, as well as hepatoma cells, showed a shift of cytoplasmic p21 to the nucleus, accompanied by the abrogation of HBx-induced oncogenic modulation. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that HBx induces hepatocarcinogenesis via PKCα-mediated overexpression of cytoplasmic p21 and IFN-β suppressed these molecular events by shifting p21 to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Yano
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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20
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Liu X, Weaver EM, Hummon AB. Evaluation of therapeutics in three-dimensional cell culture systems by MALDI imaging mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2013; 85:6295-302. [PMID: 23724927 PMCID: PMC4118837 DOI: 10.1021/ac400519c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Drug penetration into solid tumors is critical for the effectiveness of clinical chemotherapy. Failing to consider the efficiency of drug penetration can lead to fatal recurrence in many cancers. Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures have served as an important model system and have contributed to valuable assays in drug discovery studies. However, limited methodologies result in incomplete evaluation of the distribution of many anticancer drugs. As a proof-of-concept study, we have applied matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) in HCT 116 colon carcinoma multicellular spheroids to assess the distribution of the anticancer drug, irinotecan. The time-dependent penetration of irinotecan was visualized and the localization of three metabolites as well as the parent drug in treated spheroids was mapped. To validate the identities of the metabolites, we analyzed extracts from drug-treated spheroids using nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS). Ten metabolites were identified with nLC-MS/MS, including those detected by MALDI IMS. This novel approach allows the measurement of drug penetration and distribution in 3D culture mimics and provides a more cost and time-effective approach for the testing of new pharmaceuticals compared to animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Eric M. Weaver
- University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Amanda B. Hummon
- University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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21
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Terranova N, Germani M, Del Bene F, Magni P. A predictive pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic model of tumor growth kinetics in xenograft mice after administration of anticancer agents given in combination. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2013; 72:471-82. [PMID: 23812004 PMCID: PMC3718992 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-013-2208-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose In clinical oncology, combination treatments are widely used and increasingly preferred over single drug administrations. A better characterization of the interaction between drug effects and the selection of synergistic combinations represent an open challenge in drug development process. To this aim, preclinical studies are routinely performed, even if they are only qualitatively analyzed due to the lack of generally applicable mathematical models. Methods This paper presents a new pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic model that, starting from the well-known single agent Simeoni TGI model, is able to describe tumor growth in xenograft mice after the co-administration of two anticancer agents. Due to the drug action, tumor cells are divided in two groups: damaged and not damaged ones. The damaging rate has two terms proportional to drug concentrations (as in the single drug administration model) and one interaction term proportional to their product. Six of the eight pharmacodynamic parameters assume the same value as in the corresponding single drug models. Only one parameter summarizes the interaction, and it can be used to compute two important indexes that are a clear way to score the synergistic/antagonistic interaction among drug effects. Results The model was successfully applied to four new compounds co-administered with four drugs already available on the market for the treatment of three different tumor cell lines. It also provided reliable predictions of different combination regimens in which the same drugs were administered at different doses/schedules. Conclusions A good and quantitative measurement of the intensity and nature of interaction between drug effects, as well as the capability to correctly predict new combination arms, suggest the use of this generally applicable model for supporting the experiment optimal design and the prioritization of different therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00280-013-2208-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Terranova
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 3, Pavia, Italy.
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Abstract
The cell cycle of eukaryotic cells varies greatly from species to species and tissue to tissue. Since an erroneous control of the cell cycle can have disastrous consequences for cellular life, there are genetically programmed signals, so-called cell cycle checkpoints, which ensure that all events of each stage are completed before beginning the next phase. Among the numerous molecules involved in this process, the most important are the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), proteins that are activated only when bound to cyclins (regulatory proteins with fluctuating concentrations). In general, more CDKs are overexpressed in cancer cells than in normal cells, which explains why cancer cells divide uncontrollably. Succeeding in modulating CDK activity with pharmacological agents could result in decreasing the abnormal proliferation rate of cancer cells. This review offers an overview of CDK-cyclin complexes in relation to different cell cycle phases, an analysis of CDK activation and inhibition of molecular mechanisms, and an extensive report, including clinical trials, regarding four new drugs acting as CDK modulators: alvocidib, P276-00, SNS-032 and seliciclib.
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Abstract
The cell cycle of eukaryotic cells varies greatly from species to species and tissue to tissue. Since an erroneous control of the cell cycle can have disastrous consequences for cellular life, there are genetically programmed signals, so-called cell cycle checkpoints, which ensure that all events of each stage are completed before beginning the next phase. Among the numerous molecules involved in this process, the most important are the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), proteins that are activated only when bound to cyclins (regulatory proteins with fluctuating concentrations). In general, more CDKs are overexpressed in cancer cells than in normal cells, which explains why cancer cells divide uncontrollably. Succeeding in modulating CDK activity with pharmacological agents could result in decreasing the abnormal proliferation rate of cancer cells. This review offers an overview of CDK-cyclin complexes in relation to different cell cycle phases, an analysis of CDK activation and inhibition of molecular mechanisms, and an extensive report, including clinical trials, regarding four new drugs acting as CDK modulators: alvocidib, P276-00, SNS-032 and seliciclib.
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Yap TA, Molife LR, Blagden SP, de Bono S. Targeting cell cycle kinases and kinesins in anticancer drug development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 2:539-60. [PMID: 23484760 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.4.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The cell cycle is regulated by kinases such as the cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and non-CDKs, which include Aurora and polo-like kinases, as well as checkpoint proteins. Mitotic kinesins are involved in the establishment of the mitotic spindle formation and function, and also play a role in cell cycle control. The disruption of the cell cycle is a hallmark of malignancy. Genetic or epigenetic events result in the upregulation of these kinases and mitotic kinesins in a myriad of tumour types, suggesting that their inhibition could result in preferential targeting of malignant cells. Such findings make the development of these inhibitors a rational and attractive new area for cancer therapeutics. Although challenges of potency and non-specificity have hampered their progress through the clinic, several novel compounds are presently in various phases of clinical trial evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Yap
- Drug Development Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Downs Road, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5PT, UK.
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Gorlick R, Kolb EA, Houghton PJ, Morton CL, Neale G, Keir ST, Carol H, Lock R, Phelps D, Kang MH, Reynolds CP, Maris JM, Billups C, Smith MA. Initial testing (stage 1) of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor SCH 727965 (dinaciclib) by the pediatric preclinical testing program. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59:1266-74. [PMID: 22315240 PMCID: PMC3349821 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SCH 727965 is a novel drug in clinical development that potently and selectively inhibits CDK1, CDK2, CDK5, and CDK9. The activity of SCH 727965 was evaluated against the PPTP's in vitro and in vivo panels. PROCEDURES SCH 727965 was tested against the PPTP in vitro panel using 96 hours exposure at concentrations ranging from 0.1 nM to 1.0 µM. It was tested against the PPTP in vivo panels at a dose of 40 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally twice weekly for 2 weeks and repeated at Day 21 with a total observation period of 6 weeks. RESULTS The median IC(50) value for the cell lines was 7.5 nM, with less than fourfold range between the minimum (3.4 nM) and maximum (11.2 nM) IC(50) values. SCH 727965 demonstrated an activity pattern consistent with cytotoxicity for most of the cell lines. Forty-three xenograft models were studied and SCH 727965 induced significant delays in event free survival distribution compared to control in 23 of 36 (64%) evaluable solid tumor xenografts and in 3 of 7 ALL xenografts. SCH 727965 did not induce objective responses in the solid tumor panels and the best response observed was stable disease for one osteosarcoma xenograft. In the leukemia panel, there were two objective responses with a complete response observed in a single xenograft. CONCLUSIONS SCH 727965 shows an interesting pattern of activity suggesting its potential applicability against selected childhood cancers, particularly leukemias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Gorlick
- The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, NY 10467, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hernan Carol
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Lock
- Children’s Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Min H. Kang
- Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - John M. Maris
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA
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Bauer J, Sporn JC, Cabral J, Gomez J, Jung B. Effects of activin and TGFβ on p21 in colon cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39381. [PMID: 22761777 PMCID: PMC3383701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activin and TGFβ share SMAD signaling and colon cancers can inactivate either pathway alone or simultaneously. The differential effects of activin and TGFβ signaling in colon cancer have not been previously dissected. A key downstream target of TGFβ signaling is the cdk2 inhibitor p21 (p21cip1/waf1). Here, we evaluate activin-specific effects on p21 regulation and resulting functions. We find that TGFβ is a more potent inducer of growth suppression, while activin is a more potent inducer of apoptosis. Further, growth suppression and apoptosis by both ligands are dependent on SMAD4. However, activin downregulates p21 protein in a SMAD4-independent fashion in conjunction with increased ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation to enhance migration, while TGFβ upregulates p21 in a SMAD4-dependent fashion to affect growth arrest. Activin-induced growth suppression and cell death are dependent on p21, while activin-induced migration is counteracted by p21. Further, primary colon cancers show differential p21 expression consistent with their ACVR2/TGFBR2 receptor status. In summary, we report p21 as a differentially affected activin/TGFβ target and mediator of ligand-specific functions in colon cancer, which may be exploited for future risk stratification and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Bauer
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Judith C. Sporn
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Cabral
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jessica Gomez
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Barbara Jung
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bose P, Perkins EB, Honeycut C, Wellons MD, Stefan T, Jacobberger JW, Kontopodis E, Beumer JH, Egorin MJ, Imamura CK, Figg WD, Karp JE, Koc ON, Cooper BW, Luger SM, Colevas AD, Roberts JD, Grant S. Phase I trial of the combination of flavopiridol and imatinib mesylate in patients with Bcr-Abl+ hematological malignancies. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2012; 69:1657-67. [PMID: 22349810 PMCID: PMC3365614 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-012-1839-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Imatinib is an inhibitor of the Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase; however, resistance is common. Flavopiridol, a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor, down-regulates short-lived anti-apoptotic proteins via inhibition of transcription. In preclinical studies, flavopiridol synergizes with imatinib to induce apoptosis. We investigated this novel combination regimen in patients with Bcr-Abl(+) malignancies. METHODS In a phase I dose-escalation study, imatinib was administered orally daily, and flavopiridol by 1 h intravenous infusion weekly for 3 weeks every 4 weeks. Adults with chronic myelogenous leukemia or Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute leukemia were eligible. Patients were divided into two strata based on peripheral blood and bone marrow blast counts. The primary objective was to identify the recommended phase II doses for the combination. Correlative pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies were also performed. RESULTS A total of 21 patients received study treatment. Four dose levels were evaluated before the study was closed following the approval of the second-generation Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Five patients responded, including four sustained responses. Four patients had stable disease. All but one responder, and all patients with stable disease had previously been treated with imatinib. One patient had a complete response sustained for 30 months. Changes in expression of phospho-Bcr/Abl, -Stat5, and Mcl-1 were monitored. No major pharmacokinetic interaction was observed. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to evaluate the combination of a CDK inhibitor and a TKI in humans. The combination of flavopiridol and imatinib is tolerable and produces encouraging responses, including in some patients with imatinib-resistant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithviraj Bose
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Edward B Perkins
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Connie Honeycut
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Martha D Wellons
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Tammy Stefan
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - James W Jacobberger
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Emmanouil Kontopodis
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital of Heraklion, Greece
- Molecular Therapeutics/Drug Discovery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jan H Beumer
- Molecular Therapeutics/Drug Discovery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
- Melanoma Programs, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Merrill J Egorin
- Molecular Therapeutics/Drug Discovery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Chiyo K Imamura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - W Douglas Figg
- Molecular Pharmacology Section and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Judith E Karp
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Omer N Koc
- Department of Regional Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Brenda W Cooper
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Selina M Luger
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - John D Roberts
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
| | - Steven Grant
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
- The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA
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Canavese M, Santo L, Raje N. Cyclin dependent kinases in cancer: potential for therapeutic intervention. Cancer Biol Ther 2012; 13:451-7. [PMID: 22361734 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.19589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle progression through each phase is regulated by heterodimers formed by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and their regulatory partner proteins, the cyclins. Together they coordinate the cellular events through cell cycle. De-regulation of cell-cycle control due to aberrant CDK activity is a common feature of most cancer types. Intensive research on small molecules that target cell cycle regulatory proteins has led to the identification of many candidate inhibitors that are able to arrest proliferation and induce apoptosis in neoplastic cells as a promising strategy to treat cancer. Interestingly, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) have also been proposed as therapeutic targets for Multiple Myeloma (MM). Overexpression and aberrant expression of the cyclins, specifically the D cyclins is seen in the majority of MM underscoring the value of exploring CDK inhibition in MM which currently remains an incurable neoplastic plasma-cell disorder. It is characterized by clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow microenviroment and associated organ dysfunction. Recent preclinical and early clinical data explore several CDK inhibitors in the context of MM. This review will provide an overview of the main classes of CDK inhibitors with a focus on their mechanism of action and discuss clinical and pharmacological implications of CDK inhibitors as possible therapeutic approaches for the treatment of cancer with specific consideration to MM.
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Luke JJ, D'Adamo DR, Dickson MA, Keohan ML, Carvajal RD, Maki RG, de Stanchina E, Musi E, Singer S, Schwartz GK. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor flavopiridol potentiates doxorubicin efficacy in advanced sarcomas: preclinical investigations and results of a phase I dose-escalation clinical trial. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:2638-47. [PMID: 22374332 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-3203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dysregulated cyclin-dependent kinases are important to the growth of some sarcomas. Flavopiridol is a pan-CDK inhibitor that has been shown to potentiate chemotherapy. As such, we explored the potentiation of doxorubicin by flavopiridol in sarcoma, in vitro and in vivo, and conducted a phase I trial of flavopiridol with doxorubicin in patients with advanced sarcomas. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Sarcoma cell lines and xenografts were treated with flavopiridol alone and in combination with doxorubicin. In the phase I study, doxorubicin and flavopiridol were administered on two flavopiridol schedules; a 1-hour bolus and split dosing as a 30-minute bolus followed by a 4-hour infusion. RESULTS Preclinically, flavopiridol potentiated doxorubicin. In vivo, doxorubicin administered 1 hour before flavopiridol was more active than doxorubicin alone. Clinically, 31 patients were enrolled on protocol and flavopiridol was escalated to target dose in two schedules (90 mg/m(2) bolus; 50 mg/m(2) bolus + 40 mg/m(2) infusion) both in combination with doxorubicin (60 mg/m(2)). Dose-limiting toxicities were neutropenia, leukopenia, and febrile neutropenia but no maximum tolerated dose was defined. Flavopiridol pharmacokinetics showed increasing C(max) with increasing dose. Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) responses included two partial responses, however, stable disease was seen in 16 patients. Of 12 evaluable patients with progressive well- and dedifferentiated liposarcoma, eight had stable disease greater than 12 weeks. CONCLUSIONS The sequential combination of doxorubicin followed by flavopiridol is well tolerated on both schedules. Disease control was observed in well- and dedifferentiated liposarcoma specifically, a disease in which CDK4 is known to be amplified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Luke
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Che Y, Zhang DY, Ye F, Wu B, Jiang B. Combination of flavopiridol and embelin effectively inhibit cell growth in hepatocellular carcinoma depending on regulatory relationship between CDK6 and XIAP. Med Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-011-9867-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Gilliam LAA, St Clair DK. Chemotherapy-induced weakness and fatigue in skeletal muscle: the role of oxidative stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2543-63. [PMID: 21457105 PMCID: PMC3176345 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.3965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Fatigue is one of the most common symptoms of cancer and its treatment, manifested in the clinic through weakness and exercise intolerance. These side effects not only compromise patient's quality of life (QOL), but also diminish physical activity, resulting in limited treatment and increased morbidity. RECENT ADVANCES Oxidative stress, mediated by cancer or chemotherapeutic agents, is an underlying mechanism of the drug-induced toxicity. Nontargeted tissues, such as striated muscle, are severely affected by oxidative stress during chemotherapy, leading to toxicity and dysfunction. CRITICAL ISSUES These findings highlight the importance of investigating clinically applicable interventions to alleviate the debilitating side effects. This article discusses the clinically available chemotherapy drugs that cause fatigue and oxidative stress in cancer patients, with an in-depth focus on the anthracycline doxorubicin. Doxorubicin, an effective anticancer drug, is a primary example of how chemotherapeutic agents disrupt striated muscle function through oxidative stress. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further research investigating antioxidants could provide relief for cancer patients from debilitating muscle weakness, leading to improved quality of life.
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Darpolor MM, Kennealey PT, Carl Le H, Zakian KL, Ackerstaff E, Rizwan A, Chen JH, Sambol EB, Schwartz GK, Singer S, Koutcher JA. Preclinical study of treatment response in HCT-116 cells and xenografts with (1) H-decoupled (31) P MRS. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2011; 24:1159-1168. [PMID: 21994185 PMCID: PMC3201722 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The topoisomerase I inhibitor, irinotecan, and its active metabolite SN-38 have been shown to induce G(2) /M cell cycle arrest without significant cell death in human colon carcinoma cells (HCT-116). Subsequent treatment of these G(2) /M-arrested cells with the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, flavopiridol, induced these cells to undergo apoptosis. The goal of this study was to develop a noninvasive metabolic biomarker for early tumor response and target inhibition of irinotecan followed by flavopiridol treatment in a longitudinal study. A total of eleven mice bearing HCT-116 xenografts were separated into two cohorts where one cohort was administered saline and the other treated with a sequential course of irinotecan followed by flavopiridol. Each mouse xenograft was longitudinally monitored with proton ((1) H)-decoupled phosphorus ((31) P) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) before and after treatment. A statistically significant decrease in phosphocholine (p = 0.0004) and inorganic phosphate (p = 0.0103) levels were observed in HCT-116 xenografts following treatment, which were evidenced within twenty-four hours of treatment completion. Also, a significant growth delay was found in treated xenografts. To discern the underlying mechanism for the treatment response of the xenografts, in vitro HCT-116 cell cultures were investigated with enzymatic assays, cell cycle analysis, and apoptotic assays. Flavopiridol had a direct effect on choline kinase as measured by a 67% reduction in the phosphorylation of choline to phosphocholine. Cells treated with SN-38 alone underwent 83 ± 5% G(2) /M cell cycle arrest compared to untreated cells. In cells, flavopiridol alone induced 5 ± 1% apoptosis while the sequential treatment (SN-38 then flavopiridol) resulted in 39 ± 10% apoptosis. In vivo (1) H-decoupled (31) P MRS indirectly measures choline kinase activity. The decrease in phosphocholine may be a potential indicator of early tumor response to the sequential treatment of irinotecan followed by flavopiridol in noninvasive and/or longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses M. Darpolor
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter T. Kennealey
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - H Carl Le
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kristen L. Zakian
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ellen Ackerstaff
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Asif Rizwan
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jin-Hong Chen
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elliot B. Sambol
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gary K. Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel Singer
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jason A. Koutcher
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Węsierska-Gądek J, Kramer MP. The impact of multi-targeted cyclin-dependent kinase inhibition in breast cancer cells: clinical implications. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2011; 20:1611-28. [PMID: 22017180 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2011.628985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The progression of the mammalian cell cycle is driven by the transient activation of complexes consisting of cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Loss of control over the cell cycle results in accelerated cell division and malignant transformation and can be caused by the upregulation of cyclins, the aberrant activation of CDKs or the inactivation of cellular CDK inhibitors. For these reasons, cell cycle regulators are regarded as very promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of human malignancies. AREAS COVERED This review covers the structures and anti-breast cancer activity of selected pharmacological pan-specific CDK inhibitors. Multi-targeted CDK inhibitors affect CDKs involved in the regulation of both cell cycle progression and transcriptional control. The inhibition of CDK7/CDK9 has a serious impact on the activity of RNA polymerase II; when its carboxy-terminal domain is unphosphorylated, it is unable to recruit the cofactors required for transcriptional elongation, resulting in a global transcriptional block. Multi-targeted inhibition of CDKs represses anti-apoptotic proteins and thus promotes the induction of apoptosis. Moreover, the inhibition of CDK7 in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer cells prevents activating phosphorylation of ER-α. EXPERT OPINION These diverse modes of action make multi-targeted CDK inhibitors promising drugs for the treatment of breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Józefa Węsierska-Gądek
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cell Cycle Regulation Group, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Cicenas J, Valius M. The CDK inhibitors in cancer research and therapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2011; 137:1409-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-011-1039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Dibb M, Ang YS. Targeting the cell cycle in esophageal adenocarcinoma: An adjunct to anticancer treatment. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:2063-9. [PMID: 21547123 PMCID: PMC3084389 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i16.2063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinoma is a major cause of cancer death in men in the developed world. Continuing poor outcomes with conventional therapies that predominantly target apoptosis pathways have lead to increasing interest in treatments that target the cell cycle. A large international effort has led to the development of a large number of inhibitors, which target cell cycle kinases, including cyclin-dependent kinases, Aurora kinases and polo-like kinase. Initial phase I/II trials in solid tumors have often demonstrated only modest clinical benefits of monotherapy. This may relate in part to a failure to identify the patient populations that will gain the most clinical benefit. Newer compounds lacking the side effect profile of first-generation compounds may show utility as adjunctive treatments targeted to an individual’s predicted response to treatment.
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Iasonos A, Ostrovnaya I. Estimating the dose-toxicity curve in completed phase I studies. Stat Med 2011; 30:2117-29. [PMID: 21341302 DOI: 10.1002/sim.4206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
While there is an extensive amount of literature covering prospective designs for phase I trials, the methodology for analyzing these data is limited. Prospective designs select the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) through a dose escalation scheme based on a model or on empirical rules. For example, the '3 + 3' method (standard method: SM) assigns patients in cohorts of three and expands to six if one toxicity is observed. It has been shown previously that the MTD chosen by the SM may be low, possibly leading to a non-efficacious dose. Additionally, when deviation from the original trial design occurs, the rules for determining MTD might not be applicable. We hypothesize that a retrospective analysis would suggest an MTD that is more accurate than the one obtained by the SM. A weighted Continual Reassessment Method (CRM-w) has been suggested (Biometrics 2005; 61:749-756) for analyzing data obtained from designs other than the prospective Continual Reassessment Method (CRM). However, CRM-w has not been evaluated in trials that follow the SM design. In this study, we propose a method to analyze completed phase I trials and possibly confirm or amend the recommended phase II dose, based on a constrained maximum likelihood estimation (CMLE). A comparison of CRM-w, isotonic regression, and CMLE in analyzing simulated SM trials shows that CMLE more accurately selects the true MTD than SM, and is better or comparable to isotonic regression and CRM-w. Confidence intervals around the toxicity probabilities at each dose level are estimated using the cumulative toxicity data. A programming code is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Iasonos
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Fotovati A, Abu-Ali S, Kage M, Shirouzu K, Yamana H, Kuwano M. N-myc Downstream-regulated Gene 1 (NDRG1) a Differentiation Marker of Human Breast Cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2011; 17:525-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-010-9342-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Johnson N, Shapiro GI. Cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks) and the DNA damage response: rationale for cdk inhibitor-chemotherapy combinations as an anticancer strategy for solid tumors. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:1199-212. [PMID: 20932174 PMCID: PMC3957489 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2010.525221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The eukaryotic cell division cycle is a tightly regulated series of events coordinated by the periodic activation of multiple cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks). Small-molecule cdk-inhibitory compounds have demonstrated preclinical synergism with DNA-damaging agents in solid tumor models. An improved understanding of how cdks regulate the DNA damage response now provides an opportunity for optimization of combinations of cdk inhibitors and DNA damaging chemotherapy agents that can be translated to clinical settings. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Here, we discuss novel work uncovering multiple roles for cdks in the DNA-damage-response network. First, they activate DNA damage checkpoint and repair pathways. Later their activity is turned off, resulting in cell cycle arrest, allowing time for DNA repair to occur. Recent clinical data on cdk inhibitor-DNA-damaging agent combinations are also discussed. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Readers will learn about novel areas of cdk biology, the complexity of DNA damage signaling networks and clinical implications. TAKE HOME MESSAGE New data demonstrate that cdks are 'master' regulators of DNA damage checkpoint and repair pathways. Cdk inhibition may therefore provide a means of potentiating the clinical activity of DNA-damaging chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Johnson
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana 810A, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Geoffrey I Shapiro
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Oncology, Dana 810A, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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A dose-finding, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of a novel schedule of flavopiridol in patients with advanced solid tumors. Invest New Drugs 2010; 30:629-38. [PMID: 20938713 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-010-9563-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Based on the promising activity and tolerability of flavopiridol administered with a pharmacokinetically-derived dosing schedule in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), we conducted a phase I study using this schedule in patients with advanced solid tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Flavopiridol was given IV as a 30-min loading dose followed by a 4-hr infusion weekly for 4 weeks repeated every 6 weeks. Dose-escalation was in cohorts of three patients using the standard 3+3 phase I study design. Blood samples were obtained for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies. RESULTS Thirty-four eligible patients with advanced solid tumors received a total of 208 doses (median 7, range 1-24). Total doses ranged from 40 to 105 mg/m(2). The primary dose limiting toxicity was cytokine release syndrome (CKRS). No antitumor responses were observed. The mean peak plasma concentration across all doses was 1.65 ± 0.86 μM. Area under the concentration-versus-time curve ([Formula: see text]) ranged from 4.31 to 32.2 μM[Symbol: see text]hr with an overall mean of 13.6 ± 7.0 μM[Symbol: see text]hr. Plasma flavopiridol concentrations and AUC increased proportionally with dose. There was no correlation between cytokine levels and clinical outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The maximum-tolerated dose of flavopiridol is 20 mg/m(2) bolus followed by 20 mg/m(2) infusion over 4 h given weekly for 4 weeks on a 6-week cycle in patients with advanced solid tumors. Flavopiridol PK was notably different, and there was a higher frequency of CKRS, despite prophylactic steroids, seen in this patient group compared to previous studies with CLL using a similar dosing schedule.
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A phase I study of flavopiridol in combination with gemcitabine and irinotecan in patients with metastatic cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 2010; 33:393-7. [PMID: 19884803 DOI: 10.1097/coc.0b013e3181b2043f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavopiridol (HMR 1275) is a synthetic flavone with antineoplastic properties through inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. Flavopiridol synergizes in a sequence-dependent fashion with chemotherapy. Major adverse events of flavopiridol in single agent phase I studies are secretory diarrhea, neutropenia, thrombosis, and fatigue. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with advanced solid tumors were treated with gemcitabine 800 mg/m and irinotecan 80 mg/m on day 1, followed by flavopiridol, starting dose of 30 mg/m on day 2 with increment of 15 mg/m per dose level, repeated on days 8 and 9 for the first 6 patients (3-week cycle), and then repeated on days 15 and 16 for the remainder patients (4-week cycle). The protocol had to be amended for inability to redose after 1 week. RESULTS Fourteen women and 7 men with advanced solid tumors were enrolled. The median age was 51 years and the median number of prior chemotherapies was 3 (0-9). Neutropenic sepsis (1 patient), grade 3 diarrhea (1 patient), and neutropenia (2 patients) preventing retreatment on day 8 were observed among the 6 subjects treated on the first schedule. The recommended phase II dose of flavopiridol was 45 mg/m in combination with irinotecan and gemcitabine every 2 weeks. Dose-limiting toxicities were electrolyte imbalance with fatigue (1 patient), and renal failure and dyspnea with hypoxia (1 patient each), seen at 45 and 60 mg/m doses, respectively. The most common side effects were fatigue (81%), nausea (71%), diarrhea (67%), transient myelosuppression (43%), and vomiting (24%). CONCLUSIONS The every 2 week dosing is well tolerated with a phase II recommended dose of 45 mg/m of flavopiridol in combination with irinotecan (80 mg/m) and gemcitabine (800 mg/m).
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Dickson MA, Rathkopf DE, Carvajal RD, Grant S, Roberts JD, Reid JM, Ames MM, McGovern RM, Lefkowitz RA, Gonen M, Cane LM, Dials HJ, Schwartz GK. A phase I pharmacokinetic study of pulse-dose vorinostat with flavopiridol in solid tumors. Invest New Drugs 2010; 29:1004-12. [PMID: 20461440 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-010-9447-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vorinostat (V) at levels >2.5 µM enhances chemotherapy in vitro. Yet the approved oral dose of 400 mg inconsistently achieves this level in patients. We developed an intermittent oral pulse-dose schedule of V to increase serum levels. We combined V with the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor flavopiridol (F) which increases V-induced apoptosis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN One week before combination treatment, V alone was given daily for 3d (cycle -1). Then V was given on d1-3 and d8-10, and F on d2 and d9, every 21-d. Due to neutropenia, this was modified to V on d1-3 and d15-17, and F on d2 and d16, every 28-d. Bolus and split-dose F schedules were studied. RESULTS 34 patients were treated. On the 21-d schedule, the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was V 600 mg/d and F 60 mg/m(2) bolus. On the 28-d schedule, the MTD was V 800 mg/d and F 30 mg/m(2) over 30 min and 30 mg/m(2) over 4 h. V C(max) at the 800 mg dose was 4.8 µM (± 2.8). V C(max) ≥ 2.5 µM was achieved in 86% of patients at the MTD. F increased the C(max) of V by 27% (95% CI 11%-43%). F C(max) of ≥ 2 µM was achieved in 90% of patients. 8 patients had stable disease for on average 5.5 m (range 1.6-13.2 m). CONCLUSIONS Intermittent high dose oral V in combination with F is feasible and achieves target serum levels >2.5 µM. V concentrations higher than previously reported with oral dosing were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Andrew Dickson
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Dickson MA, Shah MA, Rathkopf D, Tse A, Carvajal RD, Wu N, Lefkowitz RA, Gonen M, Cane LM, Dials HJ, Schwartz GK. A phase I clinical trial of FOLFIRI in combination with the pan-cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor flavopiridol. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2010; 66:1113-21. [PMID: 20953860 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-010-1269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor flavopiridol increases irinotecan- and fluorouracil-induced apoptosis. We conducted a phase I trial of FOLFIRI + flavopiridol in patients with advanced solid tumors. DESIGN FOLFIRI + flavopiridol were administered every 2 weeks. Based on sequence-dependent inhibition, flavopiridol was given 3 h after irinotecan but before 5-FU. Two maximum tolerated doses were determined, one with flavopiridol administered over 1 h, and one with flavopiridol split as a 30-min bolus followed by a 4-h infusion. RESULTS A total of 74 patients were enrolled and 63 were evaluable. The MTD with FOLFIRI was flavopiridol 80 mg/m(2) over 1 h or 35 mg/m(2) bolus + 35 mg/m(2) over 4 h. Dose-limiting toxicities were diarrhea, fatigue, neutropenia, and neuropathy. Clinical activity included 2 partial responses in small bowel cancer and bladder cancer and 1 complete response in mucosal melanoma. Stable disease was seen in 22 patients. Pharmacokinetic studies showed increasing C(max) with increasing flavopiridol dose. Clinical benefit was correlated with the presence of wild-type p53. Of 25 patients with colorectal cancer, 11 had as best response SD for >3 m (median 6 m, range 4.2-15.4 m), despite failing ≥1 irinotecan-containing regimen. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with flavopiridol and FOLFIRI is a safe and effective regimen. Concentrations of flavopiridol that enhance the effects of FOLFIRI can be achieved. Clinical activity is encouraging and includes prolonged stable disease in patients with irinotecan-refractory colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Dickson
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Abstract
Kinase inhibitors are the largest class of new cancer drugs. However, it is already apparent that most tumours can escape from the inhibition of any single kinase. If it is necessary to inhibit multiple kinases, how do we choose which ones? In this Opinion article, we discuss some of the strategies that are currently being used to identify new therapeutic combinations of kinase targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Knight
- Zachary A. Knight is at The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Nitta N, Sonoda A, Seko A, Ohta S, Nagatani Y, Tsuchiya K, Otani H, Tanaka T, Kanasaki S, Takahashi M, Murata K. A combination of cisplatin-eluting gelatin microspheres and flavopiridol enhances anti-tumour effects in a rabbit VX2 liver tumour model. Br J Radiol 2009; 83:428-32. [PMID: 20019172 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/17506834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether the combination of cisplatin-eluting gelatin microspheres (GMSs) and flavopiridol enhances anti-tumour effects in a rabbit VX2 liver tumour model. Tumour-bearing rabbits (n = 21) were divided into five groups and infused from the proper hepatic artery. Group 1 (n = 5) received cisplatin-eluting GMSs (1 mg kg(-1)) and flavopiridol (3 mg kg(-1)), group 2 (n = 5) cisplatin-eluting GMSs alone (1 mg kg(-1)), Group 3 (n = 5) flavopiridol (3 mg kg(-1)), Group 4 (n = 3) GMSs alone (1 mg kg(-1)), and Group 5 (n = 3) was the control group receiving physiological saline (1 ml kg(-1)). On days 0 and 7 after procedures the liver tumour volume was measured using a horizontal open MRI system and the relative tumour volume growth rates for 7 days after treatment were calculated. On T(1) weighted images, the tumours were visualised as circular, low-intensity areas just below the liver surface. After treatment, the signals remained similar. The relative tumour volume growth rate for 7 days after treatment was 54.2+/-22.4% in Group 1, 134.1+/-40.1% in Group 2,166.7+/-48.1% in Group 3, 341.8+/-8.6% in Group 4 and 583.1+/-46.9% in Group 5; the growth rate was significantly lower in Group 1 than the other groups (p<0.05). We concluded that in our rabbit model of liver tumours the combination of cisplatin-eluting GMSs and flavopiridol was effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nitta
- Department of Radiology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Tsukinowa-cho, Seta, Otsu, Japan.
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Rathkopf D, Dickson MA, Feldman DR, Carvajal RD, Shah MA, Wu N, Lefkowitz R, Gonen M, Cane LM, Dials HJ, Winkelmann JL, Bosl GJ, Schwartz GK. Phase I study of flavopiridol with oxaliplatin and fluorouracil/leucovorin in advanced solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:7405-11. [PMID: 19934304 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Flavopiridol, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, has promising clinical activity when combined with chemotherapy. Preclinical data indicate that flavopiridol enhances oxaliplatin- and fluorouracil (5FU)-induced apoptosis in a sequence-dependent manner. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We conducted a phase I trial of flavopiridol + FOLFOX (folinic acid, 5FU, and oxaliplatin) for advanced solid tumors. Flavopiridol was administered every 2 weeks with oxaliplatin before 5FU, based on sequence-dependent growth inhibition. Flavopiridol pharmacokinetics and p53 status were evaluated. RESULTS Forty-eight patients were treated on study. With dose escalation of oxaliplatin (85 mg/m(2)) and 5FU (2,400 mg/m(2)), dose-limiting toxicities included hyponatremia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia. 5FU was subsequently reduced to allow for dose escalation of flavopiridol. Dose-limiting toxicities with escalation of flavopiridol were nausea, vomiting, and neutropenia. The maximum tolerated dose was 70 mg/m(2) flavopiridol, 85 mg/m(2) oxaliplatin, and 1,800 mg/m(2) 5FU continuous infusion over 48 hours. Clinical activity was noted in platinum-refractory germ cell tumors: 3 of 9 (33%) evaluable patients showed a partial response on imaging and 7 of 10 (70%) had a decline in serum tumor markers. Responses were also observed in pancreatic, gastric, and sweat gland tumors. Flavopiridol pharmacokinetics had significant interpatient variability. At the maximum tolerated dose, tumor samples were p53 mutant (>30% positive cells) for responders and p53 wild-type for nonresponders. CONCLUSIONS Flavopiridol with FOLFOX is a safe and tolerable regimen. Promising clinical activity was seen across tumor types. Encouraging results in the platinum-refractory germ cell tumor population has prompted a phase II trial that is currently open for accrual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Rathkopf
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Goteti K, Garner CE, Utley L, Dai J, Ashwell S, Moustakas DT, Gönen M, Schwartz GK, Kern SE, Zabludoff S, Brassil PJ. Preclinical pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models to predict synergistic effects of co-administered anti-cancer agents. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2009; 66:245-54. [PMID: 19841922 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-009-1153-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models have been shown to be useful in predicting tumor growth rates in mouse xenografts. We applied novel PK/PD models to the published anticancer combination therapies of tumor growth inhibition to simulate synergistic changes in tumor growth rates. The parameters from the PK/PD model were further used to estimate clinical doses of the combination. METHODS A PK/PD model was built that linked the dosing regimen of a compound to the inhibition of tumor growth in mouse xenograft models. Two subsequent PK/PD models were developed to simulate the published tumor growth profiles of combination treatments. Model I predicts the tumor growth curve assuming that the effect of two anticancer drugs, AZD7762 and irinotecan, is synergistic when given in combination. Model II predicts the tumor growth curve assuming that the effect of co-administering flavopiridol and irinotecan is maximally synergistic when dosed at an optimal interval. RESULTS Model I was able to account for the synergistic effects of AZD7762 following the administration of irinotecan. When Model II was applied to the antitumor activity of irinotecan and flavopiridol combination therapy, the modeling was able to reproduce the optimal dosing interval between administrations of the compounds. Furthermore, Model II was able to estimate the biologically active dose of flavopiridol recommended for phase II studies. CONCLUSIONS The timing of clinical combination therapy doses is often selected empirically. PK/PD models provide a theoretical structure useful in the design of the optimal clinical dose, frequency of administration and the optimal timing of administration between anticancer agents to maximize tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosalaram Goteti
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA.
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Kuljaca S, Liu T, Dwarte T, Kavallaris M, Haber M, Norris MD, Martin-Caballero J, Marshall GM. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21(WAF1), promotes angiogenesis by repressing gene transcription of thioredoxin-binding protein 2 in cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:1865-71. [PMID: 19773351 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21(WAF1), induces cell-cycle arrest and can act as a tumor suppressor. However, increasing evidence indicates that p21(WAF1) can also increase resistance to some anticancer therapies and thus promote tumor growth. The mechanisms explaining this paradox have not been explained. We found that conditioned media from MCF-7 breast cancer cells transfected with a p21(WAF1)-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly reduced endothelial cell migration, invasion and vascular sprouting. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of the conditioned media revealed that p21(WAF1) knockdown significantly reduced secretion of thioredoxin (Trx), a redox protein known to promote tumor angiogenesis. p21(WAF1) knockdown decreased Trx enzymatic activity in cancer cells, by effects on the expression levels of intracellular thioredoxin-binding protein 2 (TBP2), known to bind and inactivate Trx. Consistent with these findings, media from cancer cells transfected with TBP2 siRNA promoted endothelial cell invasion and blocked the anti-angiogenic effect of p21(WAF1) siRNA. Addition of Trx siRNA blocked the pro-angiogenic effects of TBP2 siRNA. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed p21(WAF1) bound TBP2 gene promoter. Taken together, our data suggests that p21(WAF1) can induce Trx secretion and angiogenesis in cancer cells, by direct transcriptional repression of the TBP2 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selena Kuljaca
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2031, Australia
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Abstract
Phosphorylation plays essential roles in nearly every aspect of cell life. Protein kinases regulate signalling pathways and cellular processes that mediate metabolism, transcription, cell-cycle progression, differentiation, cytoskeleton arrangement and cell movement, apoptosis, intercellular communication, and neuronal and immunological functions. Protein kinases share a conserved catalytic domain, which catalyses the transfer of the γ-phosphate of ATP to a serine, threonine or tyrosine residue in protein substrates. The kinase can exist in an active or inactive state regulated by a variety of mechanisms in different kinases that include control by phosphorylation, regulation by additional domains that may target other molecules, binding and regulation by additional subunits, and control by protein–protein association. This Novartis Medal Lecture was delivered at a meeting on protein evolution celebrating the 200th anniversary of Charles Darwin's birth. I begin with a summary of current observations from protein sequences of kinase phylogeny. I then review the structural consequences of protein phosphorylation using our work on glycogen phosphorylase to illustrate one of the more dramatic consequences of phosphorylation. Regulation of protein phosphorylation is frequently disrupted in the diseased state, and protein kinases have become high-profile targets for drug development. Finally, I consider recent advances on protein kinases as drug targets and describe some of our recent work with CDK9 (cyclin-dependent kinase 9)–cyclin T, a regulator of transcription.
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Ambrosini G, Seelman SL, Schwartz GK. Differentiation-related gene-1 decreases Bim stability by proteasome-mediated degradation. Cancer Res 2009; 69:6115-21. [PMID: 19622774 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Drg1 was identified as a differentiation-related, putative metastatic suppressor gene in human colon and prostate cancer. Its expression is associated with resistance to irinotecan (CPT-11) therapy in preclinical colorectal cancer models both in vitro and in vivo. However, the functional significance of Drg1 in these processes is unknown. We have shown for the first time that Drg1 directly binds to the BH3-only proapoptotic protein Bim. Depletion of Drg1 by small interfering RNA induced up-regulation of Bim and its accumulation in the mitochondria, which correlated with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and induction of apoptosis in cells exposed to SN-38. Further analyses revealed that Drg1 promotes degradation of Bim through the Cullin2/ElonginB-CIS ubiquitin-protein ligase complex. Conversely, in the absence of Drg1, Bim was stabilized and bound more abundantly to Hsp70. These results show that Drg1 renders cancer cells more resistant to chemotherapy through enhanced proteasome-mediated Bim degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Ambrosini
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of New Drug Development, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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50
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Abstract
Protein kinases catalyse key phosphorylation reactions in signalling cascades that affect every aspect of cell growth, differentiation and metabolism. The kinases have become prime targets for drug intervention in the diseased state, especially in cancer. There are currently 10 drugs that have been approved for clinical use and many more in clinical trials. This review summarises the structural basis for protein kinase inhibition and discusses the mode of action for each of the approved drugs in the light of structural results. All but one of the approved compounds target the ATP binding site on the kinase. Both the active and inactive conformations of protein kinases have been used in strategies to produce potent and selective compounds. Targeting the inactive conformation can give high specificity. Targeting the active conformation is favourable where the diseased state has arisen from activating mutations, but such inhibitors generally target several protein kinases. Drug resistance mutations are a potential risk for both conformational states, where drug-binding regions are not directly involved in catalysis. Imatinib (Glivec), the most successful of protein kinase inhibitors, targets the inactive conformation of ABL tyrosine kinase. Newer compounds, such as dasatinib, which targets the ABL active state, have been developed to increase potency and have proved effective for some, but not all, drug-resistant mutations. The first epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors in clinical use [gefitinib (Iressa) and erlotinib (Tarceva)] targeted the active form of the kinase, and this proved advantageous for patients whose cancer was caused by mutations that resulted in a constitutively active EGFR kinase domain. Newer approved compounds, such as lapatinib (Tykerb), target the inactive conformation with high potency. A further compound that forms a covalent attachment to the kinase has been found to overcome one of the major drug resistance mutations, where the effectiveness of the drug in vivo is dependent on its ability to compete successfully in the presence of cellular concentrations of ATP. Inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) kinase against cancer angiogenesis show the advantage of some relaxation in specificity. Sorafenib, originally developed as RAF inhibitor, is now in clinical use as a VEGFR inhibitor. Temsirolimus (a derivative of rapamycin) is the only example of a drug in clinical use that does not target the kinase ATP site. Instead rapamycin, when in complex with the protein FKBP12, effectively targets mTOR kinase at a site located on a domain, the FRB domain, that appears to be involved in localisation or substrate docking.
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