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Jia Q, Yang Y, Yao S, Chen X, Hu Z. Emerging Roles of Galectin-3 in Pulmonary Diseases. Lung 2024:10.1007/s00408-024-00709-y. [PMID: 38850292 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-024-00709-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a multifunctional protein that is involved in various physiological and pathological events. Emerging evidence suggests that galectin-3 also plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary diseases. Galectin-3 can be produced and secreted by various cell types in the lungs, and the overexpression of galectin-3 has been found in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS), pulmonary hypertension (PH), pulmonary fibrosis diseases, lung cancer, lung infection, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and asthma. Galectin-3 exerts diverse effects on the inflammatory response, immune cell activation, fibrosis and tissue remodeling, and tumorigenesis in these pulmonary disorders, and genetic and pharmacologic modulation of galectin-3 has therapeutic effects on the treatment of pulmonary illnesses. In this review, we summarize the structure and function of galectin-3 and the underlying mechanisms of galectin-3 in pulmonary disease pathologies; we also discuss preclinical and clinical evidence regarding the therapeutic potential of galectin-3 inhibitors in these pulmonary disorders. Additionally, targeting galectin-3 may be a very promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiyi Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Shanglong Yao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangdong Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China.
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Hossain A, Ahsan A, Hasan I, Sohel, Khan A, Somadder PD, Monjur S, Miah S, Kibria KMK, Ahmed K, Rahman H. Screening out molecular pathways and prognostic biomarkers of ultraviolet-mediated melanoma through computational techniques. Int J Biol Markers 2024; 39:118-129. [PMID: 38410032 DOI: 10.1177/03936155241230968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ultraviolet radiation causes skin cancer, but the exact mechanism by which it occurs and the most effective methods of intervention to prevent it are yet unknown. For this purpose, our study will use bioinformatics and systems biology approaches to discover potential biomarkers of skin cancer for early diagnosis and prevention of disease with applicable clinical treatments. METHODS This study compared gene expression and protein levels in ultraviolet-mediated cultured keratinocytes and adjacent normal skin tissue using RNA sequencing data from the National Center for Biotechnology Information-Gene Expression Omnibus (NCBI-GEO) database. Then, pathway analysis was employed with a selection of hub genes from the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and the survival and expression profiles. Finally, potential clinical biomarkers were validated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS We identified 32 shared differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by analyzing three different subsets of the GSE85443 dataset. Skin cancer development is related to the control of several DEGs through cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity, cell cycle regulation, and activation of the NIMA kinase pathways. The cytoHubba plugin in Cytoscape identified 12 hub genes from PPI; among these 3 DEGs, namely, AURKA, CDK4, and PLK1 were significantly associated with survival (P < 0.05) and highly expressed in skin cancer tissues. For validation purposes, ROC curve analysis indicated two biomarkers: AURKA (area under the curve (AUC) value = 0.8) and PLK1 (AUC value = 0.7), which were in an acceptable range. CONCLUSIONS Further translational research, including clinical experiments, teratogenicity tests, and in-vitro or in-vivo studies, will be performed to evaluate the expression of these identified biomarkers regarding the prognosis of skin cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arju Hossain
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Asif Ahsan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Imran Hasan
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh
| | - Sohel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Primeasia University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Arif Khan
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pratul Dipta Somadder
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Sumaiya Monjur
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head-Neck Surgery, Dhaka Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sipon Miah
- Department of Information and communication Technology, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh
| | - K M Kaderi Kibria
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Kawsar Ahmed
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
- Group of Biophotomatiχ, Department of Information and Communication Technology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Habibur Rahman
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh
- Center for Advanced Bioinformatics and Artificial Intelligence Research, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh
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Galectin-3 Is a Natural Binding Ligand of MCAM (CD146, MUC18) in Melanoma Cells and Their Interaction Promotes Melanoma Progression. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101451. [PMID: 36291660 PMCID: PMC9599063 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM, CD146, MUC18) is a heavily glycosylated transmembrane protein and a marker of melanoma metastasis. It is expressed in advanced primary melanoma and metastasis but rarely in benign naevi or normal melanocytes. More and more evidence has shown that activation of the MCAM on cell surface plays a vital role in melanoma progression and metastasis. However, the natural MCAM binding ligand that initiates MCAM activation in melanoma so far remains elusive. This study revealed that galectin-3, a galactoside-binding protein that is commonly overexpressed in many cancers including melanoma, is naturally associated with MCAM on the surface of both skin and uveal melanoma cells. Binding of galectin-3 to MCAM, via O-linked glycans on the MCAM, induces MCAM dimerization and clustering on cell surface and subsequent activation of downstream AKT signalling. This leads to the increases of a number of important steps in melanoma progression of cell proliferation, adhesion, migration, and invasion. Thus, galectin-3 is a natural binding ligand of MCAM in melanoma, and their interaction activates MCAM and promotes MCAM-mediated melanoma progression. Targeting the galectin-3–MCAM interaction may potentially be a useful therapeutic strategy for melanoma treatment.
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Mohammed NBB, Antonopoulos A, Dell A, Haslam SM, Dimitroff CJ. The pleiotropic role of galectin-3 in melanoma progression: Unraveling the enigma. Adv Cancer Res 2022; 157:157-193. [PMID: 36725108 PMCID: PMC9895887 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly aggressive skin cancer with poor outcomes associated with distant metastasis. Intrinsic properties of melanoma cells alongside the crosstalk between melanoma cells and surrounding microenvironment determine the tumor behavior. Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a ß-galactoside-binding lectin, has emerged as a major effector in cancer progression, including melanoma behavior. Data from melanoma models and patient studies reveal that Gal-3 expression is dysregulated, both intracellularly and extracellularly, throughout the stages of melanoma progression. This review summarizes the most recent data and hypotheses on Gal-3 and its tumor-modulating functions, highlighting its role in driving melanoma growth, invasion, and metastatic colonization. It also provides insight into potential Gal-3-targeted strategies for melanoma diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhan B B Mohammed
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU (TGIF), Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | | | - Anne Dell
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart M Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles J Dimitroff
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute at FIU (TGIF), Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States.
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Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles Isolated from Blood Serum of Patients with Melanoma. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9040086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Malignant melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer with the highest mortality rate. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have potential as new tumor markers that could be used as diagnostic and prognostic markers for early detection of melanoma. Methods: EVs were purified from the blood serum of melanoma patients using two methods—ultracentrifugation and PEG precipitation—and analyzed by mass spectrometry and immunoblot. Results: We identified a total of 585 unique proteins; 334 proteins were detected in PEG-precipitated samples and 515 in UC-purified EVs. EVs purified from patients varied in their size and concentration in different individuals. EVs obtained from stage II and III patients were, on average, smaller and more abundant than others. Detailed analysis of three potential biomarkers—SERPINA3, LGALS3BP, and gelsolin—revealed that the expression of SERPINA3 and LGALS3BP was higher in melanoma patients than healthy controls, while gelsolin exhibited higher expression in healthy controls. Conclusion: We suggest that all three proteins might have potential to be used as biomarkers, but a number of issues, such as purification of EVs, standardization, and validation of methods suitable for everyday clinical settings, still need to be addressed.
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Aghighi M, Pukhalskaya T, Smoller BR. Immunohistochemical Expression of Galectin-3 in Pemphigus Vulgaris. Am J Dermatopathol 2021; 43:e165-e168. [PMID: 33767069 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000001939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is an autoimmune bullous disorder related to immunoglobulin-G autoantibodies against desmoglein-3. Galectin-3 is one of the main elements of the immunoglobulin-E group which is essential in the cell-cell or cell-matrix adhesion. Although the presence of immunoglobulin-E autoantibodies in PV has been observed, no studies have been performed to describe the role of galectin-3 in PV. We evaluated galectin-3 expression in PV as a first step in assessing its impact in the pathogenesis of this autoimmune blistering process. In a retrospective study, 56 specimens from 45 patients diagnosed with PV were stained with antibodies to galectin-3. The percentages of nuclear and cytoplasmic galectin-3 expression as well as staining intensity were evaluated around blisters and adjacent unaffected skin. We observed a significant decrease in galectin-3 cytoplasmic and nuclear expression as well as stain intensity around blisters compared with adjacent unaffected skin. Although autoantibodies against desmogleins trigger the blister formation in PV patients, loss of galectin-3 may play a role in the extension of blister formation by initiating cell-cell disassembly at the level of the intercellular keratinocyte desmosome. We demonstrated a lower expression of galectin-3 around the blisters in PV. The pathogenesis of the blister formation may be related to lower expression of galectin-3. Additional studies are necessary to clarify the result of this outcome and determine the accurate pathogenesis of blister formation in PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Aghighi
- Department of Pathology, Robert Wood Johnson Barnabas Health, Livingston, NJ; and
| | - Tatsiana Pukhalskaya
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Bruce R Smoller
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
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Souri Z, Wierenga APA, Kroes WGM, van der Velden PA, Verdijk RM, Eikmans M, Luyten GPM, Jager MJ. LAG3 and Its Ligands Show Increased Expression in High-Risk Uveal Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174445. [PMID: 34503258 PMCID: PMC8430821 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is a rare ocular malignancy which originates in the uveal tract, and often gives rise to metastases. Potential targets for immune checkpoint inhibition are lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG3) and its ligands. We set out to analyse the distribution of these molecules in UM. The expression of mRNA was determined using an Illumina array in 64 primary UM from Leiden. The T lymphocyte fraction was determined by digital droplet PCR. In a second cohort of 15 cases from Leiden, mRNA expression was studied by Fluidigm qPCR, while a third cohort consisted of 80 UM from TCGA. In the first Leiden cohort, LAG3 expression was associated with the presence of epithelioid cells (p = 0.002), monosomy of chromosome 3 (p = 0.004), and loss of BAP1 staining (p = 0.001). In this Leiden cohort as well as in the TCGA cohort, LAG3 expression correlated positively with the expression of its ligands: LSECtin, Galectin-3, and the HLA class II molecules HLA-DR, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DP (all p < 0.001). Furthermore, ligands Galectin-3 and HLA class II were increased in monosomy 3 tumours and the expression of LAG3 correlated with the presence of an inflammatory phenotype (T cell fraction, macrophages, HLA-A and HLA-B expression: all p < 0.001). High expression levels of LAG3 (p = 0.01), Galectin-3 (p = 0.001), HLA-DRA1 (p = 0.002), HLA-DQA1 (p = 0.04), HLA-DQB2 (p = 0.03), and HLA-DPA1 (p = 0.007) were associated with bad survival. We conclude that expression of the LAG ligands Galectin-3 and HLA class II strongly correlates with LAG3 expression and all are increased in UM with Monosomy 3/BAP1 loss. The distribution suggests a potential benefit of monoclonal antibodies against LAG3 or Galectin-3 as adjuvant treatment in patients with high-risk UM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Souri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (Z.S.); (A.P.A.W.); (P.A.v.d.V.); (G.P.M.L.)
| | - Annemijn P. A. Wierenga
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (Z.S.); (A.P.A.W.); (P.A.v.d.V.); (G.P.M.L.)
| | - Wilma G. M. Kroes
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Pieter A. van der Velden
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (Z.S.); (A.P.A.W.); (P.A.v.d.V.); (G.P.M.L.)
| | - Robert M. Verdijk
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
- Department of Pathology, Section Ophthalmic Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Eikmans
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Gregorius P. M. Luyten
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (Z.S.); (A.P.A.W.); (P.A.v.d.V.); (G.P.M.L.)
| | - Martine J. Jager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (Z.S.); (A.P.A.W.); (P.A.v.d.V.); (G.P.M.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Gyuricza B, Szabó JP, Arató V, Szücs D, Vágner A, Szikra D, Fekete A. Synthesis of Novel, Dual-Targeting 68Ga-NODAGA-LacN-E[c(RGDfK)] 2 Glycopeptide as a PET Imaging Agent for Cancer Diagnosis. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13060796. [PMID: 34073528 PMCID: PMC8227980 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiolabeled peptides possessing an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif are widely used radiopharmaceuticals for PET imaging of tumor angiogenesis due to their high affinity and selectivity to αvβ3 integrin. This receptor is overexpressed in tumor and tumor endothelial cells in the case of numerous cancer cell lines, therefore, it is an excellent biomarker for cancer diagnosis. The galectin-3 protein is also highly expressed in tumor cells and N-acetyllactosamine is a well-established ligand of this receptor. We have developed a synthetic method to prepare a lactosamine-containing radiotracer, namely 68Ga-NODAGA-LacN-E[c(RGDfK)]2, for cancer diagnosis. First, a lactosamine derivative with azido-propyl aglycone was synthetized. Then, NODAGA-NHS was attached to the amino group of this lactosamine derivative. The obtained compound was conjugated to an E[c(RGDfK)]2 peptide with a strain-promoted click reaction. We have accomplished the radiolabeling of the synthetized NODAGA-LacN-E[c(RGDfK)]2 precursor with a positron-emitting 68Ga isotope (radiochemical yield of >95%). The purification of the labeled compound with solid-phase extraction resulted in a radiochemical purity of >99%. Subsequently, the octanol–water partition coefficient (log P) of the labeled complex was determined to be −2.58. In addition, the in vitro stability of 68Ga-NODAGA-LacN-E[c(RGDfK)]2 was investigated and it was found that it was stable under the examined conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gyuricza
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.G.); (J.P.S.); (V.A.); (D.S.); (D.S.)
- Doctoral School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit P. Szabó
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.G.); (J.P.S.); (V.A.); (D.S.); (D.S.)
- Doctoral School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Viktória Arató
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.G.); (J.P.S.); (V.A.); (D.S.); (D.S.)
- Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dániel Szücs
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.G.); (J.P.S.); (V.A.); (D.S.); (D.S.)
- Doctoral School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Vágner
- Scanomed Ltd., Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Dezső Szikra
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.G.); (J.P.S.); (V.A.); (D.S.); (D.S.)
- Scanomed Ltd., Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Anikó Fekete
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (B.G.); (J.P.S.); (V.A.); (D.S.); (D.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-52-255-510 (ext. 54470)
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Aghighi M, Smoller BR. Diminished Expression of Galectin-3 Around Blisters in Bullous Pemphigoid: An Immunohistochemistry Study. Dermatol Pract Concept 2020; 10:e2020106. [PMID: 33150039 PMCID: PMC7588160 DOI: 10.5826/dpc.1004a106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a subepidermal blistering disorder caused by autoantibodies directed against hemidesmosomal proteins. Many patients with BP demonstrate circulating IgE autoantibodies. Although the role of IgE in the pathogenesis of BP is unknown, a correlation between IgE antibodies and eosinophilia has been observed. Soluble CD23 and galectin-3 are the main elements of the IgE group. The roles for CD23 in BP as a potential biomarker and IgE production regulator have been characterized, but no studies have evaluated any roles for galectin-3 in this disease. Objective In this study, we evaluated galectin-3 expression in BP as a first step in assessing its role in the pathogenesis of this autoimmune blistering process. Patients and Methods Sixty specimens diagnosed as BP were stained with antibodies to galectin-3. The percentages of nuclear and cytoplasmic galectin-3 expression and staining intensity were evaluated. Results There was a significant difference in galectin-3 cytoplasmic and nuclear expression within keratinocytes immediately surrounding and above the blisters: (1) cytoplasmic (mean = 17.2% ± 2.4%) vs adjacent unaffected skin (mean = 66.7% ± 2.0%, P < 0.0001) and (2) nuclear (mean = 1.9% ± 0.4%) vs adjacent unaffected skin (mean = 13.2% ± 1.2%, P < 0.0001). Conclusions Lower expression of galectin-3 around blisters in BP may suggest a role as an adhesion molecule. Loss of galectin-3 may add to the extension of blister formation by initiating cell-extracellular matrix disassembly and may be involved with the associated dermal inflammation and the eosinophil chemotaxis. Further studies will be necessary to elucidate the result of this observed loss on disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Aghighi
- Department of Pathology, Robert Wood Johnson Barnabas Health, Livingston, NJ, USA
| | - Bruce R Smoller
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
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Sourris KC, Watson A, Jandeleit-Dahm K. Inhibitors of Advanced Glycation End Product (AGE) Formation and Accumulation. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020; 264:395-423. [PMID: 32809100 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A range of chemically different compounds are known to inhibit the formation and accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) or disrupt associated signalling pathways. There is evidence that some of these agents can provide end-organ protection in chronic diseases including diabetes. Whilst this group of therapeutics are structurally and functionally different and have a range of mechanisms of action, they ultimately reduce the deleterious actions and the tissue burden of advanced glycation end products. To date it remains unclear if this is due to the reduction in tissue AGE levels per se or the modulation of downstream signal pathways. Some of these agents either stimulate antioxidant defence or reduce the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), modify lipid profiles and inhibit inflammation. A number of existing treatments for glucose lowering, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia are also known to reduce AGE formation as a by-product of their action. Targeted AGE formation inhibitors or AGE cross-link breakers have been developed and have shown beneficial effects in animal models of diabetic complications as well as other chronic conditions. However, only a few of these agents have progressed to clinical development. The failure of clinical translation highlights the importance of further investigation of the advanced glycation pathway, the diverse actions of agents which interfere with AGE formation, cross-linking or AGE receptor activation and their effect on the development and progression of chronic diseases including diabetic complications. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are (1) proteins or lipids that become glycated as a result of exposure to sugars or (2) non-proteinaceous oxidised lipids. They are implicated in ageing and the development, or worsening, of many degenerative diseases, such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, chronic kidney and Alzheimer's disease. Several antihypertensive and antidiabetic agents and statins also indirectly lower AGEs. Direct AGE inhibitors currently investigated include pyridoxamine and epalrestat, the inhibition of the formation of reactive dicarbonyls such as methylglyoxal as an important precursor of AGEs via increased activation of the detoxifying enzyme Glo-1 and inhibitors of NOX-derived ROS to reduce the AGE/RAGE signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karly C Sourris
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anna Watson
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Karin Jandeleit-Dahm
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Jalilian E, Xu Q, Horton L, Fotouhi A, Reddy S, Manwar R, Daveluy S, Mehregan D, Gelovani J, Avanaki K. Contrast-enhanced optical coherence tomography for melanoma detection: An in vitro study. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2020; 13:e201960097. [PMID: 32072773 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201960097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT), with a high-spatial resolution (<10 microns), intermediate penetration depth (~1.5 mm) and volumetric imaging capability is a great candidate to be used as a diagnostic-assistant modality in dermatology. At this time, the accuracy of OCT for melanoma detection is lower than anticipated. In this letter, we studied for the first time, the use of a novel contrast agent consist of ultra-small nanoparticles conjugated to a melanoma biomarker to improve the accuracy of OCT for differentiation of melanoma cells from nonmelanoma cells, in vitro. We call this approach SMall nanoparticle Aggregation-enhanced Radiomics of Tumor (SMART)-OCT imaging. This initial proof of concept study is the first step toward the broad utilization of this method for high accuracy all types of tumor detection applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmira Jalilian
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Qiuyun Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Luke Horton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Audrey Fotouhi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Shriya Reddy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Rayyan Manwar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Steven Daveluy
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Darius Mehregan
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Juri Gelovani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Kamran Avanaki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
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12
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Wang S, Liu H, Xin J, Rahmanzadeh R, Wang J, Yao C, Zhang Z. Chlorin-Based Photoactivable Galectin-3-Inhibitor Nanoliposome for Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy and NK Cell-Related Immunity in Melanoma. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:41829-41841. [PMID: 31617343 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an encouraging alternative therapy for melanoma treatment and Ce6-mediated PDT has shown some exciting results in clinical trials. However, PDT in melanoma treatment is still hampered by some melanoma's protective mechanisms like antiapoptosis mechanisms and treatment escape pathways. Combined therapy and enhancing immune stimulation were proposed as effective strategies to overcome this resistance. In this paper, a Chlorin-based photoactivable Galectin-3-inhibitor nanoliposome (PGIL) was designed for enhanced Melanoma PDT and immune activation of Natural Killer (NK) cells. PGIL were synthesized by encapsulating the photosensitizer chlorin e6 and low molecular citrus pectin in the nanoliposome to realize NIR-triggered PDT and low molecular citrus pectin (LCP) release into the cytoplasm. The intracellular release of LCP inhibits the activity of galectin-3, which increases the apoptosis, inhibits the invade ability, and enhances the recognition ability of Natural Killer (NK) cells to tumor cells in melanoma cells after PDT. These effects of PGIL were tested in cells and nude mice, and the mechanisms during the in vivo treatment were preliminarily studied. The results showed that PGIL can be an effective prodrug for melanoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation, School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710049 , China
| | - Huifang Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation, School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710049 , China
| | - Jing Xin
- Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation, School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710049 , China
| | - Ramtin Rahmanzadeh
- Institute for Biomedical Optics , University of Lübeck , Lübeck 23562 , Germany
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation, School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710049 , China
| | - Cuiping Yao
- Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation, School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710049 , China
| | - Zhenxi Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Analytical Technology and Instrumentation, School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710049 , China
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13
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Vargas THM, Pulz LH, Ferro DG, Sobral RA, Venturini MAFA, Corrêa HL, Strefezzi RF. Galectin-3 Expression Correlates with Post-surgical Survival in Canine Oral Melanomas. J Comp Pathol 2019; 173:49-57. [PMID: 31812173 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanomas (MMs) represent 7% of all malignant neoplasms in dogs. Oral melanocytic neoplasms are often malignant and associated with poor prognosis. There are no universally accepted prognostic markers for canine oral melanoma. Galectin (Gal)-3 is a prognostic marker for human neoplasms such as thyroid, gastric, colorectal and prostate cancers. The protein is related to processes that favour cancer progression, such as angiogenesis, proliferation and apoptosis. The aim of the present study was to characterize the immunohistochemical expression of Gal-3 in canine oral melanomas and to compare it with post-surgical survival, the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and other known prognostic tools. Twenty-seven samples of canine oral melanomas were evaluated for Gal-3, B-cell lymphoma (BCL) 2, caspase (CASP) 3 and Ki67 expression, mitotic index and degree of nuclear atypia. Gal-3 cytoplasmic positivity was correlated positively, while nuclear positivity was correlated negatively, with survival. The intensity of BCL2 labelling was also correlated positively with Gal-3 cytoplasmic positivity. Higher nuclear atypia was observed in dogs with melanoma that died due to the tumour, as well as in dogs that survived for <1 year after surgery. We have confirmed the importance of nuclear atypia for MMs and suggest that Gal-3 is a valuable prognostic indicator for this neoplasm. More in-depth studies are needed to unveil Gal-3 functions in canine MMs using larger sample sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H M Vargas
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L H Pulz
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D G Ferro
- Odontovet - Centro Odontológico Veterinário, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R A Sobral
- Onco Cane Veterinária, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - H L Corrêa
- Odontovet - Centro Odontológico Veterinário, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - R F Strefezzi
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.
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14
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Pasmatzi E, Papadionysiou C, Monastirli A, Badavanis G, Tsambaos D. Galectin 3: an extraordinary multifunctional protein in dermatology. Current knowledge and perspectives. An Bras Dermatol 2019; 94:348-354. [PMID: 31365668 PMCID: PMC6668939 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20198426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin 3 is a unique ~31 kDa protein that recognizes the N-acetyl-lactosamine structure of several glycoconjugates. It mainly occurs in epithelial and myeloid cells, but is also found in a variety of human cell types. In view of the crucial role played by galectin 3 in the regulation of cellular processes of essential importance and in the pathogenetic mechanisms of diverse disorders, it is not surprising that, particularly in the last three decades, the attention of the scientific community has been increasingly drawn to this extraordinary and multifunctional galectin. In this paper the authors summarize current knowledge on the expression of galectin 3 in normal and diseased human skin, its implications in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and prognosis of cutaneous disorders, and the perspectives of a novel approach to the treatment of the latter using galectin 3 or its inhibitors/antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathia Pasmatzi
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Patras University,
Rio-Patras, Greece
| | | | | | - George Badavanis
- Discipline of Dermatology, Center for Dermatologic Diseases,
Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Dionysios Tsambaos
- Discipline of Dermatology, Center for Dermatologic Diseases,
Limassol, Cyprus
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15
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Wu NL, Liu FT. The expression and function of galectins in skin physiology and pathology. Exp Dermatol 2019; 27:217-226. [PMID: 29427464 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The galectin family comprises β-galactoside-binding proteins widely expressed in many organisms. There are at least 16 family members, which can be classified into three groups based on their carbohydrate-recognition domains. Pleiotropic functions of different galectins in physiological and pathological processes through extracellular or intracellular actions have been revealed. In the skin, galectins are expressed in a variety of cells, including keratinocytes, melanocytes, fibroblasts, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, macrophages and endothelial cells. Expression of specific galectins is reported to affect cell status, such as activation or death, and regulate the interaction between different cell types or between cells and the extracellular matrix. In vitro cellular studies, in vivo animal studies and studies of human clinical material have revealed the pathophysiologic roles of galectins in the skin. The pathogenesis of diverse non-malignant skin disorders, such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, contact dermatitis and wound healing, as well as skin cancers, such as melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma and cutaneous haematologic malignancy can be regulated by different galectins. Revelation of biological roles of galectins in skin may pave the way to future development of galectin-based therapeutic strategies for skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Lin Wu
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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16
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Wdowiak K, Gallego-Colon E, Francuz T, Czajka-Francuz P, Ruiz-Agamez N, Kubeczko M, Grochoła I, Wybraniec MT, Chudek J, Wojnar J. Increased serum levels of Galectin-9 in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:1019-1029. [PMID: 30655861 PMCID: PMC6313089 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common type of leukemia in adults. Despite improvements in treatment, CLL is still considered an incurable disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate galectin-1, -3 and -9 (Gal-1, -3 and -9) and Gal-3 binding protein (Gal-3BP) as prognostic and predictive factors in patients with CLL. Serum concentrations of Gal-1, -3 and -9 and Gal-3BP were measured in 48 patients with CLL and 30 control patients, using multiplex bead arrays. In patients with CLL, galectin concentrations were assessed prior to, during and following treatment. In patients with CLL who were untreated, galectin concentrations were measured twice with a 6-month interval. The serum level of Gal-9 was significantly increased (P<0.0001) in patients with CLL compared with the control group, and was associated with the clinical stage according to Binet classification, as well as poor cytogenetic and serum CLL prognostic factors. In addition, patients with CLL, who exhibited treatment failure, exhibited higher concentrations of Gal-9 (P=0.06) and Gal-3BP (P=0.009) at the end of the treatment when compared with patients under complete remission or stabilization of the disease. The serum level of Gal-3 was significantly decreased (P=0.012) in patients with CLL compared with the control group. These results suggest that Gal-9 is a potential prognostic factor in patients with CLL. The predictive value of Gal-9 requires further study in larger cohorts of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Wdowiak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncological Chemotherapy, Silesian Medical University, Katowice 40-027, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Francuz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncological Chemotherapy, Silesian Medical University, Katowice 40-027, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry, Silesian Medical University, Katowice 40-752, Poland
| | - Paulina Czajka-Francuz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncological Chemotherapy, Silesian Medical University, Katowice 40-027, Poland
| | - Natalia Ruiz-Agamez
- Department of Biochemistry, Silesian Medical University, Katowice 40-752, Poland
| | - Marcin Kubeczko
- Clinical and Experimental Oncology Department, Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice 44-101, Poland
| | - Iga Grochoła
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncological Chemotherapy, Silesian Medical University, Katowice 40-027, Poland
| | - Maciej T. Wybraniec
- First Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice 40-635, Poland
| | - Jerzy Chudek
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncological Chemotherapy, Silesian Medical University, Katowice 40-027, Poland
| | - Jerzy Wojnar
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncological Chemotherapy, Silesian Medical University, Katowice 40-027, Poland
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17
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Kataoka Y, Ohshio Y, Teramoto K, Igarashi T, Asai T, Hanaoka J. Hypoxia‑induced galectin‑3 enhances RhoA function to activate the motility of tumor cells in non‑small cell lung cancer. Oncol Rep 2018; 41:853-862. [PMID: 30535445 PMCID: PMC6312936 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 plays crucial roles in tumor progression. However, in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), it remains unclear whether the hypoxic tumor microenvironment enhances galectin-3-induced cell motility. We investigated galectin-3 expression in NSCLC cells under hypoxia, and the possible molecular mechanisms by which galectin-3 influences tumor aggressiveness. Galectin-3 levels in NSCLC cell lines under hypoxia were assessed using reverse transcription PCR and western blotting. To clarify the role of endogenous galectin-3, the effect of galectin-3 knockdown in NSCLC cells was investigated using scratch and invasion assays. The expression and clinicopathological significance of galectin-3 in 57 patients with pN0M0 invasive pulmonary adenocarcinoma were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Both mRNA and protein levels of galectin-3 in the NSCLC cell lines A549 and LK-2 were upregulated by hypoxia. As revealed by scratch and invasion assays, the cell migratory and invasive activities were significantly increased under hypoxia, but were reduced by galectin-3 knockdown. Notably, addition of galectin-3 to the media did not improve the cell motility impaired by galectin-3 knockdown. To clarify the role of endogenous galectin-3 in the enhancement of tumor cell motility under hypoxia, we focused on the function of RhoA. RhoA level in the plasma membrane, but not in the cytoplasm, was increased under hypoxia and decreased by galectin-3 knockdown. RhoA activity was significantly enhanced under hypoxia and effectively inhibited by galectin-3 knockdown. In patients with pN0M0 invasive pulmonary adenocarcinoma, higher galectin-3 expression on tumor cells was significantly associated with tumor cell invasion into microvessels and tumor recurrence after surgery. These data demonstrate that in NSCLC cells under hypoxia, upregulated galectin-3 levels increase the localization of RhoA to the plasma membrane, thus enhancing RhoA activity, which is associated with aggressive cell motility. In pN0M0 invasive pulmonary adenocarcinoma, galectin-3 is a potential biomarker for predicting tumor recurrence after radical surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Kataoka
- Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520‑2192, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Ohshio
- Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520‑2192, Japan
| | - Koji Teramoto
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520‑2192, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Igarashi
- Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520‑2192, Japan
| | - Tohru Asai
- Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520‑2192, Japan
| | - Jun Hanaoka
- Department of Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520‑2192, Japan
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18
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Nangia-Makker P, Hogan V, Raz A. Galectin-3 and cancer stemness. Glycobiology 2018; 28:172-181. [PMID: 29315388 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last few decades galectin-3, a carbohydrate binding protein, with affinity for N-acetyllactosamine residues, has been unique due to the regulatory roles it performs in processes associated with tumor progression and metastasis such as cell proliferation, homotypic/heterotypic aggregation, dynamic cellular transformation, migration and invasion, survival and apoptosis. Structure-function association of galectin-3 reveals that it consists of a short amino terminal motif, which regulates its nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling; a collagen α-like domain, susceptible to cleavage by matrix metalloproteases and prostate specific antigen; accountable for its oligomerization and lattice formation, and a carbohydrate-recognition/binding domain containing the anti-death motif of the Bcl2 protein family. This structural complexity permits galectin-3 to associate with numerous molecules utilizing protein-protein and/or protein-carbohydrate interactions in the extra-cellular as well as intracellular milieu and regulate diverse signaling pathways, a number of which appear directed towards epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stemness. Self-renewal, differentiation, long-term culturing and drug-resistance potential characterize cancer stem cells (CSCs), a small cell subpopulation within the tumor that is thought to be accountable for heterogeneity, recurrence and metastasis of tumors. Despite the fact that association of galectin-3 to the tumor stemness phenomenon is still in its infancy, there is sufficient direct evidence of its regulatory roles in CSC-associated phenotypes and signaling pathways. In this review, we have highlighted the available data on galectin-3 regulated functions pertinent to cancer stemness and explored the opportunities of its exploitation as a CSC marker and a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima Nangia-Makker
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute, 421 East Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.,Karmanos Cancer Institute, 421 East Canfield, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Victor Hogan
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute, 421 East Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Avraham Raz
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute, 421 East Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.,Karmanos Cancer Institute, 421 East Canfield, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, 540 East Canfield, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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19
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Elia AR, Caputo S, Bellone M. Immune Checkpoint-Mediated Interactions Between Cancer and Immune Cells in Prostate Adenocarcinoma and Melanoma. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1786. [PMID: 30108594 PMCID: PMC6079266 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate adenocarcinoma (PCa) and melanoma are paradigmatic examples of tumors that are either poorly or highly sensitive to therapies based on monoclonal antibodies directed against regulatory pathways in T lymphocytes [i.e., immune checkpoint blockade (ICB)]. Yet, approximately 40% of melanoma patients are resistant or acquire resistance to ICB. What characterize the microenvironment of PCa and ICB-resistant melanoma are a scanty cytotoxic T cell infiltrate and a strong immune suppression, respectively. Here, we compare the tumor microenvironment in these two subgroups of cancer patients, focusing on some among the most represented immune checkpoint molecules: cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4, programmed death-1, lymphocyte activation gene-3, and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3. We also report on several examples of crosstalk between cancer and immune cells that are mediated by inhibitory immune checkpoints and identify promising strategies aimed at overcoming ICB resistance both in PCa and melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Rita Elia
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Department of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Caputo
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Department of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Bellone
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Department of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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20
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Galectin-3 Expression in Benign and Malignant Skin Diseases With Epidermal Hyperplasia. Am J Dermatopathol 2018; 39:738-741. [PMID: 27922892 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000000781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3 has been suggested relative to tumor genesis, progression, and metastasis in basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma that are the most common skin cancers characterized by malignant epidermal proliferation. In this study, we evaluated galectin-3 expression in seborrheic keratosis, keratoacanthoma, and infectious diseases including verruca vulgaris, condyloma acuminatum, and chromoblastomycosis that are pathologically featured by benign epidermal proliferation. Galectin-3 expression was shown by immunohistochemical staining and quantified using the Image Pro Plus V6.0. We found that galectin-3 distributed evenly in normal skin around the body decreased significantly in all selected diseases compared with healthy controls, but it was comparable among each disease. These findings imply that galectin-3 do not differentiate between benign and malignant proliferation of keratinocytes.
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21
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Zhao W, Ajani JA, Sushovan G, Ochi N, Hwang R, Hafley M, Johnson RL, Bresalier RS, Logsdon CD, Zhang Z, Song S. Galectin-3 Mediates Tumor Cell-Stroma Interactions by Activating Pancreatic Stellate Cells to Produce Cytokines via Integrin Signaling. Gastroenterology 2018; 154:1524-1537.e6. [PMID: 29274868 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by activated pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), abundance of extracellular matrix (ECM), and production of cytokines and chemokines. Galectin 3 (GAL3), a β-galactoside-specific lectin, contributes to PDAC development but its effects on the stroma and cytokine production are unclear. METHODS The effect of recombinant human GAL3 (rGAL3) on activation of PSCs, production of cytokines, and ECM proteins was determined by proliferation, invasion, cytokine array, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We assessed co-cultures of PDAC cells with GAL3 genetic alterations with PSCs. Production of interleukin 8 (IL8) and activities of nuclear factor (NF)-κB were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and luciferase reporter analyses. We studied the effects of inhibitors of NF-κB and integrin-linked kinase (ILK) on pathways activated by rGAL3. RESULTS In analyses of the Gene Expression Omnibus database and our dataset, we observed higher levels of GAL3, IL8, and other cytokines in PDAC than in nontumor tissues. Production of IL8, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, chemokine ligand 1, and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 increased in PSCs exposed to rGAL3 compared with controls. Culture of PSCs with PDAC cells that express different levels of GAL3 resulted in proliferation and invasion of PSCs that increased with level of GAL3. GAL3 stimulated transcription of IL8 through integrin subunit beta 1 (ITGB1) on PSCs, which activates NF-κB through ILK. Inhibitors of ILK or NF-κB or a neutralizing antibody against ITGB1 blocked transcription and production of IL8 from PSCs induced by rGAL3. The GAL3 inhibitor significantly reduced growth and metastases of orthotopic tumors that formed from PDAC and PSC cells co-implanted in mice. CONCLUSION GAL3 activates PSC cells to produce inflammatory cytokines via ITGB1signaling to ILK and activation of NF-κB. Inhibition of this pathway reduced growth and metastases of pancreatic orthotopic tumors in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education) and Department of Cell Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China; Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Jaffer A Ajani
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Guha Sushovan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nobuo Ochi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Rosa Hwang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Margarete Hafley
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Randy L Johnson
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert S Bresalier
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Craig D Logsdon
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Zhiqian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education) and Department of Cell Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shumei Song
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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22
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Sciacchitano S, Lavra L, Morgante A, Ulivieri A, Magi F, De Francesco GP, Bellotti C, Salehi LB, Ricci A. Galectin-3: One Molecule for an Alphabet of Diseases, from A to Z. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020379. [PMID: 29373564 PMCID: PMC5855601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) regulates basic cellular functions such as cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, growth, proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation. It is not surprising, therefore, that this protein is involved in the pathogenesis of many relevant human diseases, including cancer, fibrosis, chronic inflammation and scarring affecting many different tissues. The papers published in the literature have progressively increased in number during the last decades, testifying the great interest given to this protein by numerous researchers involved in many different clinical contexts. Considering the crucial role exerted by Gal-3 in many different clinical conditions, Gal-3 is emerging as a new diagnostic, prognostic biomarker and as a new promising therapeutic target. The current review aims to extensively examine the studies published so far on the role of Gal-3 in all the clinical conditions and diseases, listed in alphabetical order, where it was analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Sciacchitano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luca Lavra
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Morgante
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Ulivieri
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Fiorenza Magi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Gian Paolo De Francesco
- Department of Oncological Science, Breast Unit, St Andrea University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035/39, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carlo Bellotti
- Operative Unit Surgery of Thyroid and Parathyroid, Sapienza University of Rome, S. Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035/39, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Leila B Salehi
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Biopathology and Diagnostic Imaging, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alberto Ricci
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Venkateshaiah SU, Eswaraiah MS, Annaiah HNM, Dharmesh SM. Antimetastatic pectic polysaccharide from Decalepis hamiltonii; galectin-3 inhibition and immune-modulation. Clin Exp Metastasis 2017; 34:141-154. [PMID: 28160109 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-017-9836-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a malignant neoplasm of major concern because of its high mortality rate and failure of chemotherapy. Previously we have shown that galectin-3, a galactose specific lectin, plays a pivotal role in the initiation of metastasis. It was hypothesized that blocking galectin-3 with galactose rich dietary pectic polymer would inhibit metastasis. The current study analyzes the preventive effect and mode of action of a pectic polymer from Swallow Root (Decalepis hamiltonii) in a preventative study of B16F10 cells lung colonization. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) activity was assayed by zymography. Apoptotic/proliferative markers and cytokines were analyzed by immunoassay. Results indicated ~88% inhibition of lung colonization by SRPP as compared to 60% by CPP and only 7% by GRPP. Further molecular analysis revealed that galectin-3 blockade was associated with down regulation of MMPs and NFκB. Activation of caspases supported the apoptotic effect of SRPP. Infiltration of inflammatory cells into the lung was evidenced by presence of CD11b+ cells and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine-IL-17, indicating inflammation during the cancer cell colonization process. SRPP enhanced the release of IL-12 that enables the reduction of inflammation. Our data for the first time indicate the effective anti-metastatic effect of SRPP due to both galectin-3 blockade and immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathisha U Venkateshaiah
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, 570 020, Karnataka, India
| | - Mallikarjuna S Eswaraiah
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, 570 020, Karnataka, India
| | - Harish Nayaka M Annaiah
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, 570 020, Karnataka, India
| | - Shylaja M Dharmesh
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, 570 020, Karnataka, India.
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Radosavljevic GD, Pantic J, Jovanovic I, Lukic ML, Arsenijevic N. The Two Faces of Galectin-3: Roles in Various Pathological Conditions. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/sjecr-2016-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Galectin-3, a unique chimaera-type member of the lectin family, displays a wide range of activities. This versatile molecule is involved in fundamental biological processes, including cell proliferation, cell-cell adhesion, apoptosis and immune responses.
This review is aimed at providing a general overview of the biological actions and diverse effects of Galectin-3 in many pathological conditions, with a specific focus on autoimmunity, inflammation and tumour progression. We report herein that Galectin-3 exerts deleterious functions determined by promotion of tumour progression and liver inflammation or aggravation of T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. On the other hand, Galectin-3 exhibits a protective role in metabolic abnormalities and primary biliary cirrhosis.
The paradoxical “yin and yang” functions of Galectin-3 depend not only on its tissue and cellular localization but also on its availability, glycosylation status and the expression level of its ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana D. Radosavljevic
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Pantic
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ivan Jovanovic
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Miodrag L. Lukic
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
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Vereecken P, Ghanem G, Morandini R, Suciu S, Van Baren N, Heenen M. Defining the Prognostic Value for Galectin-3 in Cutaneous Melanoma. J Int Med Res 2016; 35:731-2. [PMID: 17900410 DOI: 10.1177/147323000703500520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Ekmekcioglu S, Davies MA, Tanese K, Roszik J, Shin-Sim M, Bassett RL, Milton DR, Woodman SE, Prieto VG, Gershenwald JE, Morton DL, Hoon DS, Grimm EA. Inflammatory Marker Testing Identifies CD74 Expression in Melanoma Tumor Cells, and Its Expression Associates with Favorable Survival for Stage III Melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:3016-24. [PMID: 26783288 PMCID: PMC4911309 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inflammatory marker expression in stage III melanoma tumors was evaluated for association with outcome, using two independent cohorts of stage III melanoma patients' tumor tissues. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Fifteen markers of interest were selected for analysis, and their expression in melanoma tissues was determined by immunohistochemistry. Proteins associating with either overall survival (OS) or recurrence-free survival (RFS) in the retrospective discovery tissue microarray (TMA; n = 158) were subsequently evaluated in an independent validation TMA (n = 114). Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to assess the association between survival parameters and covariates, the Kaplan-Meier method to estimate the distribution of survival, and the log-rank test to compare distributions. RESULTS Expression of CD74 on melanoma cells was unique, and in the discovery TMA, it associated with favorable patient outcome (OS: HR, 0.53; P = 0.01 and RFS: HR, 0.56; P = 0.01). The validation data set confirmed the CD74 prognostic significance and revealed that the absence of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was also associated with poor survival parameters. Consistent with the protein observation, tumor CD74 mRNA expression also correlated positively (P = 0.003) with OS in the melanoma TCGA data set. CONCLUSIONS Our data validate CD74 as a useful prognostic tumor cell protein marker associated with favorable RFS and OS in stage III melanoma. Low or negative expression of MIF in both TMAs and of iNOS in the validation set also provided useful prognostic data. A disease-specific investigation of CD74's functional significance is warranted, and other markers appear intriguing to pursue. Clin Cancer Res; 22(12); 3016-24. ©2016 AACR.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/biosynthesis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Child
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/biosynthesis
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Intramolecular Oxidoreductases/metabolism
- Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors/metabolism
- Male
- Melanoma/mortality
- Melanoma/pathology
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Staging
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Retrospective Studies
- Skin Neoplasms/mortality
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Young Adult
- Melanoma, Cutaneous Malignant
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhendan Ekmekcioglu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Michael A Davies
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Keiji Tanese
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jason Roszik
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Myung Shin-Sim
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California
| | - Roland L Bassett
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Denái R Milton
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Scott E Woodman
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Victor G Prieto
- Department of Pathology and Dermatology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeffrey E Gershenwald
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Donald L Morton
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California
| | - Dave S Hoon
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute, Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California
| | - Elizabeth A Grimm
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.
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Pokrywka M, Bubka M, Janik M, Pocheć E, Hoja-Łukowicz D, Lityńska A. Gal-3 does not suppress cisplatin-induced apoptosis in A-375 melanoma cells. Cell Biol Int 2016; 40:428-38. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Pokrywka
- Chair of Clinical Biochemistry; Jagiellonian University Medical College; Kopernika 15A 31-501 Kraków Poland
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology; Jagiellonian University; Gronostajowa 7A 30-387 Kraków Poland
| | - Monika Bubka
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology; Jagiellonian University; Gronostajowa 9 30-387 Kraków Poland
| | - Marcelina Janik
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology; Jagiellonian University; Gronostajowa 9 30-387 Kraków Poland
| | - Ewa Pocheć
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology; Jagiellonian University; Gronostajowa 9 30-387 Kraków Poland
| | - Dorota Hoja-Łukowicz
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology; Jagiellonian University; Gronostajowa 9 30-387 Kraków Poland
| | - Anna Lityńska
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology; Jagiellonian University; Gronostajowa 9 30-387 Kraków Poland
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Lopes MLDDS, Nonaka CFW, Queiroz LMG, de Souza LB, Miguel MCDC, da Silveira ÉJD. Pattern of galectins expression in actinic cheilitis with different risks of malignant transformation. J Oral Pathol Med 2015; 45:621-6. [PMID: 26711374 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Actinic cheilitis (AC) is a chronic inflammatory lesion that in some situations can turn into squamous cell carcinoma of the lip. The molecular mechanisms involved in this process are not yet completely understood. This study aimed to investigate the expression pattern of galectins in actinic cheilitis according to the histopathological grading. METHODS Immunoexpression of galectin-1, galectin-3, galectin-7, and galectin-9 was semiquantitatively analyzed in 65 cases of actinic cheilitis graded as low risk (n = 40) or high risk (n = 25) of malignant transformation. Association between the location of the galectins in the cellular compartments and histopathological grading was analyzed. RESULTS Galectin-1 was mainly observed in the cell cytoplasm, and was elevated (score 3) in 60% of cases, regardless of the histopathological grade (P > 0.05). Galectin-3 expression was higher in high-risk group than in the low-risk group (P < 0.05), with a predominant expression in the cytoplasm and nucleus of low-risk (67.5%), and only in the cytoplasm of high-risk cases (60%) (P < 0.05). Galectin-7 expression did not show significant differences between low-risk and high-risk groups (P > 0.05). With respect to galectin-9, 89.2% of cases were positive, showing decrease in median of scores as there was an increase in histological grade (P < 0.001), with predominant expression in the nucleus and cytoplasm. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first indication of galectins involvement in the pathogenesis and morphologic progression of actinic cheilitis, particularly galectin-3 and galectin-9.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lélia Maria Guedes Queiroz
- Postgraduate Program in Oral Pathology, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Lélia Batista de Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Oral Pathology, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Márcia Cristina da Costa Miguel
- Postgraduate Program in Oral Pathology, Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
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Abstract
The alteration in expression of B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family of protein members in cancer is involved mainly in the regulation of apoptosis. Bcl-2 family proteins are currently used as major targets in the development of methods to improve treatment outcomes for cancer patients that underwent clinical trials. Although many agents have been developed for targeting Bcl-2 in the past decade, some previous attempts to target Bcl-2 have not resulted in beneficial clinical outcome for reasons unknown. Here, we propose that this was due in part for not considering the cellular level of a different antiapoptotic protein, i.e., galectin-3 (Gal-3). Gal-3 is a member of the β-galactoside binding protein family and a multifunctional oncogenic protein which regulates cell growth, cell adhesion, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. Gal-3 is the sole protein that contains the NWGR anti-death motif of the Bcl-2 family and inhibits cell apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutic agents through phosphorylation, translocation and regulation of survival signaling pathways. It is now established that Gal-3 is a candidate target protein to suppress antiapoptotic activity and anticancer drug resistance. In this review, we describe the role and relevance of Gal-3 and Bcl-2 protein family in the regulation of apoptosis and propose a novel combination therapy modality. Combination therapy that targets Gal-3 could be essential for improvement of the efficacy of Bcl-2 targeting therapy in cancers and should be studied in future clinical trials. Otherwise, not considering Gal-3 cellular level could lead to trial failure.
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Thijssen VL, Heusschen R, Caers J, Griffioen AW. Galectin expression in cancer diagnosis and prognosis: A systematic review. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1855:235-47. [PMID: 25819524 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of proteins that bind to specific glycans thereby deciphering the information captured within the glycome. In the last two decades, several galectin family members have emerged as versatile modulators of tumor progression. This has initiated the development and preclinical assessment of galectin-targeting compounds. With the first compounds now entering clinical trials it is pivotal to gain insight in the diagnostic and prognostic value of galectins in cancer as this will allow a more rational selection of the patients that might benefit most from galectin-targeted therapies. Here, we present a systematic review of galectin expression in human cancer patients. Malignant transformation is frequently associated with altered galectin expression, most notably of galectin-1 and galectin-3. In most cancers, increased galectin-1 expression is associated with poor prognosis while elevated galectin-9 expression is emerging as a marker of favorable disease outcome. The prognostic value of galectin-3 appears to be tumor type dependent and the other galectins require further investigation. Regarding the latter, additional studies using larger patient cohorts are essential to fully unravel the diagnostic and prognostic value of galectin expression. Furthermore, to better compare different findings, consensus should be reached on how to assess galectin expression, not only with regard to localization within the tissue and within cellular compartments but also regarding alternative splicing and genomic variations. Finally, linking galectin expression and function to aberrant glycosylation in cancer cells will improve our understanding of how these versatile proteins can be exploited for diagnostic, prognostic and even therapeutic purposes in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L Thijssen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Roy Heusschen
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA-Research, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Jo Caers
- Laboratory of Hematology, GIGA-Research, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Arjan W Griffioen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Jiang SS, Weng DS, Wang QJ, Pan K, Zhang YJ, Li YQ, Li JJ, Zhao JJ, He J, Lv L, Pan QZ, Xia JC. Galectin-3 is associated with a poor prognosis in primary hepatocellular carcinoma. J Transl Med 2014; 12:273. [PMID: 25260879 PMCID: PMC4179848 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0273-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galectin-3, a member of the beta-galactoside-binding lectin family, is a multifunctional protein with various biological functions, including the proliferation and differentiation of tumor cells, angiogenesis, cancer progression, and metastasis. We aimed to clarify if expression of galectin-3 is related to the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, and to explore the possible mechanisms of galectin-3 in hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS First, we investigated galectin-3 mRNA and protein expression by using RT-PCR and Western blotting. Second, tissues from 165 HCC patients were used to evaluate clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis through immunohistochemical analyses. Furthermore, the functions of galectin-3 were analyzed with respect to the proliferation, cell cycle,apoptosis, migration, and invasion of HCC cell lines. Finally, we analyzed galectin-3 expression and micro-vessel density (MVD) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) to find its correlation with angiogenesis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Flow cytometer was used to explore apoptosis and Western-blot was used to detect the pathway proteins of apoptosis. RESULTS Galectin-3 showed high expression at the mRNA and protein levels in HCC cancer tissues and cell lines. Clinicopathological analyses revealed that increased expression of galectin-3 in tumors was closely associated with a poor prognosis. Galectin-3 knockdown by siRNA significantly inhibited cell growth, migration, and invasion, and induced apoptosis in HCC cells in vitro, whereas galectin-3 overexpression promoted cell growth, migration, and invasion. Correlation analysis of galectin-3 expression and micro-vessel density (MVD) showed that galectin-3 expression in tumor cells stimulates angiogenesis. The observed regulation of cell apoptosis was accompanied by the galectin-3-mediated modulation of caspase3 signaling pathways in HCC cells. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that galectin-3 plays an important part in HCC progression and may serve as a prognostic factor for HCC.
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Izraely S, Sagi-Assif O, Klein A, Meshel T, Ben-Menachem S, Zaritsky A, Ehrlich M, Prieto VG, Bar-Eli M, Pirker C, Berger W, Nahmias C, Couraud PO, Hoon DS, Witz IP. The metastatic microenvironment: Claudin-1 suppresses the malignant phenotype of melanoma brain metastasis. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:1296-307. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sivan Izraely
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Orit Sagi-Assif
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Anat Klein
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Tsipi Meshel
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Shlomit Ben-Menachem
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Assaf Zaritsky
- Blavatnik School of Computer Science; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Marcelo Ehrlich
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Victor G. Prieto
- Department of Pathology; The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston TX
| | - Menashe Bar-Eli
- Department of Cancer Biology; The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston TX
| | - Christine Pirker
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I; Medical University Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I; Medical University Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - Clara Nahmias
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin; Paris France
- Cnrs, UMR8104; Paris France
- University Paris Descartes; UMR-S 1016, Paris France
| | - Pierre-Olivier Couraud
- Inserm, U1016, Institut Cochin; Paris France
- Cnrs, UMR8104; Paris France
- University Paris Descartes; UMR-S 1016, Paris France
| | - Dave S.B. Hoon
- Department of Molecular Oncology; John Wayne Cancer Institute, Saint John's Health Center; Santa Monica CA
| | - Isaac P. Witz
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
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Abstract
The adequate procurement and preservation of high-quality tissue specimens from patients with melanoma is a critical clinical issue as patients' tumor samples are now used not only for pathological diagnosis but are also necessary to determine the molecular signature of the tumor to stratify patients who may benefit from targeted melanoma therapy. Tissue resources available for physicians and investigators include formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue and frozen tissue, either preserved in optimal cutting temperature (OCT) media or snap frozen. Properly preserved tissue may be used to evaluate melanoma biomarkers by immunohistochemistry (IHC) with tissue microarray (TMA) technology, to perform genetic and genomic analyses, and for other types of translational research in melanoma.
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Galectin-3 in cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 431:185-91. [PMID: 24530298 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) plays important roles in cell proliferation, adhesion, differentiation, angiogenesis and apoptosis in normal and pathologic tissues. Accumulated evidences indicate that Gal-3 is closely involved in tumor cell transformation, migration, invasion and metastasis. In this review, the associations of the expression and localization of Gal-3 as well as its potential action mechanism in tumorigenesis in a variety of cancers were summarized and concluded. Gal-3 is gaining its attraction as a potential new biomarker for the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of certain tumors.
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Chung HJ, Mahalingam M. Angiogenesis, vasculogenic mimicry and vascular invasion in cutaneous malignant melanoma – implications for therapeutic strategies and targeted therapies. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 14:621-39. [DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2014.883281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Machado CML, Andrade LNS, Teixeira VR, Costa FF, Melo CM, dos Santos SN, Nonogaki S, Liu FT, Bernardes ES, Camargo AA, Chammas R. Galectin-3 disruption impaired tumoral angiogenesis by reducing VEGF secretion from TGFβ1-induced macrophages. Cancer Med 2014; 3:201-14. [PMID: 24421272 PMCID: PMC3987071 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to study the role of galectin-3 in tumor angiogenesis associated with tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and tumor parenchyma, the galectin-3 expression was reconstituted in Tm1 melanoma cell line that lacks this protein. Galectin-3-expressing cells (Tm1G3) and mock-vector transfected cells (Tm1N3) were injected into wild-type (WT) and galectin-3 knockout (KO) C57Bl/6 mice. Tumors originated from Tm1G3 were larger in tumor volume with enlarged functional vessels, decreased necrotic areas, and increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein levels. Galectin-3-nonexpressing-cells injected into WT and KO showed increased levels of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) and, in WT animals this feature was also accompanied by increased VEGFR2 expression and its phosphorylation. In KO animals, tumors derived from galectin-3-expressing cells were infiltrated by CD68(+)-cells, whereas in tumors derived from galectin-3-nonexpressing-cells, CD68(+) cells failed to infiltrate tumors and accumulated in the periphery of the tumor mass. In vitro studies showed that Tm1G3 secreted more VEGF than Tm1N3 cells. In the latter case, TGFβ1 induced VEGF production. Basal secretion of VEGF was higher in WT-bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) than in KO-BMDM. TGFβ1 induced secretion of VEGF only in WT-BMDM. Tm1G3-induced tumors had the Arginase I mRNA increased, which upregulated alternative macrophage (M2)/TAM induction. M2 stimuli, such as interleukin-4 (IL4) and TGFβ1, increased Arginase I protein levels and galectin-3 expression in WT- BMDM, but not in cells from KO mice. Hence, we report that galectin-3 disruption in tumor stroma and parenchyma decreases angiogenesis through interfering with the responses of macrophages to the interdependent VEGF and TGFβ1 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Maria Longo Machado
- Laboratório de Oncologia Experimental-LIM24, Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Depto. de Radiologia e Oncologia, Centro de Investigação Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratório de Investigação Médica Radioisotopos-LIM/43, Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Braeuer RR, Watson IR, Wu CJ, Mobley AK, Kamiya T, Shoshan E, Bar-Eli M. Why is melanoma so metastatic? Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:19-36. [PMID: 24106873 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is one of the most aggressive cancers and can disseminate from a relatively small primary tumor and metastasize to multiple sites, including the lung, liver, brain, bone, and lymph nodes. Elucidating the molecular and genetic changes that take place during the metastatic process has led to a better understanding of why melanoma is so metastatic. Herein, we describe the unique features that distinguish melanoma from other solid tumors and contribute to the malignant phenotype of melanoma cells. For example, although melanoma cells are highly antigenic, they are extremely efficient at evading host immune response. Melanoma cells share numerous cell surface molecules with vascular cells, are highly angiogenic, are mesenchymal in nature, and possess a higher degree of 'stemness' than do other solid tumors. Finally, analysis of melanoma mutations has revealed that the gene expression profile of malignant melanoma is different from that of other cancers. Elucidating these molecular and genetic processes in highly metastatic melanoma can lead to the development of improved treatment and individualized therapy options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell R Braeuer
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas at MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Dye DE, Medic S, Ziman M, Coombe DR. Melanoma biomolecules: independently identified but functionally intertwined. Front Oncol 2013; 3:252. [PMID: 24069584 PMCID: PMC3781348 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of patients diagnosed with melanoma present with thin lesions and generally these patients have a good prognosis. However, 5% of patients with early melanoma (<1 mm thick) will have recurrence and die within 10 years, despite no evidence of local or metastatic spread at the time of diagnosis. Thus, there is a need for additional prognostic markers to help identify those patients that may be at risk of recurrent disease. Many studies and several meta-analyses have compared gene and protein expression in melanocytes, naevi, primary, and metastatic melanoma in an attempt to find informative prognostic markers for these patients. However, although a large number of putative biomarkers have been described, few of these molecules are informative when used in isolation. The best approach is likely to involve a combination of molecules. We believe one approach could be to analyze the expression of a group of interacting proteins that regulate different aspects of the metastatic pathway. This is because a primary lesion expressing proteins involved in multiple stages of metastasis may be more likely to lead to secondary disease than one that does not. This review focuses on five putative biomarkers – melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM), galectin-3 (gal-3), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), and paired box 3 (PAX3). The goal is to provide context around what is known about the contribution of these biomarkers to melanoma biology and metastasis. Although each of these molecules have been independently identified as likely biomarkers, it is clear from our analyses that each are closely linked with each other, with intertwined roles in melanoma biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E Dye
- School of Biomedical Science & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health, Curtin University , Perth, WA , Australia
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Borges BE, Teixeira VR, Appel MH, Steclan CA, Rigo F, Filipak Neto F, da Costa Ferreira AM, Chammas R, Zanata SM, Nakao LS. De novo galectin-3 expression influences the response of melanoma cells to isatin-Schiff base copper (II) complex-induced oxidative stimulus. Chem Biol Interact 2013; 206:37-46. [PMID: 23994248 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3, a ubiquitous member of the galectin family, has been shown to control cellular proliferation, adhesion, migration and apoptosis; thus, it has a role in tumor development and progression. Galectin-3 expression is both up- and down-regulated during melanoma progression. However, conflicting data regarding its roles in tumor biology prompted us to investigate if the presence of galectin-3 influences the response of melanoma cells to a novel metallodrug because metastatic melanoma acquires chemo resistance and is reported to be redox-sensitive. Previously, it was demonstrated that the complex [bis-(2-oxindol-3-yl-imino)-2-(2-aminoethyl) pyridine-N,N'] copper (II) perchlorate, herein referred to as [Cu(isaepy)], induces ROS formation and apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells through mitochondrial uncoupling and the activation of AMPK/p38/p53 signaling. Here, we used a model of vertical growth melanoma (TM1), in which GAL3 expression is lost during tumor progression. When de novo expressed, galectin-3 was found to be ubiquitously present in all subcellular compartments. Our results demonstrate that de novo galectin-3 expression impairs the cellular antioxidant system and renders TM1G3 cells more susceptible than GAL3-null TM1MNG3 cells to [Cu(isaepy)] treatment. This compound, in contrast with the redox inactive [dichloro (2-oxindol-3-yl-imino)-2-(2-aminoethyl) pyridine-N,N'] zinc (II), herein referred to as [Zn(isaepy)], leads to increased intracellular ROS accumulation, increased carbonyl stress, increased mitochondrial depolarization, decreased cell adhesion, increased p38 activation and apoptosis in TM1G3, compared with TM1MNG3. Cell death was shown to be dependent on a hydrogen peroxide-derived species and on the activation of p38. Because mitochondria are a target of both [Cu(isaepy)] and galectin-3, we propose that the presence of galectin-3 in this organelle favors increased ROS production, thereby inducing oxidative cellular damage and apoptotic death. Therefore, [Cu(isaepy)] may be envisaged as a possible anti-melanoma strategy, particularly for melanomas that express galectin-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz E Borges
- Departamento de Patologia Básica, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Comodo AN, Lacerda Bachi AL, Soares MF, Franco M, Castro Teixeira VDP. Galectin-3 expression favors metastasis in murine melanoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2013.410a3007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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H3K79me3T80ph is a Novel Histone Dual Modification and a Mitotic Indicator in Melanoma. J Skin Cancer 2012; 2012:823534. [PMID: 23227340 PMCID: PMC3512325 DOI: 10.1155/2012/823534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study characterizes the mitosis-associated histone dual modification on the core of histone H3: trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 79 and simultaneous phosphorylation of H3 threonine 80 (H3K79me3T80ph). Through the use of protein and microscopy-based techniques, we find that H3K79me3T80ph shares a similar spatial and temporal regulation as H3S10ph but additionally requires methyltransferase activity. In addition, we find that Aurora kinase activity is necessary for the catalysis of H3K79me3T80ph in vivo. Finally, our analysis of H3K79me3T80ph using a tissue microarray indicates that H3K79me3T80ph marks a subset of primary cutaneous melanomas with metastatic potential indicating that H3K79me3T80ph may identify a subset of invasive melanomas with a more aggressive clinical behaviour.
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Braeuer RR, Zigler M, Kamiya T, Dobroff AS, Huang L, Choi W, McConkey DJ, Shoshan E, Mobley AK, Song R, Raz A, Bar-Eli M. Galectin-3 contributes to melanoma growth and metastasis via regulation of NFAT1 and autotaxin. Cancer Res 2012; 72:5757-66. [PMID: 22986745 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer in which patients with metastatic disease have a 5-year survival rate of less than 10%. Recently, the overexpression of a β-galactoside binding protein, galectin-3 (LGALS3), has been correlated with metastatic melanoma in patients. We have previously shown that silencing galectin-3 in metastatic melanoma cells reduces tumor growth and metastasis. Gene expression profiling identified the protumorigenic gene autotaxin (ENPP2) to be downregulated after silencing galectin-3. Here we report that galectin-3 regulates autotaxin expression at the transcriptional level by modulating the expression of the transcription factor NFAT1 (NFATC2). Silencing galectin-3 reduced NFAT1 protein expression, which resulted in decreased autotaxin expression and activity. Reexpression of autotaxin in galectin-3 silenced melanoma cells rescues angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis in vivo. Silencing NFAT1 expression in metastatic melanoma cells inhibited tumor growth and metastatic capabilities in vivo. Our data elucidate a previously unidentified mechanism by which galectin-3 regulates autotaxin and assign a novel role for NFAT1 during melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell R Braeuer
- Department of Cancer Biology and Urology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Braeuer RR, Shoshan E, Kamiya T, Bar-Eli M. The sweet and bitter sides of galectins in melanoma progression. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 25:592-601. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2012.01026.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gao X, Zhi Y, Zhang T, Xue H, Wang X, Foday AD, Tai G, Zhou Y. Analysis of the neutral polysaccharide fraction of MCP and its inhibitory activity on galectin-3. Glycoconj J 2012; 29:159-65. [PMID: 22562786 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-012-9382-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The pH-modified citrus pectin (MCP) has been demonstrated to inhibit galectin-3 in cancer progression. The components and structures of MCP related to this inhibition remained unknown. In this paper, we fractionated MCP on DEAE-cellulose column into a homogenous neutral fraction MCP-N (about 20 kDa) and a pectin mixture fraction MCP-A (wide molecular distribution on Sepharose CL-6B chromatography). Both MCP-N and MCP-A inhibited hemagglutination mediated by galectin-3 with minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) 625 and 0.5 μg/ml, respectively. MCP-N was identified to be a type I arabinogalactan (AG-I) with a main chain of β-1→4-galactan. MCP-N was digested by α-L-arabinofuranosidase to give its main chain structure fraction (M-galactan, around 18 kDa), which was more active than the original molecule, MIC 50 μg/ml. The acidic degradation of M-galactan increased the inhibitory activity, MIC about 5 times lower than M-galactan. These results above showed that the functional motif of the β-1→4-galactan fragment might lie in the terminal residues rather than in the internal region of the chain. Therefore, MCP-N and its degraded products might be developed to new potential galectin-3 inhibitors. This is the first report concerning the fractionation of MCP and its components on galectin-3 inhibition. The information provided in this paper is valuable for screening more active galectin-3 inhibitors from natural polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoge Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, People's Republic of China
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Brown ER, Doig T, Anderson N, Brenn T, Doherty V, Xu Y, Bartlett JM, Smyth JF, Melton DW. Association of galectin-3 expression with melanoma progression and prognosis. Eur J Cancer 2012; 48:865-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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L. Curry J, A. Torres-Cabala C, L. Warneke C, Zhang P, G. Prieto V. Distinct Subcellular Localization of GSK-3<i>β</i> in Melanocytic Nevi: Implications in Melanocyte Senescence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/ojpathology.2012.24021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Larsen L, Chen HY, Saegusa J, Liu FT. Galectin-3 and the skin. J Dermatol Sci 2011; 64:85-91. [PMID: 21889881 PMCID: PMC3192432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 is highly expressed in epithelial cells including keratinocytes and is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory skin diseases by affecting the functions of immune cells. For example, galectin-3 can contribute to atopic dermatitis (AD) by promoting polarization toward a Th2 immune response by regulating dendritic cell (DC) and T cell functions. In addition, galectin-3 may be involved in the development of contact hypersensitivity by regulating the migratory capacity of antigen presenting cells. Galectin-3 may act as a regulator of epithelial tumor progression and development through various signaling pathways, such as inhibiting keratinocyte apoptosis through regulation of the activation status of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and activated protein kinase B (AKT). Galectin-3 is detected at different stages of melanoma development. In contrast, a marked decrease in the expression of galectin-3 is observed in non-melanoma skin cancers, such as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Galectin-3 may play an important role in tumor cell growth, apoptosis, cell motility, invasion, and metastasis. Galectin-3 may be a novel therapeutic target for a variety of skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Larsen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
| | - Huan-Yuan Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan
| | - Jun Saegusa
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Immunology, Kobe University
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan
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Abstract
CONTEXT Histologic analysis allows accurate classification of most melanocytic lesions as benign or malignant. Only in a minority of lesions is it necessary to use other techniques as an aid in the diagnosis. Among them, most authors recommend immunohistochemistry. OBJECTIVE To describe how to apply immunohistochemistry to particular differential diagnoses and the potential pitfalls. DATA SOURCES Personal experience and review of literature. CONCLUSIONS There is no single marker, or combination thereof, that establishes an unequivocal diagnosis of melanoma or nevus. Thus it is necessary to carefully analyze the pattern of expression (patchy versus diffuse) and localization (maturation) in the context of morphologic standard features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor G Prieto
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Gaida MM, Bach ST, Günther F, Baseras B, Tschaharganeh DF, Welsch T, Felix K, Bergmann F, Hänsch GM, Wente MN. Expression of galectin-3 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2011; 18:299-307. [PMID: 21910036 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-011-9444-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 influences neoangiogenesis, tumor cell adhesion, and tumor-immune-escape mechanisms. Hence, the expression of galectin-3 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) was evaluated. Galectin-3 expression in PDAC cell lines was proven by the presence of intracellular protein and by release into the supernatant. Furthermore, galectin-3 was found in the majority of human tissue samples. Serum concentrations of galectin-3 in PDAC patients did not differ significantly from healthy donors and did not correlate with established tumor markers. In conclusion, galectin-3 is expressed in PDAC tissues suggesting a role in tumor development; however, no relationship between expression and clinical findings could be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias M Gaida
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Modified apple polysaccharide prevents against tumorigenesis in a mouse model of colitis-associated colon cancer: role of galectin-3 and apoptosis in cancer prevention. Eur J Nutr 2011; 51:107-17. [PMID: 21516492 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-011-0194-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and preventable cancers. Regular consumption of apples is conducive to reduction in CRC risk. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate effects of modified apple polysaccharide (MAP) on tumorigenesis in a mouse model of colitis-associated colon cancer. METHODS One hundred male ICR mice were administered with 1, 2-dimethyl-hydrazine (DMH) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Forty mice were given no further treatment, the rest were fed basal diet blended with three different doses of MAP; 2.5, 5, and 10% (20 mice in each group). RESULTS MAP significantly protected ICR mice against DMH/DSS-induced tumorigenesis. The incidence of tumor development was 90% (18/20) in the mice treated with DMH/DSS, but that was reduced to 25% (5/20), 15% (3/20), and 5% (1/20), respectively, in the mice treated with basal diets plus 2.5, 5, and 10% of MAP. Study of apoptosis of colonic epithelial cells revealed that MAP moderately increased apoptosis, suggesting that the anti-tumor potency of MAP was probably attributed to its ability to induce apoptosis. Western blot analysis demonstrated that carbohydrate-binding protein galectin-3 changed in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm during the process from colitis to colon cancer in the model. And MAP could inhibit the binding of galectin-3 to its ligand: this is, at least in part, the possible mechanism of MAP by enhancing apoptosis and preventing tumorigenesis. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that MAP has a potential role in clinical prevention and treatment for colon cancer.
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