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Gupta VK, Sahu L, Sonwal S, Suneetha A, Kim DH, Kim J, Verma HK, Pavitra E, Raju GSR, Bhaskar L, Lee HU, Huh YS. Advances in biomedical applications of vitamin D for VDR targeted management of obesity and cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:117001. [PMID: 38936194 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.117001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 1,25(OH)2D3 is a fat-soluble vitamin, involved in regulating Ca2+ homeostasis in the body. Its storage in adipose tissue depends on the fat content of the body. Obesity is the result of abnormal lipid deposition due to the prolonged positive energy balance and increases the risk of several cancer types. Furthermore, it has been associated with vitamin D deficiency and defined as a low 25(OH)2D3 blood level. In addition, 1,25(OH)2D3 plays vital roles in Ca2+-Pi and glucose metabolism in the adipocytes of obese individuals and regulates the expressions of adipogenesis-associated genes in mature adipocytes. SCOPE AND APPROACH The present contribution focused on the VDR mediated mechanisms interconnecting the obese condition and cancer proliferation due to 1,25(OH)2D3-deficiency in humans. This contribution also summarizes the identification and development of molecular targets for VDR-targeted drug discovery. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS Several studies have revealed that cancer development in a background of 1,25(OH)2D3 deficient obesity involves the VDR gene. Moreover, 1,25(OH)2D3 is also known to influence several cellular processes, including differentiation, proliferation, and adhesion. The multifaceted physiology of obesity has improved our understanding of the cancer therapeutic targets. However, currently available anti-cancer drugs are notorious for their side effects, which have raised safety issues. Thus, there is interest in developing 1,25(OH)2D3-based therapies without any side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar Gupta
- NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Lipina Sahu
- Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh 495009, India
| | - Sonam Sonwal
- NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Achanti Suneetha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, KVSR Siddhartha College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh 520010, India
| | - Dong Hyeon Kim
- NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jigyeong Kim
- NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Henu Kumar Verma
- Department of Immunopathology, Institute of Lungs Health and Immunity, Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Zentrum, Neuherberg, Munich 85764, Germany
| | - Eluri Pavitra
- NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Ganji Seeta Rama Raju
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea.
| | - Lvks Bhaskar
- Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh 495009, India.
| | - Hyun Uk Lee
- Division of Material Analysis and Research, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yun Suk Huh
- NanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea.
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Zeng R, Li H, Jia L, Lee SH, Jiang R, Zhang Y, Hu X, Ye T, Wang X, Yan X, Lu Y, Sun Z, Xu J, Xu W. Association of CYP24A1 with survival and drug resistance in clinical cancer patients: a meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:1317. [PMID: 36527000 PMCID: PMC9756477 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10369-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acquired chemo-drug resistance constantly led to the failure of chemotherapy for malignant cancers, consequently causing cancer relapse. Hence, identifying the biomarker of drug resistance is vital to improve the treatment efficacy in cancer. The clinical prognostic value of CYP24A1 remains inconclusive, hence we aim to evaluate the association between CYP24A1 and the drug resistance in cancer patients through a meta-analysis approach. METHOD Relevant studies detecting the expression or SNP of CYP24A1 in cancer patients up till May 2022 were systematically searched in four common scientific databases including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane library and ISI Web of Science. The pooled hazard ratios (HRs) indicating the ratio of hazard rate of survival time between CYP24A1high population vs CYP24A1low population were calculated. The pooled HRs and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to explore the association between CYP24A1's expression or SNP with survival, metastasis, recurrence, and drug resistance in cancer patients. RESULT Fifteen studies were included in the meta-analysis after an initial screening according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. There was a total of 3784 patients pooled from all the included studies. Results indicated that higher expression or SNP of CYP24A1 was significantly correlated with shorter survival time with pooled HRs (95% CI) of 1.21 (1.12, 1.31), metastasis with pooled ORs (95% CI) of 1.81 (1.11, 2.96), recurrence with pooled ORs (95% CI) of 2.14 (1.45, 3.18) and drug resistance with pooled HRs (95% CI) of 1.42 (1.17, 1.68). In the subgroup analysis, cancer type, treatment, ethnicity, and detection approach for CYP24A1 did not affect the significance of the association between CYP24A1 expression and poor prognosis. CONCLUSION Findings from our meta-analysis demonstrated that CYP24A1's expression or SNP was correlated with cancer progression and drug resistance. Therefore, CYP24A1 could be a potential molecular marker for cancer resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zeng
- grid.412540.60000 0001 2372 7462School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Li
- grid.412540.60000 0001 2372 7462School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingyan Jia
- grid.512487.dZJU-UoE Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
| | - Sau Har Lee
- grid.452879.50000 0004 0647 0003School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Lakeside CampusSelangor, Malaysia
| | - Rilei Jiang
- grid.412540.60000 0001 2372 7462School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujia Zhang
- grid.412540.60000 0001 2372 7462School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xudong Hu
- grid.412540.60000 0001 2372 7462School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingjie Ye
- grid.412540.60000 0001 2372 7462School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- grid.412540.60000 0001 2372 7462School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yan
- grid.412540.60000 0001 2372 7462School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanlin Lu
- grid.411480.80000 0004 1799 1816Department of Oncology and Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine in, Oncology, , Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhumei Sun
- grid.412540.60000 0001 2372 7462School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiatuo Xu
- grid.412540.60000 0001 2372 7462School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xu
- grid.412540.60000 0001 2372 7462School of Basic Medical Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Abu El Maaty MA, Grelet E, Keime C, Rerra AI, Gantzer J, Emprou C, Terzic J, Lutzing R, Bornert JM, Laverny G, Metzger D. Single-cell analyses unravel cell type-specific responses to a vitamin D analog in prostatic precancerous lesions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/31/eabg5982. [PMID: 34330705 PMCID: PMC8324049 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg5982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological data have linked vitamin D deficiency to the onset and severity of various cancers, including prostate cancer, and although in vitro studies have demonstrated anticancer activities for vitamin D, clinical trials provided conflicting results. To determine the impact of vitamin D signaling on prostatic precancerous lesions, we treated genetically engineered Pten(i)pe-/- mice harboring prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) with Gemini-72, a vitamin D analog with reported anticancer activities. We show that this analog induces apoptosis in senescent PINs, normalizes extracellular matrix remodeling by stromal fibroblasts, and reduces the prostatic infiltration of immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Moreover, single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis demonstrates that while a subset of luminal cells expressing Krt8, Krt4, and Tacstd2 (termed luminal-C cells) is lost by such a treatment, antiapoptotic pathways are induced in persistent luminal-C cells. Therefore, our findings delineate the distinct responses of PINs and the microenvironment to Gemini-72, and shed light on mechanisms that limit treatment's efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Abu El Maaty
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Elise Grelet
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Céline Keime
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Anna-Isavella Rerra
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Justine Gantzer
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Camille Emprou
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Julie Terzic
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Régis Lutzing
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Jean-Marc Bornert
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Gilles Laverny
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Daniel Metzger
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France.
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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Campolina-Silva GH, Barata MC, Werneck-Gomes H, Maria BT, Mahecha GAB, Belleannée C, Oliveira CA. Altered expression of the vitamin D metabolizing enzymes CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 under the context of prostate aging and pathologies. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 209:105832. [PMID: 33596463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Low circulating levels of vitamin D are common at older ages and have been linked to an increased risk of prostate disease, including cancer. However, it has not yet been determined whether aging affects the ability of prostate cells to locally metabolize vitamin D into its active metabolite calcitriol and thus mediate the vitamin D signaling in autocrine and paracrine ways. By using a suitable rat model to interrogate spontaneous prostatic modifications over the course of aging, here we showed that both CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 enzymes, which are key players respectively involved with calcitriol synthesis and deactivation, were highly expressed in the prostate epithelium. Furthermore, as the animals aged, a drastic reduction of CYP27B1 levels was detected in total protein extracts and especially in epithelial areas of lesions, including tumors. On the other hand, CYP24A1 expression significantly increased with aging and remained elevated even in altered epithelia. Such intricate unbalance in regard to vitamin D metabolizing enzymes was strongly associated with reduced bioavailability of calcitriol in the senile prostate, which in addition to decreased expression of the vitamin D receptor, further limits the protective actions mediated by vitamin D signaling. This evidence was corroborated by the increased proliferative activity exactly at sites of lesions where the factors implicated with calcitriol synthesis and responsiveness had its expression inhibited. Taken together, our results emphasize a set of modifications over the course of aging with a high potential to hamper vitamin D signaling on the prostate. These findings highlight a crosstalk between vitamin D, aging, and prostate carcinogenesis, offering new potential targets in the prevention of malignancies and other aging-related disorders arising in the gland.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Clara Barata
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais, Cx. Postal 486, CEP 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Hipácia Werneck-Gomes
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais, Cx. Postal 486, CEP 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruna Toledo Maria
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais, Cx. Postal 486, CEP 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Clémence Belleannée
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproduction, Université Laval, CHU De Québec Research Center (CHUL), Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Cleida Aparecida Oliveira
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal De Minas Gerais, Cx. Postal 486, CEP 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Blajszczak CC, Nonn L. Vitamin D regulates prostate cell metabolism via genomic and non-genomic mitochondrial redox-dependent mechanisms. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 195:105484. [PMID: 31574299 PMCID: PMC7040883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with increased risk for aggressive prostate cancer (PCa). Prostate epithelium has a unique metabolism compared to other tissues. Normal prostate exhibits low levels of mitochondrial respiration and there is a metabolic switch to increased oxidative phosphorylation in PCa. 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) is the major circulating form of vitamin D and is used clinically to determine vitamin D status. Activation of 25(OH)D to the transcriptionally active form, 1,25(OH)2D occurs via a reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction within the mitochondria that is catalyzed by the P450 enzyme, CYP27B1. We sought to determine if hydroxylation of 25(OH)D by CYP27B1 contributes to non-genomic activity of vitamin D by altering the redox-dependent state of the mitochondria in benign prostate epithelial cells. Exposure to 25(OH)D produced a transient pro-oxidant effect and change in mitochondrial membrane potential that was dependent on CYP27B1. Extended exposure ultimately suppressed mitochondrial respiration, consistent with a protective effect of 25(OH)D in supporting benign prostate metabolism. To model physiologically relevant changes in vitamin D, cells were cultured in constant 25(OH)D then changed to high or deficient concentrations. This model also incurred a biphasic effect with a pro-oxidant shift after short exposure followed by decreased respiration after 16 h. Several genes involved in redox cycling and Mitochondrial Health were regulated by 25(OH)D in these cells. These results indicate a secondary non-genomic mechanism for vitamin D to contribute to prostate cell health by supporting normal mitochondrial respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuck C Blajszczak
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Larisa Nonn
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA; University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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6
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Flamann C, Peter K, Kreutz M, Bruns H. Regulation of the Immune Balance During Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation by Vitamin D. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2586. [PMID: 31749811 PMCID: PMC6848223 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most promising therapeutic approaches for numerous hematological malignancies represents the allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). One major complication is the development of the life-threatening graft-vs.-host disease (GvHD) which limits beneficial effects of graft-vs.-leukemia (GvL) responses during allo-HSCT. Strengthening GvL effects without induction of severe GvHD is essential to decrease the relapse rate after allo-HSCT. An interesting player in this context is vitamin D3 since it has modulatory capacity in both preventing GvHD and boosting GvL responses. Current studies claim that vitamin D3 induces an immunosuppressive environment by dendritic cell (DC)-dependent generation of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Since vitamin D3 is known to support the antimicrobial defense by re-establishing the physical barrier as well as releasing defensins and antimicrobial peptides, it might also improve graft-vs.-infection (GvI) effects in patients. Beyond that, alloreactive T cells might be attenuated by vitamin D3-mediated inhibition of proliferation and activation. Despite the inhibitory effects of vitamin D3 on T cells, anti-tumor responses of GvL might be reinforced by vitamin D3-triggered phagocytic activity and antibody-based immunotherapy. Therefore, vitamin D3 treatment does not only lead to a shift from a pro-inflammatory toward a tolerogenic state but also promotes tumoricidal activity of immune cells. In this review we focus on vitamin D3 and its immunomodulatory effects by enhancing anti-tumor activity while alleviating harmful allogeneic responses in order to restore the immune balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Flamann
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology/Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katrin Peter
- Department of Internal Medicine III - Hematology and Internal Oncology, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marina Kreutz
- Department of Internal Medicine III - Hematology and Internal Oncology, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Heiko Bruns
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology/Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Capiod T, Barry Delongchamps N, Pigat N, Souberbielle JC, Goffin V. Do dietary calcium and vitamin D matter in men with prostate cancer? Nat Rev Urol 2019; 15:453-461. [PMID: 29765146 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-018-0015-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Active surveillance (AS) is an attractive alternative to immediate treatment for men with low-risk prostate cancer. Thus, the identification of environmental factors that promote the progression of indolent disease towards aggressive stages is critical to optimize clinical management. Epidemiological studies suggest that calcium-rich diets contribute to an increased risk of developing prostate cancer and that vitamin D reduces this risk. However, the potential effect of these nutrients on the progression of early-stage prostate tumours is uncertain, as studies in this setting are scarce and have not provided unambiguous conclusions. By contrast, the results of a preclinical study from our own group demonstrate that a diet high in calcium dose-dependently accelerated the progression of early-stage prostate tumours and that dietary vitamin D prevented this effect. The extent to which the conclusions of preclinical and epidemiological studies support a role for calcium and vitamin D and the relevance of monitoring and adjustment of calcium and/or vitamin D intake in patients on AS require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Capiod
- Inserm Unit 1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Barry Delongchamps
- Inserm Unit 1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Urology Department, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Natascha Pigat
- Inserm Unit 1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Souberbielle
- Inserm Unit 1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Physiology Department, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Goffin
- Inserm Unit 1151, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
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Baumann B, Lugli G, Gao S, Zenner M, Nonn L. High levels of PIWI-interacting RNAs are present in the small RNA landscape of prostate epithelium from vitamin D clinical trial specimens. Prostate 2019; 79:840-855. [PMID: 30905091 PMCID: PMC6593815 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D, a hormone that acts through the nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR), upregulates antitumorigenic microRNA in prostate epithelium. This may contribute to the lower levels of aggressive prostate cancer (PCa) observed in patients with high serum vitamin D. The small noncoding RNA (ncRNA) landscape includes many other RNA species that remain uncharacterized in prostate epithelium and their potential regulation by vitamin D is unknown. METHODS Laser capture microdissection (LCM) followed by small-RNA sequencing was used to identify ncRNAs in the prostate epithelium of tissues from a vitamin D-supplementation trial. VDR chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing was performed to identify vitamin D genomic targets in primary prostate epithelial cells. RESULTS Isolation of epithelium by LCM increased sample homogeneity and captured more diversity in ncRNA species compared with publicly available small-RNA sequencing data from benign whole prostate. An abundance of PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) was detected in normal prostate epithelium. The obligate binding partners of piRNAs, PIWI-like (PIWIL) proteins, were also detected in prostate epithelium. High prostatic vitamin D levels were associated with increased expression of piRNAs. VDR binding sites were located near several ncRNA biogenesis genes and genes regulating translation and differentiation. CONCLUSIONS Benign prostate epithelium expresses both piRNA and PIWIL proteins, suggesting that these small ncRNA may serve an unknown function in the prostate. Vitamin D may increase the expression of prostatic piRNAs. VDR binding sites in primary prostate epithelial cells are consistent with its reported antitumorigenic functions and a role in ncRNA biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Baumann
- Department of Pathology, College of MedicineUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIllinois
| | - Giovanni Lugli
- Department of Pathology, College of MedicineUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIllinois
| | - Shang Gao
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIllinois
| | - Morgan Zenner
- Department of Pathology, College of MedicineUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIllinois
| | - Larisa Nonn
- Department of Pathology, College of MedicineUniversity of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIllinois
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Campolina-Silva GH, Maria BT, Mahecha GAB, Oliveira CA. Reduced vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression and plasma vitamin D levels are associated with aging-related prostate lesions. Prostate 2018; 78:532-546. [PMID: 29508414 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protective roles have been proposed for vitamin D in prostate cancer, which has the advanced age as the major risk factor. However, little is known about the expression of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in the aging prostate and its association with the development of epithelial lesions that affect tissue homeostasis and may precede prostate tumors. METHODS VDR expression in the prostatic complex of young adults to senile Wistar rats, a natural model to study age-related prostatic disorders, was evaluated by immunohistochemical, Western blotting, and image-assisted analyzes. Results were correlated with the plasma levels of vitamin D and testosterone, the occurrence of punctual histopathological changes in the aging prostate, and the expression of retinoid X receptors (RXR). RESULTS VDR was widely distributed in the prostatic complex at all ages analyzed, with the highest immunoexpression found in basal epithelial cells. As the animals aged, VDR levels increased, except in punctual areas with intraepithelial proliferation, metaplasia, or proliferative inflammatory atrophy, which had reduced expression of this receptor concomitantly with increased cell proliferation. Interestingly, RXR expression in the aging prostate was similar to that found for its partner VDR, indicating that components of the VDR/RXR complex required for vitamin D signaling are affected in aging-related prostatic lesions. Moreover, plasma vitamin D levels declined at the same ages when prostatic alterations appeared. Although circulating levels of testosterone also decreased with aging, the changes observed in the components of the vitamin D system were not correlated with androgens. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that the aging prostate suffers from an imbalance on the intricate mechanism of tissue regulation by the vitamin D responsive system. We argue that the status of VDR expression might be determinant for the development of histopathological alterations in the aging prostate, which include premalignant lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel H Campolina-Silva
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Bruna T Maria
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Germán A B Mahecha
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cleida A Oliveira
- Department of Morphology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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10
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Richards Z, Batai K, Farhat R, Shah E, Makowski A, Gann PH, Kittles R, Nonn L. Prostatic compensation of the vitamin D axis in African American men. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e91054. [PMID: 28138564 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND. African American (AA) men are disproportionately affected by both prostate cancer (PCa) and vitamin D deficiency compared with European American (EA) men. Vitamin D deficiency is linked to increased PCa aggressiveness and mortality. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that vitamin D deficiency may contribute to the PCa disparity between AA and EA men. METHODS. We studied a cross sectional group of 60 PCa patients (AA, n = 31; EA, n = 29) who underwent radical prostatectomy. Vitamin D metabolites 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) were measured in the serum and tissue by uHPLC-MS-MS. Tissue was laser capture microdissected, and gene expression was quantified by microarray. DNA isolated from whole blood was genotyped for West African ancestry markers and vitamin D-related SNPs. RESULTS. Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D were lower in AAs, but concentrations of 1,25(OH)2D in the prostate tissue were higher compared with EAs. Expression of the vitamin D receptor was higher in prostate tissue from AAs. Expression of the extracellular receptor of vitamin D binding protein, LRP2, was positively associated with West African ancestry and inversely associated with tissue 25(OH)D concentrations in AAs. CONCLUSIONS. The relationships between vitamin D binding protein LRP2 and vitamin D metabolites suggest that the prohormone is actively transported into the prostate, followed by intraprostatic conversion to the active hormone, rather than passive diffusion. These findings support the presence of a compensatory response in prostate tissue to vitamin D deficiency in AAs and reveal a previously unknown complexity involving tissue distribution of vitamin D metabolites. FUNDING. Department of Defense Prostate Cancer Research Program Idea Award for Disparities Research PC121923 (LN and RK) and the NIH 1R01MD007105 (RK).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Richards
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ken Batai
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Rachael Farhat
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ebony Shah
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Peter H Gann
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rick Kittles
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Larisa Nonn
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois, USA.,University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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11
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Bernichtein S, Pigat N, Barry Delongchamps N, Boutillon F, Verkarre V, Camparo P, Reyes-Gomez E, Méjean A, Oudard SM, Lepicard EM, Viltard M, Souberbielle JC, Friedlander G, Capiod T, Goffin V. Vitamin D3 Prevents Calcium-Induced Progression of Early-Stage Prostate Tumors by Counteracting TRPC6 and Calcium Sensing Receptor Upregulation. Cancer Res 2016; 77:355-365. [PMID: 27879271 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Active surveillance has emerged as an alternative to immediate treatment for men with low-risk prostate cancer. Accordingly, identification of environmental factors that facilitate progression to more aggressive stages is critical for disease prevention. Although calcium-enriched diets have been speculated to increase prostate cancer risk, their impact on early-stage tumors remains unexplored. In this study, we addressed this issue with a large interventional animal study. Mouse models of fully penetrant and slowly evolving prostate tumorigenesis showed that a high calcium diet dramatically accelerated the progression of prostate intraepithelial neoplasia, by promoting cell proliferation, micro-invasion, tissue inflammation, and expression of acknowledged prostate cancer markers. Strikingly, dietary vitamin D prevented these calcium-triggered tumorigenic effects. Expression profiling and in vitro mechanistic studies showed that stimulation of PC-3 cells with extracellular Ca2+ resulted in an increase in cell proliferation rate, store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) amplitude, cationic channel TRPC6, and calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) expression. Notably, administration of the active vitamin D metabolite calcitriol reversed all these effects. Silencing CaSR or TRPC6 expression in calcium-stimulated PC3 cells decreased cell proliferation and SOCE. Overall, our results demonstrate the protective effects of vitamin D supplementation in blocking the progression of early-stage prostate lesions induced by a calcium-rich diet. Cancer Res; 77(2); 355-65. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Bernichtein
- Inserm Unit 1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Natascha Pigat
- Inserm Unit 1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Barry Delongchamps
- Inserm Unit 1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Urology Department, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Florence Boutillon
- Inserm Unit 1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Verkarre
- Pathology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Edouard Reyes-Gomez
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire d'anatomo-cytopathologie, Inserm, IMRB U955-E10, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Méjean
- Urology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane M Oudard
- Medical Oncology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Eve M Lepicard
- Institute for European Expertise in Physiology, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Viltard
- Institute for European Expertise in Physiology, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Souberbielle
- Physiology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Gérard Friedlander
- Inserm Unit 1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Capiod
- Inserm Unit 1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Goffin
- Inserm Unit 1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
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12
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Kelsey L, Katoch P, Ray A, Mitra S, Chakraborty S, Lin MF, Mehta PP. Vitamin D3 regulates the formation and degradation of gap junctions in androgen-responsive human prostate cancer cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106437. [PMID: 25188420 PMCID: PMC4154685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
1α-25(OH)2 vitamin D3 (1-25D), an active hormonal form of Vitamin D3, is a well-known chemopreventive and pro-differentiating agent. It has been shown to inhibit the growth of several prostate cancer cell lines. Gap junctions, formed of proteins called connexins (Cx), are ensembles of cell-cell channels, which permit the exchange of small growth regulatory molecules between adjoining cells. Cell-cell communication mediated by gap junctional channels is an important homeostatic control mechanism for regulating cell growth and differentiation. We have investigated the effect of 1-25D on the formation and degradation of gap junctions in an androgen-responsive prostate cancer cell line, LNCaP, which expresses retrovirally-introduced Cx32. Connexin32 is expressed by the luminal and well-differentiated cells of normal prostate and prostate tumors. Our results document that 1-25D enhances the expression of Cx32 and its subsequent assembly into gap junctions. Our results further show that 1-25D prevents androgen-regulated degradation of Cx32, post-translationally, independent of androgen receptor (AR)-mediated signaling. Finally, our findings document that formation of gap junctions sensitizes Cx32-expressing LNCaP cells to the growth inhibitory effects of 1-25D and alters their morphology. These findings suggest that the growth-inhibitory effects of 1-25D in LNCaP cells may be related to its ability to modulate the assembly of Cx32 into gap junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Kelsey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Parul Katoch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Anuttoma Ray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Shalini Mitra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Souvik Chakraborty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Ming-Fong Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Parmender P. Mehta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
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13
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Rogers CS, Yedjou CG, Sutton DJ, Tchounwou PB. Vitamin D3 potentiates the antitumorigenic effects of arsenic trioxide in human leukemia (HL-60) cells. Exp Hematol Oncol 2014; 3:9. [PMID: 24661615 PMCID: PMC3973008 DOI: 10.1186/2162-3619-3-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is a novel form of therapy that has been found to aid acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) patients. Our laboratory has demonstrated that ATO-induced cytotoxicity in human leukemia (HL-60) cells is mediated by oxidative stress. Pro-oxidants have been known to play a role in free radical-mediated oxidative stress. Vitamin D3, (Vit D3) an active metabolite of vitamin D has been reported to inhibit the growth of number neoplasms such as prostate, breast, colorectal, leukemia, and skin cancers. The goal of the present research was to use (HL-60) cells as an in vitro test model to evaluate whether low doses of Vit D3 potentiate the toxicity of ATO and whether this toxic action is mediated via apoptotic mechanisms. Method HL-60 cells were treated either with a pharmacologic dose of ATO alone and with several low doses of Vit D3. Cell survival was determined by MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was measured both by flow cytometry assessment, and DNA laddering assay. Results MTT assay indicated that Vit D3 co-treatment potentiates ATO toxicity in HL-60 cells in a dose dependent manner. A statistically significant and dose-dependent increase (p <0.05) was recorded in annexin V positive cells (apoptotic cells) with increasing doses of Vit D3 in ATO-treated cells. This finding was confirmed by the result of DNA laddering assay showing clear evidence of nucleosomal DNA fragmentation in vitamin and ATO co-treated cells. Conclusion The present study indicates that Vit D3 potentiates the antitumor effects of ATO. This potentiation is mediated at least in part, through induction of phosphatidylserine externalization and nucleosomal DNA fragmentation. These findings highlight the potential impact of Vit D3 in promoting the pharmacological effect of ATO, suggesting a possible future role of Vit D3/ATO combination therapy in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul B Tchounwou
- Environmental Toxicology Research Laboratory, NIH-Center for Environmental Health College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch Street, Box 18540, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA.
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14
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Early growth inhibition is followed by increased metastatic disease with vitamin D (calcitriol) treatment in the TRAMP model of prostate cancer. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89555. [PMID: 24586868 PMCID: PMC3935875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The active metabolite of vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) has antiproliferative effects in non-aggressive prostate cancer, however, its effects in more aggressive model systems are still unclear. In these studies, effects of calcitriol and a less-calcemic vitamin D analog, QW-1624F2-2 (QW), were tested in vivo, using the aggressive autochthonous transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP) model. To study prevention of androgen-stimulated prostate cancer, vehicle, calcitriol (20 µg/kg), or QW (50 µg/kg) were administered to 4 week-old TRAMP mice intraperitoneal (i.p.) 3×/week on a MWF schedule for 14 weeks. Calcitriol and QW slowed progression of prostate cancer as indicated by reduced urogenital tract (p = 0.0022, calcitriol; p = 0.0009, QW) and prostate weights (p = 0.0178, calcitriol; p = 0.0086, QW). However, only calcitriol increased expression of the pro-differentiation marker, cadherin 1 (p = 0.0086), and reduced tumor proliferation (p = 0.0467). By contrast, neither vitamin D analog had any effect on castration resistant prostate cancer in mice treated pre- or post-castration. Interestingly, although vitamin D showed inhibitory activity against primary tumors in hormone-intact mice, distant organ metastases seemed to be enhanced following treatment (p = 0.0823). Therefore, TRAMP mice were treated long-term with calcitriol to further examine effects on metastasis. Calcitriol significantly increased the number of distant organ metastases when mice were treated from 4 weeks-of-age until development of palpable tumors (20–25 weeks-of-age)(p = 0.0003). Overall, data suggest that early intervention with vitamin D in TRAMP slowed androgen-stimulated tumor progression, but prolonged treatment resulted in development of a resistant and more aggressive disease associated with increased distant organ metastasis.
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15
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Heger M, van Golen RF, Broekgaarden M, Michel MC. The molecular basis for the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of curcumin and its metabolites in relation to cancer. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 66:222-307. [PMID: 24368738 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.004044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review addresses the oncopharmacological properties of curcumin at the molecular level. First, the interactions between curcumin and its molecular targets are addressed on the basis of curcumin's distinct chemical properties, which include H-bond donating and accepting capacity of the β-dicarbonyl moiety and the phenylic hydroxyl groups, H-bond accepting capacity of the methoxy ethers, multivalent metal and nonmetal cation binding properties, high partition coefficient, rotamerization around multiple C-C bonds, and the ability to act as a Michael acceptor. Next, the in vitro chemical stability of curcumin is elaborated in the context of its susceptibility to photochemical and chemical modification and degradation (e.g., alkaline hydrolysis). Specific modification and degradatory pathways are provided, which mainly entail radical-based intermediates, and the in vitro catabolites are identified. The implications of curcumin's (photo)chemical instability are addressed in light of pharmaceutical curcumin preparations, the use of curcumin analogues, and implementation of nanoparticulate drug delivery systems. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetics of curcumin and its most important degradation products are detailed in light of curcumin's poor bioavailability. Particular emphasis is placed on xenobiotic phase I and II metabolism as well as excretion of curcumin in the intestines (first pass), the liver (second pass), and other organs in addition to the pharmacokinetics of curcumin metabolites and their systemic clearance. Lastly, a summary is provided of the clinical pharmacodynamics of curcumin followed by a detailed account of curcumin's direct molecular targets, whereby the phenotypical/biological changes induced in cancer cells upon completion of the curcumin-triggered signaling cascade(s) are addressed in the framework of the hallmarks of cancer. The direct molecular targets include the ErbB family of receptors, protein kinase C, enzymes involved in prostaglandin synthesis, vitamin D receptor, and DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Heger
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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16
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Hiraki LT, Qu C, Hutter CM, Baron JA, Berndt SI, Bézieau S, Brenner H, Caan BJ, Casey G, Chang-Claude J, Chanock SJ, Conti DV, Duggan D, Fuchs CS, Gallinger S, Giovannucci E, Harrison TA, Hayes R, Hazra A, Henderson B, Hoffmeister M, Hopper JL, Hudson TJ, Jenkins MA, Küry S, Le Marchand L, Lemire M, Ma J, Manson JE, Nan H, Newcomb PA, Ng K, Potter JD, Schoen RE, Schumacher F, Seminara D, Slattery ML, Wactawski-Wende J, White E, Wu K, Zanke BW, Kraft P, Peters U, Chan AT. Genetic predictors of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin d and risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:2037-46. [PMID: 23983240 PMCID: PMC3818310 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-13-0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental evidence has demonstrated an antineoplastic role for vitamin D in the colon, and higher circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels are consistently associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer. Genome-wide association studies have identified loci associated with levels of circulating 25(OH)D. The identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from four gene regions collectively explain approximately 5% of the variance in circulating 25(OH)D. METHODS We investigated whether five polymorphisms in GC, CYP2R1, CYP24A1, and DHCR7/NADSYN1, genes previously shown to be associated with circulating 25(OH)D levels, were associated with colorectal cancer risk in 10,061 cases and 12,768 controls drawn from 13 studies included in the Genetics and Epidemiology of Colorectal Cancer Consortium (GECCO) and Colon Cancer Family Registry (CCFR). We conducted a meta-analysis of crude and multivariate-adjusted logistic regression models to calculate odds ratios and associated confidence intervals for SNPs individually, SNPs simultaneously, and for a vitamin D additive genetic risk score (GRS). RESULTS We did not observe a statistically significant association between the 25(OH)D-associated SNPs and colorectal cancer marginally, conditionally, or as a GRS, or for colon or rectal cancer separately. CONCLUSIONS Our findings do not support an association between SNPs associated with circulating 25(OH)D and risk of colorectal cancer. Additional work is warranted to investigate the complex relationship between 25(OH)D and colorectal cancer risk. IMPACT There was no association observed between genetic markers of circulating 25(OH)D and colorectal cancer. These genetic markers account for a small proportion of the variance in 25(OH)D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda T Hiraki
- Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health
| | - Conghui Qu
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Carolyn M Hutter
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - John A Baron
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UNC School of Medicine
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | | | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center
| | - Bette J Caan
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Program
| | - Graham Casey
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine
| | | | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | - David V Conti
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
| | | | - Charles S Fuchs
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
| | | | - Edward Giovannucci
- Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health
| | | | - Richard Hayes
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, New York University School of Medicine
| | - Aditi Hazra
- Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
| | - Brian Henderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Michael Hoffmeister
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center
| | - John L Hopper
- Melborne School of Population Health, The University of Melborne
| | - Thomas J Hudson
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto
| | - Mark A Jenkins
- Melborne School of Population Health, The University of Melborne
| | | | | | | | - Jing Ma
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
| | | | - Polly A Newcomb
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health
| | - Kimmie Ng
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
- Medical-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute
| | - John D Potter
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
| | - Robert E Schoen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - Fredrick Schumacher
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine
| | - Daniela Seminara
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
| | - Martha L Slattery
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center
| | | | - Emily White
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health
| | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health
| | | | - Peter Kraft
- Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School
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Wang Z, Fan J, Liu M, Yeung S, Chang A, Chow MSS, Pon D, Huang Y. Nutraceuticals for prostate cancer chemoprevention: from molecular mechanisms to clinical application. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:1613-26. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.833183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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18
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Singh PK, Doig CL, Dhiman VK, Turner BM, Smiraglia DJ, Campbell MJ. Epigenetic distortion to VDR transcriptional regulation in prostate cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 136:258-63. [PMID: 23098689 PMCID: PMC4429754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to examine the gene specific mechanisms by which the actions of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) are distorted in prostate cancer. Transcriptional responses toward the VDR ligand, 1α,25(OH)2D3, were examined in non-malignant prostate epithelial cells (RWPE-1) and compared to the 1α,25(OH)2D3-recalcitrant prostate cancer cells (PC-3). Time resolved transcriptional studies for two VDR target genes revealed selective attenuation and repression of VDR transcriptional responses in PC-3 cells. For example, responses in PC-3 cells revealed suppressed responsiveness of IGFBP3 and G0S2. Furthermore, Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays revealed that suppressed transcriptional responses in PC-3 cells of IGFBP3 and G0S2 were associated with selective VDR-induced NCOR1 enrichment at VDR-binding regions on target-gene promoter regions. We propose that VDR inappropriately recruits co-repressors in prostate cancer cells. Subsequent direct and indirect mechanisms may induce local DNA methylation and stable transcriptional silencing. Thus a transient epigenetic process mediated by co-repressor binding, namely, the control of H3K9 acetylation, is distorted to favor a more stable epigenetic event, namely DNA methylation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Vitamin D Workshop'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant K. Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Craig L. Doig
- Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Vineet K. Dhiman
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Bryan M. Turner
- Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Dominic J. Smiraglia
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Moray J. Campbell
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 7168453037; fax: +1 7168458857. (M.J. Campbell)
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19
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Leyssens C, Verlinden L, Verstuyf A. Antineoplastic effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 and its analogs in breast, prostate and colorectal cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2013; 20:R31-47. [PMID: 23319494 DOI: 10.1530/erc-12-0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The active form of vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), is mostly known for its importance in the maintenance of calcium and phosphate homeostasis. However, next to its classical effects on bone, kidney and intestine, 1,25(OH)2D3 also exerts antineoplastic effects on various types of cancer. The use of 1,25(OH)2D3 itself as treatment against neoplasia is hampered by its calcemic side effects. Therefore, 1,25(OH)2D3-derived analogs were developed that are characterized by lower calcemic side effects and stronger antineoplastic effects. This review mainly focuses on the role of 1,25(OH)2D3 in breast, prostate and colorectal cancer (CRC) and the underlying signaling pathways. 1,25(OH)2D3 and its analogs inhibit proliferation, angiogenesis, migration/invasion and induce differentiation and apoptosis in malignant cell lines. Moreover, prostaglandin synthesis and Wnt/b-catenin signaling are also influenced by 1,25(OH)2D3 and its analogs. Human studies indicate an inverse association between serum 25(OH)D3 values and the incidence of certain cancer types. Given the literature, it appears that the epidemiological link between vitamin D3 and cancer is the strongest for CRC, however more intervention studies and randomized placebo-controlled trials are needed to unravel the beneficial dose of 1,25(OH)2D3 and its analogs to induce antineoplastic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlien Leyssens
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, bus 902, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Doig CL, Singh PK, Dhiman VK, Thorne JL, Battaglia S, Sobolewski M, Maguire O, O’Neill LP, Turner BM, McCabe CJ, Smiraglia DJ, Campbell MJ. Recruitment of NCOR1 to VDR target genes is enhanced in prostate cancer cells and associates with altered DNA methylation patterns. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:248-56. [PMID: 23087083 PMCID: PMC3564435 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated transcriptional distortion in prostate cancer cells using the vitamin D receptor (VDR) as a tool to examine how epigenetic events driven by corepressor binding and CpG methylation lead to aberrant gene expression. These relationships were investigated in the non-malignant RWPE-1 cells that were 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) responsive (RWPE-1) and malignant cell lines that were 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) partially responsive (RWPE-2) and resistant (PC-3). These studies revealed that selective attenuation and repression of VDR transcriptional responses in the cancer cell lines reflected their loss of antiproliferative sensitivity. This was evident in VDR target genes including VDR, CDKN1A (encodes p21( (waf1/cip1) )) and GADD45A; NCOR1 knockdown alleviated this malignant transrepression. ChIP assays in RWPE-1 and PC-3 cells revealed that transrepression of CDKN1A was associated with increased NCOR1 enrichment in response to 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3) treatment. These findings supported the concept that retained and increased NCOR1 binding, associated with loss of H3K9ac and increased H3K9me2, may act as a beacon for the initiation and recruitment of DNA methylation. Overexpressed histone methyltransferases (KMTs) were detectable in a wide panel of prostate cancer cell lines compared with RWPE-1 and suggested that generation of H3K9me2 states would be favored. Cotreatment of cells with the KMT inhibitor, chaetocin, increased 1α,25(OH)(2)D(3)-mediated induction of CDKN1A expression supporting a role for this event to disrupt CDKN1A regulation. Parallel surveys in PC-3 cells of CpG methylation around the VDR binding regions on CDKN1A revealed altered basal and VDR-regulated DNA methylation patterns that overlapped with VDR-induced recruitment of NCOR1 and gene transrepression. Taken together, these findings suggest that sustained corepressor interactions with nuclear-resident transcription factors may inappropriately transform transient-repressive histone states into more stable and repressive DNA methylation events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vineet K. Dhiman
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - James L. Thorne
- Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | | | | | | | - Laura P. O’Neill
- Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Bryan M. Turner
- Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Christopher J. McCabe
- Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Dominic J. Smiraglia
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Kim JS, Roberts JM, Weigel NL. Vitamin D and Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6828-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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22
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Zhang Q, Kanterewicz B, Buch S, Petkovich M, Parise R, Beumer J, Lin Y, Diergaarde B, Hershberger PA. CYP24 inhibition preserves 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) anti-proliferative signaling in lung cancer cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 355:153-61. [PMID: 22386975 PMCID: PMC3312998 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human lung tumors aberrantly express the 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3))-catabolizing enzyme, CYP24. We hypothesized that CYP24 reduces 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-mediated transcription and allows lung cancer cells to escape its growth-inhibitory action. To test this, H292 lung cancer cells and the CYP24-selective inhibitor CTA091 were utilized. In H292 cells, CTA091 reduces 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) catabolism, significantly increases 1,25(OH)(2)D(3)-mediated growth inhibition, and increases 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) effects on induced and repressed genes in gene expression profiling studies. Pathway mapping of repressed genes uncovered cell cycle as a predominant 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) target. In H292 cells, 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) significantly decreases cyclin E2 levels and induces G(0)/G(1) arrest. A broader set of cyclins is down-regulated when 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) is combined with CTA091, and cell cycle arrest further increases. Effects of CTA091 on 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) signaling are vitamin D receptor-dependent. These data provide evidence that CYP24 limits 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) anti-proliferative signaling in cancer cells, and suggest that CTA091 may be beneficial in preserving 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) action in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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23
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Kao SCH, Hovey E, Marx G. Second-line therapy for castrate-resistant prostate cancer: a literature review. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2012; 7:212-23. [PMID: 21884433 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-7563.2011.01421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite a survival benefit in the first-line treatment of castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) with docetaxel, the prognosis remains limited. There are increasing options available for patients with CRPC in the second-line setting, but there is currently little consensus regarding the optimal treatment. There have been numerous phase II and retrospective studies examining second-line options in CRPC, including retreatment with docetaxel, mitoxantrone, cyclophosphamide and carboplatin, which can be associated with meaningful responses in a significant minority of patients. In 2010 three randomized trials were published or presented which demonstrated a survival benefit in the second-line setting. These included cabazitaxel compared with mitoxantrone, sipuleucel-T (immunotherapy) and abiraterone acetate versus placebo. Ongoing research in the second-line setting of CRPC to optimize treatment options, with the objectives of survival prolongation, improvement in quality of life and pain management, is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C-H Kao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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24
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Calcitriol inhibits hedgehog signaling and induces vitamin d receptor signaling and differentiation in the patched mouse model of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Sarcoma 2012; 2012:357040. [PMID: 22550417 PMCID: PMC3329653 DOI: 10.1155/2012/357040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children. Aberrant Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is characteristic of the embryonal subtype (ERMS) and of fusion-negative alveolar RMS. In the mouse, ERMS-like tumors can be induced by mutations in the Hh receptor Patched1 (Ptch). As in humans these tumors show increased Hh pathway activity. Here we demonstrate that the treatment with the active form of vitamin D3, calcitriol, inhibits Hh signaling and proliferation of murine ERMS in vivo and in vitro. Concomitantly, calcitriol activates vitamin D receptor (Vdr) signaling and induces tumor differentiation. In addition, calcitriol inhibits ERMS growth in Ptch-mutant mice, which is, however, a rather late response. Taken together, our results suggest that exogenous supply of calcitriol could be beneficial in the treatment of RMS, especially in those which are associated with aberrant Hh signaling activity.
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Krishnan AV, Trump DL, Johnson CS, Feldman D. The role of vitamin D in cancer prevention and treatment. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2012; 38:161-78. [PMID: 22525850 PMCID: PMC5731474 DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2012.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Considerable data described in the first part of this review suggest that there is a role for vitamin D in cancer therapy and prevention. Although the preclinical data are persuasive and the epidemiologic data intriguing, no well-designed clinical trial of optimal administration of vitamin D as a cancer therapy has ever been conducted. Had there been the opportunity and insight to develop calcitriol as any other cancer drug, the following studies would have been completed: 1. Definition of the MTD. 2. Definition of a phase II dose, as a single agent and in combination with cytotoxic agents. 3. Studies to define a biologically optimal dose. 4. Phase II (probably randomized phase II) studies of calcitriol alone and chemotherapy ± calcitriol. 5. Then, randomized phase III trials would be conducted and designed such that the only variable was the administration of calcitriol. Prerequisites 1 to 5 have not been completed for calcitriol. Preclinical data provide considerable rationale for continued development of vitamin D analogue-based cancer therapies. However, design of future studies should be informed by good clinical trials design principles and the mistakes of the past not repeated. Such studies may finally provide compelling data to prove whether or not there is a role for vitamin D analogues in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna V. Krishnan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Room S-025, Stanford, CA 94305-5103, USA
| | - Donald L. Trump
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Candace S. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - David Feldman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Room S-025, Stanford, CA 94305-5103, USA
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Thapa D, Ghosh R. Antioxidants for prostate cancer chemoprevention: challenges and opportunities. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:1319-30. [PMID: 22248733 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extensive research has led to the firm conclusion that antioxidants protect cells from damage caused by oxidative stress and its associated pathological conditions including inflammation. It has also been established that inflammation is a precursor in neoplastic transformation of the prostate. Although, a vast body of experimental and clinical evidence shows efficacy of antioxidants as preventive strategies for prostate cancer, there is a lack of consistent agreement in outcomes especially from recent large-scale randomized clinical trials. Despite these concerns, our understanding of the preventive mechanisms as well as clinical efficacy and safety data indicate that novel antioxidant therapeutics still hold great promise for prostate cancer chemoprevention. We propose that for effective use of antioxidants for prostate cancer prevention, further high impact translational research is needed with special attention on selecting those patients who will benefit from such intervention. Therefore, it is important to validate predictive biomarkers from successful trials and combine this with knowledge of preclinical characterization of antioxidants (and combinations) that will eventually facilitate the development of 'personalized prostate cancer chemoprevention'. In this review, we briefly describe some common and emerging antioxidants that have shown benefits in preclinical and clinical settings. Above all, we focus on summarizing the progress we made thus far in prostate cancer chemoprevention using antioxidants, the heightened interest and challenges in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Thapa
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Swami S, Krishnan AV, Feldman D. Vitamin D metabolism and action in the prostate: implications for health and disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2011; 347:61-9. [PMID: 21664249 PMCID: PMC3189327 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer in men worldwide. Epidemiological, molecular, and cellular studies have implicated vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for the development and/or progression of PCa. Studies using cell culture systems and animal models suggest that vitamin D acts to reduce the growth of PCa through regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation. However, although preclinical studies provide a strong indication for anti-cancer activity, proof of therapeutic benefits in men is still lacking. The anti-proliferative and pro-differentiating properties of vitamin D have been attributed to calcitriol [1,25(OH)(2)D(3)], the hormonally active form of vitamin D, acting through the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Metabolism of vitamin D in target tissues is mediated by two key enzymes: 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1), which catalyzes the synthesis of calcitriol from 25(OH)D and 24-hydroxylase (CYP24), which catalyzes the initial step in the conversion of calcitriol to less active metabolites. Many factors affect the balance of calcitriol synthesis and catabolism and several maneuvers, like combination therapy of calcitriol with other drugs, have been explored to treat PCa and reduce its risk. The current paper is an overview addressing some of the key factors that influence the biological actions of vitamin D and its metabolites in the treatment and/or prevention of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srilatha Swami
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Ozten-Kandaş N, Bosland MC. Chemoprevention of prostate cancer: Natural compounds, antiandrogens, and antioxidants - In vivo evidence. J Carcinog 2011; 10:27. [PMID: 22190869 PMCID: PMC3243088 DOI: 10.4103/1477-3163.90438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the leading non-skin malignancy detected in US males and the second cause of death due to male cancer, in the US. Interventions with drugs or diet supplements that slow down the growth and progression of prostate cancer are potentially very effective in reducing the burden of prostate cancer, particularly if these treatments also prevent the de novo development of new prostatic malignancies. Challenges to identify efficacious agents and develop them for chemopreventive application in men at risk for prostate cancer have included uncertainty about which preclinical models have the ability to predict efficacy in men and lack of consensus about which early phase clinical trial designs are the most appropriate and cost-effective to test promising agents. Efficacy studies in animal models have identified several agents with potential chemopreventive activity against prostate cancer, but few of these findings have been translated into clinical trials. This article identifies some of the major issues associated with prostate cancer chemoprevention research and summarizes the most significant current results from animal efficacy studies and human clinical prevention trials. This summary focuses on: (1) Naturally occurring agents and compounds derived from such agents, including green tea and its constituents, silibinin and milk thistle, and genistein and soy, (2) chemoprevention drugs including agents interfering with androgen action, and (3) antioxidants such as selenium, vitamin E, and lycopene. The general lack of activity of antioxidants is discussed, followed by considerations about translation of preclinical chemoprevention efficacy data, focusing on dose, form, bioavailability, and timing of administration of the agent, as well as discussion of study design of clinical trials and the predictive ability of preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Ozten-Kandaş
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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29
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Nguyen H, Ivanova VS, Kavandi L, Rodriguez GC, Maxwell GL, Syed V. Progesterone and 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Inhibit Endometrial Cancer Cell Growth by Upregulating Semaphorin 3B and Semaphorin 3F. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 9:1479-92. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Uhmann A, Niemann H, Lammering B, Henkel C, Heß I, Nitzki F, Fritsch A, Prüfer N, Rosenberger A, Dullin C, Schraepler A, Reifenberger J, Schweyer S, Pietsch T, Strutz F, Schulz-Schaeffer W, Hahn H. Antitumoral Effects of Calcitriol in Basal Cell Carcinomas Involve Inhibition of Hedgehog Signaling and Induction of Vitamin D Receptor Signaling and Differentiation. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 10:2179-88. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kovalenko PL, Zhang Z, Yu JG, Li Y, Clinton SK, Fleet JC. Dietary vitamin D and vitamin D receptor level modulate epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis in the prostate. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4:1617-25. [PMID: 21836023 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-11-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Low vitamin D (VD) status may increase prostate cancer risk but experimental evidence for this relationship is modest. We tested whether low VD status or VD receptor (VDR) deletion influences prostate epithelial cell (PEC) biology using intact mice, castrated mice, or castrated mice treated with testosterone propionate (TP, 2.5 mg/kg BW). PEC proliferation (Ki-67 staining) and apoptosis (TUNEL method) were determined in the anterior prostate (AP). In study 1, wild-type (WT) and TgAPT(121) mice (a model of prostate intraepithelial neoplasia) were fed diets with 25, 200 (reference diet), or 10,000 IU VD/kg diet (as vitamin D(3)) prior to castration/repletion. Serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D levels were 26, 78, and 237 nmol/L in the three diet groups, respectively. Castration reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis in the AP while TP reversed these effects. Low VD diet increased proliferation in WT (+82%) and TgAPT(121) (+24%) mice while it suppressed apoptosis in WT (-29%) and TgAPT(121) (-37%) mice. This diet also increased the severity of prostate intraepithelial neoplastic lesions in the AP of intact TgAPT(121) mice. In study 2, mice with PEC-specific VDR deletion (PEC VDR KO) were examined after castration/repletion. TUNEL staining was 60% lower in castrated PEC VDR KO mice compared with castrated WT mice. In castrated mice given TP, Ki-67 staining was 2-fold higher in PEC VDR KO compared with WT mice. Our data show that low diet VDR or VDR deletion provide a prostate environment that is permissive to early procarcinogenic events that enhance prostate cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo L Kovalenko
- Center for Cancer Research, Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.
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Abstract
In recent years, vitamin D has received increased attention due to the resurgence of vitamin D deficiency and rickets in developed countries together with the identification of extraskeletal vitamin D receptor-mediated actions, suggesting unexpected benefits of vitamin D in health and diseases. Although there is increased awareness of the importance of vitamin D, the role of vitamin D in extraskeletal health has been a matter of debate. In this review, we will summarize what is known and indicate the questions that remain and need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Christakos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue E609, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA.
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Abstract
There are substantial preclinical and epidemiologic data that suggest that vitamin D plays a role in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Numerous observational studies have shown that low blood levels of 25(OH) vitamin D (cholecalciferol), estimated by geographical location, diet and activity assessment or measured serum levels are associated with a higher risk of cancer and worse cancer-specific survival as well as numerous morbidities to e.g. cardiovascular disease, stroke, infection, autoimmune disease, and neuromuscular dysfunction among large populations. A considerable number of in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that the most active metabolite of vitamin D--1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol or calcitriol--has anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, pro-differentiating, and anti-angiogenic properties. Combined treatment of calcitriol and many types of cytotoxic agents has synergistic or at least additive effects. However, clinical trials testing these hypotheses have been less encouraging, though a number of methodological, pharmacological, and pharmaceutical issues confound all trials ever conducted. In order to properly assess the clinical value of vitamin D, its metabolites and analogs in cancer prevention and treatment, more studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Woloszynska-Read
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Candace S. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Donald L. Trump
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Corresponding author: (D.L. Trump)
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Vanoirbeek E, Krishnan AV, Eelen IG, Verlinden L, Bouillon R, Feldman D, Verstuyf A. The anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory actions of 1,25(OH)₂D₃. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 25:593-604. [PMID: 21872801 PMCID: PMC3164534 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Various epidemiological studies have shown an aetiological link between vitamin D deficiency and cancer incidence. The active metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ [1,25(OH)₂D₃], has potent anti-cancer activities both in vitro and in vivo. These anti-cancer effects are attained by regulating the transcription of numerous genes that are involved in different pathways to reduce tumorigenesis and are dependent on the cancer cell type. Besides reducing cell growth and inducing apoptosis, 1,25(OH)₂D₃ also inhibits angiogenesis and metastasis. Moreover, its potency to inhibit inflammation also contributes to its anti-tumoral activity. Here, we report the different ways in which 1,25(OH)₂D₃ interferes with the malignant processes that are activated in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els Vanoirbeek
- Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 901 O&NI, Leuven, Belgium, tel. +32 16 347145, fax +32 16 345934
| | - Aruna V Krishnan
- Dept. of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5103, USA, tel: 650-725-2910, fax: 650-725-7085
| | - Ir Guy Eelen
- Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 901 O&NI, Leuven, Belgium, tel. +32 16 347145, fax +32 16 345934
| | - Lieve Verlinden
- Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 901 O&NI, Leuven, Belgium, tel. +32 16 347145, fax +32 16 345934
| | - Roger Bouillon
- Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 901 O&NI, Leuven, Belgium, tel. +32 16 345970, fax +32 16 345934
| | - David Feldman
- Dept. of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5103, USA, tel: 650-725-2910, fax: 650-725-7085
| | - Annemieke Verstuyf
- Laboratory for Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology (LEGENDO), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 901 O&NI, Leuven, Belgium, tel. +32 16 346209, fax +32 16 345934
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Vitamin D and cancer: deciphering the truth. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2011; 1816:172-8. [PMID: 21767609 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is a hormone-like micronutrient involved not only in calcium metabolism but also in a variety of biological activities (e.g., cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, inflammation) that makes it a candidate anticancer agent. Preclinical studies support the therapeutic potential of vitamin D both alone and in combination with other therapeutics. Overall, epidemiological data suggest the existence of a link between vitamin D and cancer risk, whereas the results of clinical trials are quite conflicting. This article is a comprehensive and balanced overview of the current evidence in an attempt to critically interpret the wealth of scientific data thus far produced on this research field and to rationally envisage the next steps necessary to define the role of vitamin D in the therapeutic management of cancer.
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Wang WLW, Chatterjee N, Chittur SV, Welsh J, Tenniswood MP. Effects of 1α,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 and testosterone on miRNA and mRNA expression in LNCaP cells. Mol Cancer 2011; 10:58. [PMID: 21592394 PMCID: PMC3112430 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is evidence from epidemiological and in vitro studies that the biological effects of testosterone (T) on cell cycle and survival are modulated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) in prostate cancer. To investigate the cross talk between androgen- and vitamin D-mediated intracellular signaling pathways, the individual and combined effects of T and 1,25(OH)2D3 on global gene expression in LNCaP prostate cancer cells were assessed. Results Stringent statistical analysis identifies a cohort of genes that lack one or both androgen response elements (AREs) or vitamin D response elements (VDREs) in their promoters, which are nevertheless differentially regulated by both steroids (either additively or synergistically). This suggests that mechanisms in addition to VDR- and AR-mediated transcription are responsible for the modulation of gene expression. Microarray analysis shows that fifteen miRNAs are also differentially regulated by 1,25(OH)2D3 and T. Among these miR-22, miR-29ab, miR-134, miR-1207-5p and miR-371-5p are up regulated, while miR-17 and miR-20a, members of the miR-17/92 cluster are down regulated. A number of genes implicated in cell cycle progression, lipid synthesis and accumulation and calcium homeostasis are among the mRNA targets of these miRNAs. Thus, in addition to their well characterized effects on transcription, mediated by either or both cognate nuclear receptors, 1,25(OH)2D3 and T regulate the steady state mRNA levels by modulating miRNA-mediated mRNA degradation, generating attenuation feedback loops that result in global changes in mRNA and protein levels. Changes in genes involved in calcium homeostasis may have specific clinical importance since the second messenger Ca2+ is known to modulate various cellular processes, including cell proliferation, cell death and cell motility, which affects prostate cancer tumor progression and responsiveness to therapy. Conclusions These data indicate that these two hormones combine to drive a differentiated phenotype, and reinforce the idea that the age dependent decline in both hormones results in the de-differentiation of prostate tumor cells, which results in increased proliferation, motility and invasion common to aggressive tumors. These studies also reinforce the potential importance of miRNAs in prostate cancer progression and therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lin W Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
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Krishnan AV, Feldman D. Mechanisms of the anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory actions of vitamin D. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2011; 51:311-36. [PMID: 20936945 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010510-100611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Calcitriol, the hormonally active form of vitamin D, is being evaluated in clinical trials as an anti-cancer agent. Calcitriol exerts multiple anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and pro-differentiating actions on various malignant cells and retards tumor growth in animal models of cancer. Calcitriol also exhibits several anti-inflammatory effects including suppression of prostaglandin (PG) action, inhibition of p38 stress kinase signaling, and the subsequent production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibition of NF-κB signaling. Calcitriol also decreases the expression of aromatase, the enzyme that catalyzes estrogen synthesis in breast cancer, both by a direct transcriptional repression and indirectly by reducing PGs, which are major stimulators of aromatase transcription. Other important effects include the suppression of tumor angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. These calcitriol actions provide a basis for its potential use in cancer therapy and chemoprevention. We summarize the status of trials involving calcitriol and its analogs, used alone or in combination with known anti-cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna V Krishnan
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305, USA
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38
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Mouse models of prostate cancer. Prostate Cancer 2011; 2011:895238. [PMID: 22111002 PMCID: PMC3221286 DOI: 10.1155/2011/895238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development and optimization of high-throughput screening methods has identified a multitude of genetic changes associated with human disease. The use of immunodeficient and genetically engineered mouse models that mimic the human disease has been crucial in validating the importance of these genetic pathways in prostate cancer. These models provide a platform for finding novel therapies to treat human patients afflicted with prostate cancer as well as those who have debilitating bone metastases. In this paper, we focus on the historical development and phenotypic descriptions of mouse models used to study prostate cancer. We also comment on how closely each model recapitulates human prostate cancer.
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Thorne JL, Maguire O, Doig CL, Battaglia S, Fehr L, Sucheston LE, Heinaniemi M, O'Neill LP, McCabe CJ, Turner BM, Carlberg C, Campbell MJ. Epigenetic control of a VDR-governed feed-forward loop that regulates p21(waf1/cip1) expression and function in non-malignant prostate cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 39:2045-56. [PMID: 21088000 PMCID: PMC3064804 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In non-malignant RWPE-1 prostate epithelial cells signaling by the nuclear receptor Vitamin D Receptor (VDR, NR1I1) induces cell cycle arrest through targets including CDKN1A (encodes p21(waf1/cip1)). VDR dynamically induced individual histone modification patterns at three VDR binding sites (R1, 2, 3) on the CDKN1A promoter. The magnitude of these modifications was specific to each phase of the cell cycle. For example, H3K9ac enrichment occurred rapidly only at R2, whereas parallel accumulation of H3K27me3 occurred at R1; these events were significantly enriched in G1 and S phase cells, respectively. The epigenetic events appeared to allow VDR actions to combine with p53 to enhance p21(waf1/cip1) activation further. In parallel, VDR binding to the MCM7 gene induced H3K9ac enrichment associated with rapid mRNA up-regulation to generate miR-106b and consequently regulate p21(waf1/cip1) expression. We conclude that VDR binding site- and promoter-specific patterns of histone modifications combine with miRNA co-regulation to form a VDR-regulated feed-forward loop to control p21(waf1/cip1) expression and cell cycle arrest. Dissection of this feed-forward loop in a non-malignant prostate cell system illuminates mechanisms of sensitivity and therefore possible resistance in prostate and other VDR responsive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Thorne
- Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK.
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40
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Shen MM, Abate-Shen C. Molecular genetics of prostate cancer: new prospects for old challenges. Genes Dev 2010; 24:1967-2000. [PMID: 20844012 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1965810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 693] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite much recent progress, prostate cancer continues to represent a major cause of cancer-related mortality and morbidity in men. Since early studies on the role of the androgen receptor that led to the advent of androgen deprivation therapy in the 1940s, there has long been intensive interest in the basic mechanisms underlying prostate cancer initiation and progression, as well as the potential to target these processes for therapeutic intervention. Here, we present an overview of major themes in prostate cancer research, focusing on current knowledge of principal events in cancer initiation and progression. We discuss recent advances, including new insights into the mechanisms of castration resistance, identification of stem cells and tumor-initiating cells, and development of mouse models for preclinical evaluation of novel therapuetics. Overall, we highlight the tremendous research progress made in recent years, and underscore the challenges that lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Shen
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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41
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Flores O, Burnstein KL. GADD45gamma: a new vitamin D-regulated gene that is antiproliferative in prostate cancer cells. Endocrinology 2010; 151:4654-64. [PMID: 20739400 PMCID: PMC2946153 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] inhibits proliferation of normal and malignant prostate epithelial cells at least in part through inhibition of G1 to S phase cell cycle progression. The mechanisms of the antiproliferative effects of 1,25-(OH)2D3 have yet to be fully elucidated but are known to require the vitamin D receptor. We previously developed a 1,25-(OH)2D3-resistant derivative of the human prostate cancer cell line, LNCaP, which retains active vitamin D receptors but is not growth inhibited by 1,25-(OH)2D3. Gene expression profiling revealed two novel 1,25-(OH)2D3-inducible genes, growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene gamma (GADD45γ) and mitogen induced gene 6 (MIG6), in LNCaP but not in 1,25-(OH)2D3-resistant cells. GADD45γ up-regulation was associated with growth inhibition by 1,25-(OH)2D3 in human prostate cancer cells. Ectopic expression of GADD45γ in either LNCaP or ALVA31 cells resulted in G1 accumulation and inhibition of proliferation equal to or greater than that caused by 1,25-(OH)2D3 treatment. In contrast, ectopic expression of MIG6 had only minimal effects on cell cycle distribution and proliferation. Whereas GADD45γ has been shown to be induced by androgens in prostate cancer cells, up-regulation of GADD45γ by 1,25-(OH)2D3 was not dependent on androgen receptor signaling, further refuting a requirement for androgens/androgen receptor in vitamin D-mediated growth inhibition. These data introduce two novel 1,25-(OH)2D3-regulated genes and establish GADD45γ as a growth-inhibitory protein in prostate cancer. Furthermore, the induction of GADD45γ gene expression by 1,25-(OH)2D3 may mark therapeutic response in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Flores
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Avenue, R-189, Room 6155 Rosenstiel Building, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- S. S. Couto
- Research Pathology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California
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Yu W, Cline M, Maxwell LG, Berrigan D, Rodriguez G, Warri A, Hilakivi-Clarke L. Dietary vitamin D exposure prevents obesity-induced increase in endometrial cancer in Pten+/- mice. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2010; 3:1246-58. [PMID: 20858763 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The possibility that dietary vitamin D(3) (VD(3)) exposure inhibits endometrial carcinogenesis in an animal model and modifies the enhanced risk of endometrial carcinoma associated with obesity was investigated. At 4 weeks of age, Pten(+/-) and wild-type mice were each divided into four treatment groups and fed AIN93G control diet, or AIN93G-based diet containing either 25,000 international units of VD(3) per kilogram of diet, 58% fat to induce obesity (high fat), or high fat and 25,000 international units of VD(3) per kilogram of diet. Mice were kept on these diets until they were sacrificed at week 28. Although VD(3) did not affect endometrial cancer risk, it inhibited obesity-induced increase in endometrial lesions. Specifically, high-fat diet increased focal glandular hyperplasia with atypia and malignant lesions from 58% in the control diet-fed Pten(+/-) mice to 78% in obese mice. Dietary VD(3) decreased the incidence of endometrial pathology in obese Pten(+/-) mice to 25% (P < 0.001). VD(3) altered the endometrial expression of 25-hydroxylase, 1α-hydroxylase, and vitamin D receptor in the wild-type and Pten(+/-) mice. Estrogen receptor-α mRNA levels were higher (P < 0.014) and progesterone receptor protein levels in the luminal epithelium were lower (P < 0.04) in the endometrium of control diet-fed Pten(+/-) than wild-type mice, but the expression of these receptors was not affected by the dietary exposures. VD(3) reversed the obesity-induced increase in osteopontin (P < 0.001) and significantly increased E-cadherin expression (P < 0.019) in the endometrium of obese Pten(+/-) mice. Our data confirm the known association between obesity and endometrial cancer risk. Dietary exposure to VD(3) inhibited the carcinogenic effect of obesity on the endometrium. This protective effect was linked to a reduction in the expression of osteopontin and increase in E-cadherin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Krishnan AV, Trump DL, Johnson CS, Feldman D. The role of vitamin D in cancer prevention and treatment. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2010; 39:401-18, table of contents. [PMID: 20511060 PMCID: PMC5788175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2010.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)), the hormonally active form of vitamin D, exerts growth inhibitory and prodifferentiating effects on many malignant cells and retards tumor growth in animal models. Calcitriol is being evaluated as an anticancer agent in several human cancers. The mechanisms underlying the anticancer effects of calcitriol include inhibition of cell proliferation, stimulation of apoptosis, suppression of inflammation, and inhibition of tumor angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. This review discusses some of the molecular pathways mediating these anticancer actions of calcitriol and the preclinical data in cell culture and animal models. The clinical trials evaluating the use of calcitriol and its analogues in the treatment of patients with cancer are described. The reasons for the lack of impressive beneficial effects in clinical trials compared with the substantial efficacy seen in preclinical models are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna V. Krishnan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Room S-025, Stanford, CA 94305-5103, USA
| | - Donald L. Trump
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Candace S. Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - David Feldman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Room S-025, Stanford, CA 94305-5103, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Abstract
Despite considerable success in treatment of early stage localized prostate cancer (PC), acute inadequacy of late stage PC treatment and its inherent heterogeneity poses a formidable challenge. Clearly, an improved understanding of PC genesis and progression along with the development of new targeted therapies are warranted. Animal models, especially, transgenic immunocompetent mouse models, have proven to be the best ally in this respect. A series of models have been developed by modulation of expression of genes implicated in cancer-genesis and progression; mainly, modulation of expression of oncogenes, steroid hormone receptors, growth factors and their receptors, cell cycle and apoptosis regulators, and tumor suppressor genes have been used. Such models have contributed significantly to our understanding of the molecular and pathological aspects of PC initiation and progression. In particular, the transgenic mouse models based on multiple genetic alterations can more accurately address the inherent complexity of PC, not only in revealing the mechanisms of tumorigenesis and progression but also for clinically relevant evaluation of new therapies. Further, with advances in conditional knockout technologies, otherwise embryonically lethal gene changes can be incorporated leading to the development of new generation transgenics, thus adding significantly to our existing knowledge base. Different models and their relevance to PC research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varinder Jeet
- Oncology Research Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Barker St., Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
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Trump DL, Deeb KK, Johnson CS. Vitamin D: considerations in the continued development as an agent for cancer prevention and therapy. Cancer J 2010; 16:1-9. [PMID: 20164683 PMCID: PMC2857702 DOI: 10.1097/ppo.0b013e3181c51ee6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Considerable preclinical and epidemiologic data suggest that vitamin D may play a role in the pathogenesis, progression, and therapy for cancer. Numerous epidemiologic studies support the hypothesis that individuals with lower serum vitamin D levels have a higher risk of a number of cancers. Measures of vitamin D level in such studies include both surrogate estimates of vitamin D level (residence in more northern latitudes, history of activity, and sun exposure) as well as measured serum 25(OH) cholecalciferol levels. Perhaps, the most robust of these epidemiologic studies is that of Giovannucci et al, who developed and validated an estimate of serum 25(OH) cholecalciferol level and reported that among >40,000 individuals in the Health Professionals Study, an increase in 25(OH) cholecalciferol level of 62.5 ng/mL was associated with a reduction in the risk of head/neck, esophagus, pancreas cancers, and acute leukemia by >50%. Unfortunately, very limited data are available to indicate whether or not giving vitamin D supplements reduces the risk of cancer. Many preclinical studies indicate that exposing cancer cells, as well as vascular endothelial cells derived from tumors, to high concentrations of active metabolites of vitamin D halts progression through cell cycle, induces apoptosis and will slow or stop the growth of tumors in vivo. There are no data that one type of cancer is more or less susceptible to the effects of vitamin D. Vitamin D also potentiates the antitumor activity of a number of types of cytotoxic anticancer agents in in vivo preclinical models. Vitamin D analogues initiate signaling through a number of important pathways, but the pathway(s) essential to the antitumor activities of vitamin D are unclear. Clinical studies of vitamin D as an antitumor agent have been hampered by the lack of a suitable pharmaceutical preparation for clinical study. All commercially available formulations are inadequate because of the necessity to administer large numbers of caplets and the poor "bioavailability" of calcitriol (the most carefully studied analogue) at these high doses. Preclinical data suggest that high exposures to calcitriol are necessary for the antitumor effects. Clinical data do indicate that high doses of calcitriol (>100 mcg weekly, intravenously, and 0.15 microg /kg weekly, orally) can be given safely. The maximum tolerated dose of calcitriol is unclear. While a 250-patient trial in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer comparing docetaxel (36 mg/sqm weekly) +/- calcitriol 0.15 microg/kg indicated that calcitriol was very safe may have reduced to death rate, an adequately powered (1000 patients) randomized study of weekly docetaxel + calcitriol versus q3 week docetaxel was negative. The limitations of this trial were the unequal chemotherapy arms compared in this study and the failure to use an optimal biologic dose or maximum-tolerated dose of calcitriol. In view of the substantial preclinical and epidemiologic data supporting the potential role of vitamin D in cancer, careful studies to evaluate the impact of vitamin D replacement on the frequency of cancer and the impact of an appropriate dose and schedule of calcitriol or other active vitamin D analogue on the treatment of established cancer are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald L Trump
- Department of Medicine, The Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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48
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Nowak D, Stewart D, Koeffler HP. Differentiation therapy of leukemia: 3 decades of development. Blood 2009; 113:3655-65. [PMID: 19221035 PMCID: PMC2943835 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-01-198911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A characteristic feature of leukemia cells is a blockade of differentiation at a distinct stage in cellular maturation. In the 1970s and 1980s, studies demonstrating the capabilities of certain chemicals to induce differentiation of hematopoietic cell lines fostered the concept of treating leukemia by forcing malignant cells to undergo terminal differentiation instead of killing them through cytotoxicity. The first promising reports on this notion prompted a review article on this subject by us 25 years ago. In this review, we revisit this interesting field of study and report the progress achieved in the course of nearly 3 decades. The best proof of principle for differentiation therapy has been the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with all-trans retinoic acid. Attempts to emulate this success with other nuclear hormone ligands such as vitamin D compounds and PPARgamma agonists or different classes of substances such as hematopoietic cytokines or compounds affecting the epigenetic landscape have not been successful on a broad scale. However, a multitude of studies demonstrating partial progress and improvements and, finally, the new powerful possibilities of forward and reverse engineering of differentiation pathways by manipulation of transcription factors support the continued enthusiasm for differentiation therapy of leukemia in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nowak
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) School of Medicine, CA 90048, USA.
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49
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Couto SS, Cao M, Duarte PC, Banach-Petrosky W, Wang S, Romanienko P, Wu H, Cardiff RD, Abate-Shen C, Cunha GR. Simultaneous haploinsufficiency of Pten and Trp53 tumor suppressor genes accelerates tumorigenesis in a mouse model of prostate cancer. Differentiation 2008; 77:103-11. [PMID: 19281769 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2008.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor suppressor gene PTEN is important in the initiation and progression of human prostate carcinoma, whereas the role of TP53 remains controversial. Since Pten/Trp53 double conditional knockout mice show earlier onset and fast progression of prostate cancer when compared to Pten knockout mice, we asked whether heterozygosity of these two tumor suppressor genes was sufficient to accelerate prostatic tumorigenesis. To answer this question we examined prostatic lesion progression of Pten/Trp53 double heterozygous mice and a series of controls such as Pten heterozygous, Pten conditional knockout, Trp53 heterozygous and Trp53 knockout mice. Tissue recombination of adult prostatic epithelium coupled with embryonic rat seminal vesicle mesenchyme was used as a tool to stimulate prostatic epithelial proliferation. In our study, high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) was found with high frequency at 8 weeks post-tissue recombination transplantation. PIN lesions in Pten/Trp53 double heterozygous mice were more severe than those seen in Pten heterozygous alone. Furthermore, morphologic features attributable to Pten or Trp53 loss appeared to be enhanced in double heterozygous tissues. LOH analysis of Pten and Trp53 in genomic DNA collected from high-grade PIN lesions in Pten heterozygous and Pten/Trp53 double heterozygous mice showed an intact wild-type allele for both genes in all samples examined. In conclusion, simultaneous heterozygosity of Pten and Trp53 accelerates prostatic tumorigenesis in this mouse model of prostate cancer independently of loss of heterozygosity of either gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzana S Couto
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, NY, USA.
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50
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Chrisofos M, Papatsoris AG, Lazaris A, Deliveliotis C. Precursor Lesions of Prostate Cancer. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2008; 44:243-70. [PMID: 17453919 DOI: 10.1080/10408360601177236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Several morphological lesions have been proposed that may act as potential precursor lesions of prostate cancer. These are the morphologically distinct entities of focal atrophy or post-atrophic hyperplasia (PAH), atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) or adenosis, and prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). The diagnostic criteria of low-and high-grade PIN (LGPIN and HGPIN, respectively) and of lesions suspicious for cancer (LSC) have been established. In the present review, we present the current knowledge about the precursor lesions of prostate cancer. We focus on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical markers, and differential diagnosis of PIN. The similarities between HGPIN and prostate cancer are also discussed. Furthermore, potential markers and management strategies (that is, repeat biopsy, chemoprevention, radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy) are outlined along with updated recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chrisofos
- 2nd Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Sismanoglio General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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